whose voice is speaking?
DESCRIPTION
Whose voice is speaking?. Source use in academic writing Diane Pecorari. "If I have seen more than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants." (usually attributed to Isaac Newton). Whose voice is speaking?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Whose voice is speaking?Source use in academic writing
Diane Pecorari
![Page 2: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
"If I have seen more than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants."
(usually attributed to Isaac Newton).
![Page 3: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Whose voice is speaking?Academic texts make frequent reference to sources, and 'it is a conventional expectation among readers of all but the most playfully postmodern of Anglophone academic texts that it will be clear at any given point whose "voice" is "speaking" ' (Groom, 2000: 15).
![Page 4: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Occlusion in source use
The relationship between a text and its sources (the "other voices") is ordinarily hidden (or occluded); the writer has a responsibility to make that relationship clear to the reader.
![Page 5: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Transparency in source use
Using sources transparently means reporting sources so that the reader gets an accurate picture of the relationship between the source and the new text.
![Page 6: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What should be transparent?
• the source (which text does this "other voice" come from?)
• the content (what did the source author really say?)
• the language (whose language is being used to report this idea?)
![Page 7: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Content transparency
• Reporting what your source says accurately.
• Information can be left out as long as the original meaning is not distorted or changed.
![Page 8: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Successful report of content
The source (Cheddar, 1995) says: There can be little doubt that the moon is
made of cheese, and mounting evidence indicates that the same may be true for Mercury.
A successful report: According to Cheddar (1995), the moon is
likely to consist of cheese.
![Page 9: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Unsuccessful report of contentThe source (Cheddar, 1995) says: There can be little doubt that the moon is
made of cheese, and mounting evidence indicates that the same may be true for Mercury.
An unsuccessful report: According to Cheddar (1995) it is now certain
that the moon consists only of cheese.
![Page 10: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Graciela: Watkins (1985) says that the main
contribution of PC may be . . .
Watkins: . . . the more specific contribution of
pastoral care is. . .
![Page 11: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Source transparency
You make your source transparent by giving a reference or citation to the source that you have used.
![Page 12: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Example
Cultural differences have been implicated in problems in interpersonal communication (Levy et al., 1997).
Note these words: citation=a place in a text where a source is
named. quotation=words repeated from another text.
![Page 13: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Language transparency
Letting the reader see the relationship between the language of your source and the language of your text.
![Page 14: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Quoting
Example: Many researchers believe that 'there are
situationally, generically, or stylistically preferred compositional forms' (Scollon, 1997: 352).
quote, quotation
![Page 15: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Elements of a quotation
“there are . . . preferred compositional forms [which differ] from language to language”(Scollon, 1997: 352).
• quotation marks: open and close quotation• reference, including page number• (an ellipsis showing omitted language)• (brackets to show minor changes)
![Page 16: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
When to use quotation
• Rarely!• When the exact form of expression is
important.• Don’t use quotation simply because you
think you can't express the idea clearly: give yourself the chance to grow as a writer!
![Page 17: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Unsuccessful quotation
Source (Cheddar, 1992, p. 74) It was once widely believed that the moon was
made of green cheese. Now, however, it is known to resemble cream cheese.
Report: According to Cheddar, it is "widely believed
that the moon is made of green cheese" (1992, p. 74)
![Page 18: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Paraphrase
• is the "default option" (unless the writer signals a quotation, the reader understands the language to be original to the writer)
• involves an independent rewriting of an idea, fact, etc. from another text.
• does NOT mean substituting synonyms for key words!
![Page 19: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Unsuccessful paraphrase
Source (Cheddar, 1992, p. 74) It was once widely believed that the moon was
made of green cheese. Now, however, it is known to resemble cream cheese.
Report: Cheddar (1992) states that it was once widely
believed that the moon was made of green cheese, while now it is known to look like cream cheese.
![Page 20: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Why does transparency matter?
• Opaque source use deprives the writer of important benefits (e.g., support for ideas).
• Opaque source use deprives the reader of benefits (e.g. access to further information).
• Opaque source use can appear to be plagiarism.
![Page 21: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
What not to do:
• Don't focus on the mechanics, at the expense of content.
• Don't focus on avoiding problems; focus on writing a strong essay from sources.
![Page 22: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Points to think about:
• In what way does each source help your text?
• What is the relationship between your source and your text?
• Is that relationship clear to your reader?• How do other writers use sources?• What information can you find about how to
use sources?• What does your lecturer say?
![Page 23: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Source use in brief
• Academic writing is multi-voiced• The multi-voiced nature requires
transparency in source reporting• Three types of transparency: content,
language and source• Opaque (=not transparent) source use
weakens a text• Writing effectively from sources is a skill; it
takes time, practice and thought to master.
![Page 24: Whose voice is speaking?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062411/56816838550346895dddfe07/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
References• Groom, Nicholas (2000). Attribution and averral revisited: three
perspectives on manifest intertextuality in academic writing. In Thompson, Paul (Ed.) Patterns and Perspectives: Insights into EAP writing practice. Reading: Center for Applied Language Studies: 14-25.