why study offender management?
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Why study offender management?. Peter Raynor Maurice Vanstone Swansea University April 2009. Until 1990s: not proper criminology. Research on probation was done by ‘administrative criminologists’ (Martin Davies, RDS – though what about Radzinowicz, Wilkins?) or by social workers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Why study offender Why study offender management?management?
Peter RaynorMaurice VanstoneSwansea UniversityApril 2009
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Until 1990s: not proper Until 1990s: not proper criminologycriminologyResearch on probation was done by
‘administrative criminologists’ (Martin Davies, RDS – though what about Radzinowicz, Wilkins?) or by social workers
Mainstream criminologists (after Martinson 1974 and Brody 1976) thought ‘nothing worked’ (this suited libertarians, ‘just deserts’ theorists and right-wing welfare-cutters)
Do-gooders were not cool - social workers were labellers, deviancy amplifiers etc.
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Some convergence in 1990s Some convergence in 1990s – why?– why?Probation training and therefore
research separated from social work in mid-90s
The ‘nothing works’ consensus weakened
Some key criminologists showed interest (e.g. Tony Bottoms)
Offender management research improved
Mainstream criminologists followed the CRP money in 1999
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Good reasons for doing OM Good reasons for doing OM research:research:Social purpose: with 83,000 in prison, the
penal system costing £4,111m in 2008 (over half on prisons) and a recession coming . . . what can be achieved?
Contributions to criminology: applied research allows reality tests of interesting theories in use: do they help us understand what we see?
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For example:For example:
What is sentencing for? ‘Ought’ implies ‘can’: what outcomes are achieved/achievable in rehabilitation?
What makes authorities legitimate and able to secure consent or compliance with minimum coercion? (Why does anyone co-operate with a community sentence?)
How in practice does ethnic or gender discrimination happen?
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And more broadly:And more broadly:What is the balance of structure and agency in
becoming, remaining or ceasing to be an offender? Are Zamble and Quinsey right, or Maruna’s narrative theories?
Zamble and Quinsey (1997) on The Criminal Recidivism Process: released prisoners face obstacles > negative affect > pessimism about non-offending solutions > re-offending
Maruna (2000) Making Good: recidivist narratives are about being a victim of circumstances; narratives of desistance are about autonomy and self-determination
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Zamble and Quinsey on Zamble and Quinsey on structure and agencystructure and agency
‘In the case of criminal behaviour, factors in the social environment seem influential determinants of initial delinquency for a substantial proportion of offenders . . . but habitual offending is better predicted by looking at an individual’s acquired ways of reacting to common situations’ (Zamble and Quinsey 1997)
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Even more broadly:Even more broadly:The fluidity of the concept of crime: restorative justice redefines crime as
disputediversion of offences away from formal
processing (or to lower tariff outcomes) redefines crime as a problem looking for a solution rather than a punishment
(examples of both occur in recent Jersey research)
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Effectiveness. (Probation Effectiveness. (Probation Orders closed 2004.)Orders closed 2004.)
81% of medium to high risk Probationers reduced their risk of re-offending (measured by LSI-R).
51% of highest risk Probationers showed a reduction in their risk of re-offending.
Each year over 10,000 hours of Community Service performed for the Island.
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Jersey Probation skills studyJersey Probation skills study
So what really happens in individual sessions between Probation staff and the people they work with?
Do skilled probation officers make a difference?
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Influences: Core correctional Influences: Core correctional practices (Dowden and Andrews’ practices (Dowden and Andrews’ 2004 meta-analysis)2004 meta-analysis)Effective use of authority (‘firm but fair’,
reinforce compliance, avoid domination)Pro-social modellingProblem-solving (helping offender to
acquire problem-solving skills)Link to community resources (advocacy
and brokerage)Relationship factors (open, warm,
enthusiastic, mutual respect, therapeutic alliance)
(Source: IJOTCC 48 [2])
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Other influencesOther influencesLegitimacy: clarity about rules and roles; treating
people fairly; respect; paying attentionDesistance: individualization; consistency through
‘zig-zag’ process; supporting motivation; building social capital
Consumers (and psychotherapy literature): listening, understanding, respect, caring, trust, somebody you can talk to
CCP findings were based on retrospective meta-analysis: we wanted a prospective study in a real-life setting, with outcome data routinely available
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Relevant Research Experience
Programme Integrity
STOP observation
FOR a Change
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The Research so farThe Research so far
Process of developing Observation Instrument
Target Number of InterviewsNumber of OfficersProgress to date
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InstrumentInstrument Set-upQuality of non-verbal communication Quality of verbal communication Effective/Legitimate Use of authorityMotivational InterviewingPro-social modellingProblem-solvingCognitive Re-StructuringOverall structure of the interview