who gains more from which infrastructure in rural people’s republic of china?

8/20/2019 Who Gains More from Which Infrastructure in Rural People’s Republic of China?

1/25

EFJC Pkrncg` Xepar ]arcas

Pdk @ecgs Okra irko Pdcmd Cgirestrumturacg Zurel Xakpla–s Zapujlcm ki Mdcge;

@ueg`due Pegegf Tug Rdeg`

Gk. 168Buly :851

Esceg Favalkpoagt Jegn Cgstctuta


2/25

Vda Pkrncg` Xepar sarcas cs e mkgtcguetckg ki tda ikroarly geoaf Fcsmussckg Xepar sarcas>tda guojarcg` ki tda pepars mkgtcguaf wctdkut cgtarruptckg kr mdegà. EFJC–s wkrncg`pepars railamt cgctcel cfaes kg e tkpcm egf era pkstaf kglcga ikr fcsmussckg. EFJC agmkureàsraefars tk pkst tdacr mkooagts kg tda oecg peà ikr aemd wkrncg` pepar (`cvag cg tdamctetckg jalkw). ]koa wkrncg` pepars oey favalkp cgtk ktdar ikros ki pujlcmetckg.

]u`àstaf mctetckg2

Peg, @., egf T. Rdeg`. :851. Pdk @ecgs Okra irko Pdcmd Cgirestrumtura cg Zurel Xakpla–s

Zapujlcm ki Mdcge; EFJC Pkrncg` Xepar 168. Vknyk2 Esceg Favalkpoagt Jegn Cgstctuta. Eveclejla2 dttp2//www.efj.kr`/pujlcmetckgs/wdk-ècgs-okra-wdcmd-cgirestrumtura-rurel-prm/

Xlaesa mkgtemt tda eutdkrs ikr cgikroetckg ejkut tdcs pepar.

Aoecl2 `wegHefjc.kr`, zdeg`xugHjgu.afu.mg

@ueg`due Peg cs Fcramtkr ki Zasaermd et tda Esceg Favalkpoagt Jegn Cgstctuta.

Tug Rdeg` cs eg esscstegt prkiasskr et Jacbcg` Gkroel Qgcvarscty.

Vda eutdkrs era `retaiul tk tda Geturel ]mcagma Ikugfetckg ki Mdcge ikr cts suppkrt

tdrku`d G]IM prkbamt 055==886. Mkooagts irko pertcmcpegts ki verckus saocgers, @FG,

egf EFJC wkrnsdkps era emngkwlafàf.

Vda vcaws axprassaf cg tdcs pepar era tda vcaws ki tda eutdkr egf fk gkt gamasserclyrailamt tda vcaws kr pklcmcas ki EFJC, EFJ, cts Jkerf ki Fcramtkrs, kr tda `kvargoagtstday raprasagt. EFJC fkas gkt ùeregtaa tda emmuremy ki tda fete cgmlufaf cg tdcs peparegf emmapts gk raspkgscjclcty ikr egy mkgsaquagmas ki tdacr usa. Varocgklk`y usaf oeygkt gamassercly ja mkgscstagt wctd EFJ kiicmcel taros.

Pkrncg` pepars era sujbamt tk ikroel ravcsckg egf mkrramtckg jaikra tday era icgelczafegf mkgscfaraf pujlcsdaf.

Esceg Favalkpoagt Jegn CgstctutaNesuocèsanc Juclfcg` 4I

=-:-1 Nesuocèsanc, Mdcykfe-nuVknyk 588-9884, Bepeg

Val2 +45-=-=13=-1188Iex2 +45-=-=13=-1105QZL2 www.efjc.krÀ-oecl2 cgikHefjc.kr`

© :851 Esceg Favalkpoagt Jegn Cgstctuta


3/25

EFJC Pkrncg` Xepar 168 Peg egf Rdeg`

Ejstremt

Vda copkrtegma ki cgirestrumtura cg amkgkocm favalkpoagt des jaag cgmraescg`ly ramk`gczafjy `kvargoagts, favalkpoagt cgstctutckgs, egf tda rasaermd mkoougcty. Faspcta e sczejlalctaretura kg cts aiicmcagmy egf `rkwtd aiiamts, tda fcstrcjutcva copemts ki cgirestrumtura devajaag leràly kvarlkknaf, wctd e iaw ramagt axmaptckgs. Vdcs cs ra`rattejla, pertcmulerly `cvagtda kvarwdalocg` mkgmarg ejkut cgaquelcty egf cgmluscva `rkwtd ell kvar tda wkrlf. Vdcspepar wcll2 (c) faokgstreta tda faicmcagmy ki mkgvagtckgel epprkemdas tk okfallcg` cgaquelcty>(cc) axtagf tda Ocgmar aergcg`s iugmtckg sk tdet jktd `rkwtd egf fcstrcjutcva aiiamts kicgirestrumtura meg ja aveluetaf> egf (ccc) ict tda axtagfaf okfal tk e lerà seopla kicgfcvcfuel-laval fete irko rurel Xakpla–s Zapujlcm ki Mdcge (XZM) kvar tda parckf ki 5343” :855, prkvcfcg` astcoetas ki `rkwtd egf tda fcstrcjutcva copemts ki spamcicm pdyscmelcgirestrumturas‖talapdkga, tep wetar egf alamtrcmcty. Ell tdasa cgirestrumturas era ikugf tkprkokta rurel cgmkoa `rkwtd, dalpcg` gerrkw tda rurel”urjeg èp, wdcmd cs tda fkocgegtmkopkgagt ki tda XZM–s kvarell cgaquelcty. Iurtdar, tda pkkr era ikugf tk ècg okra tdeg tdarcmd, coplycg` jagc`g fcstrcjutcva aiiamts ki tdasa cgirestrumturas. Cg effctckg, oelas, tda okraaxparcagmaf, tda jattar afumetaf, egf tk skoa axtagt tda oerrcaf jagaictaf okra tdeg tdacr

mkugtarperts, aspamcelly irko talapdkgas. Icgelly, skoa ki tdasa sujpkpuletckg aiiamts devajamkoa okra sc`gcicmegt cg ramagt yaers egf era leràr cg magtrel XZM, pksscjly jameusacgirestrumtura dalps kpag up okra kppkrtugctcas ikr tdksa wctd jattar afumetckg kr okraaxparcagma. Vda aopcrcmel rasults era rkjust tk fciiaragt faicgctckgs ki tda axparcagmavercejla, mkgscfaretckg ki tda okrtelcty salamtckg jces, ramkgstrumtckg ki tda talapdkga fete,egf pksscjla ravarsa meuselcty.

BAL Mlesscicmetckg2 F=5, D1:, D16


4/25


Mkgtagts

5. Cgtrkfumtckg ................................................................................................................ =

:.

E Jrcai Lctaretura Zavcaw ........................................................................................... 1

=. Egelytcmel Ireoawkrn egf Fete ................................................................................. 9

6. Aopcrcmel Zasults egf Fcsmussckgs .......................................................................... 58

6.5

Jesalcga Okfal ............................................................................................ 58

6.: Fcstrcjutcva Copemts ikr Xkpuletckg ]uj`rkups ............................................. 55

1. Iurtdar Fcsmussckg Zkjustgass Mdamns .................................................................. 56

1.5

]ujseopla Zasults ...................................................................................... 56

1.:

Zkjustgass Mdamn ikr Oaesuraoagt Arrkrs ................................................. 50 1.= Agfk`agacty (Zavarsa Meuselcty) ................................................................. 53

9.

Mkgmlusckgs ............................................................................................................. :8

Zaiaragmas ......................................................................................................................... ::


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=

5. CGVZKFQMVCKG

Ct des jaag astejlcsdaf tdet cgirestrumtura cs eg copkrtegt egf assagtcel ikrma frcvcg`prkfumtcvcty coprkvaoagt egf amkgkocm `rkwtd (@reolcmd 5336). Emmkrfcg` tk tdaPkrlf Jegn (5336), cgirestrumtura prkvcfas emmass tk jescm sarvcmas, iemclctetasduoeg/pdyscmel mepctel emmuouletckg, prkoktas trefa vce lcgneàs tk oernats, lkwarsprkfumtckg/tregsemtckg mksts, egf dalps coprkva tda agvcrkgoagt. Okrakvar,cgirestrumtura cgvastoagt cs ngkwg tk fcramtly àgareta bkjs egf oey laef tk cgilkws kicgvastoagt tk le``cg` eraes, pktagtcelly prkfumcg` jagaicmcel fcstrcjutcva aiiamts. Cgfavalkpcg` mkugtrcas, mkggamtcvcty cgirestrumtura, sumd es rkefs egf mkoougcmetckg,iemclctetas oc`retckg egf tda aoaràgma ki rurel gkg-iero emtcvctcas. Jktd era copkrtegtikr jrcf`cg` tda rurel”urjeg fcspercty tdet pravecls cg oegy amkgkocas (]dkrrkmns egfPeg :881).

Pdcla tda lctaretura kg tda `rkwtd aiiamts ki cgirestrumtura cs sczejla egf cgmraescg`,tdara cs e sdkrteà ki rasaermd wkrn kg cts fcstrcjutcva kr cgaquelcty aiiamts. Vdcs cs

ra`rattejla es rcscg` cgaquelcty des jamkoa e oebkr skmckamkgkocm cssua cg favalkpcg`,aoar`cg`, es wall es favalkpaf mkugtrcas. Ci oernat ikrmas fk laef tk rcscg` cgaquelcty,es erùaf jy Xcnatty (:856), `kvargoagt cgtarvagtckgs jamkoa cgavctejla. Xcnatty(:856) su`àsts tda copksctckg ki texas tk dalp recsa pujlcm ravagua. Jut aquelly krokra copkrtegt cs pujlcm spagfcg`. Egf iest-`rkwcg` amkgkocas spagf e sc`gcicmegtprkpkrtckg ki `kvargoagt jufàt kg cgirestrumtura. Avag cgfustrcelczaf mkugtrcas eramkgirkgtaf wctd cgirestrumtura up`refcg`. 5 Mlaerly, tda fcstrcjutcva copemts kicgirestrumtura prkvcsckg kr spagfcg`, leràly ugeffrassaf cg tda lctaretura wctd e iawaxmaptckgs (saa ]amtckg :), meg gk lkgàr ja kvarlkknaf, pertcmulerly `cvag tda pursuctki cgmluscva `rkwtd jy okra egf okra cgstctutckgs egf `kvargoagts ell kvar tda wkrlf.

Vda Xakpla–s Zapujlcm ki Mdcge (XZM) kiiars e geturel sattcg` tk sdaf lc`dt kg tda

fcstrcjutcva copemts ki cgirestrumtura. Vda XZM–s cgvastoagt-frcvag `rkwtd okfal desjaag emmkopegcaf jy duà cgvastoagt cgtk cgirestrumtura. Et tda kgsat ki amkgkocmraikro tdet jaèg cg leta 5304, cgirestrumtura cgvastoagt kgly emmkugtaf ikr 1.66% ki`rkss fkoastcm prkfumt (@FX). Vdcs parmagteà okra tdeg trcplaf, raemdcg` 54.53% cg:858. Gkta tdet tdcs trcplcg` wes emmkopegcaf jy iest `rkwtd cg @FX et eg egguel retaki elokst 58% tdrku`dkut tdcs parckf. Es e mkgsaquagma, rurel cgirestrumtura sewsc`gcicmegt coprkvaoagt. Ikr axeopla, tda eokugt ki cgvastoagt cg rurel dyfrkpkwarmkgstrumtckg cg :858 wes 5: tcoas tdet cg 5338. Zurel mkgsuoptckg ki alamtrcmctycgmraesaf irko elokst zark cg 531= tk 99= jcllckg nclkwetts cg :858. Jy tdag, 33% kivclleàs cg tda XZM def ècgaf emmass tk alamtrcmcty egf okra tdeg 34% ki dkusadklfscg tda vclleàs def ècgaf emmass tk alamtrcmcty. Cg taros ki talamkoougcmetckgs, tdaguojar ki legflcga talapdkga sujsmrcjars rksa irko 5.60 ocllckg cg 5338 tk 30.4 ocllckg

cg :858 cg rurel XZM.:

Oaegwdcla, wkrsagcg` cgmkoa fcstrcjutckg des jaag regnaf eokg` tda tkp tdraa okstsarckus skmckamkgkocm egf pklcmy cssuas ikr famefas cg tda XZM (Peg :880, :884e,:884j> Peg`, Peg, egf Seg` :856). Es Icùra 5 cllustretas, tda kvarell ra`ckgelcgaquelcty oaesuraf jy tda Vdacl cgfax rksa irko e lkw laval ki lass tdeg 8.86 cg 534=tk eg elerocg`ly dc`d 8.54 cg :883, elokst quefruplcg` wctdcg e sdkrt parckf ki twk egfdeli famefas. Pkrsa stcll, cgaquelcty wctdcg rurel XZM cgmraesaf iestar tdeg cts urjegmkugtarpert. Vda oumd staapar slkpa ki tda kvarell cgaquelcty murva tdeg actdar ki tda

5 Iurtdar, up tk 08% ki lagfcg` jy oultcletarel favalkpoagt jegns sumd es tda Pkrlf Jegn egf Esceg

Favalkpoagt Jegn cs cg cgirestrumtura, lat elkga tda ikrtdmkocg` Esceg Cgirestrumtura Cgvastoagt Jegn.: Fete cg tdcs pere`repd cs irko tda Getckgel Juraeu ki ]tetcstcms ki Mdcge (emmassaf 0 Oermd :851).


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6

ktdar twk murvas coplcas lerà egf `rkwcg` urjeg”rurel èps. Vdcs mkgtrests wctd tdaiemt tdet tda XZM–s oesscva cgirestrumtura cgvastoagt ecos et gerrkwcg` fkwg ra`ckgeles wall es urjeg”rurel èps. Ct cs tdus copkrtegt tk egelytcmelly axplkra tda fcstrcjutcvacopemts ki cgirestrumtura.

Icùra 52 Za`ckgel Cgaquelcty cg tda Xakpla–s Zapujlcm ki Mdcge2 Vdacl Cgfax

]kurma2 Astcoetckg jesaf kg `rkup cgmkoa fete irko tda Getckgel Juraeu ki ]tetcstcms ki Mdcge (verckusyaers).

Vdcs pepar raprasagts kga ki tda icrst aiikrts tk egelyza tda fcstrcjutcva copemts ki tdaspamcicm cgirestrumturas ki alamtrcmcty (wctd alamtrcm lc`dts es e prkxy), tep wetar, egftalamkoougcmetckgs (wctd pkssassckg ki e pdkga es e prkxy) cg rurel XZM. Fua tk feteugeveclejclcty, tregspkrtetckg mkulf gkt ja cgmlufaf. Qglcna tda oebkrcty ki pravckusstufcas tdet ikmus kg aiicmcagmy aiiamts egf elsk raly kg dc`dly e``raètaf fete, tdcspepar wcll aoplky fcse``raètaf fete. Fcse``raètckg dara oaegs uscg` kjsarvetckgset tda cgfcvcfuel laval egf uscg` spamcicm pdyscmel cgfcmetkrs ki cgirestrumtura. Vdaprkjlao esskmcetaf wctd e``raètaf fete et tda mkugtry, prkvcgma, kr mkoougcty lavalcs wall ngkwg egf fkas gkt raqucra alejkretckg. Xraiaragma ikr uscg` spamcicm pdyscmelcgfcmetkrs retdar tdeg okgatery cgfcmetkrs ki cgirestrumtura cs fcsmussaf jy ]treuj(:884). Icgelly, emtuel emmass kr usa ki tdasa spamcicm cgirestrumturas cs saperetaly

okfalaf, eltdku`d tday era axprassaf es jcgery vercejlas. Vdcs evkcfs tda fciicmulty cgfcstcgùcsdcg` jatwaag tda cssuas ki eveclejclcty, emmasscjclcty, egf eiikrfejclcty.

Egktdar mkgtrcjutckg ki tdcs pepar cs tk pkcgt kut tda faicmcagmy ki tda mkgvagtckgelepprkemd tk okfalcg` cgaquelcty, cgmlufcg` tdksa astcoetcg` tda Nuzgats murva krtastcg` tda Nuzgats dypktdascs. Mkgsaquagtly, es fcsmussaf letar cg tda pepar, tda iawstufcas tdet fcf axplkra tda fcstrcjutcva aiiamts ki cgirestrumtura oey ja ocslaefcg`. Eltargetcva egelytcmel epprkemdas era mellaf ikr egf kga ki tdao cs prkpksaf cg ]amtckg= ki tdcs pepar.

Epplycg` tda prkpksaf scopla jut epprkprceta epprkemd tk e lerà sat ki pegal fetemkopclaf irko tda Mdcge Daeltd egf Gutrctckg ]urvay fetejesa (MDG]), wa icgf tdetrurel talapdkga, tep wetar, egf lc`dtcg`/alamtrcmcty cgirestrumturas dalp coprkva par

mepcte rurel cgmkoa cg àgarel. Vdcs àgarel copemt oust deva dalpaf mkgtecg tda

8

8.8:

8.86

8.89

8.84

8.5

8.5:

8.56

8.59

8.54

8.:

5304 534= 5344 533= 5334 :88= :884

Kvarell Qrjeg Zurel


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1

XZM–s cgaquelcty rcsa jameusa tda rurel”urjeg èp mkgstctutas e fkocgegt mkopkgagtki tda kvarell cgmkoa fcstrcjutckg (Peg :880). Okra copkrtegtly, tda raletcvaly pkkr eraikugf tk jagaict okra, faokgstretcg` tdet rurel cgirestrumtura meg coprkva wctdcg-rurelcgmkoa cgaquelcty. Vdcs aquelczcg` copemt jameoa okra sc`gcicmegt cg letar yaers.Iurtdar, oelas, tda okra afumetaf, egf tda okra axparcagmaf ècg okra tdeg tdacrmkugtarperts irko ell tdraa rurel cgirestrumturas, pertcmulerly irko talapdkgas. Icgelly,tda fcstrcjutcva copemts era okra sc`gcicmegt cg magtrel XZM.

Vda strumtura ki tda pepar cs es ikllkws. E jrcai lctaretura ravcaw cs prkvcfaf cg tdaikllkwcg` samtckg. Vdcs cs ikllkwaf jy prkpkscg` e scopla egelytcmel ireoawkrn tk èuàtda fcstrcjutcva aiiamts ki cgirestrumtura cg ]amtckg =, wdara wa elsk jrcaily sdkw tdafaicmcagmy ki tda mkgvagtckgel epprkemd tk cgaquelcty okfalcg`. ]amtckg 6 prasagtsaopcrcmel rasults egf fcsmussckgs. ]amtckg 1 mkgfumts rkjustgass mdamns. Icgelly,]amtckg 9 mkgmlufas.

:. E JZCAI LCVAZEVQZA ZAYCAP

Vda amkgkocm lctaretura kg cgirestrumtura jaèg wctd rasaermd aiikrts tk axplecg tdapksctcva mkrraletckg jatwaag tda favalkpoagt ki cgirestrumtura, sumd es reclrkefs, egfrepcf amkgkocm `rkwtd cg tda aerly feys ki cgfustrcel amkgkocas, cgmlufcg` PastargAurkpa, Bepeg, egf tda Qgctaf ]tetas (Jegarbaa, Fuilk, egf Uceg :85:). Okra ramagtly,tdara cs eg cgmraescg` ramk`gctckg tdet cgirestrumtura pleys eg copkrtegt rkla cgprkoktcg` `rkwtd egf pkvarty rafumtckg cg lass favalkpaf mkugtrcas (@reolcmd 5336).

Vda oebkrcty ki axcstcg` stufcas deva ikmusaf kg tda aiicmcagmy kr `rkwtd aiiamts kipujlcm axpagfctura kg cgirestrumtura (@reolcmd 5336). Ikr axeopla, tda pckgaarcg` wkrnki Esmdeuar (5343) mkgmlufaf tdet gkg-oclctery pujlcm mepctel stkmn, pertcmulerlytregspkrt egf wetar cgirestrumtura, cs okra copkrtegt tdeg oclctery spagfcg` cg

axplecgcg` prkfumtcvcty mdegà cg pkst-wer Q]. Jerrk (5338) wes eokg` tda icrst tkcgtrkfuma pujlcm axpagfctura cgtk amkgkocm `rkwtd okfals egf erùaf tdet pujlcmaxpagfctura, raprasagtaf jy cgirestrumtura, meg cgfuma agfkàgkus ̀ rkwtd.

Lcna Esmdeuar (5343), Aestarly egf Zajalk (533=) egf, okra ramagtly, Meggcg` egfXafrkgc (:886) deva ikmusaf kg prkfumtcvcty copemts, stgfcg` avcfagma ki lkg`-rugpksctcva a amts ki pujlcm cgvastoagt cg cgirestrumtura. Qscg` fete irko Aurkpaeg Qgckg(AQ) mkugtrcas, Jku`daes, Faoatrcefas, egf Okràgrktd (5333) ikugf e pksctcvamkrraletckg jatwaag tda laval ki cgirestrumtura egf tda vkluoa ki trefa, coplycg` tdetcgirestrumtura dalps rafuma trefa mksts. Qscg` @ak`repdcm Cgikroetckg ]ystao (@C])fete, Etemn at el. (:858) fcsmkvaraf tdet cgirestrumtura cgvastoagt cg tda 54td magturydalpaf prkokta urjegczetckg cg Past egf Magtrel Eoarcme. Qrjegczetckg cg turg jrku`dtejkut amkgkocm `rkwtd. Vdrku`d tdakratcmel egf aopcrcmel egelysas, Fu, Pac, egf Tca(:85=) faokgstretaf tda agdegmaoagt aiiamt ki cgirestrumtura kg mkopatctckg egfprcma, egf tdaraikra kg tda rael axmdegà reta.

Vdasa prkfumtcvcty kr amkgkocm `rkwtd aiiamts wara mkgicroaf ikr spamcicmcgirestrumturas, cgmlufcg` talamkoougcmetckgs cg tda Q] egf ktdar cgfustrcel mkugtrcas(Mrkgcg at el. 5335> Zùllar egf Pevaroeg :885)> dc`dweys, wetar supply, egfsawareà cg tda Q] (Okrrcskg egf ]mdwertz 5339)> egf tregspkrtetckg cg Krègcsetckgikr Amkgkocm Mk-kparetckg egf Favalkpoagt (KAMF) egf gkg-KAMF amkgkocas(Meggcg` 5333> Faoatrcefas egf Oeougaes :888).

Vurgcg` tk favalkpcg` mkugtrcas, epert irko egelytcmel stufcas jy Jcgswegàr,Ndegfnar, egf Zksagzwac` (533=) egf Dultag, Jaggetdeg, egf ]rcgcveseg (:889) kg

Cgfce, egf Jegarbaa, Fuilk, egf Uceg (:85:) kg tda XZM, e mkgsagsus saaos tk deva


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9

aoaràf cg tda juscgass, pklcmy, egf avag emefaocm mkoougctcas tdet tda slkwar`rkwtd cg Cgfce mkoperaf tk tda XZM meg ja leràly ettrcjutaf tk cts pkkrarcgirestrumtura. Ikr e àgarel fcsmussckg kg tda fatrcoagtel `rkwtd aiiamts ki pkkrcgirestrumtura cg favalkpcg` mkugtrcas, saa Okmmark (:884).

Egktdar stregf ki lctaretura fcramtly astcoetas tda pkvarty copemts ki cgirestrumtura.@cjskg egf Zkzalla (:88=) ikugf tdet cg rurel Xepue Gaw @ucgae, ra`ckgs iurtdar eweyirko oebkr rkefs def okra savara pkvarty. Farmkg (:881) erùaf tdet lemn ki emmasstk cgirestrumtura pravagts dkusadklfs irko okvcg` kut ki pkvarty. Dkwavar, tdasapkvarty copemts meg ja aescly fafumaf irko tda pksctcva `rkwtd copemts kicgirestrumtura, dklfcg` cgaquelcty mkgstegt. Vdus, pkvarty rafumtckg elkga fkas gktgamassercly oaeg coprkvaoagt cg cgmkoa fcstrcjutckg. Ikr axeopla, raoernejla `rkwtdegf pkvarty rafumtckg deva kmmurraf cg tda XZM scgma tda leta 5308s, jut cgaquelctyaoaràf es e oebkr skmckamkgkocm prkjlao cg tda 5338s, jamkocg` avag okrasarckus kvar tcoa.

Cg mkgtrest tk tda sczejla egf `rkwcg` lctaretura kg tda `rkwtd aiiamts ki cgirestrumtura,

rasaermd kutput kg tda fcstrcjutcva kr cgaquelcty aiiamts era smerma egf prkjlaoetcm (saa]amtckg =). Vk kur ngkwlafà, kgly tdraa stufcas deva axeocgaf sumd fcstrcjutcvacopemts. Zalycg` kg mrkss-mkugtry ra`rassckgs, Melfarýg egf Mdkg` (:886) egfMelfarýg egf ]arvag (:856) ikugf tdet cgmkoa cgaquelcty (es oaesuraf jy tda @cgcmkaiicmcagt) wes gaètcvaly esskmcetaf wctd cgmraesaf eveclejclcty egf quelcty kicgirestrumtura. Cg egktdar pepar, Jegarbaa at el. (:85:) axplkraf tda raletckgsdcpjatwaag tregspkrtetckg cgirestrumtura egf tda cgmkoa @cgc et tda mkugty laval cg tdaXZM. Mkgtrery tk Melfarýg egf Mdkg` (:886) egf Melfarýg egf ]arvag (:856), tdayfcsmkvaraf tdet emmass tk cgirestrumtura meusaf rcsas cg cgaquelcty. Es tda ikllkwcg`samtckg sdkws, axcstcg` ettaopts tk fcramtly okfal cgaquelcty, cgmlufcg` tdksa tastcg` tdaNuzgats dypktdascs, era lcnaly tk suiiar irko sarckus spamcicmetckg egf astcoetckgjcesas.

=. EGELSVCMEL IZEOAPKZN EGF FEVE

Kga ki tda mkgvagtckgel oatdkfs tk astcoeta tda `rkwtd kr aiicmcagmy copemts kicgirestrumtura cs tdrku`d prkfumtckg iugmtckg okfalcg`, wdara cgirestrumtura cs cgmlufafcg effctckg tk tda usuel cgput vercejlas sumd es mepctel egf lejkr. Vdcs cs mlaerlycgepprkprceta wdag cgfcvcfuel fete cs usaf actdar jameusa ki ugeveclejclcty ki mepctel krfua tk tda iemt tdet lejkr cgput cs fciicmult tk oaesura et tda cgfcvcfuel laval. E getureleltargetcva cs tk utclcza tda Ocgmar aergcg`s iugmtckg, euòagtaf wctd cgirestrumturavercejlas. Lat c cgfax cgfcvcfuels egf t cgfax yaers, egf kur jesalcga okfal meg jaspamcicaf es2

? () ? 8 + 5ℇ + : + = + 6 › + + + (5)wdara fagktas parskgel fcspksejla cgmkoa, ]md fagktas yaers ki smdkklcg ,̀ Axp ?Oex (8, Eà ” ]md ” 0) fagktas axparcagma, fagktas cgirestrumtura, T fagktasmkgtrkl vercejlas, fagktas cgfcvcfuel icxaf aiiamt, fagktas yaer aiiamt egf fagktastda arrkr taro. Cg tdcs pepar, cgirestrumtura vercejlas tena e velua ki 8 kr 5, kgly (5 wctdcgirestrumtura egf 8 wctdkut).

= oaesuras tda copemt ki cgirestrumtura kg parskgel fcspksejla cgmkoa ikr tdatraetoagt `rkup. Vk cllustreta, wa faicga es2

≜ 5ℇ : 6 › (:)


9/25


0

Mlaerly, raprasagts tda parskgel fcspksejla cgmkoa fatarocgaf jy cgirestrumtura,tda ugkjsarvejla prkvcgmcel icxaf aiiamt, egf tda tcoa icxaf aiiamt, wctd tda aiiamts kiktdar vercejlas puràf.

Gkw, mkgscfar twk parskgs, E egf J. Cg parckf 5, jktd era wctdkut cgirestrumtura (Cgi ?

8). Cg parckf :, J cs aqucppaf wctd cgirestrumtura (Cgi ? 5), wdcla E cs gkt (Cgi ? 8). Vdag,tda fciiaragmas kvar tcoa ikr E egf J era raspamtcvaly2

? (:) (5) ? : 5 (=)

? (:) (5) ? = + : 5 (6)

Ct cs mlaer tdet = cs aqucvelagt tk tda fciiaragma-cg-fciiaragma astcoetkr ki cgirestrumtura–saiiamt kg cgmkoa‖tdet cs, .Okfal (5) meg ja usaf tk essass tda copemt ki cgirestrumtura kg cgmkoa cg àgarel. Vkaxplkra tda tkpcmel quastckg ki wdk ècgs okra irko wdcmd cgirestrumtura, cgtaremtcvavercejlas meg ja cgmlufaf. Pdag

(

√5) Ð

cs effaf, cts mkaiicmcagt mepturas tda

cgmkoa copemt ki cgirestrumtura kg tda raletcvaly pkkr varsus tda raletcvaly rcmd. Egaètcva mkaiicmcagt cgfcmetas tdet tdksa wdk wara pkkrar pravckusly, ècg okra. Jy tdaseoa tknag, ]md Ð meg ja effaf tk axplkra wdatdar tda jattar-afumetaf ècg okrakr lass. Cg tdcs pepar, wa elsk mkgscfar tda àgfar, wkrncg` axparcagma, egf oerrceàaiiamts ki cgirestrumtura. Ct cs gktaf tdet wdag eg cgtaremtcva vercejla sumd es (√5) Ð cs effaf, ct cs mustkoery tk deva tda cgfcvcfuel vercejlas‖ikr cgstegma,(√5) egf ‖cgmlufaf cg tda okfal es wall. Cg pertcmuler, tda cgmlusckg ki tdale`àf cgmkoa vercejla dalps emmkookfeta sarcel eutkmkrraletckg, typcmelly cgdaragt cgtda cgmkoa vercejla. Cts mkaiicmcagt sc`gcicas mkgvaràgma (cgaquelcty rafumcg`) krfcvaràgma (cgaquelcty cgmraescg`). Vdcs fciiars irko tda mkgvagtckgel okfal kimkgvaràgma kr metmd-up wdara cgmkoa cg tda cgctcel yaer retdar tdeg tda pravckus yaer

cs usaf. Cgmlusckg ki tda cgctcel cgmkoa cg tda okfal wkulf oena icxaf aiiamts astcoetckgcopksscjla.

Kur epprkemd fciiars irko tda fcramt okfalcg` ki cgaquelcty efkptaf jy Melfarýg egfMdkg` (:886), Melfarýg egf ]arvag (:856) egf Jegarbaa, Fuilk, egf Uceg (:85:). Cgtdacr pepars, tda cgaquelcty cgfcmetkr ki tda @cgc mkaiicmcagt (@cgc) cs ra`rassaf kgcgirestrumtura wctd mkaiicmcagt 5 plus mkgtrkl vercejlas T wctd mkaiicmcagts ‖tdet cs2

? 8 + 5() + › + , (1)wdara () raprasagts tda evareà cgirestrumtura ki e mkugtry kr mkugty. Dkwavar,okfal (1) cs lcnaly tk prkfuma ocslaefcg` rasults. Vk cllustreta tdcs, wa scoplciy (5) es2

? ? 8 + 5 + ›Ζ + , (9)wdara R fagktas ell N mkgtrkl vercejlas wctd mkaiicmcagts Ζ ? {}. Vdag tda “trua‟ @cgccgfax ki meg ja farcvaf es (saa Peg ^:886_)2

() ? ∕ () ()⁆ () + 5 () ()⁆ () (0)wdara A cs tda axpamtetckg kparetkr egf Mkg fagktas tda mkgmagtretckg mkaiicmcagt,wdcmd meg ja mkoputaf uscg`2

() ? : ()⁆ , �5 (), (4)wdara fagktas tda muouletcva fcstrcjutckg iugmtckg ki . Gkta tdet () fkas gktmdegà wdag () mdegàs.

Vda “trua‟ oer`cgel copemt ki () kg tda @cgc meg ja aescly farcvaf irko (0)2


10/25


4

? ^5() 5:()_() :()⁆ (3)Ct cs jaykgf tda smkpa ki tdcs pepar tk prkvcfa tda prkki, jut tda “trua‟ fcstrcjutcva aiiamt`cvag jy (3) mlaerly fciiars irko 5, wdcmd raprasagts tda astcoetaf fcstrcjutcva aiiamt kicgirestrumtura ugfar tda mkgvagtckgel epprkemd usaf jy Melfarýg egf ]arvag (:856)

egf ktdars.

Eltdku`d kur prkpksaf epprkemd fkas gkt àgareta fcramt astcoetas ki tda copemt kicgirestrumtura kg cgaquelcty cgfcmetkrs lcna tda @cgc, ct fkas prkvcfa cgsc`dts raèrfcg`wdcmd sujpkpuletckg `rkups ècg okra irko cgirestrumtura. Vk prkparly cfagtciy egffcramtly astcoeta tda cgirestrumtura copemts kg eg cgaquelcty cgfax, tda cgaquelctyemmkugtcg` ireoawkrn ki Peg (:886) meg ja mkgscfaraf.

Vk aopcrcmelly astcoeta okfal (5) wctd effctckgel cgtaremtcva vercejlas, fete eramkopclaf irko tda MDG], e lkg`ctufcgel dkusadklf survay mkgfumtaf jy tda MerklcgeXkpuletckg Magtar ki tda Qgcvarscty ki Gkrtd Merklcge egf tda Getckgel Cgstctuta ki Ikkf]eiaty ki tda Mdcgasa Magtar ikr Fcsaesa Mkgtrkl egf Xravagtckg. Ct cs merrcaf kut jyralavegt mcty/mkugty egtc-apcfaocm stetckgs ugfar tda prkvcgmcel Ikkf Cgspamtckg

]arvcmas. Eltdku`d tda MDG] cs fasc`gaf tk mkllamt cgikroetckg kg daeltd, gutrctckg, egfieocly pleggcg`, ct fkas mkgtecg fateclaf cgmkoa egf cgirestrumtura fete tdet meg jausaf tk effrass tda tkpcmel quastckg.

Vda survay mkvars tda yaers 5343, 5335, 533=, 5330, :888, :886, :889, :883, egf:855. Ikr aemd yaer, epprkxcoetaly 6,688 dkusadklfs cg gcga prkvcgmas warasurvayaf, cgvklvcg` cgtarvcaws wctd skoa 59,888 cgfcvcfuels. Vda prkvcgmas eraLcekgcg`, Daclkg`bceg`, Bceg`su, ]degfkg`, Dageg, Dujac, Dugeg, @ueg`xc, egf@uczdku, okstly cg Aestarg kr Aest-Magtrel XZM. Dkusadklfs irko Daclkg`bceg` devajaag effaf scgma 5330, egf tdksa irko Lcekgcg` wara gkt survayaf cg 5330. Eoultcsteà, regfko mlustarcg` fasc`g cs efkptaf tk frew seoplas. Pctdcg aemdprkvcgma, mkugtcas era stretcicaf jy cgmkoa (lkw, oafcuo, egf dc`d) egf e wac`dtaf

seoplcg` smdaoa cs usaf tk salamt ikur mkugtcas cg aemd prkvcgma.

Cg tdcs pepar, wa ikmus kg cgfcvcfuels wdk wara kvar 54 yaers klf cg tda survay yaeregf rascfaf cg rurel eraes. Pa fcf gkt axmlufa tda klf-eàf wdk usuelly wkrn es lkgès tdacr daeltd parocts. Vdcs oey laef tk okrtelcty salamtckg jces, wdcmd wcll ja faeltwctd letar cg tda pepar wdag mkgfumtcg` tda rkjustgass mdamn. Cgmkoa kjsarvetckgs erafailetaf kr cgiletaf wctd :883 es tda jesa yaer. Cgirestrumtura cs oaesuraf es e jcgeryvercejla cg taros ki emtuel usa kr mkgsuoptckg2

5. Pdatdar da/sda usas e talapdkga(s)

:. Pdatdar da/sda mkgsuoas tep wetar

=. Pdatdar da/sda meg usa (alamtrcm) lc`dts

Vejla 5 prkvcfas faicgctckgs ki oebkr vercejlas egf Vejla : tejuletas tdacr suooerystetcstcms. Zaiarrcg` tk tda lest twk rkws ki Xegal E ki Vejla :, tda seopla sczas eraqucta lerà, gk lass tdeg :08,888. Pa lcoct kur stufy tk rurel eraes, rasultcg` cg kgly64,8:6 kjsarvetckgs. Pdag oetmdaf wctd ktdar vercejlas, tda guojar ki kjsarvetckgsusaf ikr okfal astcoetckgs wcll ja soellar. Kga oey gktcma tda oexcouo velua ki36.90 ikr tda axparcagma vercejla. Vdcs cs retdar lerà egf wcll ja faelt wctd letar cg tdapepar wdag mkgfumtcg` tda rkjustgass mdamn.


11/25


3

Vejla 52 Yercejla Faicgctckgs

Yercejla Faicgctckg

Lg(Cgm) Lk` velua ki parskgel cgmkoaValapdkga Fuooy?5 wctd talapdkga

Vep wetar Fuooy?5 wctd tep wetarLc`dt Fuooy?5 wctd alamtrcm lc`dts]md Saers ki smdkklcg`Axp Saers ki axparcagma, astcoetaf es oex(8, e`a- ]mdkkl-0)Axp Vda squeraf velua ki axparcagma@agfar Fuooy?5 ci tda cgfcvcfuel cs oelaOerry Fuooy?5 ci tda cgfcvcfuel cs oerrcafAest Fuooy?5 ci tda cgfcvcfuel rascfas cg aestarg XZMOcf Fuooy?5 ci tda cgfcvcfuel rascfas cg magtrel XZM

XZM ? Xakpla–s Zapujlcm ki Mdcge.

]kurma2 Eutdkrs– mkopcletckg jesaf kg MDG].

Vda jkttko deli ki Vejla : prasagts tda suooery stetcstcms ki tda cgirestrumtura

vercejlas. Emmass tk alamtrcm lc`dts cs dc`d, cgmraescg` irko elokst 38% cg 5343 tk 33parmagt cg :855. ]umd e dc`d emmass reta coplcas tdet cts copemts oc`dt ja derf tkcfagtciy egf astcoeta, pertcmulerly cg tda letar yaers. Emmass tk tep wetar raemdaf 45parmagt cg :855, irko e lkw laval ki =9% cg 5343. Vda laest emmasscjla kr mkgsuoafcgirestrumtura cs talapdkga. Vda survay fcf gkt mkvar tdcs vercejla ugtcl 5330,prasuoejly fua tk ga`lc`cjla prasagma ki prcveta pdkgas cg rurel XZM jaikra tdag. Elsk, tdara saao tk ja skoa prkjlaos wctd tdcs vercejla es tda reta ki emmass raemdaf9: parmagt cg :886 egf tdag famlcgaf. Vdcs fete cssua wcll ja degflaf letar cg tda peparjy frkppcg` tdksa cgfcvcfuels wdk lkst pdkga emmass.

Vejla :2 ]uooery ]tetcstcms

Xegal E. Fete Fasmrcptckg

Yercejla G Oaeg ]tf. Fav. Ocg OexLg(Cgm) 648:6 4.=39 5.:05 8.:05 5=.6=6Lg(Cgmt-5) =4469 4.:=0 5.::6 8.:05 5=.6=6Valapdkga 99116 8.638 8.188 8 5Vep wetar 38593 8.9:= 8.641 8 5Lc`dt 3889: 8.303 8.56: 8 5]md 98509 9.==8 6.80= 8 54Axp 3:910 :8.6=6 :5.889 8 36.90@agfar 9:4== 8.638 8.188 8 5Oerry 91695 8.010 8.6:3 8 5Aest 3:910 8.=55 8.69= 8 5Ocf 3:910 8.65: 8.63: 8 5

Xegal J. Cgirestrumtura Coprkvaoagt

Yercejlas 5343 5335 533= 5330 :888 :886 :889 :883 :855Valapdkga?5 ... ... ... 5101 =159 9836 0:40 984= 0=90Valapdkga?8 ... ... ... 9680 1144 =99= 63=8 9095 0:4=Valapdkgaemmasscjclcty (%)

... ... ... 53.0= =4.9: 9:.69 13.91 60.=9 18.:3

Vep Petar?5 :4:0 =9:8 =490 61=6 1119 9:5= 4=05 36:0 5503:Vep Petar?8 63=9 6105 =485 =649 =145 =196 =4=5 ==6: :418Vep Petaremmasscjclcty (%)

=9.6: 66.53 18.6= 19.1= 98.45 9=.11 94.98 0=.4= 48.16

Lc`dt?5 93== 0053 01=8 031: 3889 3066 5:568 5:089 56645Lc`dt?8 4:8 609 5=: 90 40 :1 69 =0 595Lc`dtemmasscjclcty (%)

43.6: 36.53 34.:4 33.59 33.86 33.06 33.9: 33.05 34.38

]kurma2 Eutdkr–s astcoetckg jesaf kg MDG] fete.


12/25


58

6. AOXCZCMEL ZA]QLV] EGF FC]MQ]]CKG]

6.5 Jesalcga Okfal

Vda jesalcga okfal ki (5) cs astcoetaf uscg` KL] wctd icxaf aiiamts egf tda stegferfarrkrs mlustaraf et tda dkusadklf laval. Vejla = rapkrts tda astcoetckg rasults. Jrkeflyspaencg`, okst ki tda astcoetaf pereoatars deva tda axpamtaf sc`gs, eltdku`d tdasmdkklcg` vercejla cs gkt sc`gcicmegt cg egy ki tda aquetckgs. Elsk, lc`dts era gaètcvalymkrraletaf wctd cgmkoa, jut tda pereoatars era gkt sc`gcicmegtly fciiaragt irko 8. Vdacgsc`gcicmegma fkas gkt gamassercly oaeg tdet alamtrcmcty cs ugcopkrtegt. Es oagtckgafaerlcar, tda alamtrcmcty/lc`dtcg` copemt cs derf tk cfagtciy kr astcoeta `cvag tda retdarsoell vercetckg cg tda kjsarvetckgs. Cg egy mesa, devcg` emmass tk tep wetar egftalapdkga meg sc`gcicmegtly cgmraesa tda cgmkoa ki rurel lejkrars, evare`cg` ejkut =”6parmagteà pkcgts.

Jameusa tda rurel”urjeg èp emmkugts ikr 08% kr okra ki tda tktel cgaquelcty cg tda

XZM (Peg :880) egf tda rurel evareà cgmkoa cs kga-tdcrf kr lass ki tda urjegmkugtarpert, tda àgarel pksctcva cgmkoa aiiamts coply tdet cgirestrumtura cgvastoagt cgrurel XZM def pleyaf e rkla cg dalpcg` mkgtecg tda wkrsagcg` cgmkoa fcstrcjutckg cg tdaXZM. Cg ktdar wkrfs, wctdkut tdasa cgvastoagts, tda XZM–s elerocg` cgaquelcty mkulfja wkrsa. Gavartdalass, tdcs icgfcg` meggkt ja usaf tk egswar tda tkpcmel quastckg kiwdk ècgaf okra irko cgirestrumturel favalkpoagt, eg cssua tk ja effrassaf cg]amtckg 6.:.

Ct cs cgtarastcg` tk gkta tdet e raturg tk wkrncg` axparcagma cs astcoetaf tk ja erkugf 0parmagt wdag aveluetaf et cts seopla oaeg ki :8.6 yaers (saa Vejla :). Vdcs cs dc`dartdeg tda astcoetaf raturg tk smdkklcg`. Vda leràr-tdeg-axpamtaf astcoeta oey jameusaf jy tda kocttaf vercejla jces cg okfal (5). Ikr axeopla, raturgs tk smdkklcg` egf

axparcagma oey ja mkgfctckgel kg cgirestrumtura, wdcmd raqucras cgmlusckg ki cgtaremtcvavercejlas cg tda okfal. Vdcs prkjlao wcll ja faelt wctd cg tda gaxt sujsamtckg.

Vejla =2 Jesalcga Astcoetckg Zasults2 @agarel Aiiamt ki Cgirestrumtura kg Cgmkoa

Valapdkga Vep wetar Lc`dt

Cgi8.8=91* 8.8=00* 8.86:1** 8.86:0** -8.88516 -8.88=40(8.8:51) (8.8:51) (8.8530) (8.8534) (8.864=) (8.864=)

]md8.8946 8.891: 8.8015 8.80:9 8.8048 8.8019

(8.8610) (8.86=6) (8.818:) (8.8646) (8.81:6) (8.8189)

Axp8.8450* 8.8044* 8.588** 8.8390** 8.58=** 8.5888**(8.861:) (8.86:3) (8.8633) (8.8648) (8.81:5) (8.818=)

Axp:

-8.888168*** -8.888161*** -8.888063*** -8.8880==*** -8.888015*** -8.8880=9***(9.5:a-81) (9.=6a-81) (6.=:a-81) (6.18a-81) (6.=:a-81) (6.18a-81)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Gk Sas Gk Sas Gk SasCgfcvcfuel aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas

Vcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas SasKjsarvetckgs =8,838 :3,441 61,010 61,188 61,054 61,698

Z-squeraf 8.590 8.594 8.54= 8.546 8.54= 8.546Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et tda dkusadklf laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

]kurma2 Eutdkrs– astcoetckgs jesaf kg MDG] fete.


13/25


55

6.: Fcstrcjutcva Copemts ikr Xkpuletckg ]uj`rkups

Es fcsmussaf aerlcar, tda okfal tk ja usaf tk essass tda mkgvaràgma kr fcvaràgmacopemt ki cgirestrumtura meg ja axprassaf es (fcsturjegma taro supprassaf)2

() ? 8 + 5(√5) + :(√5) Ð + = + (58)wdara : 7 8 coplcas tdet tda raletcvaly rcmd jagaict okra irko cgirestrumtura, wdcla : <8 raprasagts tda kppkscta.

Vdara era twk cssuas wctd tda okfal cg aquetckg (58). Kga cs kocttaf ralavegt vercejlajces. Xakpla jamkoa rcmdar prkjejly jameusa cgirestrumtura agdegmaf tda pktagtcelaergcg` pkwar ki tdksa wctd jattar afumetckg kr okra wkrn axparcagma. Vdcs wcll rasultcg jces cg astcoetckg. Kga wey tk ellavceta tdcs prkjlao cs tk mkgtrkl es oegy cgfcvcfuel-spamcicm vercejlas es pksscjla, sumd es smdkklcg`, axparcagma, àgfar, oerrceà, egftdacr cgtaremtckgs wctd cgirestrumtura.

Egktdar prkjlao cs tda prasagma ki agfkàgacty scgma (58) cs e fygeocm pegal okfal

wctd icxaf aiiamts. Vdaraikra, wa aoplky systao @OO ki Jlugfall egf Jkgf (5334) tkastcoeta (58). Vda le`àf cgmkoa vercejla egf cts cgtaremtckg wctd cgirestrumtura era sattk ja agfkàgkus (@OO-styla) vercejlas. Vda le` lag`td cs mdksag wdag samkgf-krfareutkmkrraletckg fcseppaers. Ct cs elsk copkrtegt tk agsura tdet tda okfal cs gkt kvarcfagtcicaf, wdcmd meg ja ikroelly tastaf jy tda Degsag stetcstcms (p-velua 7 8.58).

Xegal E ki Vejla 6 rapkrts tda astcoetckg rasults. Mkgtrestcg` wctd Vejla =, tda okfalsict tda fete jattar cg taros ki jktd sc`gs ki pereoatar astcoetas egf laval kisc`gcicmegma, avag ikr tda lc`dt kr alamtrcmcty aquetckg. Dkwavar, tda lc`dt kr alamtrcmctyokfal raoecgs lass ralcejla. Ikr axeopla, tda astcoetaf mkaiicmcagt ki EZ(5) cg tdaalamtrcmcty okfal axmaafs ugcty. Cg egy mesa, tda astcoetaf reta ki raturg tk smdkklcg` cs6”1%, systaoetcmelly lkwar tdeg tda mkugtarperts cg Vejla =, cgfcmetcg` pksscjla jcesasmeusaf jy agfkàgacty cg aquetckg (5). Okra copkrtegtly, es tda

: pereoatar cs

sc`gcicmegtly gaètcva cg ell aquetckgs, ct meg ja cgiarraf eècg tdet tda raletcvaly pkkrarècgaf okra irko ell tda tdraa jescm cgirestrumturas. Kga coplcmetckg cs tdetcgirestrumtura es e pujlcm `kkf meg ja usaf es e pklcmy tkkl ikr mkojetcg` cgaquelcty,gkt bust ikr prkoktcg` `rkwtd.


14/25


5:

Vejla 62 Fcstrcjutcva Copemts ki Cgirestrumtura

Xegal E2 Za`rassckg


Lg(Cgmt-5)

8.96:*** 8.1=4** 8.931* 8.0=6* 9.091* 1.98=*

(8.::9) (8.::0) (8.685) (8.684) (=.301) (:.43:)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi-8.966*** -8.113*** -8.903* -8.0:1* -9.034* -1.963**(8.:81) (8.:86) (8.=93) (8.=01) (=.310) (:.403)

Cgi1.908*** 6.365*** 1.931* 9.845** 1=.90* 66.9:**(5.0:5) (5.0:5) (:.338) (=.868) (=5.58) (::.9:)

]md8.8630*** 8.8669*** 8.863:*** 8.8655*** 8.8999*** 8.8109***(8.88938) (8.889=6) (8.88466) (8.88089) (8.88=01) (8.88=1:)

Axp8.8883=1 8.88=:: 8.8533*** 8.8504*** 8.8:60*** 8.8:=5***(8.88109) (8.88119) (8.88995) (8.88141) (8.88636) (8.88=3=)

Axp: -1.10a-81 -8.888583 -8.888==3*** -8.888=:6*** -8.888=04*** -8.888=04***(4.95a-81) (4.60a-81) (3.65a-81) (4.0:a-81) (0.03a-81) (9.:8a-81)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Gk Sas Gk Sas Gk SasVcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas EZ(5)-p 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 EZ(:)-p 8.5=: 8.::8 8.5:8 8.55: 8.581 8.890Degsag-p 8.583 8.5:1 8.388 8.38= 8.::8 8.186

Kjsarvetckgs :8,:13 :8,5:5 :3,=69 :3,506 :3,=:1 :3,51:Xegal J2 Cgirestrumtura–s Aiiamt kg Cgmkoa

Cgirestrumtura Oaeg Lg(Cgmt-5) wctdkut tda cgirestrumtura Cgmkoa aiiamt

Valapdkga 4.59: =0.46%Vep Petar 0.3:: ==.09%

Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et dkusadklf laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

=) ? :(√5) + =.]kurma2 Eutdkr–s astcoetckg jesaf kg MDG] fete.

Emmkrfcg` tk aquetckg (58), tda lk`-cgmkoa fciiaragma jatwaag tdksa wctd egf wctdkutcgirestrumtura cs scoply :(√5) + =. Vdasa fciiaragmas era aveluetaf et tdaevareà lk`-cgmkoa ki tdksa wctdkut tda cgirestrumtura, sk tda mkoputaf fciiaragmasaxemtly raprasagt tda copemts àgaretaf jy tda prasagma ki cgirestrumtura. Xegal J cgVejla 6 rapkrts tda copemts. = Mlaerly, tday fciiar emrkss cgirestrumtura. Valapdkgamkgtrcjutas slc`dtly okra tk cgmkoa `rkwtd tdeg tep wetar (ikr cgstegma, =0.46% 7==.09%). Vdcs cs gkt surprcscg` es talapdkgas prkvcfa oernat egf aoplkyoagt

cgikroetckg tk rurel dkusadklfs, kpagcg` up okra kppkrtugctcas. Kg tda ktdar degf, tdacopemt ki tep wetar cs okra cgfcramt egf `refuel, leràly railamtaf cg tda daeltd stetus.

Gkw, lat us eff effctckgel cgtaremtcva vercejlas cgtk tda okfal, axeocgcg` tda pksscjlafciiaragmas cg tda copemts ki cgirestrumtura ikr pkpuletckg suj`rkups mlesscicaf jysmdkklcg`, àgfar, oerctel stetus, egf axparcagma. Vencg` smdkklcg` es eg axeopla, tdaokfal tk ja astcoetaf meg ja wrcttag es

() ? 8 + 5ℇ Ð + (55) Cg okfal (55), 5 7 8 oaegs tda jattar-afumetaf jagaict okra irko cgirestrumtura

=

@cvag tdet tda lc`dt/alamtrcmcty okfal cs lass ugralcejla, tdcs aveluetckg wcll kgly ja fkga ikr talapdkga egftep wetar.


15/25


5=

Vda seoa cfagtcicmetckg egf astcoetckg streta`y efkptaf tk kjtecg Vejla 6 cs rapaetafdara. Xegal E ki Vejla 1 rapkrts tda astcoetckg rasults. Vda mkaiicmcagts ikr tdacgtaremtcva vercejlas cgfcmeta tdet tda jattar-afumetaf jagaict okra tdeg tda lassafumetaf, es fk oelas tdeg iaoelas, egf tda okra axparcagmaf tdeg tda lassaxparcagmaf. Vda praocuo ikr tda oerrcaf cs pksctcva jut cgsc`gcicmegt. Vdasa era ellmkgscstagt wctd e prckrc axpamtetckgs. Cg pertcmuler, tda aerlcar icgfcg` tdet talapdkgasaxartaf ler`ar copemts cs stcll velcf (=8.14% 7 ::.9:%, saa jkttko pegal ki Vejla 1).

Vejla 12 Fcstr cjutcva Copemts ki Cgirestrumtura jy Xkpuletckg ]uj`rkup

Xegal E2 Za`rassckg


Lg(Cgmt-5)8.931*** 8.951*** 8.0:5* 8.001* 0.661* 9.0:8**(8.::6) (8.:=5) (8.656) (8.6:1) (6.::0) (=.:16)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi-8.056*** -8.91:*** -8.0:=* -8.049** -0.64:* -9.094**(8.:84) (8.:5=) (8.=38) (8.=33) (6.:5:) (=.:6=)

]md*Cgi 8.8918*** 8.81:=*** 8.8006** 8.801=** 8.109* 8.164*(8.8599) (8.859:) (8.8=5=) (8.8:30) (8.===) (8.:41)

Axp*Cgi8.88988*** 8.88664** 8.8586*** 8.88314*** 8.8158 8.8633(8.88:5=) (8.88:55) (8.88=08) (8.88=69) (8.8649) (8.8665)

@agfar*Cgi8.51=*** 8.84=4** -8.69=(8.8=4:) (8.8688) (8.09:)

Oerry*Cgi8.89=: 8.505 :.8=3

(8.80=8) (8.5=9) (5.==8)

Cgi1.9:8*** 1.84:*** 1.:18* 1.958** 16.63* 60.13**(5.984) (5.958) (:.491) (:.468) (=8.0:) (::.40)

]md8.8569 8.8519 -8.888618 -8.88091 -8.185 -8.64=*

(8.8564) (8.8568) (8.8:4:) (8.8:19) (8.==8) (8.:4:)

Axp-8.88=48 -8.885:1 8.85:: 8.858: -8.8:09 -8.8:46(8.88969) (8.889=0) (8.883==) (8.88468) (8.8184) (8.8616)

Axp:

-=.08a-81 -4.54a-81 -8.888=:6*** -8.888=8=*** -8.888=18*** -8.888=61***(4.11a-81) (4.95a-81) (8.88858=) (3.93a-81) (4.31a-81) (0.51a-81)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Gk Sas Gk Sas Gk SasVcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas EZ(5)-p 8.888 8.888 8.885 8.885 8.888 8.888 EZ(:)-p 8.555 8.596 8.5:1 8.555 8.848 8.894

Degsag-p 8.543 8.::6 8.485 8.4== 8.:1: 8.13:Kjsarvetckgs :8,:13 :8,5:5 :3,=69 :3,506 :3,=:1 :3,51:Xegal J2 Cgirestrumtura Aiiamt kg Cgmkoa

Cgirestrumtura Oaeg Lg(Cgmt-5) wctdkut tda cgirestrumtura Cgmkoa aiiamt

Valapdkga 4.59: =8.14%Vep wetar 0.3:: ::.9:%

Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et dkusadklf laval.:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

=) ? : + =(√5) + 6(ℇ) + 1() + 9() +0().]kurma2 Eutdkrs– astcoetckgs jesaf kg MDG] fete.

Mkgtrery tk tda rasults cg Vejla 6, tda mkaiicmcagt astcoeta ki tda cgtaremtcva tarojatwaag smdkklcg` egf cgirestrumtura cs ler`ar tdeg tdet ki tda axparcagma”

cgirestrumtura taro. Elsk, uglcna Vejla 6, tda mkaiicmcagts ki smdkklcg` egf axparcagma


16/25


56

es rapkrtaf cg Vejla 1 era gk lkgàr sc`gcicmegt. Kga pksscjla raeskg cs tdet wctdkutjescm cgirestrumtura, rascfagts cg rurel XZM deva iaw kppkrtugctcas tk agèà cg cgmkoaaergcg` emtcvctcas. Cg ktdar wkrfs, raturgs tk afumetckg egf axparcagma era lcnaly tk jamkgfctckgel kg tda prasagma ki jescm cgirestrumtura, es mkgicroaf jy tda sc`gcicmegtmkaiicmcagts ki tda cgtaremtckg taros ki smdkkl egf axparcagma wctd cgirestrumtura. Cgktdar wkrfs, cgirestrumtura dalps kpag up okra kppkrtugctcas ikr tdksa wctd jattarafumetckg kr okra axparcagma. Vdus, okra cgvastoagt cg afumetckg cg rurel XZM csmellaf ikr cg krfar tk iully axplkra tda sygar`y jatwaag duoeg mepctel egfcgirestrumtura.

1. IQZVDAZ FC]MQ]]CKG ZKJQ]VGA]] MDAMN]

Cg tdcs samtckg, wa usa sujseopla fete tk astcoeta okfals ikr fciiaragt tcoa parckfsegf fciiaragt eraes. Zkjustgass mdamns era tdag merrcaf kut jy rafaicgcg` tdaaxparcagma vercejla, jy ellavcetcg` okrtelcty salamtckg jces, jy ramkgstrumtcg` tda

talapdkga fete, egf jy effrasscg` pksscjla ravarsa meuselcty. Daraeitar, wa kglymkgscfar okfals ikr talapdkga egf tep wetar es fete ikr alamtrcmcty kr lc`dts mkgtecglcoctaf vercetckgs.

1.5 ]ujseopla Zasul ts

Ct wes pleggaf tk axeocga tda rkjustgass tk tcocg` jy splcttcg` fete cgtk twk parckfs25343”:888 egf :888”:855. Dkwavar, kjsarvetckgs kg talapdkgas wara gkt mkllamtafugtcl tda 5330 survay. Vdus, ikr talapdkga, ct cs gkt iaescjla tk astcoeta tda okfal jy@OO ikr tda parckf ki 5343”:888. Cgstaef, fete ikr tda parckf 5343”:889 cs usaf.

Vejla 9 prasagts tda rkjustgass mdamn rasults. Ct cs mlaer tdet tda sc`gs ki pereoatarastcoetas era ell mkgscstagt wctd tdksa cg Vejla 1 wctd kgly e mkupla ki axmaptckgs. Juttdasa iaw axmaptckgel mesas era esskmcetaf wctd cgsc`gcicmegt mkaiicmcagts. Okracopkrtegtly, jktd tda àgarel aiicmcagmy/cgmkoa aiiamts egf fcstrcjutcva aiiamts jameoastrkgàr kvar tcoa es ier es talapdkgas era mkgmargaf, buf`cg` jy tda cgmraesas cg tdaejskluta veluas ki tda pereoatar astcoetas. Vda kppkscta kmmurraf cg tda mesa ki tepwetar. Vdasa rasults oey pertly railamt tda iemt tdet tep wetar emmasscjclcty cs elweysdc`dar tdeg ikr talapdkgas, axmapt cg tda mrcscs yaer ki :883.


17/25


51

Vejla 92 Zkjustgass Mdamn2 Fciiaragt Vcoa Xarckfs

Valapdkga Vep wetar

5343”:889 :888”:855 5343”:888 5343”:889 :888”:855

Lg(Cgmt-5)

8.33=*** 5.509** 8.0=9 8.1=4 8.190*

(8.=58) (8.1=:) (8.106) (8.=4=) (8.==6)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi-5.863*** -5.548** -8.090 -8.106

+ -8.139*

(8.=88) (8.63=) (8.163) (8.=99) (8.=50)

]md*Cgi8.81:8*** 8.8490** 8.864:* 8.8633** 8.813:***(8.8596) (8.8=16) (8.8:00) (8.8:54) (8.8:89)

Axp*Cgi8.88516 8.88919** 8.88144** 8.88189** 8.88651*

(8.88:18) (8.88=:6) (8.88:95) (8.88:84) (8.88:5=)

@agfar*Cgi8.:46*** 8.:86*** 8.8305** 8.8069* 8.8494(8.81=9) (8.8941) (8.860:) (8.86:4) (8.89=:)

Oerry*Cgi 8.514 8.54= 8.:53 8.51: 8.583(8.588) (8.551) (8.539) (8.5:9) (8.830=)

Cgi4.:80*** 3.5:3** 1.19: 6.561 6.184*(:.:01) (=.090) (=.318) (:.9=6) (:.6:9)

]md8.8558 -8.85=6 8.88941 8.8598 8.85=9

(8.8514) (8.8=59) (8.8:95) (8.8538) (8.8541)

Axp-8.88::8 -8.8566 8.8:65* 8.8:=3*** 8.88=:8(8.88446) (8.8583) (8.85:9) (8.8809:) (8.88608)

Axp:

-1.:9a-81 8.88858: -8.888643*** -8.888699*** -8.888596**(8.8885::) (8.888518) (8.888506) (8.888585) (9.61a-81)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Sas Sas Sas Sas SasVcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas EZ(5)-p 8.888 8.885 8.850 8.885 8.888 EZ(:)-p 8.=63 8.5:4 8.543 8.531 8.===Degsag-p 8.=51 8.699 8.156 8.=10 8.:58

Kjsarvetckgs 5=,065 59,0=1 59,=5= ::,48: 59,06:Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et dkusadklf laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

=)+ p < 8.5:.


Vk axeocga tda rkjustgass tk fciiaragt eraes, fete ikr aest, magtrel, egf wast XZM era

usaf tk astcoeta tda talapdkga egf tep wetar aquetckgs. Es Vejla 0 sdkws, tdaastcoetas era jrkefly mkgscstagt wctd tdksa cg Vejlas 1 egf 9, racgikrmcg` tda aerlcarrkjustgass mdamn rasults. Elsk, ct cs cgtarastcg` tk gkta tdet jktd tda `agarel cgmkoaegf fcstrcjutcva aiiamts era ler`ar cg cglegf XZM tdeg cg aest XZM, prkjejly fua tk tdaelraefy dc`dar emmasscjclcty reta cg mkestel XZM.


18/25


59

Vejla 02 Zkjustgass Mdamn2 Fciiaragt Eraes

Valapdkga Vep wetar

Aest Ocffla Past Aest Ocffla Past

Lg(Cgmt-5)

5.553+ 8.:38* 8.958** 8.453 8.935* 8.339

(8.086) (8.506) (8.:31) (8.135) (8.=96) (8.90=)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi-5.554* -8.=10** -8.930** -8.046 -8.059** -5.8=5

+

(8.999) (8.595) (8.:09) (8.110) (8.=68) (8.96=)

]md*Cgi8.8453* 8.8=60** 8.8149** 8.893=* 8.806:*** 8.830=*(8.8669) (8.8560) (8.8:=1) (8.868:) (8.8:16) (8.811=)

Axp*Cgi8.888581 8.88684 8.8898:* 8.88415 8.8580*** 8.8585**(8.88=3:) (8.88=5=) (8.88==9) (8.881:5) (8.88656) (8.88649)

@agfar*Cgi8.5:6 8.565** 8.8106 8.546 8.568** -8.564

(8.5=8) (8.8135) (8.800:) (8.5=6) (8.8163) (8.515)

Oerry*Cgi 8.::6 8.8:66 -8.888==: 8.:1: 8.566 8.511(8.::=) (8.8319) (8.584) (8.::6) (8.5=8) (8.:=6)

Cgi3.866* :.0=1** 1.618** 1.95: 1.8:5** 0.64=(1.541) (5.53=) (:.5:5) (=.3:4) (:.656) (6.968)

]md-8.8:5= 8.8=64*** 8.8540 -8.8585 -8.88:01 -8.8:94(8.868:) (8.8550) (8.8:88) (8.8=60) (8.8:8:) (8.8151)

Axp-8.8894= 8.85:3 8.8886:= 8.885:= 8.8568 8.85=6(8.889=9) (8.88049) (8.8833=) (8.88481) (8.8581) (8.85:5)

Axp:

=.66a-81 -8.888:45*** -3.08a-81 -8.88850=** -8.888=0:*** -8.888=69**(4.93a-81) (8.888580) (8.8885=6) (4.90a-81) (8.8885=5) (8.8885=0)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas SasVcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas EZ(5)-p 8.88: 8.888 8.888 8.881 8.885 8.88= EZ(:)-p 8.:08 8.=14 8.:=6 8.589 8.:0= 8.:45Degsag-p 8.539 8.558 8.01= 8.6:8 8.988 8.:51

Kjsarvetckgs 9,1:3 4,843 1,18= 3,360 55,:19 0,305Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et dkusadklf laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

=)+ p < 8.5:.



19/25


50

1.: Zkjustgass Mdamn ikr Oaesuraoagt Arrkrs

Zaiarrcg` tk Vejla :, tda oexcouo velua ikr tda axparcagma vercejla raemdaf 36.0yaers, wdcmd saaos tk ja prkjlaoetcm. Vk axeocga rkjustgass tk pktagtcel arrkrs cg tdcs

vercejla, wa mep cts veluas et martecg eàs‖tdet cs, wa rafaicga tdcs vercejla jyessuocg` tdet axparcagma fkas gkt mdegà egyokra eitar eg cgfcvcfuel raemdas 91, 08,kr 48. Vda rasults raoecg rkjust emmkrfcg` tk Vejla 4, wdcmd mkgicros tdet tda jattarafumetaf, tda okra axparcagmaf, egf tda oela ècg okra irko rurel cgirestrumtura.

Vejla 42 Zkjustgass Mdamn2 Zafaicgcg` tda Axparcagma Yercejla

Valapdkga Vep wetar

Axparcagma meppaf et Axparcagma meppaf et Eà ? 91 Eà ?08 Eà ? 48 Eà ? 91 Eà ? 08 Eà ? 48

Lg(Cgmt-5)

8.111** 8.10=** 8.984*** 8.00:* 8.036* 8.04:*

(8.:=4) (8.:=1) (8.:=5) (8.6:5) (8.6::) (8.6:6)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi-8.130*** -8.95=*** -8.969*** -8.046** -8.486** -8.03:**(8.:53) (8.:50) (8.:56) (8.=39) (8.=39) (8.=34)

]md*Cgi

8.8609*** 8.863:*** 8.8154*** 8.8063** 8.8098** 8.8016**

(8.8506) (8.8590) (8.859:) (8.8=84) (8.8=8:) (8.8:30)

Axp*Cgi

8.88=4= 8.88681* 8.8866:** 8.88314** 8.8831:** 8.88361***

(8.88:1:) (8.88::9) (8.88:55) (8.88651) (8.88=01) (8.88=69)

@agfar*Cgi

8.515*** 8.515*** 8.51=*** 8.845=** 8.8468** 8.8461**

(8.8=09) (8.8=03) (8.8=4:) (8.8=31) (8.8=34) (8.8688)

Oerry*Cgi

8.8186 8.8168 8.8956 8.505 8.504 8.506

(8.8084) (8.8054) (8.80:4) (8.5=8) (8.5==) (8.5=9)

Cgi

6.938*** 6.481*** 1.8=3*** 1.980** 1.011** 1.991**

(5.9=0) (5.9=:) (5.95:) (:.043) (:.484) (:.4=6)

]md

8.8599 8.859: 8.8511 -8.88399 -8.8585 -8.88451

(8.8565) (8.8568) (8.8568) (8.8:19) (8.8:11) (8.8:19)

Axp

8.8899= 8.88=36 -8.888166 8.8593 8.8565 8.8589

(8.88446) (8.88003) (8.8891=) (8.8558) (8.88301) (8.88410)

Axp:

-8.888:54* -8.888590 -3.65a-81 -8.8886=:*** -8.888=01*** -8.888=83***

(8.8885:4) (8.888583) (4.44a-81) (8.8885=0) (8.888554) (3.39a-81)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas SasVcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas EZ(5)-p 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.885 8.885 8.885 EZ(:)-p 8.:60 8.:54 8.505 8.558 8.585 8.580Degsag-p 8.:=: 8.::3 8.::6 8.4:5 8.4:4 8.4=6

Kjsarvetckgs :8,5:5 :8,5:5 :8,5:5 :3,506 :3,506 :3,506Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et dkusadklf laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

=)+ p < 8.5:.



20/25


54

Gaxt, kur fete oey suiiar irko okrtelcty salamtckg jces, es eg klf cgfcvcfuel cg tdaseopla oey pkssass mderemtarcstcms tdet era fciiaragt irko tdksa wdk deva pessafewey (Ictzàrelf, @kttsmdeln, egf Okiictt 5334). Vk effrass tdcs prkjlao, wa frkpkjsarvetckgs mkrraspkgfcg` tk eàs `raetar tdeg 91, 08, kr 48. Kjsarvetckgs ikr tdasacgfcvcfuels jaikra tday raemdaf tdasa eàs era napt cg tda seopla. Eècg, tda rasultsraoecg rkjust emmkrfcg` tk Vejla 3.

Vejla 32 Zkjustgass Mdamn2 Frkp Kjsarvetckgs ikr tda Klf

Valapdkga Vep wetar

Kjsarvetckgfrkppaf wdag eà 7 91 eà 7 08 eà 7 48 eà 7 91 eà 7 08 eà 7 48

Lg(Cgmt-5)8.::: 8.=40

+ 8.118** 8.:30 8.664** 8.166

(8.:65) (8.:6=) (8.:=0) (8.:::) (8.::0) (8.=96)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi-8.:34 -8.61:** -8.131*** -8.=16* -8.63=** -8.10=*(8.::=) (8.::1) (8.:53) (8.:58) (8.:56) (8.=6:)

]md*Cgi

8.8:9: 8.8=00** 8.8606*** 8.86:6** 8.81:9*** 8.8135**

(8.854=) (8.8503) (8.8599) (8.850:) (8.850:) (8.8:95)

Axp*Cgi-8.8851= 8.88:=0 8.88=38* 8.88134* 8.8805=** 8.8809=**(8.88=63) (8.88:04) (8.88:53) (8.88=50) (8.88:04) (8.88=:3)

@agfar*Cgi8.5=9*** 8.5:4*** 8.518*** 8.8603 8.8153* 8.8931*(8.8=96) (8.8=96) (8.8=04) (8.8=5=) (8.8=83) (8.8=19)

Oerry*Cgi8.8:59 8.8=53 8.815: 8.8496 8.558 8.584

(8.80=8) (8.8064) (8.80:0) (8.8489) (8.84:8) (8.559)

Cgi:.15: =.951** 6.908*** :.1=9* =.1=5** 6.551*

(5.9=6) (5.905) (5.91:) (5.69:) (5.181) (:.6:6)

]md8.8==6** 8.8:6: 8.8545 8.8548 8.8585 8.8814:

(8.851:) (8.8518) (8.856=) (8.8565) (8.856:) (8.8:::)

Axp8.8511 8.85:= 8.8868= 8.8:19*** 8.8:=4*** 8.8506**

(8.88363) (8.88415) (8.88081) (8.88901) (8.88985) (8.8804=)

Axp:

-8.888=54** -8.888:33** -8.888591* -8.8881:0*** -8.888184*** -8.888=34***(8.8885:3) (8.888550) (3.95a-81) (4.6:a-81) (0.:3a-81) (3.84a-81)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas SasVcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas EZ(5)-p 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 EZ(:)-p 8.011 8.9:9 8.:96 8.610 8.5:4 8.::5Degsag-p 8.::4 8.506 8.:=0 8.5=4 8.553 8.=18

Kjsarvetckgs 50,43: 53,8:1 53,303 :9,11= :0,3:0 :3,883Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et dkusadklf laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

=)+ p < 8.5:.


Vda tdcrf pksscjla oaesuraoagt arrkr raletas tk tda kjsarvaf famlcga cg talapdkgaemmasscjclcty eitar :886. Vdcs mkulf ja meusaf jy pksscjla mkgiusckg jatwaag legflcgaegf okjcla pdkgas. Cg tda aerly yaers, okjcla pdkgas wara rera cg rurel XZM, egf tdaletar survays oey deva ieclaf tk iully emmkugt ikr tda raplemaoagt ki tda legflcga jyokjclas. Kga copariamt jut emmaptejla wey tk fael wctd sumd arrkrs cs tk frkpkjsarvetckgs ikr tdksa wdk pravckusly def emmass tk e pdkga jut “lkst‟ emmass letar.Kjsarvetckgs jaikra da/sda lkst tda emmass era ratecgaf. Vda rasults era rapkrtaf cgVejla 58. Kgma eècg, tda rasults era rkjust. Gkta tdet tda okrtelcty salamtckg jces csmkrramtaf ikr okfals cg mkluogs :”6 ki Vejla 58.


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53

Vejla 582 Zkjustgass Mdamn2 Valapdkga

Kjsarvetckgs frkppaf wdag

Iull ]eopla Eà 7 91 Eà 7 08 Eà 7 48 Iull ]eopla

Lg(Cgmt-5)

8.=43* 8.8084 8.:64 8.=55 8.655*

(8.:59) (8.:19) (8.:==) (8.::=) (8.::5)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi-8.61:** -8.59: -8.=:9 -8.=4=* -8.609**(8.:80) (8.:69) (8.::6) (8.:56) (8.:5:)

]md*Cgi8.861=*** 8.8533 8.8:4=** 8.8:31*** 8.8=66***(8.8555) (8.856=) (8.8553) (8.8555) (8.8558)

Axp*Cgi8.88633*** -8.8853= 8.88563 8.88:98 8.88=15**(8.88593) (8.88=86) (8.88549) (8.88509) (8.88505)

@agfar*Cgi8.:84*** 8.:80*** 8.:59*** 8.:::***(8.8=01) (8.8=9=) (8.8=9=) (8.8=96)

Oerry*Cgi-8.8:69 -8.8:13 -8.8::9 -8.88465(8.8038) (8.804=) (8.8000) (8.804=)

Cgi=.193** 5.63: :.900 =.83:* =.045**(5.9=5) (5.4:9) (5.088) (5.9=6) (5.9:=)

]md8.8:93*** 8.8683*** 8.8=14*** 8.8=9:*** 8.8==9***(8.8830:) (8.85:5) (8.858:) (8.88314) (8.88318)

Axp8.88918 8.8:53** 8.8564** 8.85:6** 8.8893:

(8.88111) (8.883=:) (8.88935) (8.8895:) (8.8819:)

Axp:

-8.888533** -8.88865:*** -8.888=56*** -8.888:04*** -8.88853:**(4.80a-81) (8.8885=5) (8.88858:) (3.8=a-81) (4.:0a-81)

Mkgtrkl vercejlas Gk Sas Sas Sas SasVcoa aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas

EZ(5)-p 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 8.888 EZ(:)-p 8.=64 8.000 8.053 8.110 8.==8Degsag-p 8.568 8.594 8.554 8.51= 8.56:

Kjsarvetckgs 50,=55 51,699 59,3=8 50,543 50,=55Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et dkusadklf laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.


1.= Agfkàgacty (Zavarsa Meuselcty)

Zamell tdet jcesas ercscg` irko pksscjly kocttaf vercejlas egf okrtelcty salamtckg devajaag effrassaf. Vk e martecg axtagt, jcesas meusaf jy ugkjsarvejla vercejlas era

mkrramtaf vce icxaf aiiamts astcoetckgs. Oebkr oaesuraoagt arrkrs era fcsmussaf cg 1.:.

Kga raoecgcg` prkjlao cs pksscjla agfkàgacty es mkgsuoptckg ki cgirestrumtura oeyfapagf kg eiikrfejclcty kr cgmkoa. Vk ellavceta tdcs ravarsa meuselcty prkjlao, wamkgstrumt eg cgirestrumtura vercejla et tda vclleà laval jy raplemcg` tda jcgerykjsarvetckgs kg cgirestrumtura jy tda evareà emmass reta tk verckus cgirestrumturas kiralavegt vclleàs. Vdcs gaw cgirestrumtura vercejla jamkoas mkgtcgukus cg tda cgtarvel^8, 5_. Vdcs cs bustcicaf es cgirestrumtura des e spcllkvar aiiamt. E dkusadklf wctdkut fcramtemmass tk tep wetar oey stcll jagaict irko tep wetar ci tda emmass reta ki tdamkrraspkgfcg` vclleà cs dc`d agku`d. Okra copkrtegtly, egy scg`la cgfcvcfuel meggktsc`gcicmegtly cgiluagma tda emmass reta ki tda wdkla vclleà. Pa wcll elsk mlustar tdastegferf arrkr et tda vclleà laval. Cg tdcs wey, ravarsaf meuselcty kr agfkàgacty meg ja

ellavcetaf. Vejla 55 rapkrts tda astcoetckg rasults. Kgma eècg, kur rasults era rkjust.


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:8

Vejla 552 Zkjustgass Mdamn2 Agfkàgacty

Valapdkga Vep Petar Lc`dt

Lg(Cgmt-5)8.==4** 8.=89* 8.155* 8.661

+ 8.14=** 8.18:*

(8.519) (8.510) (8.:0:) (8.:09) (8.:05) (8.:01)

Lg(Cgmt-5)*Cgi -5.05a-81** -5.95a-81** -:.51a-81* -5.3=a-81* -:.01a-81** -:.65a-81*(0.04a-89) (0.9=a-89) (5.55a-81) (5.83a-81) (5.:4a-81) (5.:9a-81)

]md*Cgi8.8640*** 8.8654*** 8.8=56*** 8.8:90*** 8.8686 -8.8850:(8.855=) (8.85:5) (8.88040) (8.88445) (8.8=16) (8.8=08)

Axp*Cgi8.88163* 8.886:1 8.881=0*** 8.88618** -8.88958 -8.85:4(8.88=80) (8.88=:6) (8.8850:) (8.88503) (8.88346) (8.855:)

@agfar*Cgi8.545** 8.898= 8.105***(8.806=) (8.8643) (8.59=)

Oerry*Cgi-8.506* -8.8=5= 8.8584(8.585) (8.840=) (8.:13)

Cgi

8.8035 8.:89 -8.8959 -8.88:65 8.:=5 8.=:0

(8.541) (8.:81) (8.8409) (8.55=) (8.61:) (8.6:1)

]md8.8::6** 8.8531** 8.8546 8.8505 8.88:05 8.8683(8.88385) (8.883:5) (8.8565) (8.85:9) (8.8=13) (8.8=0:)

Axp8.886=8 8.88163 8.8843= 8.88334 8.8506 8.8:1:**

(8.88163) (8.88119) (8.88306) (8.8843=) (8.8550) (8.8553)

Axp:

-8.888593** -8.888530*** -8.888:=3* -8.888:98* -8.888:56* -8.888:6=**(0.1=a-81) (0.96a-81) (8.88856=) (8.8885=6) (8.8885:6) (8.888550)

Mkgtrkl Yercejlas Gk Sas Gk Sas Gk SasVcoa Aiiamt Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas Sas EZ(5)-p 8.888 8.888 8.885 8.885 8.888 8.888 EZ(:)-p 8.508 8.:8= 8.801 8.5:0 8.86= 8.840

Degsag-p 8.5:0 8.503 8.=55 8.:68 8.119 8.614Kjsarvetckgs :8,=03 :8,:=3 :3,611 :3,:48 :3,611 :3,:48

Gkta2 5) Zkjust stegferf arrkrs cg peragtdasas, mlustaraf et vclleà laval.

:) *** p < 8.85, ** p < 8.81, * p < 8.5.

=)+ p < 8.5:.


9. MKGMLQ]CKG]

Vdcs pepar cs oktcvetaf jy tda èp cg rasaermd kg tda fcstrcjutcva aiiamts kicgirestrumtura, faspcta eg cgmraescg` lctaretura kg cts `rkwtd egf prkfumtcvcty copemtsscgma tda leta 5348s. Cg effctckg, tda gaaf tk ikmus kg tda fcstrcjutcva copemts ercsasirko tda ugcvarsel egf `rkwcg` fcsmkgtagt wctd rcscg` cgaquelcty elokst avarywdara,mkuplaf wctd duà spagfcg` kg cgirestrumtura cg oegy mkugtrcas.

Devcg` kutlcgaf tda faicmcagmy ki tda mkgvagtckgel epprkemd tk cgaquelcty okfalcg`, escopla jut usaiul okfal cs prkpksaf egf epplcaf tk axeocga tda fcstrcjutcva aiiamts kitalapdkga, tep wetar, egf tk skoa axtagt alamtrcmcty/lc`dtcg` kg cgfcvcfuel cgmkoa cgrurel XZM. Ct cs ikugf tdet ell cgirestrumturas dalpaf recsa rurel cgmkoa, wctd tda `rkwtdaiiamts jamkocg` leràr cg letar yaers. Okra copkrtegtly, cgmkoa ècgs fciiar ikrfciiaragt pkpuletckg `rkups. Jy egf lerà, oelas, tda raletcvaly pkkr, tda okraaxparcagmaf, tda jattar afumetaf, egf tk e lassar axtagt tdksa wdk era oerrcaf sderaokra ki tda ècgs raletcva tk tdacr mkugtarperts. Vda talapdkga aiiamts era strkgàr tdeg

ikr tep wetar, egf tda cgirestrumtura copemts era okra sc`gcicmegt cg cglegf XZM tdeg


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:5

alsawdara. Ct cs usaiul tk pkcgt kut tdet tda tep wetar aiiamt cs lcnaly tk ja cgfcramt, wctdlkg` le`s. ]umd lkg`-rug aiiamts oey gkt ja iully mepturaf jy kur okfals. Xrkparcfagtcicmetckg egf ralcejla astcoetckg ki sumd lkg`-rug aiiamts elsk raqucra tcoa sarcasfete tdet speg okra yaers tdeg tda murragt MDG] fetejesa meg prkvcfa.


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::

ZAIAZAGMA]*

Esmdeuar, F. E. 5343. Cs Xujlcm Axpagfctura Xrkfumtcva; Bkurgel ki Okgatery

Amkgkocms :=(:)2 500”:88. Etemn, B., I. Jetaoeg, O. Decgas, egf Z. E. Oer`k. :858. Fcf Zeclrkefs Cgfuma kr

Ikllkw Amkgkocm @rkwtd. ]kmcel ]mcagma Dcstkry =6, gk. : (:858)2 505”30.

Jegarbaa, E., A. Fuilk, egf G. Uceg. :85:. Kg tda Zkef2 Emmass tk VregspkrtetckgCgirestrumtura egf Amkgkocm @rkwtd cg Mdcge. GJAZ Pkrncg` Xepar Gk. 50430.Meojrcfà, OE2 Getckgel Juraeu ki Amkgkocm Zasaermd.

Jerrk, Z. B. 5338. @kvargoagt ]pagfcg` cg e ]copla Okfal ki Agfkàgakus @rkwtd.Bkurgel ki Xklctcmel Amkgkoy 34(1)2 58=”5:1.

Jcgswegàr, D. X., ]. Z. Ndegfnar, egf O. Z. Zksagzwac`. 533=. Dkw Cgirestrumturaegf Icgegmcel Cgstctutckgs Eiiamt E`rcmulturel Kutput egf Cgvastoagt cg Cgfce.

Bkurgel ki favalkpoagt Amkgkocms 65(:)2 ==0”=99.

Jlugfall, Z., egf ]. Jkgf. 5334. Cgctcel Mkgfctckgs egf Okoagt Zastrcmtckgs cg FygeocmXegal Fete Okfals. Bkurgel ki Amkgkoatrcms 40(5)2 551”56=.

Jku`daes, ]., X. K. Faoatrcefas, egf A. L. P. Okràgrktd. 5333. Cgirestrumtura,Vregspkrt Mksts egf Vrefa. Bkurgel ki Cgtargetckgel Amkgkocms 60(5)2 593”543.

Melfarýg, M., egf E. Mdkg`. :886. Ykluoa egf Uuelcty ki Cgirestrumtura egf tdaFcstrcjutckg ki Cgmkoa2 Eg Aopcrcmel Cgvastcètckg. Zavcaw ki Cgmkoa egfPaeltd 18(5)2 40”589.

Melfarýg, M., egf L. ]arvãg. :856. Vda Aiiamts ki Cgirestrumtura Favalkpoagt kg@rkwtd egf Cgmkoa Fcstrcjutckg. Eggels ki Amkgkocms egf Icgegma 51(:)2 1:5”

1=6.

Meggcg`, F., egf X. Xafrkgc. 5333. Vda Mkgtrcjutckg ki Cgirestrumtura tk E``raètaKutput. Xklcmy Zasaermd Pkrncg` Xepar ::69. Pesdcg`tkg, FM2 Pkrlf Jegn.

Meggcg`, F., egf X. Xafrkgc. :886. Vda Aiiamt ki Cgirestrumtura kg Lkg` Zug Amkgkocm@rkwtd. Ocoak. Pcllceostkwg, OE2 Pcllceos Mkllaà.

Mrkgcg, I. B., A. J. Xernar, A. N. Mkllareg, egf O. E. @klf. 5335. ValamkoougcmetckgsCgirestrumtura egf Amkgkocm @rkwtd2 Eg Egelyscs ki Meuselcty.Valamkoougcmetckgs Xklcmy 51(9)2 1:3”1=1.

Faoatrcefas, X. K., egf V. X. Oeougaes. :888. Cgtartaopkrel Kutput egf AoplkyoagtAiiamts ki Xujlcm Cgirestrumtura Mepctel2 Avcfagma irko 5: KAMF Amkgkocas.

Vda Amkgkocm Bkurgel 558(691)2 940”05:.

Farmkg, ]. Zcsn, Xkvarty egf Yulgarejclcty cg Eircme. :881. Bkurgel ki EircmegAmkgkocas 56(6)2 64=”644.

Fu, U., ].-B. Pac, egf X. Tca. :85=. Zkefs egf tda Zael Axmdegà Zeta. GJAZPkrncg` Xepar Gk. 53:35. Meojrcfà, OE2 Getckgel Juraeu ki AmkgkocmZasaermd.

Aestarly, P., egf ]. Zajalk. Icsmel Xklcmy egf Amkgkocm @rkwtd. 533=. Bkurgel kiOkgatery Amkgkocms =:(=)2 650”614.

* Vda Esceg Favalkpoagt Jegn raiars tk Mdcge jy tda geoa Xakpla–s Zapujlcm ki Mdcge.


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Ictzàrelf, B., X. @kttsmdeln, egf Z. Okiictt. 5334. Eg Egelyscs ki ]eopla Ettrctckg cgXegal Fete. Bkurgel ki Duoeg Zaskurmas ==2 :15”:33.

@cjskg, B., egf ]. Zkzalla. :88=. Xkvarty egf Emmass tk Zkefs cg Xepue Gaw @ucgae.Amkgkocm Favalkpoagt egf Multurel Mdegà 1:(5)2 513”541.

@reolcmd, A. O. 5336. Cgirestrumtura Cgvastoagt2 E Zavcaw Assey. Bkurgel ki AmkgkocmLctaretura =:(=)2 5509”5539.

Dultag, M. Z., A. Jaggetdeg, egf ]. ]rcgcveseg. :889. Cgirestrumtura, Axtargelctcas, egfAmkgkocm Favalkpoagt2 E ]tufy ki tda Cgfceg Oeguiemturcg` Cgfustry. VdaPkrlf Jegn Amkgkocm Zavcaw :8(:)2 :35”=84.

Okmmark, F. Coprkvcg` tda Juscgass egf Cgvastoagt Mlcoeta cg Cgfkgasce. :884.KAMF Amkgkocms Fapertoagt Pkrncg` Xepars, Gk. 9=4. Xercs2 KAMFXujlcsdcg`.

Okrrcskg, M. B., egf E. A. ]mdwertz. 5339. Xujlcm Cgirestrumtura, Xrcveta Cgput Faoegf,egf Amkgkocm Xarikroegma cg Gaw Ag`legf Oeguiemturcg`. Bkurgel ki

Juscgass egf Amkgkocm ]tetcstcms 56(5)2 35”585.

Getckgel Juraeu ki ]tetcstcms ki Mdcge. Mdcge ]tetcstcmel Saerjkkn. Yerckus yaers.Mdcge ]tetcstcms Xrass.

Garlkva, O. 5390. Axparcoagtel Avcfagma kg tda Astcoetckg ki Fygeocm AmkgkocmZaletckgs irko e Vcoa ]arcas ki Mrkss ]amtckgs. Amkgkocm ]tufcas Uuertarly 542 6:”06.

Xcnatty, V. :856. Mepctel cg tda Vwagty-Icrst Magtury. Meojrcfà, OE2 DerverfQgcvarscty Xrass.

Zùllar, L.-D., egf L. Pevaroeg. :885. Valamkoougcmetckgs Cgirestrumtura egfAmkgkocm Favalkpoagt2 E ]coultegakus Epprkemd. Eoarcmeg Amkgkocm

Zavcaw 35(6)2 383”3:=.

]dkrrkmns, E., egf @. Peg. :881. ]petcel Famkopksctckg ki Cgaquelcty. Bkurgel kiAmkgkocm @ak`repdy 1(5)2 13”45.

]treuj, ]. :884. Cgirestrumtura egf @rkwtd cg Favalkpcg` Mkugtrcas. Xklcmy ZasaermdPkrncg` Xepar 6698. Pesdcg`tkg, FM2 Pkrlf Jegn.

Peg, @. :886. Emmkugtcg` ikr Cgmkoa Cgaquelcty cg Zurel Mdcge2 E Za`rassckg-jesaf Epprkemd. Bkurgel ki Mkoperetcva Amkgkocms =:(:)2 =64”=9=.

Peg, @. :880. Qgfarstegfcg` Za`ckgel Xkvarty egf Cgaquelcty Vragfs cg Mdcge2Oatdkfklk`cmel Cssuas egf Aopcrcmel Icgfcg`s. Zavcaw ki Cgmkoa egf Paeltd 1=(5)2 :1”=6.

Peg, @., af. :884e. Cgaquelcty egf @rkwtd cg Okfarg Mdcge. Kxikrf2 Kxikrf QgcvarsctyXrass.

Peg, @., af. :884j. Qgfarstegfcg` Cgaquelcty egf Xkvarty cg Mdcge2 Oatdkfs egf Epplcmetckgs. Xel`reva Oemoclleg.

Peg`, M., @. Peg, egf F. Seg`. :856. Cgmkoa Cgaquelcty cg tda Xakpla's Zapujlcm KiMdcge2 Vragfs, Fatarocgegts, egf Xrkpksaf Zaoafcas. Bkurgel ki Amkgkocm]urvays :4(6)2 949”084.

Pkrlf Jegn. 5336. Pkrlf Favalkpoagt Zapkrt. Pesdcg`tkg, FM2 Pkrlf Jegn.

who gains more from which infrastructure in rural people’s republic of china?

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