Why do Research?

Aaron GabrielCornell University Cooperative Extension

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What had to be discovered, researched and developed to bring us to the Space Shuttle?

https://sites.google.com/a/student.elkmound.k12.wi.us/falknder/home/history-of-milking

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I (Aaron Gabriel) took a video of neighbor’s robotic milker, O. A. Bordens in Easton, NY. It is too large to upload to our blog, so contact me and I will send it to you via DropBox (adg12@cornell.edu, 518-380-1496).

What would you like to contribute to our world?

How would you go about testing your ideas?

What does it take to bring an idea to a successful accomplishment?

How many steps?How much time?

An experiment tests one or just a couple of treatments.

Scientists have a responsibility to publish their data, because it adds to the body of knowledge

that we can all share.

Helping farmers conquer the alfalfa snout beetle.

Research Projects Leading to Control of the Alfalfa Snout Beetle Pathogenicity of rhabditid nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) to alfalfa snout beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae. By: Schroeder, P. C.; Ferguson, C. S.; Shields, E. J.; et al.Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 87 Issue: 4 Pages: 917-922 Published: 1994 Prevalence, severity, and association of fungal crown Spring activity of adult alfalfa snout beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): upward movement from overwintering sites, dispersal, and oviposition. By: Schroeder, P. C.; Ferguson, C. S.; Shields, E. J.Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 88 Issue: 4 Pages: 859-863 Published: 1995 Vertical Distribution, Persistence, and Activity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) in Alfalfa Snout Beetle- (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Infested Fields Authors: FERGUSON, CAROL S.; SCHROEDER, PETER C.; SHIELDS, ELSON J.Source: Environmental Entomology, Volume 24, Number 1, February 1995, pp. 149-158(10)

Field Efficacy and Persistence of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ‘Oswego’ and H. bacteriophora ‘NC’ on Alfalfa Snout Beetle Larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Authors: Shields, Elson J.; Testa, Antonio; Miller, Joan M.; Flanders, Kathy L.Source: Environmental Entomology, Volume 28, Number 1, February 1999, pp. 128-136(9) Survey for etomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi in alfalfa snout beetle, Otiorhynchus ligustici (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), infested fields in Hungary and in New York State. By: Neumann, G.; Shields, E. J.Great Lakes Entomologist Volume: 37 Issue: 3/4 Pages: 152-158 Published: 2004 Interspecific interactions among three entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, S. feltiae Filipjev, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, with different foraging strategies for hosts in multipiece sand columns. By: Neumann, G.; Shields, E. J.Environmental Entomology Volume: 35 Issue: 6 Pages: 1578-1583 Published: 2006

Alfalfa snout beetle, Otiorhynchus ligustici L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): methods for egg collection and larval rearing. By: Shields, E. J.; Neumann, G.; Testa, A. M.Great Lakes Entomologist Volume: 40 Issue: 1/2 Pages: 63-68 Published: 2007 Multiple-species natural enemy approach for biological control of alfalfa snout beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes. By: Neumann, G.; Shields, E. J.Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 101 Issue: 5 Pages: 1533-1539 Published: 2008 Biological control of alfalfa snout beetle with a multi-species application of locally adapted persistent entomopathogenic nematodes: the first success. By: Shields, E. J.; Testa, A.; Neumann, G.; et al.American Entomologist Volume: 55 Issue: 4 Pages: 250-257 Published: 2009

Field persistence of Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (NY001), Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Valko) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Oswego) in alfalfa fields. By: Neumann, G.; Shields, E. J.Great Lakes Entomologist Volume: 44 Issue: 1/2 Pages: 42-52 Published: 2011 Effects of low temperature storage on fecundity and adult mortality for the alfalfa snout beetle, Otiorhynchus ligustici (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). By: Shields, E. J.; Testa, A. M.Great Lakes Entomologist Volume: 44 Issue: 1/2 Pages: 16-26 Published: 2011

What are the parts of a research paper?&

What is the purpose of each part?

Doing a Literature ReviewFind primary research by:• Searching in abstracting journals in your

field of interest (BIOSIS, CAB, Agricola)• Looking for “review” articles• Looking at references at the end of

scientific papers and review articles

Read and organize articles by topic:• What is known already?• What materials & methods are useful?• What research is still needed?

Let’s do a quick literature search to learn about using nematodes to control the western corn rootworm

Search Terms: • nematodes, entomopathogenic, Steinernema, Heterorhabditis• corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera• Review, biological control

Databases:• BIOSIS• CAB• Web of Science• SIRS Researcher• World Book Online• Grolier Online• Gale Research online

Searches: Title - Review / western corn rootworm / nematode Title – Review / entomopathogenic / nematode Title – Steinernema / western corn rootworm Topic – Steinernema / western corn rootworm Title – Heterorhabditis / western corn rootworm

Next Class: • Developing a hypothesis• Designing an experiment• The purpose of statistics