why air pollution is bad for human health (cities for clean air : london 2012)
DESCRIPTION
Dr Ian Mudway, a researcher at MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London in the UK, showed these slides as part of his presentation at 'Cities for Clean Air : London 2012' on July 14 2012 in London, UK. The meeting was hosted by Network for Clean Air (http://www.cleanairuk.org). Note: The sound quality changes markedly after 22 minutes & 10 seconds - don't be alarmed! This was due to equipment failure. Dr Ian Mudway's talk followed-on from one other at the conference. There is a news report about this here: http://www.airqualitynews.com/2012/07/20/lungs-of-london-schoolchildren-damaged-by-poor-air-quality/ Further information about Dr Ian Mudway see http://www.kcl.ac.uk/biohealth/research/divisions/aes/about/people/Mudway/index.aspxTRANSCRIPT
Wh i i ll i b dWhy is air pollution bad for human health?for human health?
Dr Ian S Mudway
MRC-HPA Centre for Environment & Health King’s College LondonHealth, King s College London
Who died?Deaths Registered in London Administrative County Classified by Age
Who died?
(Bates, 1995)< 1
Monthof Age
1-12 Mo.Old
1-14Yearsof Age
15-44Yearsof Age
45-64Yearsof Age
65-74Yearsof Age
75+Yearsof Age
WeekBeforetheEpisode
16 12 10 61 237 254 335
Week 28 26 13 99 652 717 949WeekAfter theEpisode
28 26 13 99 652 717 949
Before/After
E i d1.75 2.17 1.3 1.62 2.75 2.82 2.83
EpisodeRatio
The greatest relative increase in mortality was from bronchitis,which rose nine foldwhich rose nine-fold
Health Effects of Ambient PollutionHealth Effects of Ambient Pollution
H it l
Death
• Hospital admissions
1952 London Fog
Doctor visits
Hospital Admissions rose by 50%
• Respiratory admissions by 160%ev
erity
Asthma attacks, medication use, symptoms
admissions by 160%Se
lung function changes, immune cell responses, heart rate or heart rate variability responses
Proportion of effected populationProportion of effected population
Health impact of fine particulateHealth impact of fine particulate pollution
Steubenville 89 9 29 6 12 8
Total particles (μg/m3)
Fine particles (μg/m3)
Sulfate particles (μg/m3)
Steubenville 89.9 29.6 12.8
St. Louis 72.5 19.0 8.1
Harrimen 49.4 20.8 8.1
Watertown 49.2 14.9 6.5
Topeka 56.6 12.5 4.8
Portage 34.1 11.0 5.3
6
Dockery DW, et al. N Engl J Med 1993;329(24):1753-9
Th Si Citi t dThe Six Cities study
Dockery DW, et al. N Engl J Med 1993 Dec 9;329(24):1753-9
2nd October 2011
C iControlled Diesel Exposures
Exposure to DE: PM10 300µg/m3 and filtered air for 1 hour & p 10 µg100µg/m3 and filtered air for 2 hours
Diesel induces inflammationDiesel induces inflammation
Neutrophils after air
N hilNeutrophils after DE
Responses to PM in the Real WorldDoes short term exposure to real world atmospheres (diesel traffic and
background) cause respiratory effects in asthmatics?
Responses to PM in the Real Worldbackground) cause respiratory effects in asthmatics?
Oxford Street
Hyde Park
McCreanor al. (2007) New Eng J Med 357: 2348-2358.
PM10 =72 µg m-3, PM2.5 =11.2 µg m-3, 11.7 ppb NO2 18,300 particles cm-3
PM10 =125 µg m-3, PM2.5 =28.3 µg m-3, 76.5 ppb NO2 63,700 particles cm-3
R t PM i th R l W ldResponses to PM in the Real WorldI i d l f i I fl iImpaired lung function Inflammation
McCreanor J et al. N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 6;357(23):2348-58
PM Concentration Near a Major Roadj
Prevailing Wind 50m100m100m
500m
NO2
Fine, PM2.5
Ultrafine, PM0.1
Beckerman et al. (2008) Atmos Enviro. 42:275-290.
Children’s respiratory healthPostcodes in the Tower Hamlets area
within 100 m of major road
Children s respiratory health
within 100 m of major road
14
Linkage at residential addressLinkage at residential address level to estimated modelled exposures (NOx, NO2, PM10, PM )
15
PM2.5)
How does the choice of route impact on an i di id l ?individuals exposure?
SummarySummary• Prolonged exposure to elevated PM is associated with significant g p glife-shortening and poor respiratory health. Acute episodes can precipitate death in sensitive subjects.
S bj i h i i di l di i• Subjects with pre-existing cardiopulmonary conditions are particularly sensitive.
• Reductions in ambient PM provide measurable health benefits• Reductions in ambient PM provide measurable health benefits
• Human chamber and field exposures have provided a mechanistic evidence to underpin the validity of the epi-observationsevidence to underpin the validity of the epi-observations
• Individual exposures can be limited by informed use of the urban environment
18
environment