wide swath haylage to save time & nutrients
TRANSCRIPT
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Wide Swath Haylage to Save Time & Nutrients
Tom KilcerCornell Cooperative Extension in
Rensselaer County, New York
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24 – 48 Hours
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¾ inchJones and Harris 1980
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Traditional Drying - Narrow Swath
20253035404550
Fresh mowed end day 1
begin day 2
begin day 3
begin day 4
DM
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80%
20%
Initial Phase
Intermediate Phase
Final Phase
20% Time
Moi
stur
e
Biology of Drying Forages
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80%
20%20%Time
Moi
stur
e
65-70%
Stomatal openingsAxial moisture movement
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Stomate = Lungs of the Plant
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Plant Physiology, Salisbury and Ross, 1985 p60.
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Plant Physiology, Third Edition Wirtten by: Salisbury and Ross 1985 pg. 59&60
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AIR
moisture
moisture
Conditioning Breaks Capillary Flow
35% of alfalfa stem moisture exits through the leaf (Harris & Tulberg, 1980)Legumes 10X more stomata than GrassStomata Sunlight - open Shade - closed
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80%
20%
ConditioningRadial moisture movement
20% Time
Moi
stur
e
10 X slower d
rying
than Axial (Bargnall et.
al.,
1970)
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Physics of Moisture Lossor
What Helps or Hurts Drying
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Soil MoistureSwath DensityRelative HumidityWind VelocityCrop moistureVapor deficitAir TempSwath TempSwath Sun
Rotz et.al 1987
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-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Swath Sunlight
3 X more sunlight
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-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
2nd Cut Grass Swath Core Temp
65
75
85
95
105
Dat
e/T
ime
11:3
5 A
M
12:3
5 PM
1:35
PM
2:35
PM
3:35
PM
4:35
PM
5:35
PM
6:35
PM
7:35
PM
8:35
PM
9:35
PM
10:3
5 PM
NarrowWide
Swath Air & Swath Temp
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-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Swath Density
Density had greater impact on drying than Conditoning, Mixing or Turning Swath Wright et al. 1997
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Swath density decreases moisture removal
5.5X More Dense Wright, et.as 1997 Grass and Forage Sci. 52:86-98
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No Sun
Stomata Closed
Drying Reduced
10 – 100XHarris & Tullberg 1980
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Swath Core Relative Humidity
2030405060708090
100
10:00 AM 1:00 PM 4:00 PM 7:00 PM
Narrow Wide -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
RelativeHumidity
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Wide swath
Field Results?
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12 ft mower opened to wide swath = 8 ft. 66% of cutterbar width
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Width Matters More Than Conditioning –Alfalfa- Swath Not Moved
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
NHC40%
NHC59%
NHC73%
NHC83%
SB 94%
% M
oist
ure
Los
t 2 hour
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Width Matters More than Conditioning –Grass – Swath Not Moved
22.00%
24.00%
26.00%
28.00%
30.00%
NH 40%
NH 59%
Diskmow 65%NH 73%
NH 83%
Sidebar 94%
% D
ry M
atte
r
1 hour
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1st Cut AlfalfaPoor Drying Conditions/ Swath Not Moved
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Hours From Cutting
% M
oist
ure
7.8 Hours
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Moisture Removal Rate/Hour
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
% Moisture removed/hr
TraditionalNarrow
Wide Swath Wide/H&Smerged
14.9 hrs. 7.4 hrs. 4.9 hrs.
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1st Cut Harvest Window
16 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 2930 31 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
May
June
Light rain Heavy rain No rain
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What Quality Reaches the Cow’s Mouth
• Wide Swath Makes a Difference!!
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Sunshine Produced Dry Matter
+50
Respiration lost Dry Matter
- 20
+ 30 Net Gain
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Sunshine Produced Dry Matter
Respiration lost Dry Matter
- 20
-20 Net Loss
Shade or Nighttime
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Relationship between overnight DM loss and minimum night temps
56789
1011121314
0 4 8 12 16
Min temp, degrees C
DM
loss
, %
Knapp et.al. 1973
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Starch 2000 to 220,000 sugar units. Moser 1995
Respiration loss
Sugar-11%
-24%
Knapp et.al 1973
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Starch lost- Traditional Narrow Swath
00.5
11.5
22.5
Fresh mowed end day 1 begin day 2 begin day 3
STARCH
92% Starch lost
By 3rd Day
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Sugar lost- Narrow Swath
5.25
6.25
7.25
Fresh mowed end day 1 begin day 2 begin day 3
SUGAR
19% Sugar lost
By 3rd Day
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Sugar 7.72
Starch 3.5
Sugar 6.417.7% loss
Starch 2.917.1% loss
Narrow Swath Milk loss From Respiration in just 24 hours
16% - 30% of Dry Matter loss by Respiration
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Sugar 8.10
Starch 3.075
Sugar 7.685% loss
Starch 3.24% gain!
Wide swath
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LACTIC/ACETICRATIO
alfalfa narrow 1.520
wide 3.105
Grass narrow 6.67
wide 9.738
2nd Cut Alfalfa narrow 3.888
wide 5.940
BMR narrow 0.890
wide 1.143
More Sugar
& Starch =
Better
Fermentation
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0.45
0.55
0.65
Nel
1st cut alfalfa 2nd cut grass 2nd cut alfalfa
Narrow Fresh Wide Fresh Narrow Wilt Wide Wilt
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Protein (made of amino acid units) NPNAmino
acid
Soluble Protein
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0
2.56.5
26.5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Fora
ge N
PN
Wilt Time Hours
0 2.5 6.5 26.5
Impact of Drying Time on Forage NPN
Table from Brady, 1960
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Impact on Potential Milk/Ton1st Cut Alfalfa 2nd Cut Grass
Narrow Fresh 2652 a 3513 a
Wide Fresh 2731 a 3606 aNarrow Ferment 2279 b 3400 bWide Ferment 2574 a 3705 albs potential Milk/ton 294.9 304.5$/ton DM $44.24 $45.68
275 Acres x 3 T DM/A x $40/T = $33,000
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Wide Swath Plus Multiple Windrows
• Reduces time & cost
• Fits quality harvest window
• Gives you more milk/ton
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counties.cce.cornell.edu\rensselaer\agriculture
Produced by
Tom Kilcer
Regional Field Crop & Dairy Educator
Cornell Cooperative Extension in Rensselaer County, New York
This research was made possible by a grant from H&S manufacturing;
New York Farm Viability Institute
and assistance from New Holland Equipment