who meeting on emf biological effects & standards ...€¦ · • design and install the...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHARACTERISTICS, DOSIMETRY &
MEASUREMENT OF EMFMasao Taki
Tokyo Metropolitan University
Soichi Watanabe and Kanako WakeCRL
JAPAN
WHO Meeting on EMF Biological Effects & Standards Harmonization in Asia and Oceania
22 - 24 October, 2001, Seoul, KOREA
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Roles of Engineering in EMF Health Issue
• Characterize external EMF precisely• Measure the field correctly• Provide insight into the interaction of EMF
with cells, organs, and body (Dosimetry)• Design and install the exposure setups for
experiments on biological effect, and control their quality
• Develop guidelines based on biological data• Assess the compliance with guidelines
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Characterization
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Characterization of EMF
• EMF– Electric field (E,D) : vector function E(t,r)– Magnetic field (H,B) : vector function H(t,r)
• Waveform– Sinusoidal waves (frequency, amplitude, phase)– Non-sinusoidal waves
(spectrum=amplitude and phase at any frequencies)
• Polarization– Orientation of E and/or H field vectors
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Sinusoidal and Non-sinusoidal Waves
Waveforms with 5-harmonic components
Amplitude spectrum
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Spectrum of EMF
10151012109106103100
103106 10-3100 10-6
Frequency[Hz]
Wavelength[m]
RF10MHz – 300GHz
IF300Hz-10MHz
ELF- 300Hz
RF100kHz – 300GHz
LF- 100 kHz
Non-ionizing Radiation (wavelength < 100nm)
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Radiation of EMF
E-field H-field
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Polarization
• Orientation of the field vector• In “far field region” E and H are perpendicular
to each other. Orientation of E-field• Important factor in the coupling between field
and body
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Linear and Circular Polarization
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Measurement
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Measurement
• Small Antennas (broad-band)– Infinitesimal electric dipole = Electrical gap
• Element of E-field sensor
– Infinitesimal magnetic dipole = Small loop• Element of B-field sensor
• Resonant antennas (narrow-band)• Other sensors
– Pockels effect E-field sensor– Hall effect B-field sensor
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• Isotropic E-field probe with three orthogonal small dipoles
• Provides rms values with a certain time constant
• Well developed technique• Easy operations, widely used
E-Field MeasurementBroadband technique
• Some types give weighted sum of rms values following frequency dependence of reference levels of specific guidelines
• Diode detector type is not suitable for pulsed field measurement (thermocouple type is recommended)
• up to >10 GHz
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H-field MeasurementBroadband Technique
• Isotropic probe with three orthogonal small loops
• Common readout unit with E-field instrument
• Similar features to E-field probe• up to about <1GHz• If plane wave condition is applied, H can
be obtained by H=E/120π
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Dosimetry
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Dosimetry• Metrology of “dose”• “Dose”
– “the amount of a substance we are exposed to or come in contact with”
• Dose in EMF – Induced current density
• Stimulation effect (< 100 kHz)– Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) [W/kg]
• Thermal effect– Other metric
• Possible non-thermal, non-stimulation effect (?)
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Basic Coupling of E and B with body
EB
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Models for Dosimetry
• Early works– Analytical approaches– Simple shapes
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MRI-Based Models
horizontal section at the height of 50 mm
y
x
vertical sectionx
z
x
Rat ModelHuman Model
Development of numerical methods
- Finite Difference method (LF)
- Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method
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Induced Current Distributions in Human
Bx (body axis) By ( left to right) Bz (front to back)
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Induced Current Distributions in Rat
Bx (body axis) By ( left to right) Bz ( front to back)
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Whole body
Brain
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Heart
Bx (body axis) By (left to right) Bz (front to back) Max. Ave. Max. Ave. Max. Ave.Rat 9.6 0.55 24 0.69 7.7 0.71 Human 66 2.9 70 3.5 92 4.0
Rat 0.61 0.31 1.2 0.41 0.61 0.14Human 2.5 0.81 4.6 1.5 3.7 1.2
Rat 1.1 0.20 1.3 0.25 1.2 0.19 Human 8.5 0.71 7.2 0.82 12 0.98
Rat 5.4 0.95 6.6 1.2 6.2 1.2Human 53 4.6 37 5.8 70 6.8
Rat 1.2 0.19 1.2 0.23 1.3 0.21Human 10 1.1 8.4 1.2 20 1.4
Rat 0.62 0.28 0.88 0.41 0.52 0.15 Human 11 2.3 11 1.9 4.9 1.4
Current Densities in Rat and in Human
• Currents induced in human are larger than currents in rat because of the size difference B: 50 Hz, 1 µT. J [µA/m2]
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Recently Developed Human Models
• Japanese male and female – Spatial resolution:2 mm– Identified tissues:> 50
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Resonance of Whole Body SAR
GroundedUngrounded
10110-4
10-2
10-3
102 103
10-1
100
frequency , MHz
Ave
rage
SA
R ,
W/k
g
E
kH
大地
E-Polarizatoin
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SAR distributions and Effect of Grounding
d = 10 cm d = 50 cmd = 1 cmContact Free space
SAR distribution (Computed at 37 MHz)
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Limb Current in 10 - 110 MHz
Current (mA) Occupational exposure 100
General public 45
Reference levels for current induced in any limb in 10 - 110 MHz
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Equivalent Antenna for Limb Current Measurement
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SAR Measurement
2ESARρσ=
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Realistic Head Phantom(Standard Japanese)
Lossless spacer With ear
Ear affects SAR distribution but does not increase maximum local SAR
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Development of Exposure Setups
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Assessment of Experimental Setups
• Quantify exposure condition• Important for the improvement of reproducibility• Both numerical and experimental exposure assessment
Air VentilationDuctSDRat inaTube
Stopper
4 rats
8 rats
2 rats0.01
0.1
1
SAR
[W/k
g]
Results of numerical calculations
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Thermography camera
Divided phantom
Exposure setup and rat phantoms.
Experimental SAR Measurement Thermograph Method
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Exposure Setup for Long-term Cancer Promotion Study
• ENU-initiated brain tumor of rats• Two-year NTP study at a GLP facility• Localized exposure in the brain with least whole-body
SAR • Many animals
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Numerical Dosimetry
X-ray CT images
Numerical models
Calculated SARs
126 g 263 g 359 gGrowth
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Experimental DosimetryPhantom for Termograph Method
Water
Ager
NaCl
NaN3
TX-151
Polyethylene
phantom recipe[g]
1687.5
52.3
7.52
1.0
42.2
168.75
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Comparison between Numerical and Experimental Dosimetry
SAR by Thermography
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 10 20 30
Depth[mm]
SAR[W
/kg
]
Calculated SAR
Experimental
Numerical
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Exposure Setup for Brain Circulation Study
• SD rat with Cranial Window• Allows in situ observation of
circulation• Very localized exposure in the
brain by a loop antennaSmall loop
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Electromagnetic Field Distribution
H-FieldComputedMeasured
E-FieldComputedMeasured
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SAR Distributions
Measured by Thermography
FDTD Calculation
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Exposure Setup for MW Effect on Eye
Antenna
Stub tuner
Generator
• 2.45 GHz• Dielectric-loaded waveguide antenna• Pulsed field/CW
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In Vitro Exposure Setup
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What else engineering could contribute ?
Exercises for engineers and physicists
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(1) Microwave Hearing (MWH)
• Buzzing or clicking auditory sensation caused by the exposure to high peak power microwave pulses on the head
• Thermo-elastic waves generated by the small but rapid local heating should cause the sensation.
• An established phenomenon specific to pulse modulated microwaves.
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Questions
• What is the mechanism ?– Thermoelastic waves (J.C. Lin, 1970’)
• Does the heterogeneity of head affect the phenomenon ?
• What waveform do we actually perceive ?• How strong is the acoustic waves in the brain ?• -------
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SAR Distribution and Elastic Waves
0.5
0.2
0Loca
l SA
R [W
/kg]
• Amplitude, power, displacement of MWH is very small
• Acoustic resonance in the head governs the waveform
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(2) Intrinsic Current
• Cells lying near an axon on which action potentials propagate are exposed to strong field
• Are these cells affected by the field ?
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(3) Circularly Polarized Magnetic Field
• Kato et al. (1994) reported inhibition of melatonin secretion only by exposure to circularly polarized B-field.
• He did not find any effect for linearly polarized field.
Can difference in induced current characteristics explain the difference ?
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Induced Current by Circularly Polarized B
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How “circular” the current in brain is ?
The result is still puzzling us.
Needs an experiment for X-y plane rotating field.
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Local SAR of 10W/kgBasic restriction on local SAR for Occupational exposure
Internal E-field ~100V/m(σRF ~1 S/m)
Threshold of Magnetophosphene
~10mA/m2
(σELF ~1 S/m) ~0.01V/m?
Input OutputNonlinear response
Demodulation of the Baseband Component due to Nonlinearity
(4) Demodulation of AM Signals
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SAR
E-field
SAR and E-Field Distribution by RF
Std. Dipole
900 MHz
5cm
Antenna input
1 W
Peak Local SAR (10 g av.)
1.35 W/kg
Peak SAR near retina
1.3 W/kg
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Result of Search for “MW Phosphene”
• So far no phosphene-like phenomenon has been found.• Induced current by modulated RF may differ from that
by ELF magnetic field. • However, we know that the threshold current density for
electrophosphenes is similar to magnetophosphenes.• ??????
Induced by BInduced by E or RF
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(5) Exposure Assessment of Epidemiological Studies
• What “dose-effect relationship” could explain the elevation of RR ?
• How strong should the effect be to explain the RR ?
Epidemiological Studies
RR~2.0
?
>4 mG <4mG
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Laboratory Studies
Animal Studies
Volunteer Study ?
~1 ???
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Concluding Remarks• We would like to emphasize the importance of
engineering and physics in EMF health research. • Good engineering provides:
– Quantitative understanding of the events in the body– Hints of mechanisms of interaction– Reproducible experiments– Means to hypothesis driven experiments
• We can ask a number of “good questions” to ourselves which could be answered by investigations based on engineering, physics, and mathematics.