WielandWielandOr,Or,

What’s the Problem?What’s the Problem?

Medicine: QuestionsMedicine: Questions

What are the illnesses or What are the illnesses or abnormalities in the story?abnormalities in the story?

How are they diagnosed?How are they diagnosed? How are they treated?How are they treated? Is it considered a mental problem? Is it considered a mental problem?

Physical? Spiritual? Social?Physical? Spiritual? Social? Is it considered a female or male Is it considered a female or male

problem?problem?

Medicine: QuestionsMedicine: Questions

How does the medicine treat it—what How does the medicine treat it—what traits or symptoms does it address, traits or symptoms does it address, and what does it attempt to do to and what does it attempt to do to them?them?

What is the attitude towards the What is the attitude towards the medicine or practice?medicine or practice?

Where does insanity or criminality fit Where does insanity or criminality fit in?in?

MedicineMedicine

Spontaneous combustionSpontaneous combustion InsanityInsanity Auditory hallucinationsAuditory hallucinations SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Servants: QuestionsServants: Questions

Who is a servant?Who is a servant? How are they perceived? How are How are they perceived? How are

they treated?they treated? What is their status?What is their status? What is expected of them?What is expected of them? What is their domain?What is their domain? How are they dangerous?How are they dangerous?

ServantsServants

• Slavery practices and laws to 1800Slavery practices and laws to 1800• Contemporary thinking about Contemporary thinking about

managing slavesmanaging slaves• Philadelphia Philadelphia • Indentured servitudeIndentured servitude• Origins of the servantsOrigins of the servants

Foreigners: QuestionsForeigners: Questions

Who is considered a foreigner?Who is considered a foreigner? What does they look like?What does they look like? What is the attitude towards them?What is the attitude towards them? What is legal policy towards them?What is legal policy towards them? How are they defined in relation to How are they defined in relation to

the “American” characters?the “American” characters? How are they dangerous?How are they dangerous?

ForeignersForeigners

American policy to foreigners American policy to foreigners Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts Immigration policyImmigration policy Portrait of various immigrants, Portrait of various immigrants,

various countriesvarious countries

Criminals: QuestionsCriminals: Questions

Who is a criminal? How are they Who is a criminal? How are they identified?identified?

What crimes are considered What crimes are considered important?important?

How is the criminal treated? What is How is the criminal treated? What is the attitude towards them?the attitude towards them?

How are they controlled?How are they controlled? How are they dangerous?How are they dangerous?

CriminalsCriminals

Change in treatment of criminalsChange in treatment of criminals Detection of criminalsDetection of criminals Expectations for criminal behavior Expectations for criminal behavior

and criminal elementand criminal element

Machines/Inventions: Machines/Inventions: QuestionsQuestions

What machines or inventions figure What machines or inventions figure into the plot?into the plot?

What is the attitude towards them?What is the attitude towards them? How do they work? What are they How do they work? What are they

intended to accomplish? What intended to accomplish? What problems do they solve?problems do they solve?

What problems do they create?What problems do they create? What status do they offer?What status do they offer?

Machines/InventionsMachines/Inventions

VentriloquismVentriloquism MesmerismMesmerism FashionFashion ClocksClocks Household conveniencesHousehold conveniences

(dumbwaiter, revolving door)(dumbwaiter, revolving door)

Fallen Women: QuestionsFallen Women: Questions

Who qualifies?Who qualifies? Why are they dangerous?Why are they dangerous? How are they treated? What is the How are they treated? What is the

attitude towards them?attitude towards them? How are they controlled?How are they controlled? What is their status?What is their status?

Fallen WomenFallen Women

Clara’s crush on PleyelClara’s crush on Pleyel Pleyel’s “discovery” about ClaraPleyel’s “discovery” about Clara Clara’s responseClara’s response JudithJudith Louisa’s mother and fatherLouisa’s mother and father

ReligionReligion

QuakersQuakers The Religious Society of Friends is a religious The Religious Society of Friends is a religious

community that does not have a universal set of community that does not have a universal set of doctrines to which all members subscribe. The doctrines to which all members subscribe. The central concept to most Friends may be the central concept to most Friends may be the Inner LightInner Light or "that of God within". Some or "that of God within". Some contemporary Friends speak of the Inner Light as contemporary Friends speak of the Inner Light as a guiding force within each person, as part of the a guiding force within each person, as part of the individual human personality, but early Friends individual human personality, but early Friends beginning with George Fox identified the Light beginning with George Fox identified the Light with Christ and emphasized that the Light comes with Christ and emphasized that the Light comes from God and is given in order to show people from God and is given in order to show people how to live in harmony with God's will. how to live in harmony with God's will. [1][1]

Equality, pacifism, divine revelationEquality, pacifism, divine revelation

ShakersShakers The The CamisardsCamisards Under the leadership of Under the leadership of JamesJames and and Ann Ann

WardleyWardley, husband and wife, the group , husband and wife, the group became known for their intense, ecstatic became known for their intense, ecstatic worship. worship.

The Wardleys' followers, when "wrestling in The Wardleys' followers, when "wrestling in soul to be freed from the power of sin and a soul to be freed from the power of sin and a worldly life," writhed and trembled, worldly life," writhed and trembled, purportedly under the influence of the purportedly under the influence of the Holy SpiritHoly Spirit, so that they won the name , so that they won the name Shakers; Shakers;

Trances and visions, their jumping and Trances and visions, their jumping and dancingdancing

DeismDeism

Newton--great clock built by the Newton--great clock built by the Creator and then set in motionCreator and then set in motion

The deists among the The deists among the philosophes philosophes argued that everything—physical argued that everything—physical motion, human physiology, politics, motion, human physiology, politics, society, economics—had its own set society, economics—had its own set of rational principles established by of rational principles established by God which could be understood by God which could be understood by human beings solely by means of human beings solely by means of their reason. their reason.

This meant that the workings This meant that the workings of the human and physical of the human and physical worlds could be understood worlds could be understood without having to bring without having to bring religion, mysticism, or divinity religion, mysticism, or divinity into the explanation.into the explanation.

Thomas  JeffersonThomas  Jefferson

"the opinions "the opinions and beliefs of and beliefs of men . . . men . . . follow follow involuntarily involuntarily the evidence the evidence proposed to proposed to their minds."their minds."

CatholicismCatholicism

Carwin, while in Spain, coverts to Carwin, while in Spain, coverts to Catholicism.Catholicism.

““It was not easy to reconcile his It was not easy to reconcile his coversion to the Romish faith with coversion to the Romish faith with those proofs of knowledgeand those proofs of knowledgeand capacity that were exhibited by him capacity that were exhibited by him on different occasions” (81).on different occasions” (81).

HierarchyHierarchy RitualRitual Strict doctrineStrict doctrine God’s God’s

objective objective existenceexistence

Afterlife: Afterlife: heaven, hell, heaven, hell, and purgatoryand purgatory

Democracy: America 1790sDemocracy: America 1790s Away from marking power, Away from marking power,

hierarchical displayhierarchical display– Public executions and Public executions and

scaffoldsscaffolds– Showy, landscaped Showy, landscaped

houseshouses– Sumptuary lawsSumptuary laws– Scientific learning: Scientific learning:

clocks, instrumentsclocks, instruments– Excess—food, space, Excess—food, space,

servantsservants– Georgian architectureGeorgian architecture

Landscape designLandscape design

Man dominating his Man dominating his landscape with landscape with perfect symmetry;perfect symmetry;

Geometry, balance Geometry, balance and proportion are and proportion are all part of this style; all part of this style;

And, the axial plan And, the axial plan – everything along – everything along a straight central a straight central line.line.

ArchitectureArchitecture

Before 1780sBefore 1780s

By the 1780sBy the 1780s

Towards “masking” and CapitalismTowards “masking” and Capitalism– ““See and not be seen” landscapingSee and not be seen” landscaping– Clothes an uncertain clueClothes an uncertain clue– Merchants and others could gain wealthMerchants and others could gain wealth– Efficient use of spaceEfficient use of space– Servants to be hiddenServants to be hidden– No public punishmentNo public punishment

ArchitectureArchitecture

Prominent houseProminent house Georgian Georgian

architecturearchitecture Manipulated Manipulated

perspectiveperspective Symmetrical Symmetrical

landscapinglandscaping

Georgian ArchitectureGeorgian Architecture

Greek RevivalGreek Revival

Monticello, Home of Thomas Monticello, Home of Thomas JeffersonJefferson

““Articulated landscape,” serpentine Articulated landscape,” serpentine drivedrive

See all work areas, all neighbors, but See all work areas, all neighbors, but not be seennot be seen

TJ “went to great lengths to render TJ “went to great lengths to render his enslaved workforce invisible”his enslaved workforce invisible”

Fence to hide slave cabinsFence to hide slave cabins

DumbwaiterDumbwaiter Lazy SusanLazy Susan Garde-robe privy Garde-robe privy

emptied from emptied from the basementthe basement

Underground Underground passage from passage from kitchenkitchen

Dumbwaiter, Wine elevatorDumbwaiter, Wine elevator

Underground passage, bedUnderground passage, bed

MettingenMettingen

Secluded places—summer Secluded places—summer house, templehouse, temple

Layout of Clara’s houseLayout of Clara’s houseupper floorupper floor

Guest roomGuest room Clara’s roomClara’s room

Judith’s room

Office(closet)Clara’s bedClara’s bed

Layout of Clara’s houseLayout of Clara’s houselower floorlower floor

ParlorParlor ParlorParlor

kitchen shed

ServantsServants

CoincidenceCoincidence

The first thing that Brown The first thing that Brown did when he finished writing did when he finished writing Wieland Wieland was to send a copy was to send a copy to Thomas Jefferson, who to Thomas Jefferson, who was then Vice President of was then Vice President of the United States.the United States.

ServantsServants

““Deep rooted prejudices entertained by Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recollections, the whites; ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained;…will…produce convulsions sustained;…will…produce convulsions which will probably never end but in which will probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the the extermination of the one or the other race”other race”

Jefferson, “Notes on the State of Jefferson, “Notes on the State of Virginia”Virginia”

Clara, in Clara, in WielandWieland

““My temper was the reverse of cruel My temper was the reverse of cruel and imperious. My heart was touched and imperious. My heart was touched with sympathy for the children of with sympathy for the children of misfortune…My purse…was ever misfortune…My purse…was ever open, and my hands ever active, to open, and my hands ever active, to relieve distress….There was no face relieve distress….There was no face which lowered at my approach, and which lowered at my approach, and no lips which uttered imprecations in no lips which uttered imprecations in my hearing…Whom had I offended?”my hearing…Whom had I offended?”

Clara Wieland, on Clara Wieland, on MettingenMettingen

“ “The cheapness of the land, and the The cheapness of the land, and the service of African slaves, which were service of African slaves, which were then in general use, gave him, who then in general use, gave him, who was poor in Europe, all the was poor in Europe, all the advantages of wealth” and “enabled advantages of wealth” and “enabled him to dispense with personal labor” him to dispense with personal labor” (17). (17).

Slave rebellions before Slave rebellions before 1800 exposed what slave 1800 exposed what slave owners needed to deny owners needed to deny for their own peace of for their own peace of mind: the possibility of mind: the possibility of traitorous house slaves.traitorous house slaves.

*Toussaint L’Ouverture, leader of *Toussaint L’Ouverture, leader of the slave rebellion in Haiti, was “at the slave rebellion in Haiti, was “at the height of his power” in the the height of his power” in the 1790s and other slave rebellions 1790s and other slave rebellions surrounded the century mark.surrounded the century mark.

*Awake to such dangers within her *Awake to such dangers within her own household, a planter’s own household, a planter’s daughter remarks in her diary, daughter remarks in her diary, “‘Every black man is a possible “‘Every black man is a possible spy’” (Accardo and Portelli 79).spy’” (Accardo and Portelli 79).

JudithJudith

11stst voice in closet=ladder voice in closet=ladder 22ndnd voice at secluded bench=favorite voice at secluded bench=favorite

hideawayhideaway 33rdrd voice in closet=schedule and voice in closet=schedule and

unlocked doorunlocked door 44thth voice trapping Wieland=cellar voice trapping Wieland=cellar

trapdoor opentrapdoor open

Unnamed servantUnnamed servant

Watches Theodore murder Watches Theodore murder his family from a closet, his family from a closet, and testifies against himand testifies against him

Burns down Clara’s houseBurns down Clara’s house

MedicineMedicine

What happens to Wieland, Sr.?What happens to Wieland, Sr.? What happens to Wieland, Jr.?What happens to Wieland, Jr.?

ArchitectureArchitecture

1717thth-century Architecture-century Architecture 1818thth-century Architecture-century Architecture Landscape ArchitectureLandscape Architecture Housing designHousing design Architecture in PhiladelphiaArchitecture in Philadelphia MonticelloMonticello