why / because - black sheep press · why / because devised and ... learn ‘the grammar of complex...

WHY / BECAUSEDevised and illustrated by Helen Rippon, Highly Specialist SLT.

LIP8THIRD EDITION

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4LIP8-3 Why/Because, third edition © 2018 Helen Rippon, Black Sheep Press Ltd.Black Sheep Press, 67, Middleton, Cowling, Keighley, W. Yorks, BD22 0DQ, England. Tel. +44 (0)1535 631346; email: [email protected] ; web: www.blacksheeppress.co.uk

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IntroductionThe understanding and production of causal sentences are essential

components in children’s ability to produce explanations and in the

development of narrative skills.

Donaldson, Reid and Murray (2007) concluded that ‘although 5–7 year

old children with language impairments have causal expressions in their

repertoire, they have marked and extensive problems in using these

expressions appropriately, and in producing full causal sentences, even

when these are modelled for them’.1

The educational importance of explanation means that therapists and

teachers frequently need to develop interventions and differentiate

resources to target the content and frequency of causal connections.

Examples:

National Curriculum Key Stage (KS) 1 English (EN) 3 Writing. Pupils must learn

to ‘sequence events and recount them in appropriate detail’.

National Curriculum Key Stage (KS) 2 English (EN) 3 Writing. Pupils must

learn ‘the grammar of complex sentences including clauses, phrases and

connectives’.

This pack of resources provides a bank of illustrated sequences, targeting

the understanding of ‘Why’ questions and the use of the causal connective

‘because’ to produce two-clause sentences and/or the independent

production of causal sentences with visual support.

1 Donaldson, Reid and Murray (2007) International Journal of Language and

Communication Disorders 42(2).





Activities/Suggestions for Use

Preparation

Print the picture pages. Cut the pictures into individual cards, keeping each

sequence together as a pair. (A small number can be found at the bottom

left-hand corner of each picture to help sort and store the pairs more

efficiently.)

Colour and laminate if you wish.

Cut out and laminate the flash cards of ‘Why?’ and ‘because’ (0).

Method

Choose a two-part sequence. Place the cards face down on the table,

spaced well apart.

Tell the child that you are going to play a guessing game but that you need

initially to look at the first card together to find out what is happening. Ask

the child to turn over the first card. Look at the card and discuss what you

see.

Example: Pictures 1a and 1b

Adult: 'Who can you see?'

Child: 'A boy!'

Adult: 'Tell me about the boy.'

Child: 'He looks sad.'

Adult: 'He does look sad! The boy is sad. You say that.'

Hold up the ‘Why?’ flashcard and tell the child that they must guess why

the boy is sad and that they are going to use a special word as part of their

explanation.

Show the ‘because’ flashcard. If this is a word that the child rarely uses, or is

new to their vocabulary, take some time to say the word together, clapping

out the syllables and looking at the written word.

Now model causal sentences, saying, for example, 'The boy is sad –

because (stress the word, and hold up or point to the flashcard) – he has no

one to play with'; 'The boy is sad – because – he is lost.'





Contents

Page 10

Why is the boy sad? Because he dropped his ice cream.

Why is the girl happy? Because it’s her birthday.

Why is the woman frightened? Because there’s a spider in the sink.

Page 11

Why is the girl wet? Because it started to rain.

Why does the boy feel sick? Because he ate too many sweets.

Why is the girl angry? Because someone spoiled her picture.

Page 12

Why is the man hot? Because he’s been digging the garden.

Why is the woman dirty? Because she’s been painting.

Why is the boy tired? Because he stayed up late watching T.V.

Page 13

Why is the baby crying? Because he wants some milk.

Why is the man running? Because he wants to catch the bus.

Why is the dog barking? Because someone is knocking on the door.

Page 14

Why is the woman asking us to be quiet? Because her baby is sleeping.

Why is the boy covering his eyes? Because he’s playing hide and seek.

Why is the boy putting on his wellies? Because he’s going out in the snow.

Page 15

Why is the fish hiding? Because a shark is swimming by.

Why is the boy taking off his clothes? Because he’s going to have a shower.

Why is the boy laughing? Because his mum is tickling him.

Page 16

Why is the woman picking apples? Because she’s making an apple pie.

Why is the boy visiting the dentist? Because he has toothache.

Why is the boy getting some bread? Because he’s going to make a

sandwich.





3b3a

2a 2b

1b1a





6b6a

5a 5b

4b4a



why / because - black sheep press · why / because devised and ... learn ‘the grammar of complex...

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