Who Governs?Who Governs?

Part I: AuthoritarianismPart I: Authoritarianism

The Basic QuestionThe Basic Question

Where is the power to govern Where is the power to govern vested?vested? The OneThe One The FewThe Few The ManyThe Many

AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism

1.1. Rule by one or the few (as opposed Rule by one or the few (as opposed to the many, in the case of to the many, in the case of democracy)democracy)

2.2. Elites (rulers) are not responsible to Elites (rulers) are not responsible to the mass public the mass public

3.3. Limited pluralism (or total lack Limited pluralism (or total lack thereof)thereof)

Types of Authoritarian Types of Authoritarian RegimesRegimes

GENERALGENERAL ConservativeConservative: aimed at keeping : aimed at keeping

the existing political power structure the existing political power structure in place.in place.

RadicalRadical: seeking to restructure : seeking to restructure society (likely in terms of class)society (likely in terms of class)

Types of Authoritarian Types of Authoritarian RegimesRegimes

SPECIFICSPECIFIC Personalistic (sultanistic, patrimonial Personalistic (sultanistic, patrimonial

rule)rule) TraditionalTraditional

Dynastic (hereditary)Dynastic (hereditary) Theocratic regimesTheocratic regimes

Types of Authoritarian Types of Authoritarian RegimesRegimes

Military RegimesMilitary Regimes can be conservative or radical (although can be conservative or radical (although

typically conservative)typically conservative) Bureaucratic-AuthoritarianismBureaucratic-Authoritarianism

Single-Party RuleSingle-Party Rule IdeologicalIdeological

FascismFascism CommunismCommunism OthersOthers

TechnocraticTechnocratic

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

1.1. An official, all-encompassing ideology An official, all-encompassing ideology covering all aspects of existence and covering all aspects of existence and to which everyone living in the society to which everyone living in the society must adhere.must adhere.

2.2. A single mass party, typically led by A single mass party, typically led by one person, combined with and one person, combined with and inseparable from the governmental inseparable from the governmental apparatus, and monopolizing all apparatus, and monopolizing all political activities.political activities.

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

3.3. A system of terroristic police control A system of terroristic police control employing modern torture and employing modern torture and surveillance techniques.surveillance techniques.

4.4. A technological monopoly in the A technological monopoly in the hands of the party or dictator hands of the party or dictator controlling all means of mass controlling all means of mass communication, such as the press, communication, such as the press, radio, television, and motion pictures.radio, television, and motion pictures.

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

5.5. A similar monopoly, under the same A similar monopoly, under the same control, of all means of armed combat.control, of all means of armed combat.

6.6. A central control and direction of the A central control and direction of the entire economy, including bureaucratic entire economy, including bureaucratic coordination of all formerly coordination of all formerly independent interest associations, independent interest associations, typically including all group and typically including all group and corporate activitiescorporate activities

(Source: Wiarda 2000:121-122, as adapted from Friedrich and Brzezinski 1962)(Source: Wiarda 2000:121-122, as adapted from Friedrich and Brzezinski 1962)

TABLE 1.1 (Huntington 1991:26)Democratization in the Modern World

Year DemocraticStates

Non-DemocraticStates

TotalStates

Percentage Democratic of Total States

1922 29 35 64 45.3

1942 12 49 61 19.7

1962 36 75 111 32.4

1973 30 92 122 24.6

1990 58 71 129 45.0

Huntington’s Waves of Huntington’s Waves of Democratization (and Reverse Democratization (and Reverse

Waves)Waves)First (long) wave of

democratizationFirst reverse wave Second (short) wave of

democratizationSecond reverse waveThird wave of democratization

1828—1926

1922—421943—62

1958—751974—