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 11/27/ 2014 Why use lead i n pai nt ? ht tp: //www.rsc.org/chemistryworl d/News/2007/August/21080701. asp 1/2 Why use lead in paint? 21 August 2007 Mattel, the world's biggest toy maker, has recalled millions of toys that were coated with lead paint. Lead's poisonous properties have been known for thousands of years, so why was lead ever added to paint, and why is lead paint still being made? What is 'lead paint'?  Any pain t that relies on lead compou nds f or its colour . White lead, or lead(II) carbona te (PbCO 3 ), is a typical example, and was once widely used to paint wooden surfaces in homes. Other lead compounds, like vivid yellow lead chromate (PbCrO 4 ), were used as coloured pigments. As well as giving the paint its tint, lead pigments are highly opaque, so that a relatively small amount of the compound can cover a large area. White lead is very insoluble in water, making the paint highly water- resistant with a durable, washable finish. Lead carbonate can also neutralise the acidic decomposition products of some of the oils that make up the paint, so the coating stays tough, yet flexible and crack-resistant, for longer. So what's the problem? Lead is toxic, and as young children tend to chew things, they are particularly prone to ingesting it. Not good for their vulnerable, developing brains. It was increasingly recognised in the first half of the 20 th  century that children were being poisoning with lead paint, and its use in cots and toys had been phased out in the West by the 1950s. However, lead-based decorative household paints were still used for another couple of decades before this too ended due to health concerns. Why is lead toxic? Lead can disrupt numerous cruci al bodily functions, and hence has a wide variety of symptoms, from vomiting to madness to death. It' s known to be a potent blocker of receptors of glutamate, a ne urotransmitter crucial for learning. It is also able to displace a series of other metals from doing their no rmal job in the body - most significantly, calcium, iron and zinc. A particular problem is that lead displaces the zinc from the enzyme delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, which is crucial for the biosynthesis of heme, the iron-binding part of the haemoglobin molecule that carries oxygen around the blood. This results in cells around the body being short of oxygen, causing a cascade of associated problems. All lead paints have been banned then?  Almost. For the vast major ity of uses, lead pigmen ts have been replaced with titanium dioxide, which is so safe it's also used in food colourings as well as in sunscreen. In the EU, lead paint can now only be used for the restoration and maintenance of works of art and historical buildings. In the US, lead paint can be used in limited industrial settings, such as to coat ships hulls. How was the toxic paint found? Mattel identified the toxic paint during routine safety checks. Lead in paint - either in its liquid form, or as a dried coating on a product - can be detected by a number of analytical techniques, said Allan Stewart of testing and certification firm Intertek's Measurement Science Group Lab on Teesside, UK.  Atomic absor ption and x -ray fluorescence spectroscopy are both genera l method s that can reveal the presence of lead, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry can detect lead in less than part-per-billion quantities, he added. So what's happening in China? China is gradually cracking down on the use of lead, banning leaded petrol in 2000, for example. However, lead paint is cheaper than the alternatives, which seems to have tempted certain Chinese  - Site Search  About us Membership & professional community Campaigning & outreach Journals & books Resources & tools News & events Location & contacts

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Use of lead in paint, description, and danger to health

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  • 11/27/2014 Whyuseleadinpaint?

    http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/August/21080701.asp 1/2

    Why use lead in paint?

    21August2007

    Mattel,theworld'sbiggesttoymaker,hasrecalledmillionsoftoysthatwerecoatedwithleadpaint.Lead'spoisonouspropertieshavebeenknownforthousandsofyears,sowhywasleadeveraddedtopaint,andwhyisleadpaintstillbeingmade?Whatis'leadpaint'?Anypaintthatreliesonleadcompoundsforitscolour.Whitelead,orlead(II)carbonate(PbCO3),isatypicalexample,andwasoncewidelyusedtopaintwoodensurfacesinhomes.Otherleadcompounds,likevividyellowleadchromate(PbCrO4),wereusedascolouredpigments.Aswellasgivingthepaintitstint,leadpigmentsarehighlyopaque,sothatarelativelysmallamountofthecompoundcancoveralargearea.Whiteleadisveryinsolubleinwater,makingthepainthighlywaterresistantwithadurable,washablefinish.Leadcarbonatecanalsoneutralisetheacidicdecompositionproductsofsomeoftheoilsthatmakeupthepaint,sothecoatingstaystough,yetflexibleandcrackresistant,forlonger.Sowhat'stheproblem?Leadistoxic,andasyoungchildrentendtochewthings,theyareparticularlypronetoingestingit.Notgoodfortheirvulnerable,developingbrains.Itwasincreasinglyrecognisedinthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturythatchildrenwerebeingpoisoningwithleadpaint,anditsuseincotsandtoyshadbeenphasedoutintheWestbythe1950s.However,leadbaseddecorativehouseholdpaintswerestillusedforanothercoupleofdecadesbeforethistooendedduetohealthconcerns.Whyisleadtoxic?Leadcandisruptnumerouscrucialbodilyfunctions,andhencehasawidevarietyofsymptoms,fromvomitingtomadnesstodeath.It'sknowntobeapotentblockerofreceptorsofglutamate,aneurotransmittercrucialforlearning.Itisalsoabletodisplaceaseriesofothermetalsfromdoingtheirnormaljobinthebodymostsignificantly,calcium,ironandzinc.Aparticularproblemisthatleaddisplacesthezincfromtheenzymedeltaaminolaevulinatedehydratase,whichiscrucialforthebiosynthesisofheme,theironbindingpartofthehaemoglobinmoleculethatcarriesoxygenaroundtheblood.Thisresultsincellsaroundthebodybeingshortofoxygen,causingacascadeofassociatedproblems.Allleadpaintshavebeenbannedthen?Almost.Forthevastmajorityofuses,leadpigmentshavebeenreplacedwithtitaniumdioxide,whichissosafeit'salsousedinfoodcolouringsaswellasinsunscreen.IntheEU,leadpaintcannowonlybeusedfortherestorationandmaintenanceofworksofartandhistoricalbuildings.IntheUS,leadpaintcanbeusedinlimitedindustrialsettings,suchastocoatshipshulls.Howwasthetoxicpaintfound?Mattelidentifiedthetoxicpaintduringroutinesafetychecks.Leadinpainteitherinitsliquidform,orasadriedcoatingonaproductcanbedetectedbyanumberofanalyticaltechniques,saidAllanStewartoftestingandcertificationfirmIntertek'sMeasurementScienceGroupLabonTeesside,UK.Atomicabsorptionandxrayfluorescencespectroscopyarebothgeneralmethodsthatcanrevealthepresenceoflead,whileinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometrycandetectleadinlessthanpartperbillionquantities,headded.Sowhat'shappeninginChina?Chinaisgraduallycrackingdownontheuseoflead,banningleadedpetrolin2000,forexample.However,leadpaintischeaperthanthealternatives,whichseemstohavetemptedcertainChinesemanufacturerstouseitinpreferencetothenontoxic,andlegal,replacements.Inresponsetoa

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  • 11/27/2014 Whyuseleadinpaint?

    http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/August/21080701.asp 2/2

    CommentonthisstoryattheChemistryWorldblogReadotherpostsandjoininthediscussion

    Mattel'sproductrecallMoreinformation

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    Externallinkswillopeninanewbrowserwindow

    manufacturerstouseitinpreferencetothenontoxic,andlegal,replacements.Inresponsetoa

    seriesofproductsafetyscandals,whichhaveincludedtoxicpetfoodandtoothpaste,theChinesegovernmenthaveappointedlegendary'fixer'WuYitothetask.Yi,whoasvicepremieristhemostseniorfemaleofficialinthecountry,willheadanewcabinetpanelonproductsafety,inanattempttoaddressthecountry'sproblemswithproductsafety.JamesMitchellCrowEnjoythisstory?Spreadthewordusingthe'tools'menuontheleft.

    Also of interest

    SoundbitemoleculesSimonCotton,teacheratUppinghamSchool,takesalookatthosecompoundsthatfindthemselvesinthenewsorrelatetooureverydaylives.Inthisissue:leadpoisoning

    RaphaelrevealedbyRamanspectroscopyForensicanalysisofpaintscrapsdatespicturetobefore,notafter,theSistineMadonna

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