why are women oppressed
TRANSCRIPT
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 126
Lea Perez Marasigan
Instructor Sociology
UPLB
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 226
1 Historical explanations for the origins
of patriarchybull 11 Lerner
bull 12 Eisler
bull 13 Mies
bull 14 Ofreneo et al (synthesis)
2 Evolution of patriarchy in thePhilippine context
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 326
Unrecorded past (all events of the past as recollected byhuman beings vs history (recorded and interpreted past)
Women have been central not marginal to the making of society and building of civilization women have also shared
with men in preserving collective memory
Preserving collective memory oral tradition kept alive inpoem and myth which both women and men created andpreserved in folklore art and ritual
History making = historical creation which dates from theinvention of writing in ancient Mesopotamia until recentlyhistorians have been men and what they have recorded is
what men have done and experienced and found significant
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 426
Women have been kept from contributing to history making ieordering and interpretation of the past of human kind which isessential to the creation and perpetuation of civilization
Women are majority yet structured into social institutions asthough a minority
Women have made history but are kept from knowing theirhistory and from interpreting history systematically excludedfrom the enterprise of creating symbol systems philosophiesscience law women are educationally deprived AND excludedfrom theory formation
Contradiction between women‟s actual historical experience andtheir exclusion from interpreting that experience has caused themto struggle against their condition
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 526
Men and women are biologically different but the values andimplications based on that difference are the result of CULTURE
Patriarchy as a system is HISTORICAL It has a beginning inhistory therefore it can be ended in historical process
Subordination of women antedated Western civilization (when written historical record began)
The period of the establishment of patriarchy was not one bdquoevent‟but a process developing over a period of nearly 2500 years(approx 3100 to 600 BC)
Process was manifested in changes in kinship organization andeconomic relations in the establishment of religious and statebureaucracies and in the shift in cosmogonies expressing theascendancy of male god figures
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 626
1) Is female subordination universal
2) Was there ever an alternative model of
society
3) How when why did female
subordination come into existence
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 726
Using a RELIGIOUS FRAMEWORK Womenrsquossubordination is universal God-given or natural
hence immutable
Women are subordinate to men because they were so created by God sexual division of laborbased on biological differences is functional and
just
Men have greater physical strength and as suchbecome the hunters and providers of food fortheir tribes and are more highly valued
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 226
1 Historical explanations for the origins
of patriarchybull 11 Lerner
bull 12 Eisler
bull 13 Mies
bull 14 Ofreneo et al (synthesis)
2 Evolution of patriarchy in thePhilippine context
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 326
Unrecorded past (all events of the past as recollected byhuman beings vs history (recorded and interpreted past)
Women have been central not marginal to the making of society and building of civilization women have also shared
with men in preserving collective memory
Preserving collective memory oral tradition kept alive inpoem and myth which both women and men created andpreserved in folklore art and ritual
History making = historical creation which dates from theinvention of writing in ancient Mesopotamia until recentlyhistorians have been men and what they have recorded is
what men have done and experienced and found significant
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 426
Women have been kept from contributing to history making ieordering and interpretation of the past of human kind which isessential to the creation and perpetuation of civilization
Women are majority yet structured into social institutions asthough a minority
Women have made history but are kept from knowing theirhistory and from interpreting history systematically excludedfrom the enterprise of creating symbol systems philosophiesscience law women are educationally deprived AND excludedfrom theory formation
Contradiction between women‟s actual historical experience andtheir exclusion from interpreting that experience has caused themto struggle against their condition
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 526
Men and women are biologically different but the values andimplications based on that difference are the result of CULTURE
Patriarchy as a system is HISTORICAL It has a beginning inhistory therefore it can be ended in historical process
Subordination of women antedated Western civilization (when written historical record began)
The period of the establishment of patriarchy was not one bdquoevent‟but a process developing over a period of nearly 2500 years(approx 3100 to 600 BC)
Process was manifested in changes in kinship organization andeconomic relations in the establishment of religious and statebureaucracies and in the shift in cosmogonies expressing theascendancy of male god figures
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 626
1) Is female subordination universal
2) Was there ever an alternative model of
society
3) How when why did female
subordination come into existence
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 726
Using a RELIGIOUS FRAMEWORK Womenrsquossubordination is universal God-given or natural
hence immutable
Women are subordinate to men because they were so created by God sexual division of laborbased on biological differences is functional and
just
Men have greater physical strength and as suchbecome the hunters and providers of food fortheir tribes and are more highly valued
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 326
Unrecorded past (all events of the past as recollected byhuman beings vs history (recorded and interpreted past)
Women have been central not marginal to the making of society and building of civilization women have also shared
with men in preserving collective memory
Preserving collective memory oral tradition kept alive inpoem and myth which both women and men created andpreserved in folklore art and ritual
History making = historical creation which dates from theinvention of writing in ancient Mesopotamia until recentlyhistorians have been men and what they have recorded is
what men have done and experienced and found significant
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 426
Women have been kept from contributing to history making ieordering and interpretation of the past of human kind which isessential to the creation and perpetuation of civilization
Women are majority yet structured into social institutions asthough a minority
Women have made history but are kept from knowing theirhistory and from interpreting history systematically excludedfrom the enterprise of creating symbol systems philosophiesscience law women are educationally deprived AND excludedfrom theory formation
Contradiction between women‟s actual historical experience andtheir exclusion from interpreting that experience has caused themto struggle against their condition
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 526
Men and women are biologically different but the values andimplications based on that difference are the result of CULTURE
Patriarchy as a system is HISTORICAL It has a beginning inhistory therefore it can be ended in historical process
Subordination of women antedated Western civilization (when written historical record began)
The period of the establishment of patriarchy was not one bdquoevent‟but a process developing over a period of nearly 2500 years(approx 3100 to 600 BC)
Process was manifested in changes in kinship organization andeconomic relations in the establishment of religious and statebureaucracies and in the shift in cosmogonies expressing theascendancy of male god figures
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 626
1) Is female subordination universal
2) Was there ever an alternative model of
society
3) How when why did female
subordination come into existence
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 726
Using a RELIGIOUS FRAMEWORK Womenrsquossubordination is universal God-given or natural
hence immutable
Women are subordinate to men because they were so created by God sexual division of laborbased on biological differences is functional and
just
Men have greater physical strength and as suchbecome the hunters and providers of food fortheir tribes and are more highly valued
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 426
Women have been kept from contributing to history making ieordering and interpretation of the past of human kind which isessential to the creation and perpetuation of civilization
Women are majority yet structured into social institutions asthough a minority
Women have made history but are kept from knowing theirhistory and from interpreting history systematically excludedfrom the enterprise of creating symbol systems philosophiesscience law women are educationally deprived AND excludedfrom theory formation
Contradiction between women‟s actual historical experience andtheir exclusion from interpreting that experience has caused themto struggle against their condition
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 526
Men and women are biologically different but the values andimplications based on that difference are the result of CULTURE
Patriarchy as a system is HISTORICAL It has a beginning inhistory therefore it can be ended in historical process
Subordination of women antedated Western civilization (when written historical record began)
The period of the establishment of patriarchy was not one bdquoevent‟but a process developing over a period of nearly 2500 years(approx 3100 to 600 BC)
Process was manifested in changes in kinship organization andeconomic relations in the establishment of religious and statebureaucracies and in the shift in cosmogonies expressing theascendancy of male god figures
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 626
1) Is female subordination universal
2) Was there ever an alternative model of
society
3) How when why did female
subordination come into existence
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 726
Using a RELIGIOUS FRAMEWORK Womenrsquossubordination is universal God-given or natural
hence immutable
Women are subordinate to men because they were so created by God sexual division of laborbased on biological differences is functional and
just
Men have greater physical strength and as suchbecome the hunters and providers of food fortheir tribes and are more highly valued
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 526
Men and women are biologically different but the values andimplications based on that difference are the result of CULTURE
Patriarchy as a system is HISTORICAL It has a beginning inhistory therefore it can be ended in historical process
Subordination of women antedated Western civilization (when written historical record began)
The period of the establishment of patriarchy was not one bdquoevent‟but a process developing over a period of nearly 2500 years(approx 3100 to 600 BC)
Process was manifested in changes in kinship organization andeconomic relations in the establishment of religious and statebureaucracies and in the shift in cosmogonies expressing theascendancy of male god figures
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 626
1) Is female subordination universal
2) Was there ever an alternative model of
society
3) How when why did female
subordination come into existence
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 726
Using a RELIGIOUS FRAMEWORK Womenrsquossubordination is universal God-given or natural
hence immutable
Women are subordinate to men because they were so created by God sexual division of laborbased on biological differences is functional and
just
Men have greater physical strength and as suchbecome the hunters and providers of food fortheir tribes and are more highly valued
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 626
1) Is female subordination universal
2) Was there ever an alternative model of
society
3) How when why did female
subordination come into existence
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 726
Using a RELIGIOUS FRAMEWORK Womenrsquossubordination is universal God-given or natural
hence immutable
Women are subordinate to men because they were so created by God sexual division of laborbased on biological differences is functional and
just
Men have greater physical strength and as suchbecome the hunters and providers of food fortheir tribes and are more highly valued
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 726
Using a RELIGIOUS FRAMEWORK Womenrsquossubordination is universal God-given or natural
hence immutable
Women are subordinate to men because they were so created by God sexual division of laborbased on biological differences is functional and
just
Men have greater physical strength and as suchbecome the hunters and providers of food fortheir tribes and are more highly valued
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 826
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
Charles Darwin ldquoSurvival of the fittestrdquo
Sigmund Freud ldquoAnatomy is destinyrdquo theldquonormalrdquo human is male while the female isa deviant human being lacking a penis
whose entire psychological structure iscentered on the struggle to compensate forthis deficiency
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 926
TRADITIONALIST VIEW (using aSCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK)
E O Wilson‟s sociobiology humanbehaviors which are bdquoadaptive‟ for groupsurvival become encoded in genes and theyinclude complex traits as altruism loyalty
and maternalism groups practising a sex-based division of labor have anbdquoevolutionary advantage‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1026
Frederick Engels there existed classless communist societies prior to the
formation of private property
development of animal husbandry led to surpluses which
were appropriated by men and became private property
Monogamous family (Men wanted to secure privateproperty for themselves and their heirs so they started tocontrol women‟s sexuality through the requirement of prenuptial chastity sexual double standard in marriage to
assure themselves of legitimacy of their children)
With the development of the state monogamous familybecame the patriarchal family in which the wife‟s
housework became a bdquoprivate service‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1126
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1226
Built upon the acceptance of biological sex differences as a
given sexual division of labor built upon these biologicaldifferences is inevitable
Bachofen women in primitive society developed culturethere was a stage of matriarchy which led society out of barbarism ascendancy of patriarchy as a triumph of
superior religious and political thought and organization butadvocated the incorporation of the bdquofeminine principle‟ of nurturance and altruism in modern society influencedEngels and several others
19th century American and British feminists women are
more altruistic than men because of their maternal instinctsand more bdquovirtuous‟ because of their weaker sex drives it is women‟s mission to rescue society from destructivenesscompetition and violence created by men
Stanton woman as the bdquomother of the republic‟
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1326
Strauss The bdquoexchange of women‟ in which women are turned into
a commodity marked the beginning of women‟s subordinationthis reinforces a sexual division of labor which institutes maledominance
Ortner female subordination is universal in every known society women are identified as being closer to nature than to culturesince every culture devalues nature as it strives to rise above itthrough mastery women become symbolic of an inferiorintermediate order of being
Maternalists asserted that there had been an alternative model of human social organization before patriarchy but this was based onevidence that was a combination of archaeology myth religion
and artifacts of dubious meaning held together by speculation
Evidence supported matrilocality and matriliny NOT matriarchy Itis NOT possible to show a connection between kinship structureand the social position of women (eg in most matrilinealsocieties it is a male relative usually the women‟s brother oruncle who controls economic and family decision)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1426
There is no anthropological evidence to support theuniversality of prehistoric matriarchy
Vague definition A society where women dominateover men Any kind of societal arrangement in which
women hold power over any aspect of public life Any society in which women have high status
Lerner if matriarchy is the mirror image of patriarchy then no matriarchal society ever existedthere have been and are societies in which womenshare power with men where women in groups haveconsiderable power to influence or check the powerof men there is archaeological evidence forexistence of societies in Neolithic and Bronze ages in which women were held in high esteem
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1526
Search for social origins of unequal and hierarchicalrelationships in society and asymmetric division of laborbetween in men and women is part of the political strategyof women‟s emancipation
Biological determinism is the most deep rooted obstacle tothe analysis of the cause of women‟s oppression andexploitation
The unequal hierarchical and exploitative relationshipbetween men and women is in fact caused by social ie
historical factors
Concepts of nature labor sexual division of labor familyand productivity are all ldquoinfectedrdquo by biologicaldeterminism
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1626
Women‟s object-relation to nature womencan experience their whole body asproductive not only their hands or their
heads do not simply breed children likecows but appropriated their own generativeand productive forces
Men‟s object-relation to nature male bodilyproductivity cannot appear as such wo themediation of external means of tools
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1726
Myth of bdquoman the hunter‟
Women‟s tools vs men‟s tools
Women invented the first tools(digging stick hoe)
Men developed specialized hunting tools ndash specifically geared at destroying life not a means of production but destruction
By observing the behavior of animals menpastoralists discovered their own generativefunctions (started to see women as breeders of children rather than producers or gatherers)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1826
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based onpatriarchal division of labor could only be realizedunder feudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relationsremained the same only forms of dominance andappropriation changed)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutionslike the patriarchal family and the state and bypowerful ideological systems (religions lawmedicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 1926
Man the hunter under feudalism and capitalism fullpotential of the predatory mode based on patriarchaldivision of labor could only be realized underfeudalism and capitalism
Older modes of production were replaced bybdquotransformed‟ modes of production (relations remainedthe same only forms of dominance and appropriationchanged)
Assymetric division of labor by sex once establishedby means of violence were upheld by institutions likethe patriarchal family and the state and by powerfulideological systems (religions law medicine)
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2026
The woman as the ldquoqueen of the homerdquo
Actualization of motherhood being
the pursekeeper and primarily
confined to domestic sphere (ie
childrearing domestic chores) The growing trend of
ldquo housewifezationrdquo --- the housewife
stripping her of developing her
other potentials outside of the
domestic sphere
The reproductive sphere as unpaid
unrecognized labor and regarded
as menial
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2126
Men as the ldquo provider of the family rdquo
His final say is soughtin most important
decisions of thefamily membersHe basically operates
on the productive
sphere--- which isoutside of the homeusually paid and hardlabor
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2226
Within the wage laborforce the sexual division of labor is almost striking asthe sexual division of laborbetween the home andoutside work
The availability of the largebdquoreserve armyrdquo of laborprepared to work forrelatively low wages and
with relatively few fringebenefits is obviouslyadvantageous to capital
Women usually constitutesthis bdquoreserve army‟ and women‟s work acquiresspecifically femininecharacter
gender short filmsBridemp4
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2326
Women‟s lowages used to be justified on thegrounds that aman was workingto support hisfamily while a woman was working merelyfor bdquopin money‟
bull They are alienated simply as genderless workers and
are forced to exploit not only their physical strength and
skill or their intellectual capacities they are also forced
to exploit their sexuality and their emotion
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2426
There were spheres where women exercised autonomy andothers where men‟s dominance was already in place
Productive sphere women were workers in their own rightsand were not dependent on men for their own survival had
control over their labor and the fruits of their labor sharedmany productive tasks with men although men did notuniformly share women‟s household work
Women were prominent in cosmological system as religiousintermediaries but not as deities
Political options not freely open to women politicalpositions not available to them or theirs only on condition of absence of male heirs
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2526
Women were used to pay debts of the household also theobject of traffic in marriage
Women‟s sexuality was regulated to some extent marital
infidelity was a more serious offence for women
Practices of concubinage and polygyny indicated a mergingof social and sexual hierarchy evident in separation of concubines (lower ranked women) from wives as men areable to appropriate the labor of women
Men had sexual and social privileges women exercisedautonomy in production and in ritual domains
No extensive social apparatus to regulate the activities of women and men
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress
882019 Why Are Women Oppressed
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwhy-are-women-oppressed 2626
Lerner G (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy Chapters 1-3Oxford University Press
Pineda-Ofreneo R Apuan VN and Claudio SE (1997) Module 5 WD 210 Feminist Theories and Movements Quezon
City
Eisler R (1988) The Chalice and the Blade San FranciscoHarper and Row
Mies M (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale
London Zed Press
Eviota E (1993) Political Economy of Gender London ZedPress