why is lucy so excited?
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She gets to meet her cousin Eleanor today!!!. Why is Lucy so excited?. Learning. Classical Conditioning. Ivan Pavlov Studied Digestion of Dogs. Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…) Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate. Click…. Pavlov, cont…. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov• Studied Digestion of
Dogs.• Dogs would salivate
before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)
• Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.
Click…
Pavlov, cont…• This is passive learning
(automatic…learner does NOT have to think).
• First thing you need is a unconditional relationship.
• Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a natural, reflexive response.
• Unconditional Response (UCR)- response to the UCS.
Classical Conditioning• Next you find a neutral stimulus (something that by itself
elicits no response).• You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of
times.
Classical Conditioning• We know learning
takes places when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
• Neutral stimulus = conditioned stimulus (CS)
• Unconditional response = conditioned response (CR).
Classical Conditioning• We know learning
exists because the CS is linked to the UCS.
• This is called ACQUISITION.
• Acquisition does not last forever.
• The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.
My favorite Classical Conditioning Example
Classical Conditioning as portrayed in The Office.
See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.
Spontaneous Recovery• Sometimes, after
extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented.
Generalization and Discrimination• Generalization
• Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR.
• Discrimination• Something so different
to the CS so you do not get a CR.
Classical Conditioning and Humans• John Watson brought Classical Conditioning to
psychology with his Baby Albert experiment.
Click to see Baby Albert to some nice jazz.
This type of Classical Conditioning is also known as Aversive Conditioning.
First-Order and Second-Order ConditioningFirst Order Conditioning.
•Bell + meat = salivation. •Bell = Salivation.
Second Order Conditioning(After first order conditioning has occurred)
•Light + Bell = Salivation.
•Light = Salivation.
Learned Taste Aversions• When it comes to
food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredibly strong.
• Even when food and sickness are hours apart.
• Food must be salient (noticeable.)
Garcia and Koelling Study• Studied rats and
how they make associations.
• Some associations seem to be adaptive.
CS UCS Learned Response
Loud Noise Shock FearLoud Noise Radiation
(nausea)Nothing
Sweet Water Shock NothingSweet Water Radiation
(nausea)Avoid Water
The Law of Effect• Edward Thorndike• Locked cats in a cage• Behavior changes because of
its consequences.• Rewards strengthen
behavior.• If consequences are
unpleasant, the Stimulus-Reward connection will weaken.
• Called the whole process instrumental learning.
Click picture to see a better explanation of the Law of Effect.
Reinforcers• A reinforcer is
anything the INCREASES a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement:
• The addition of something pleasant.
Negative Reinforcement:
• The removal of something unpleasant.
Positive or Negative?
Putting your seatbelt on. Studying for a test.Having a headache and taking an aspirin.
Faking sick to avoid AP Psych class.
Breaking out of jail.
Getting a kiss for doing the dishes.
PunishmentMeant to decrease a
behavior.Positive Punishment• Addition of something
unpleasant.Negative Punishment
(Omission Training)• Removal of something
pleasant.Punishment works best
when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh
How do we actually use Operant Conditioning?
Do we wait for the subject to deliver the desired behavior?
Sometimes, we use a process called shaping.
Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior.
To train a dog to get your slippers, you would have to reinforce him in small steps. First, to find the slippers. Then to put them in his mouth. Then to bring them to you and so on…this is shaping behavior.
Chaining Behaviors• Subjects are taught
a number of responses successively in order to get a reward.
Click picture to see a rat changing behaviors.
Click to see an example of changing behaviors.
Primary v. Secondary Reinforcers• Primary Reinforcer• Things that are
in themselves rewarding.
• Secondary Reinforcer
• Things we have learned to value.
• Money is a special secondary reinforcer called a generalized reinforcer (because it can be traded for just about anything)
Token Economy• Every time a desired
behavior is performed, a token is given.
• They can trade tokens in for a variety of prizes (reinforcers)
• Used in homes, prisons, mental institutions and schools.
Premack Principle• You have to take
into consideration the reinforcers used.
• Is the reinforcer wanted….or at least is it more preferable than the targeted behavior.
Burgers might be a great positive reinforcer for my husband, but it would not work well on a vegetarian.
Reinforcement SchedulesHow often to you
give the reinforcer?
• Every time or just sometimes you see the behavior.
Continuous v. Partial Reinforcement• Continuous
• Reinforce the behavior EVERYTIME the behavior is exhibited.
• Usually done when the subject is first learning to make the association.
• Acquisition comes really fast.
• But so does extinction.
• Partial• Reinforce the behavior
only SOME of the times it is exhibited.
• Acquisition comes more slowly.
• But is more resistant to extinction.
• FOUR types of Partial Reinforcement schedules.
Ratio Schedules• Fixed Ratio
• Provides a reinforcement after a SET number of responses.
• Variable Ratio• Provides a
reinforcement after a RANDOM number of responses.
• Very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant to extinction.
Fixed Ration- She gets a manicure for every 5 pounds she loses.
Interval Schedules• Fixed Interval
• Requires a SET amount of time to elapse before giving the reinforcement.
• Variable Interval• Requires a RANDOM
amount of time to elapse before giving the reinforcement.
• Very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant to extinction.
Fixed Interval: She gets a manicure for every 7 days she stays on her diet.
Observational Learning• Albert Bandura and
his BoBo Doll• We learn through
modeling behavior from others.
• Observational learning + Operant Conditioning = Social Learning Theory
Click pic to see some observational learning.
Latent Leaning• Edward Tolman• Three rat experiment.• Latent means hidden.• Sometimes learning is
not immediately evident.
• Rats needed a reason to display what they have learned.
Insight Learning• Wolfgang Kohler
and his Chimpanzees.
• Some animals learn through the “ah ha” experience. Click to see insight learning.