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WHOLE GRAINS AND CEREALS

In case you have little experience in cooking whole grains, I have included a variety of grain recipes including rice, oats, corn, barley, millet, and rye as well as lesser known ones like spelt, kamut, triticale, Job's tears, teff, quinoa, and amaranth. Try the unfamiliar! Don't limit yourself to rice, com, and wheat when so many other grains are available. See the following list of grains that you can use like rice. You will quickly fmd that what was unfamiliar yesterday will be a regular in your diet tomorrow. Variety not only helps avert boredom but also helps prevent allergies to the frequently eaten grains like wheat and corn.

You Can Use Any One of These Cooked Grains in Place of Cooked Brown Rice

Millet Triticale berries

Spelt berries Kamut berries

Job's tears

Various grains that are left in the whole state (not ground, flaked, or cut into pieces called grits) are called by different names. Whole wheat, rye, triticale, spelt, and kamut grains are called wheat, rye, triticale, spelt and kamut berries. Buckwheat and oat grains are called buckwheat and oat groats. Grains like brown rice, millet, quinoa, and amaranth are simply called by their names. Before cooking any whole grains, look them over for stones and dirt, just as you do dried beans. Rinse them in a strainer if they are dirty or dusty.

Methods of Preparing Whole Grains

Simmering in saucepan Baking Cooking in slow cooker Sprouting Soaking raw, whole grains or raw, flaked grains until they are soft Pressure-cooking (follow manufacturer's directions) Steaming Toasting (previously cooked grains like rolled oats and wheat flakes or wheat germ) Cutting into pieces or grinding before cooking Uncooked (previously cooked grains like rolled oats or wheat flakes and wheat germ)

Adding salt while they are cooking toughens the grains and, therefore, lengthens the cooking time. Add salt after grains are cooked if salt is desired. Acid ingredients like tomato sauce and vinegar also should be added after cooking is almost completed since they, too, tend to toughen grains.

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Whole Grain and Cereal Facts

Amaranth: (AM-a-ranth) A high-protein whole grain that can be cooked as a cereal or ground into flour for use in quick breads. Amaranth is not refined. Since amaranth is not a true cereal grain, it is particularly helpful to those allergic to grains. Percent Calories From Fat: I4 Fat Grams In I Cup Cooked: 5

Barley: An easily-digested grain that grows with the inedible hull tightly attached to the bran. Barley is available in many forms; see the barley terms listed below. Use only hulled or whole barley or whole barley flour on the Perfect Whole Foods diet. Percent Calories From Fat: 7 Fat Grams In I Cup Cooked: 2

Barley Flakes: If you find a brand of barley flakes made from hulled or whole barley, it can be used. Arrowhead Mills Barley Flakes are pearled or refined barley lightly cooked and rolled flat. Do not use these on Perfect Whole Foods.

Barley Grits: The hulled or pearled barley cut into small pieces. Barley grits cook much faster than barley that is not broken into pieces. Use only hulled barley grits on Perfect Whole Foods, not barley grits from pearled barley.

Barley, Hulled: Also called whole barley. Barley with only the hull mechanically removed. Hulled barley has more fiber, protein, and minerals than pearled barley. Hulled barley is delicious in soups. It takes longer to cook than the less nutritious pear led barley.

Barley, Pearled: Barley with various amounts of the bran chemically removed along with the hull. The whiter-looking the pearled barley, the more bran has been removed. (Lightly pearled barley has more fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals than white pearled barley.) Don't use pearled barley on the perfect diet.

Barley, Pot: A lightly-refined barley that should not be used on the Perfect Whole Foods diet.

Barley, Quick: A lightly-refined barley that should not be used on the perfect diet.

Barley, Scotch: A lightly-refined barley that should not be used on the perfect diet.

Barley, Whole: See Barley, Hulled.

Berries: The whole grain (not ground, flaked, or cut) of wheat, rye, triticale, spelt, and kamut.

Bran: The outer part of a grain that is rich in fiber. The bran is part of the grain that's removed in refining. Bran may be used on the perfect diet since it contains many valuable nutrients.

Buckwheat: Buckwheat is a nutritious seed, not a true cereal grain, with a hard hull or shell that does not soften with cooking. When the hull is removed from the seed for cooking, it is called

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whole, unroasted buckwheat or buckwheat groats. The groats are sometimes cut into small pieces or grits. Toasted groats are called kasha, a staple Russian food. Commercially ground buckwheat flour includes some of the hull or shell and is dark buckwheat flour. To make white buckwheat flour, grind unroasted buckwheat groats in a food processor into a flour. The white flour will be milder in flavor than the dark. Use any of these products on the perfect diet. Percent Calories From Fat: 4 Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: 1

Bulgur: A quick-cooking whole grain wheat product that has been parboiled, dried and then cracked. Bulgur is a staple food in the Middle East. It is usually interchangeable with cracked wheat.

Cereal, Toasted: Commercial cereals that have been cooked at high temperatures to produce a crunchy, toasted product should be avoided on the Perfect Whole Foods diet, even if they have no undesirable ingredients. The browning, called the Maillard browning reaction, denatures or changes the protein in the grain, especially the amino acid lysine, making it unavailable for use by the body. Minerals and vitamins in the grain are also changed to forms not useable by the body or destroyed by the high heat. (Puffed cereals, for instance, have been cooked at temperatures around 700° for two minutes.) Since cereals are so thin and crisply browned, the complete grain is affected nutritionally. Fortification does not correct this problem since only a few vitamins and minerals are added. In bread baking, the Maillard browning reaction occurs exclusively on the surface of the crust and, therefore, does not hurt the entire product. For optimal nutrition, use whole grains that you will cook or soak in water or rolled grains that were previously steamed.

Corn: A popular cereal grain that is often refined. Corn products may look like they are whole grains when they are not since even refined corn is coarse-looking, so don't be misled. The germ is often removed since it turns rancid quickly due to its high polyunsaturated fat content. Refined

· and whole corn are both ground into grits, meal, and flour from yellow, white, and blue corn. It's often difficult to determine if a specific corn product is unrefined by reading the package since the ingredient list doesn't usually state whole or whole grain as with whole wheat and whole rye. However, since many corn products are refined, assume that it is unless you find out otherwise from the manufacturer. Don't use products described on the package or ingredient list as bolted, degerminated, enriched,fortified, hominy, hominy grits, cornflour, or masa since these terms indicate refinement. Products made from corn kernels treated with lime (calcium hydroxide, not the fruit lime), lye, or wood ash to soften the grain may be whole grain, but check with the manufacturer to be certain. These products are richer in calcium and have more niacin available than corn not treated this way. Fresh whole grain corn meal and grits are likely to be available from small, local mills. Ask which corn products are 100% whole grain. Terms indicating that corn has not been refined include whole grain and whole corn. The terms stone ground and water ground do not specify whether or not com has been refined. The term unbolted indicates that the bran has not been removed, but doesn't specify whether or not the germ is present. Also, sometimes a corn product will specify that the germ hasn't been removed, but doesn't mention the bran. Use only corn products that are whole on the Perfect Whole Foods diet.

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Corn, Blue: A variety of corn that's blue in color. It is available in refined and whole forms. Use only the whole form on the perfect diet.

Corn Bran: The edible hull or bran layer of the corn kernel that's rich in soluble fiber.

Corn Flour: Com that has been ground into a fine powder from bolted or refined cornmeal. Masa cornflour is popular in Mexican foods but is not a whole grain product and shouldn't be used on the perfect diet.

Corn Germ: The nutritious central core of the corn kernel that can be used like wheat germ-in baked goods, sprinkled on cereal or yogurt, and as a meat extender. Corn germ has a popcorn­like flavor. Since it's very perishable, store corn germ in the refrigerator and use quickly.

Corn Grits: Corn that is cut or ground into small particles. Most corn grits from the grocery store have been refined. Select only whole grain com grits for the Perfect Wlwle Foods diet.

Cornmeal: Corn that is ground into a gritty, granular powder. Most cornmeal, both yellow and white, at the grocery store has been refined and will be labeled bolted yellow cornmeal, bolted white cornmeal, or enriched cornmeal. Make certain the cornmeal you use is whole. Read more details about corn in the previous listing on Corn. Percent Calories From Fat: 10 Fat Grams In 1 Cup: 5

Couscous: A refined semolina wheat product that should not be used on the Perfect Whole Foods diet. Use whole wheat couscous on the perfect diet.

Dehulled: Dehulled is the same as hulled. In some grains like oats, barley, rice, and buckwheat, hard husks or hulls must be removed from grains before they can be cooked and eaten. The bran layer is under the hull. In other grains like corn, the edible hull is the bran layer. Removing the hull refines the grain. Therefore, the terms dehulled and hulled are used, in some instances, to denote whole grains and, in other instances, to denote refined grains.

Durum: A variety of wheat used in making pasta. Unless the ingredient list specifically states that it is whole durum, then the durum is refined. You may use whole durum on the perfect diet, but not durum.

Gluten: The protein protion of grains that allows bread dough to stretch and rise. For more information, see Gluten under Yeast Bread Baking Terms on page 195.

Grits: A grain cut into several small pieces. Gritc;; are made from both refined and unrefined grains. Corn _grits as well as soy and barley grits are available.

Groats: The term used for a grain with a tough hull that doesn 't soften during cooking or soaking. The hulls are removed from these grains. Buckwheat and oat grains are called groats.

Hominy Grits: Corn grits made of highly refined corn.

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Hull: The husk or outer covering of a grain. With some grains, the hull is inedible; with others the edible hull is actually the bran layer and must not be removed or the grain will be refined. Also see Dehulled on page 124.

Hulled: Hulls or hard husk removed from grain. Hulled is the same as dehulled. See Dehulled on page 124.

Job's Tears: An ancient, nutritious whole grain with a nut-like flavor. It has been grown in China for over 4,000 years. In Japan it is called hato mugi. Prepared alone or added to soups and stews, Job's tears should be cooked for at least an hour. It is never refined. Percent Calories From Fat: 14 Fat Grams In 0 Cup Cooked: 2

Kamut: (Kah-MOOT) is a nutritious, ancient grain which, although it is closely related to wheat, can often be tolerated by those allergic to wheat. It can be used in baking yeast bread. Percent Calories From Fat: 5 Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: 1

Kasha: Toasted buckwheat groats which are stronger in flavor than the unroasted groats. See Buckwheat beginning on page 122.

Masa Harina: See Corn Flour in this list.

Milled: Ground into flour. This term is used with both refined and whole grains, so make certain you select only whole grains on the Perfect Whole Foods diet.

Millet: An easily-digested whole grain that's rich in iron. A tiny round seed, it is often found in bird feed. Millet can be cooked as a cereal or ground into flour for use in quick breads. Millet is never refined. Percent Calories From Fat: 8 Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: I

Oat Bran: The outer coating of the oat groat that's rich in water-soluble fiber. Oat bran has been found to be helpful in lowering blood cholesterol. When baking with oat bran, you may need to adjust the amount of liquid ingredients or oat bran in the batter since various brands have different capacities to absorb liquid. 1 pound = approximately 4Y4 cups.

Oat Flour: A flour made either from rolled oats or oat groats. To make oat flour from rolled oats, grind them in a blender or food processor. 1114 cups rolled oats = approximately 1 cup oat flour.

Oat Groats: Whole oat grains with only the inedible hull removed.

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Oats: A popular breakfast whole grain available at the grocery store as oatmeal, rolled oats and quick oats. Quick oats are cut into smaller pieces than rolled oats. Do not use instant oats on the perfect diet ·since they contain refined ingredients. Percent Calories From Fat: 15 Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: 4

Oats, Rolled: Oat groats are steamed before being rolled flat. Also called oatmeal. Available at grocery store as Quaker Oats. Don't use instant oats. 1 pound =approximately 4Y2 cups.

Oats, Scotch: Oat groats that have been cut into small pieces and are sometimes roasted to produce a nutty flavor. Similar to steel-cut oats.

Oats, Steel-cut: Oat groats cut into 2 or 3 small pieces.

Pasta, Corn: For those allergic to wheat products, corn pastas are available. They are not 100 percent whole grain, however, and should not be used on the Perfect Whole Foods diet.

Pasta, Soba: A pasta imported from Japan. Usually soba is made of a blend of white flour and buckwheat flour. However, a 100 percent buckwheat flour soba that can be used on the perfect diet is available. Check ingredient lists carefully.

Pasta, Whole Wheat: A variety of whole wheat pastas are available with or without vegetable powders added. Pasta is usually made of durum semolina flour, either whole grain or refined. If the durum flour is whole grain, the ingredient list will say whole durum. Do not use simply durum or semolina pasta on the perfect diet. Use only whole grains.

Phytic Acid: A naturally-occurring substance in the outer bran layer of grains and legumes that makes minerals unavailable for absorption. The phytic acid can be destroyed or decreased by sprouting, by fermenting the grain in the making of sourdough bread, by the action of yeast in yeast-risen bread, and by slow, moist cooking. These processes make the minerals more available for absorption. Quick breads should not be eaten regularly and in large quantities since the phytic acid is not destroyed or decreased.

Popcorn: A widely-available whole grain. Yellow kernels pop larger than white kernels; white kernels, however, are more tender. Don't use buttery-flavored powders and liquids that are available for seasoning since they usually contain unwanted ingredients. Most microwave popcorn and commercially-popped com have large amounts of undesirable hydrogenated fats.

Quinoa: (KEEN-wa) A supergrain which was at one time a staple food of the ancient Incas. Quinoa is nutritious, quick-cooking, and has a light nut-like taste. Before cooking quinoa, make certain that you rinse it well. There are bitter-tasting substances called saponins that naturally occur on the quinoa seeds. By rinsing them away in a strainer, you will have a delicious dish. Quinoa is never refined. Percent Calories From Fat: 17 Fat Grams in 1 Cup Cooked: 3

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Rice, Aromatic: Rice that is very fragrant when cooked.

Rice, Basmati: A long-grain aromatic rice that is available as whole grain and refined. It originated in India. Use only brown basmati rice on the Perfect Whole Foods diet, not white basmati rice.

Rice, Brown: Whole grain rice that has only had the tough, inedible husk removed. Brown rice is available in short, medium, and long grain. Cooked short grain is somewhat sticky and chewy while long grain is drier and holds its shape. Medium grain is between the two. Experiment to determine which you like best. If a recipe does not specify the grain length, then use long grain. 1 pound = 2Yz cups. Percent Calories From Fat: 6 Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: 2

Rice, Sweet Brown: A sticky, mildly-sweet rice that's short grain and used on the perfect diet.

Rice, Wehani: A long-grain, aromatic, whole grain rice that while cooking smells like nuts roasting or com popping. The texture is similar to wild rice.

Rice, Wild: A gourmet treat that's not a true rice, but rather a seed. Wild rice can be mixed with other whole grain rices and cooked. Wild rice should be added to the water first and cooked a few minutes before adding other rices since it takes longer to cook. Do not use wild rice blends that are called wild rice if they include white rice. Read the ingredient list carefully.

Rye: A grain that can be cooked whole, steamed and rolled flat for cooking, or ground into flour for bread making. Make certain you use whole rye flour if you are on the perfect diet. Percent Calories From Fat: 5 Fat Grams In V2 Cup Cooked Rye Berries : 1

Rye, Flaked: See Rye, Rolled.

Rye, Rolled: Whole rye that has either been cracked or left whole, briefly cooked, and then rolled flat. It is sometimes called flaked rye or rye flakes. The cooking time depends on the size of the flakes. See recipes for Rye Flakes on page 142.

Semolina: Refined durum wheat used to make pasta. Do not use on the perfect diet.

Sorghum: A cereal grain that can be eaten whole, cooked like rice, or ground into flour. The sweet syrup, made from the stalks of sorghum, should be eliminated on Perfect Whole Foods.

-pelt: An ancient, nutritious grain that has recently been revived and is available in several !"orms: whole grain, flaked, whole grain flour, and pasta. An important fact about spelt flour is :hat it can be used to make a delicious-tasting and good-textured yeast bread that, although it is .:'osely related to wheat, most (but not all) people who are allergic to wheat can tolerate. Percent Calories From Fat: 7 =-at Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: 2

128 THE HEALING POWER OF WHOLE FOODS

Teff: A tiny whole grain that is very nutritious and versatile. It can be added, raw, to baked goods, used as a thickener in cooking, or cooked as a cereal. Teff was originally cultivated in Ethiopia thousands of years ago. Teff is never refined. Percent Calories From Fat: 5 · Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: 1

Triticale: (trit-a-KA-lee) A nutritious hybrid grain that is a cross between wheat and rye. For those with allergies, it is neither wheat nor rye, but rather a different, although similar, grain. Triticale can be cooked whole or cracked, or flaked and cooked as a cereal, or ground into flour for breads. It is usually mixed with wheat flour for bread-making but can be made into flatter 100% triticale bread. Too much kneading is detrimental to its gluten. Triticale is never refined. Percent Calories From Fat: 7 Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked: 2

Wheat: A popular grain that's used in many fonns-flour, bulgur, flaked, cracked, whole berries, and sprouted. If an ingredient list reads wheat, stone ground wheat, or organically-grown wheat rather than whole wheat, stone ground whole wheat, or organically-grown whole wheat, the wheat ingredient is refined.

Wheat Berries, Hard: Whole wheat that is higher in gluten content than soft wheat berries. Hard wheat berries are ground into coarse or fine hard whole wheat flour for making yeast breads and sometimes muffins. 1 cup wheat berries = li!J to l lh cups flour. Percent Calories From Fat: 7 Fat Grams In 1 Cup Cooked Wheat Berries: 2

Wheat Berries, Soft: Wheat that is lower in gluten content than hard wheat berries. Soft wheat berries are ground into a fine flour for use in quick breads such as biscuits, pancakes, cookies, and cakes. Flour ground from soft wheat berries is called soft or pastry whole wheat flour.

Wheat Bran: The coarse, edible, outer coating of the wheat berry that's rich in insoluble fiber and helpful in regulating the intestinal tract. When you eat whole wheat products, you are eating the bran as well as other parts of the wheat berry.

Wheat, Cracked: Whole wheat berries ground or cut into small pieces. Cracked wheat differs from bulgur in that cracked wheat is toasted rather than steamed. It is interchangeable with bulgur in most recipes.

Wheat Flakes: A commercial product made from whole wheat berries that are briefly cooked and then rolled flat.

Whole Barley: See Barley, Whole, in this list.

Whole Grain: A grain that has not had edible parts such as the bran and germ removed in its processing and is, therefore, a more nutritious food than refined grains. Only whole grains, not refined, are used on the Perfect Whole Foods diet. For infonnation on why it 's important to eat whole grains rather than refined, see the explanation beginning on page 23.

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Whole Grain And Cereal Recipes

Basic Amaranth

Try amaranth if you have allergies to common grains like wheat and corn. Although it isn't a true grain, it cooks like one. Amaranth is also available ground into a flour.

6 tablespoons amaranth 1 cup cold water

Toast amaranth in a heavy dry saucepan for a couple of minutes or until many of the grains have popped. Do not burn. Remove from heat, add cold water, return to heat, bring to a boil, stir briefly, reduce heat. cover, and simmer tor about 20 minutes or until water is absorbed. Makes almost 1 cup.

Percent Calories From Fat: 14 Total Fat Grams In Recipe: 5

Barley Stove-Top Casserole

1 onion, chopped 2 ribs celery, sliced plus chopped celery leaves 2 cups sliced mushrooms (about 6 large) 1 carrot, thinly sliced 1 or 2 cloves garlic, minced 2 teaspoons oil •. ' ;. ' 1 ' -

Y2 cup hulled or whole barley, sorted, rinsed, and drained 'v. . • t

1% cuP.s fat-free e~ broth or water, boiling 1 teaspoon tamari or shoyu sauce (alcohol-free) 1 teaspoon dried dill weed

. . ,.. ,. . ~ Saute vegetables in oil for 3 to 5 minutes. Add barley and saute another minute or so. Add broth plus tamari and dill. Reduce heat when liquid returns to a boil, cover, and cook until liquid is absorbed and barley is tender or about 1 hour. Makes 3 cups.

Perfect Whole Foods: Do not use pearled barley since it is refined. If you use canned chicken broth, make certain no starches or sugars are included. Percent Calories From Fat: 21 Total Fat Grams In Recipe: 13

Basic Millet

Serve this for dinner in place of brown rice or at breakfast topped with a sprinkle of nuts, cinnamon, and skim milk. Always prepare millet just before serving as it tends to solidify upon standing.

1 cup millet, sorted, rinsed, and drained 3 cups boiling water

Sprinkle millet into boiling water slowly while water continues to boil, reduce heat, cover, and simmer for 40 to 45 minutes, until water is absorbed. Do not stir while cooking. Makes 3% cups.

Percent Calories From Fat: 8 Total Fat Grams In Recipe: 3