who influenced descent with modification …22.pdf/... · 1 descent with modification a darwinian...

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DESCENT WITH MODIFICATIONA Darwinian View of LifeAP BIOLOGY Chapter 22

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

WHO INFLUENCED DARWIN’S THINKING

Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece

Figure 22.2

Linnaeus (classification)Hutton (gradual geologic change)

Lamarck (species can change)

Malthus (population limits)Cuvier (fossils, extinction)

Lyell (modern geology)

Darwin (evolution, nutural selection)

Mendel (inheritance)

Wallace (evolution, natural selection)

1750

American Revolution French Revolution U.S. Civil War1800 1850 1900

1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.

1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”

1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution.1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.

1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.

Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species.1837Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species.1844

Wallace sends his theory to Darwin.1858

The Origin of Species is published.1859Mendel publishes inheritance papers.1865

Aristotle- (384-322 B.C.)

Species are fixed (unchanging)

BUT recognized similarities

Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history /aristotle.html

Arranged life forms on a scale of increasing complexityscala natura-“scale of nature”

http://www.kheper.net/topics/greatchainofbeing/inde x.html

• Founder of TAXONOMY-1735Science of grouping & naming

• Sought to discover order in the diversity of life “for the greater glory of God”

• Each creature was special-NO evolutionary link

• Devised classification system based on morphology (form and structure)

(1707-1778)

Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linna eus.jpg

Binomial Nomenclature:naming system that gives organisms a two part scientific name- Genus speciesStill used today

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM

Nested hierarchy

Taxon = classification unit to which organisms are assigned

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commo ns/thumb/d/d6/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pen go.svg.png

Ex: Panthera is a taxon at the genus level

Mammalia is a taxon at the class level

Kidspiration by RiedellImage Sources: see end of show

PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

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KingdomPhylum

Class Order

FamilyGenus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

FelidaePanthera

leohttp://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b /2004-lion.jpg

Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green SpinachKings Play Chess On Fat Green StoolsKing Phillip Cried Oh For Goodness Sake! GENUS = group of closely related

species

GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)

SPECIES = unique to each kind of bearhttp://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear. gifhttp://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/pola r-bear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large .jpg

Ursusarctos

Ursusmaritimus

Ursusamericanis

Genus and species assignmentsprovide 2 part scientific name

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/ photo_baby.jpg

Modern Taxonomyhas added more Kingdoms

AND more levels (DOMAINS)

Linneaus only used 2 kingdoms (Plants & Animals)

Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the differences in ribosomal RNA

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:

George Cuvier –Father of Paleontology

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/ Georges_Cuvier.jpg

Fossils are remains ofextinct life forms

“CATASTROPHISM” -boundaries represent floods, droughts, etc. that destroyed many species living at that time

ANTI-EVOLUTONIST


1795 –James Hutton

“GRADUALISM”Profound changes can resultfrom cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes

Proposed that the Earth was shaped bygeological forces occurring over very longperiods of time, and is MILLIONS notTHOUSANDS of years old.

http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/T aylorIMMc03.htm


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1833-Charles LyellIncorporated Hutton’s ideas into “UNIFORMITARIANISM”

Geological processes that shaped Earth are still operating at same rate.

http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell


http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.g if


Thomas Malthus (1798)wrote essay on population growth

Human suffering (disease, famine, homelessness, and war) are consequences to human population increasing faster than food and other resources

http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jp g


Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

One of first scientists to recognize

that living things changed over time

and that all species were descended

from other species.

1809- Published his ideas about “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”the year Darwin was born

http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm

The male fiddler crab uses itsfront claw to attract mates andward off predators.

Through repeated use, the frontclaw becomes larger.

The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring

INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?

Lamarck didn’t know about

genes and how traits are inherited.

Acquired traits are not passed on to offspring

Or are they? . . . New field of EPIGENETICS is exploring this

http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pict ures/


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What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?

Lamarck was first to

develop a scientific

hypothesis about

evolution and recognize

that organisms are

adapted to their

environment

http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.j pg Slide by Kim Foglia@ http://www.explorebiology.com/

In 1831, 22-year old Charles Darwin left England as naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle for 5 year voyage around the world.

Mission: Chart the South American coastline

Darwin noticed plants and animals were different from those he knew in Europe

Wrote thousands of pagesof observations and collected vast number ofspecimens

Who Was Charles Darwin?

http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_his tory/HMS_Beagle.jpg


Darwin spent a month observing life on the Galapagos Islands

Each island has different rainfall

and vegetation and its own unique

assortment of plant and animal

species.

Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006http://mikebaird.com/ecuador/images/galapagos_off_e cuador_ng_map.jpg


Although animals on Galapagos

resemble species on the

South American mainland,

many species were found no

where else in the world = ENDEMIC

http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_g iantortoise.jpghttp://www.destination360.com/south-america/ecuador /galapagos-animals.phphttp://www.photoseek.com/galapago.html

DARWIN’SFINCHES

Darwin collected 14 species of finches and hypothesized that the Galapagos had be colonized by organisms from the mainland that had then diversified on the various


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After Darwin returned to England in 1836, he spent years examining specimens he brought back from voyage and filling notebooks with his ideas.

He did not rush to publish his ideas because theydisagreed with the fundamental scientific views of hisday.

In 1844 he wrote an essay describing his ideas andasked his wife to publish it if he died.

http://www.elsie.brandeis.edu/images/journals.gif

Who Was Charles Darwin? In 1858 Alfred Russel Wallace, another

Naturalist working in the West Indies,

wrote an essay describing his work that

summarized the same ideas Darwin had

been thinking about for 25 years!

http://www.thesecondevolution.com/wallace&darwin.jpg

Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish

the results of his work!

In 1859

On the Origin of Speciespresented evidence

and proposed a

mechanism for evolution

that he called

NATURAL SELECTION

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg

Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionDarwin Presents his Case

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Isn’t evolution “just a theory”?In every day usage “theory” often refers to a hunch or a speculation. When people say, “I have a theory about what happened,” they are often drawing a conclusion based on fragmentary or inconclusive evidence.

The formal scientific definition of “theory” is quite different from the every day meaning.

It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence.

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evohome.htm

In Science a theory is a well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world.

Example:Cell theoryAtomic theoryGravitational theory

Isn’t evolution just a theory?

http://www.avgoe.de/StarChild/DOCS/STARCH00/questions/apple_falling.gif

http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/atomic_struc ture2/atom.gif


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VOCAB

ADAPTATION- Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6. jpg

http://www.wildlife-traps.com/skunks.htmlhttp://www.atomtigerzoo.com/photos/images/200604212 33733_duckfeet.jpg

OVERPRODUCTION of OFFSPRING

Capacity to over-reproduce seems characteristic of all species.

http://atthecreation.com/DEER/too.many.deer.jpg

http://www.biospheres.com/photogallery2ag/images/la dybugs_jpg.jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?


STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE means

that members of each species must

compete for food, space, and

other resources.

http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.j pg


GENETIC VARIATION is found naturally in all populations

http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/p rimary/zebra-herd.jpgImage from www.biologyzone.com


Some organisms in a population are less likely to survive.

http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonist s/rrs/lowres/rrsn69l.jpg

VOCAB Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment = FITNESS

http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonist s/cga/lowres/cgan170l.jpg


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WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST =

Organisms which are better adapted

to their environment tend to produce

more offspring than organisms without

those traits.

http://www.poster.net/bedard/bed202.jpg

Over time, NATURAL SELECTIONresults in changes in theinherited characteristics of apopulation.

These changes increase aspecies’ fitness in its environment.


How Does Evolution Really Work?

•POPULATIONS evolve NOT INDIVIDUALS.

•NATURAL SELECTION only works on heritable traits.

•A trait that is favorable in oneenvironment may be useless or detrimental in another.

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER !DESCENT WITH MODIFICATIONsuggests that each species has descended with changesfrom other species over time.

This idea suggests that all living species are related to each other and that all species, living and extinct,share a common ancestor.


What do oranges, broccoli and

Butterball turkeys have to do

with EVOLUTION?(Answers to come in this slide show!)

http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpghttp://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccol i.jpghttp://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/pre paring/carving1.jpg

THINK ABOUT ITEVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:1. ________________

2. ________________

3. _______________

4. _______________

5. _______________

6. _______________

7. _______________

Fossil record

Geographic DistributionAnatomical homologiesEmbryology

Molecular homologiesCan see Natural selection happen

Artificial selection


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ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS

Nature provides the variation through

mutation and sexual reproduction and

humans select those traits that they find

usefulEX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk,turkeys with more breast meat, etc.

http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gifhttp://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg

BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece Prentice Hall Publish ing©2005

WE’VE DONE IT WITH PLANTS

WE’VE DONE IT WITH ANIMALS

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/do gs_sm.jpg

If humans can select for beneficial traits, why can’t nature?

If artificial selection can achieve so much change in relativelyshort time, why can’tmajor changes happenover thousands of generations?

Now you know what broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with evolution!

(Answers about oranges to come in this slide show!)

http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpghttp://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccol i.jpghttp://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/pre paring/carving1.jpg

THINK ABOUT IT

How Do We Know Evolution Happens?

The Fossil Recordprovides evidence thatorganisms have changedover time.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/bifos sils.gif

If evolution has happened, we should be able to find evidence of evolution in the fossil record AND WE HAVE !

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tiktaalik_BW.jpg

BBC Tiktaalik video

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/lines/IAtrans itional.shtml


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Lots of TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS have been found

Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION =BIOGEOGRAPHY

If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find closely related yet different species living in a geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve.

That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

GALAPAGOS FINCHES

The beaks of Galapagos finches have adapted to eating a variety of foods

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif

GALAPAGOS TORTOISEShttp://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006

Little vegetationLong necks

Lots of vegetationShort necks

Intermediate vegetationIntermediate necks

Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands.= DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION

If Darwin’s theory is correct you would also expect to find different species living in far apart geographic regionsbut similar habitats becoming more alike as they adapt to similar environments.

That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

BOTH LIVE IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

Adapted to similar environments, but evolved independently from different ancestors.

SUGAR GLIDER in Australia is a marsupial more closely related to Kangaroos than North American FLYING SQUIRRELS becauseits ancestors were marsupials.


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Whales and sharks have a similar body designeven though they are very different organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal)because they have independently adapted to living in a similar environment.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900 /456973/html/nn1page1.stm

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG

= CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES-Forelimbs of all mammals share same arrangement of bones that can be traced to same embryological origin

BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece Prentice Hall Publish ing©2005

Turtle Alligator Bird Mammal

Ancient lobe-finned fish

Section 15-3

EVOLUTION explains why certain characteristics in related species have an underlying similarity.

VESTIGIAL ORGANSSome homologous structures are vestigial and have no useful function even though they are still present.

Examples: Hipbones and pelvis in whales and boa constrictorsCecum (appendix) in humansSkink legs

http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EV page12.html

http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif

Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria to digest plants called a cecum.

In humans the cecumis shrunken and unused.

It is our appendix

EMBRYOLOGY Development of vertebrate embryos follows same path

Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/l itu/03_3.shtml


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Same groups of undifferentiated cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ancestor.

Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/ 1116/16anim3.htm

Why grow a tail and then lose it?

http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tai l_HumanTail.gif

HUMAN EMBRYO has a tail at 4 weeks which disappears at 8 weeks

Pharyngeal pouchesbecome gills in fish,parts of throat/ears

in humans

http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif

Nonfunctional legs in skinks

Why would an organism possess organs without function?

Why would an organism grow a part and then discard it?

If organisms evolved from ancestors in which that part functioned, the gene code to make the part would still be there even though it doesn’t work.If the organ is not vital to survival, then natural selection would not cause its elimination.

MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES

• All life forms share same genetic machinery (DNA & RNA)

• Universal genetic code

• Important genes sharehighly conservedsequences

Similarities in protein sequencessuggests similarities in DNA

Image from: Modern Biology by Holt, Rinehart, and W inston Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reec e; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005

Similarities inDNA and protein sequencessuggestrelatedness

MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES


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Similarities in karyotypessuggest an evolutionary relationship

Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.w ikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_ka ryogram.pngChimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes

If you take the two smaller chromosomes chimps have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to the #2 human chromosome which we have and they don’t

http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

BANDING PATTERN MATCHES

Remember:

Protective TELOMEREsequences found at ends of chromosomes

http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html

EVIDENCE CHROMOSOMES JOINED

Telomere sequences are found at ends and also in middle of human chromosome #2 suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together.


→

→

→

Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromereregion


→

EXTRA CENTROMERE Why don’t dogs and cats need to eat fresh fruit, but you do?

http://www.naturescornermagazine.com/NaturesBlog/im ages/dog%20care%20in%20summer.jpghttp://www.alpo.com/where.aspx


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Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own vitamin C, but humans can’t make vitamin C. Without fresh fruit, humans end up with scurvy.

http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gifhttp://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.j pg

Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is nonfunctional.

Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C?

http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg

PRIMATES…which includes chimpanzees, orangutans,gorillas, and other apes.

PSEUDOGENES are vestigial genes.

EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are nonfunctional.

http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html

http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg

Slide by Kim Foglia@ http://www.explorebiology.com/

BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece

We can see Natural selection happenBIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece

We can see Natural selection happen


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EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new diseases.

_______

___

__________________________

http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia /tuberculosis.jpg

http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif

Can see Natural selection happen

Bird flu

Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis

HIV

Why does evolution matter now?

Researchers have developed numerous drugs to combat HIV– But using these medications selects for

viruses resistant to the drugs

Graph from BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece

PatientNo. 1

Patient No. 2

Patient No. 3

Per

cent

of H

IV r

esis

tant

to 3

TC

Weeks

PEPPERED MOTH

Data from Kim Foglia @ www.biologyzone.com Slide from Kim [email protected]

Slide by Kim [email protected]

PBS EVOLUTION VIDEO CLIPS

• Isn’t Evolution Just a Theory? • QuickTime

• Who was Charles Darwin? • QuickTime

• How Do we Know Evolution Happens?• QuickTime

• How Does Evolution Really Work?

• QuickTime |

• Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

• QuickTime

• Why is Evolution Controversial Anyway?• QuickTime


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Image Sources

http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif

http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/

http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html

http://www.gifs.net

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif

http://www.drtoy.com/news/

http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif

http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

http://www.gifs.net

http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc

http://www.animationlibrary.com

http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg


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