who expert opinion on abortive substances

8/6/2019 WHO Expert Opinion on Abortive Substances

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EXPERT OPINION ON HOUSE BILL 4643 ON ABORTIVE SUBSTANCES AND

DEVICES IN THE PHILIPPINES

UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and

Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP)

Department of Reproductive Health and Research

World Health Organization

Geneva, Switzerland

7 November 2006



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BACKGROUND

The Committee on Revision of Laws, House of Representatives, Republic of the

Philippines requested a position paper on House Bill 4643 (abortive substances anddevices) from the World Health Organization (WHO) Philippines Country Office. TheWHO Country Office forwarded this request to the WHO Regional Office, which in turn

forwarded the request to WHO Headquarters in Geneva.

This Expert Opinion on House Bill 4643 includes three sections:

1. Abortifacient drugs and devices2. Public health concerns related to "banning the use, production, sale, distribution

or dispensation of abortive drugs" as defined in House Bill 4643

3. International standards on sexual and reproductive health.

The proposed House Bill defines "abortive drug" and "abortive device" as follows:

" Abortive drug shall be defined as any medicine, drug, chemical, or potion that

acts to or has potential either to interfere with the implantation of the fertilizedovum (embryo) onto the mother's womb or to interrupt pregnancy after

implantation. It shall be included but not be limited to such groups of abortive

drugs as the Oral Contraceptives, Prostaglandins (not to be confused with

Prostaglandins with the beneficial use) and Antiprogesterones. Also included are

the Morning-after pills, Misoprostol, Levonorgestrel, Lerronogestrel 2, patch Evra,

and Injectables like Depo Provera."

" Abortive device shall be defined as any instrument, device, material or agentintroduced into the female reproductive system whose primary mechanism of

action is either to interfere with the implantation of the fertilized ovum onto themother's womb or interrupt pregnancy after implantation."

ABORTIFACIENT DRUGS AND DEVICES

There should be consistency in the definitions of abortifacient drugs and devices. Underabortifacient drugs, HB4643 refers to the "potential" to interfere with the implantation of

the fertilized ovum or interrupt pregnancy after implantation; whereas, underabortifacient devices no such mention is made. Medical methods of abortion use

pharmacological drugs to terminate pregnancy, including mifepristone, a synthetic steroidcompound, and misoprostol, a prostaglandin. Surgical methods of abortion use

transcervical procedures for terminating pregnancy, including vacuum aspiration (withelectric or manual vacuum source), dilatation and curettage, and dilatation and evacuation

(WHO 2003). Many other drugs and devices, if used inappropriately, can cause harm to

a fetus and/or cause an unsafe abortion. Contraceptives are not abortifacients.



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Mechanisms of action for selected contraceptive drugs and devices

1. Combined Hormonal Methods (oral contraceptives and Evra patch): There has

been a growing body of evidence for more than four decades indicating thatadministration of combined oral contraceptives (COC) inhibits folliculardevelopment and ovulation, and that this is their primary mechanism of action

(Mishell et al. 1977; Killick et al. 1987; Rivera et al. 1999). They also affectcervical mucus, making it thicker and more difficult for sperm to penetrate. This

effect may also contribute to their high efficacy (Rivera et al. 1999). Although itis known that there are changes in the endometrium during combined oral

contraceptive (COC) use, no evidence to date has supported the hypothesis thatthese changes lead to disruption of implantation. Given the high efficacy of

COCs in preventing ovulation, it is very unlikely that "interference with

implantation" is a "primary mechanism" of contraceptive action.

The same mechanism of action also applies to the Evra patch.

2. Progestin-only Methods (Depo Provera, minipills, implants): Progestin-only

methods also inhibit follicular development and ovulation although the level of this effect varies for different progestin-only methods and among individuals. For

Depo Provera, the level of ovarian suppression is very high; therefore inhibition

of ovulation is the primary mechanism of action (Rivera et al. 1999). However,

about 40% of women on the minipill may ovulate (Landgren and Diczfalusy

1980).

A second contraceptive effect of progestin-only methods is the change they maketo cervical mucus, including increasing its viscosity and cell content, reducing itsvolume, and altering its pH, proteins and molecular structure. This makes it

"hostile" and impenetrable to sperm (Moghissi et al. 1973). These changes arelikely to play a more important role in the mechanism of contraceptive action of

minipills and implants.

Progestin-only methods also cause changes in the endometrium. However, thesechanges show great variability among patients, from atrophy to normal secretory

structures. There is no direct evidence that suggests a relationship betweenendometrial structure and contraceptive effectiveness of these methods.

3. Emergency Contraception (morning-after pills, levonorgestrel, levonorgestrel 2):

Levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) have been shown to prevent

ovulation and they do not have any detectable effect on the endometrium (uterinelining) or progesterone levels when given after ovulation. ECPs are not effective

once the process of implantation has begun, and will not cause abortion (WHO2005; Marions L et al. 2002; Durand M et al. 2001; Croxatto HB et al. 2004).

4. Intrauterine Devices (IUD): The major effect of all IUDs is to induce a localinflammatory reaction in the uterine cavity. During the use of copper-releasing



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IUDs the reaction is enhanced by the release of copper ions into the luminal fluidsof the genital tract, which is toxic to sperm (Ortiz 1978; Seseru and Carnacho-

Ortega 1972; Ullman and Hammerstein 1972). In these users, it is likely that few

sperm reach the tubes and those that do reach them have low fertilizing power.

In addition, studies on recovery of eggs from women using copper-bearing IUDs

and from women not using any method of contraception show that rates of embryos formed in the tubes are much lower in copper-bearing IUD users than

those not using contraception (Alvarez et al. 1988). Thus, the hypothesis that theprimary mechanism of copper-bearing IUDs in women is destruction of embryos

in the uterus (i.e., abortion) is not supported by available evidence.

When used appropriately by adequately trained staff, an IUD does not cause

abortion, as it is not going to be inserted unless it is certain that the woman is not

pregnant.

All the above-mentioned methods (combined hormonal methods, including pills and Evra

patch; progestin-only methods, including Depo Provera, implants, and minipills;

emergency contraception pills; and, intrauterine devices) directly or indirectly haveeffects on the endometrium that may hypothetically prevent implantation, however there

is no scientific evidence supporting this possibility. When used appropriately and in

doses/ways recommended, none of these methods have been shown to cause the abortion

of an implanted fetus. Therefore they cannot be labelled as abortifacients. The

contraceptive drugs and devices highlighted in the HB4643 definitions of abortifacient

drugs and devices contradict both WHO's evidence-based international standards on the

mechanisms of action and the drug and device labelling in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (2005).

5. Prostaglandins such as misoprostol can be used to induce abortion. But at thesame time they are lifesaving medications (Blanchard et al. 2002; Weeks et al.

2005). Misoprostol is an inexpensive drug that can be used for evacuation of theuterus for incomplete abortion, missed abortion, intrauterine fetal death, severe

eclampsia, labour induction, post-partum haemorrhage, and cervical ripeningprior to obstetrical/gynaecological procedures such as therapeutic curettage and

insertion of intrauterine devices (Blanchard et al. 2002).

6. Vacuum aspiration, including electric and manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is atechnique for inducing early abortion (WHO 2003). However, it is also an

essential emergency lifesaving procedure for treating incomplete abortion (WHO1995). MVA is also an effective, convenient, cost-saving technology for

performing endometrial biopsy for detection of endometrial hyperplasia andcancers (Suarez Rincon et al. 2000; Ekwempu 1990).



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PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS RELATED TO "BANNING THE USE,

PRODUCTION, SALE, DISTRIBUTION OR DISPENSATION OF ABORTIVE

DRUGS" AS DEFINED IN HOUSE BILL 4643

It is universally recognized that contraception is the most effective intervention to preventunintended pregnancy, abortion, child and maternal mortality and morbidity. For

example, in 2000, 90% of global abortion-related and 20% of obstetric-related mortalityand morbidity could have been averted by use of effective contraception by women

wishing to postpone or limit childbearing. A total of 150,000 maternal deaths(representing 32% of all such deaths) and about one million of the 11 million deaths of

children under age five could be avoided by effective use of contraception (Cleland et al.2006).

The evidence indicates that when restrictions on access to contraception are enforced and

other pronatalist policies are put in place, unsafe abortion-related maternal morbidity anddeaths increase (WHO 2004a). This was the case in Romania where such restrictions

were imposed in 1966, resulting in increased maternal morbidity and mortality due to

unsafe abortion, but declined sharply after these restrictions were withdrawn in December

1989 (see Figure 1).

The Philippines is characterized as a country with a medium population growth rate and

medium unmet need for contraception (Cleland et al. 2006). Given its restrictive law on

abortion, it would be harmful from both a public health and human rights perspective to

do anything that would decrease use of contraception and increase recourse to abortion.

The proposed House Bills (4643 and 5458) would appear to severely discourage

provision and use of common modern methods of contraception, such as oral pills,injectables, and IUDs, if not completely restrict their availability and prohibit use.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE

HEALTH

The global mandate for sexual and reproductive health derives from internationalconsensus agreements such as the Programme of Action of the International Conference

on Population and Development (ICPD, 1994) and the Platform for Action of the FourthWorld Conference on Women (Beijing 1995). Both consensus documents were signed

by the Government of the Philippines. The most recent mandate is given by WorldHealth Assembly Resolution 57.12 which was adopted by WHO Member States,

including the Government of the Philippines, in May 2004. This Resolution endorses thestrategy entitled, Reproductive health: a strategy to accelerate progress towards the

attainment of international development goals and targets.

The Strategy reaffirms the definition of reproductive health agreed upon in ICPD and

FWCW (see box). It emphasizes that the various dimensions of sexual and reproductiveill-health - maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality, lack of access to family

planning, unsafe abortion, sexually transmitted infections and gynaecological morbidities- account for 20% of the global burden of disease for women and 14% for men.



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Reproductive and sexual health and rights as defined in the Programme of Action of

the International Conference on Population and Development1

“Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not

merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive

system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health therefore implies thatpeople are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to

reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this last

condition are the rights of men and women to be informed and to have access to safe,effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice, as well as

other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility which are not against the law, and

the right of access to appropriate health-care services that will enable women to go safely

through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a

healthy infant. In line with the above definition of reproductive health, reproductive

health care is defined as the constellation of methods, techniques and services thatcontribute to reproductive health and well-being by preventing and solving reproductivehealth problems. It also includes sexual health, the purpose of which is the enhancement

of life and personal relations, and not merely counselling and care related to reproduction

and sexually transmitted diseases.” (Paragraph 7.2)

“Bearing in mind the above definition, reproductive rights embrace certain human rightsthat are already recognized in national laws, international human rights documents and

other consensus documents. These rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of allcouples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing

of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the

highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. It also includes their right to make

decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, asexpressed in human rights documents. ...” (Paragraph 7.3)

_______________1United Nations document A/CONF.171/13: Report of the ICPD.

The WHO Strategy on Reproductive Health affirms that accelerating progress rests oninternationally agreed instruments and global consensus declarations on human rights.

These include the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination

against Women and the Convention of the Rights of the Child, all of which have beenratified by the Philippines. The rights enshrined in these treaties include the right of all

persons to the highest attainable standard of health; the basic right of all couples andindividuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their

children and to have the information and means to do so; the right of women to havecontrol over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality,

including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence;the right of men and women to choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with theirfree and full consent; the right of access to relevant health information; and the right of

everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications. In order to

ensure that these rights are respected, policies, programmes and interventions must



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promote gender equality, give priority to poor and underserved populations andpopulation groups, especially adolescents, and provide special support to those countries

that bear the largest burden of reproductive and sexual ill-health. (Paragraphs 33-34,

Reproductive Health Strategy, 2004)

The core aspects of reproductive and sexual health include the provision of high-quality

services for family planning, including infertility services and eliminating unsafe abortion.(Paragraphs 35-41, Reproductive Health Strategy, 2004). One of the five key actions to

accelerate progress is the creation of supportive legislative and regulatory frameworks inorder to ensure that they facilitate universal and equitable access to reproductive and

sexual health education, information and services. The Strategy asserts that the creationof such a supportive legislative framework may require the removal of unnecessary

restrictions from policies and regulations. In addition, regulations are needed to ensurethat commodities (medicines, equipment and supplies) are made available on a consistent

and equitable basis and that they meet international quality standards. (Paragraphs 57-59,Reproductive Health Strategy, 2004)



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