wikipedia_close paraphrasing - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
DESCRIPTION
Close Paraphrasing in Wikipedia - important for people who intend to contribute or write an article.TRANSCRIPT
-
25/05/2015 Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing 1/7
Wikipediacopyright
Policy
CopyrightpolicyCopyrightviolationpolicyReusingWikipediacontent
TextofCCBYSA3.0UnportedLicenseTextoftheGFDL
Guidelines
PublicdomaincontentNonfreecontent
NonU.S.copyrightsCopyingwithinWikipediaCopyrightinformationindex
Processes
CopyrightproblemsSuspectedcopyrightviolations
PossiblyunfreefilesContributorcopyrightinvestigations
Resources
GeneralhelpCopyrightassistance
MediacopyrightquestionsRequestingcopyrightpermission
FilecopyrighttagsDonatingcopyrightedmaterial
Guidancefortextrelatedcopyrightproblems
Copyingisn'ttheonlywaytoviolatecopyrightorplagiarize.Closeparaphrasingcanbeaproblem,too.
Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
WhilethisessayisnotaWikipediapolicyorguidelineitself,itisintendedtosupplementtheWikipedia:CopyrightviolationpolicyandtheWikipedia:Plagiarismguideline,towhicheditorsshoulddeferincaseofinconsistencybetweenthatpageandthisone.
Thispageinanutshell:Summarizeinyourownwordsinsteadofcloselyparaphrasing.Closelyparaphrasedmaterialthatinfringesonthecopyrightofitssourcematerialshouldberewrittenordeletedtoavoidinfringement,andtoensurethatitcomplieswithWikipediapolicy.PublicdomainsourcesandCCBYSAcompatiblesourcesmaybecloselyparaphrased,andlimitedcloseparaphrasingofcopyrightedsourcesmayalsobepermittedasfairuse.Attributionisalwaysrequired.
Forinformationoncopyandpastingtext,seeWikipedia:Copyingtextfromothersources.
Closeparaphrasingisthesuperficialmodificationofmaterialfromanothersource.Editorsshouldgenerallysummarizesourcematerialintheirownwords,addinginlinecitationsasrequiredbythesourcingpolicy.
Limitedcloseparaphrasingisappropriatewithinreason,asisquoting(withorwithoutquotationmarks),solongasthematerialisclearlyattributedinthetextforexample,byadding"JohnSmithwrote...,"togetherwithafootnotecontainingthecitationattheendoftheclause,sentenceorparagraph.
Closeparaphrasingwithoutintextattributionmayconstituteplagiarism,andwhenextensive(withorwithoutintextattribution)mayalsoviolateWikipedia'scopyrightpolicy,whichforbidsWikipediacontributorsfromcopyingmaterialdirectlyfromothersources.Publicdomainmaterialmustlikewisebeattributedtoavoidplagiarism.IfthesourcematerialbearsafreecopyrightlicensethatiscompatiblewithWikipedia'slicenses,copyingorcloselyparaphrasingitisnotacopyrightviolationsolongasthesourceisattributedsomewhereinthearticle,usuallyattheend.
Thebestwaytopreventcloseparaphrasingistounderstandclearlywhenitisaproblem,howtoavoidit,andhowtoaddressitwhenitappears.
Contents
1Concepts1.1Copyrightlaw1.2Creativeexpression1.3Moralrights1.4Substantialsimilarity1.5Wikipedia'sguidelines
2Wheniscloseparaphrasepermitted?2.1Publicdomainorcompatiblylicensedcontent2.2Quotationofnonfreetext2.3Whentherearealimitednumberofwaystosaythesamething
3Example4Howtowriteacceptablecontent5Existingcloseparaphrasing
5.1Detecting5.2Addressing
5.2.1Exampleapproachestodiscussingwithothereditors5.2.1.1Extensiveproblems5.2.1.2Limitedproblems
6Relevantpoliciesandguidelines7Seealso8References9Externallinks
Concepts
Therearelegal,ethical,andorganizationalstandardconsiderationsregardingtheuseofcloseparaphrasing.
Copyrightlaw
Wikipedia'sprimaryconcerniswiththelegalconstraintsimposedbycopyrightlaw.Closeparaphrasingofthecreativeexpressioninanonfreecopyrightedsourceislikelytobeaninfringementofthecopyrightofthesource.Inmanycountriescloseparaphrasingmaybealsoseenasmutilationordistortionofanauthor'swork,infringingontheirmoralrights.
Creativeexpression
Factsandideascannotbeprotectedbycopyright,butcreativeexpressionisprotected.Thetestofcreativityisminimal.
Althoughfactsarenotsubjecttocopyright,aselectionorarrangementoffactsmaybeconsideredcreativeandthereforeprotected.Forexample,analphabeticallistofstatesintheUSAgivingtheirname,sizeandpopulationcannotbecopyrighted.However,ashorterlistofstatesgivingthename,sizeandpopulationasbefore,butrankedasthe"topmostlivablestates"wouldbesubjecttocopyright.Theselectionandrankingiscreative.
Moralrights
Mainpage:Wikipedia:Moralrights
-
25/05/2015 Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing 2/7
Wikipediadoesnothaveanofficialpolicyregardingmoralrightsofauthors.
The"moralrights"ofanauthorareindependentofcopyrightownership.Theyincludetheauthor'srighttocontrolfirstpublicationofaworktheauthor'srighttobeattributedortoremainanonymoustheauthor'srightfortheworktobepublishedwithoutdistortionormutilation.Aswithcopyright,moralrightsapplytocreativeexpressionbutnottomerefacts.RespectingmoralrightscanhelpensurethatWikipediacontentcanbereusedaswidelyaspossible.
Inaccordancewithverifiabilitypolicy,Wikipediaeditorsshouldnotuseunpublishedwork.Withpublishedwork,editorsshouldattributeeachsourcetotheauthorwherethepublicationnamestheauthor,andattributethesourcetothepublicationifitdoesnotnametheauthor.Itissometimesrelevantforanarticletoincludeashortquotationsuchasasignificantstatementmadebythesubjectofthearticleoranotablecommentaboutthesubject.Inthesecasesaverbatimquotationshouldbegivenratherthanaparaphrase.QuotationsshouldbeusedverysparinglyandmustbeclearlyidentifiedandformattedasdefinedinMOS:QUOTE.
Substantialsimilarity
Paraphrasingrisestothelevelofcopyrightinfringementwhenthereissubstantialsimilaritybetweenanarticleandacopyrightedsource.Thismayexistwhenthecreativeexpressioninanimportantpassageofthesourcehasbeencloselyparaphrased,evenifitisasmallportionofthesource,orwhenparaphrasingislooserbutcoversalargerpartofthesourceorcovers"theheart"(themostessentialcontent).Acloseparaphraseofonesentencefromabookmaybeoflowconcern,whileacloseparaphraseofoneparagraphofatwoparagrapharticlewouldbeconsideredaseriousviolation.Editorsmustthereforetakeparticularcarewhenwritinganarticle,orasectionofanarticle,thathasmuchthesamescopeasasinglesource.Theeditormustbeextracarefulinthesecasestoextractthefactsaloneandpresentthefactsinplainlanguage,withoutcarryingforwardanythingthatcouldbeconsidered"creativeexpression".
UnderUScopyrightlaw,however,substantialsimilaritydoesnotalwaysindicateinfringement.Itdoesnotindicateinfringement,forinstance,wherethedoctrineoffairusepermitstheuseofthematerial.[1]Wikipediadeliberatelyadoptsanarrowerlimitationandexceptionfromcopyrightthanfairuse.OurpolicyandguidelinearesetoutatWikipedia:Nonfreecontent.
Substantialsimilarityisalsoimmaterialwhenstrongevidenceexiststhatthecontentwascreatedindependently.[2]Anauthormaythinktheyarebeingoriginalwhentheywrite"CharlesdeGaullewasatoweringstatesman",notrealizingthatmanyotherauthorshaveindependentlycomeupwiththeseidenticalwords.Whatlookslikecopyingorcloseparaphrasingmaythusbeaccidental.Thesesimilaritiesaremorelikelytoexistwherecontentislesscreativeandmoreformulaic.Independentcreationislesslikelywhenthereisevidencethatthesourcewasconsultedorclosefollowingisextensive.
Wikipedia'sguidelines
Evenwhencontentisverifiablypublicdomainorreleasedunderacompatiblefreelicense,closeparaphrasingmaybeatoddswithWikipedia'sguidelinerelatedtoplagiarism(seeWikipedia:Plagiarism).Whileinthiscontext,too,closeparaphrasingofasinglesentenceisnotasmuchofaconcern,ifacontributorcloselyparaphrasespublicdomainorfreelylicensedcontent,heorsheshouldexplicitlyacknowledgethatcontentiscloselyparaphrased.(Seeabove.)
Anotherpotentialproblemariseswhenacontributorcopiesorcloselyparaphrasesabiasedsourceeitherpurposefullyorwithoutunderstandingthebias.Thiscanmakethearticleappeartodirectlyespousethebiasofthesource,whichviolatesourneutralpointofviewpolicy.
Wheniscloseparaphrasepermitted?
Furtherinformation:Wikipedia:FAQ/CopyrightCanIaddsomethingtoWikipediathatIgotfromsomewhereelse?
Thereareafewspecificsituationswhencloseparaphrasingispermitted.Ifinformationisgatheredfromthepublicdomainorisfreeusecontent,closeparaphrasemaybeacceptable.Insomeinstancesitishelpfultocapturethewordsaswritten,inwhichcasetheguidelinesforQuotationsapply.Lastly,theremaybesomeinstanceswhereit'sdifficulttoparaphrasebecauseofthenatureofthecontentinsuchcases,thereareacoupleoftipsbelowabouthowtolimitthedegreeofcloseparaphrasingtoavoidissues.
Whenusingacloseparaphraselegitimately,citingasourceisinmostcasesrequiredandhighlyrecommended.[3]
Publicdomainorcompatiblylicensedcontent
Insomelimitedcases,closeparaphrasemaybeanacceptablewayofwritinganarticle.Forexample,manyWikipediaarticlesare(orwere)basedontextfromthe1911EncyclopediaBritannica(seeWikipedia:1911EncyclopaediaBritannica).Ifthesourceisinthepublicdomain,suchasworkoftheU.S.government,orisavailableunderalicensecompatiblewiththeCCBYSAlicense(apartialtableoflicensecompatibilitycanbefoundattheCopyrightFAQ,)thenthesourcemaybecloselyparaphrasedifthesourceisappropriatelyattributed.Attributioninsuchinstancesmayincludeintextattributionthatmakesclearwhosewordsorideasarebeingused(e.g."JohnSmithwrotethat...")ormayincludemoregeneralattributionthatindicatesthematerialoriginatesfromafreesource,eitheraspartofaninlinecitationorasageneralnoticeinthearticle's"References"section(forfurtherinformationonhowtoattributefreesources,seeWikipedia:Plagiarism#Copyingmaterialfromfreesources).
Quotationofnonfreetext
Limitedquotationfromnonfreecopyrightedsourcesisallowed,asdiscussedinWikipedia'snonfreecontentpolicyandguideline.Quotationsshouldhaveintextattributionandshouldbecitedtotheiroriginalsourceorauthor(seeWP:Whentocite).Withdirectquotation,editorsshouldclearlydistinguishthequotedmaterialfromtheoriginaltextofthearticlefollowingtheguidelinesforquotations.Extensiveuseofquotationfromnonfreesourcesisgenerallynotacceptable.Evenifcontentisattributed,itcanstillcreatecopyrightproblemsifthetakingistoosubstantial.Toavoidthisrisk,Wikipediakeepsthislikeothernonfreecontentminimal.
Quotationfromnonfreesourcesmaybeappropriatewhentheexactwordsinthesourcearerelevanttothearticle,notjustthefactsorideasgivenbythesource.Examplesmayincludestatementsmadebyapersondiscussedinthearticle,briefexcerptsfromabookdescribedinthearticle,orsignificantopinionsaboutthesubjectofthearticle.Quotationshouldnot,however,betreatedasanalternativetoextractingfactsandpresentingtheminplainlanguage.Thus:
Right:Churchillsaid,"Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat."[1]Right:TheNewYorkTimesreviewerfoundthefilm"pretentiousandboring".[2]Wrong:AccordingtoBulgarianButterflies,"thepatientobservermaybefortunateenoughtoglimpsethisraremothflittingalongthemossybanksofawoodlandstream."[3]
Whentherearealimitednumberofwaystosaythesamething
Closeparaphrasingisalsopermittedwhenthereareonlyalimitednumberofwaystosaythesamething.Thismaybethecasewhenthereisnoreasonablewaytoavoidusingtitlesandtechnicalterm,andmayalsobethecasewithsimplestatementsoffact.
-
25/05/2015 Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing 3/7
Itisacceptabletouseatitleortechnicaltermsuchas"TheWaroftheSpanishSuccession"or"RelationalDatabaseManagementSystem(RDBMS)"whenthetermiscommonlyusedbysourcesthatdiscussthesubject.Copyrightlawdoesnotprotectnames,titles,orshortphrasesorexpressions.[4]
Anexampleofcloselyparaphrasedsimplestatementsoffactisgivenbyabiographythatreliesontwosourcesforthebasicoutline.Thesourcesandthearticlestartwith:
Source1:JohnSmithwasborninHartford,ConnecticutonFebruary2nd1949...HeattendedStateUniversity,obtaininganM.D.in1973.Source2:JohnSmithwasbornon2February1949inHartford...HegraduatedwithamedicaldegreefromStateUniversityin1973.Article:JohnSmithwasbornon2February1949inHartford,Connecticut...HestudiedmedicineatStateUniversity,andearnedanM.D.in1973.
Inthisexample,thewordingofthearticleisveryclosetothatofbothsources.However,thearticlemerelypresentsstandardfactsforatopiclikethisinstandardsequence.Thearticledoesnotcopyanycreativewordsorphrases,similesormetaphors,andmakesaneffortatparaphrasinginthesecondsentence.Justtwoshortsentencesareclosetothesources.Forthesereasonsthecloseparaphrasingshouldbeacceptable.Note,however,thatcloselyparaphrasingextensivelyfromanonfreesourcemaybeacopyrightproblem,evenifitisdifficulttofinddifferentmeansofexpression.Themoreextensivelywerelyonthisexception,themorelikelywearetorunafoulofcompilationprotection.[5]
Example
Inthisexample,Wikipedia'sarticletextisanattemptatparaphrasingthesource.However,almostalloftheoriginalwordchoice,wordorderandsentencestructureisretained.
Source[6] Closeparaphrase[7]
"Astatementfromthereceiver,DavidCarsonofDeloitte,confirmedthat480ofthe670employeeshavebeenmaderedundant...Atleast100WaterfordCrystalemployeesarerefusingtoleavethevisitors'galleryatthefactorytonightandarestaginganunofficialsitin.TheemployeessaytheywillnotbeleavinguntiltheymeetwithMr.Carson.Thereweresomescufflesatonepointandamaindoortothevisitors'centrewasdamaged...LocalSinnFinCouncillorJoeKelly,whoisoneofthosecurrentlyoccupyingthevisitors'gallery,saidthereceiverhadtoldstaffhewouldnotclosethecompanywhiletherewereinterestedinvestors."
"Astatementissuedbythereceiver,Deloitte'sDavidCarson,confirmedthat,ofthe670employees,480ofthemwouldbelaidoff.Theworkersrespondedangrilytothisunexpecteddecisionandatleast100ofthembegananunofficialsitininthevisitors'galleryatthefactorythatnight.TheyinsistedtheywouldrefusetoleaveuntiltheyhadmetwithCarson.Followingtherevelations,therewasaminorscuffleduringwhichthemaindoortothevisitors'centrewasdamaged.LocalSinnFinCouncillorJoeKellywasamongstthosewhooccupiedthevisitors'gallery."
Analysis:
"Astatementissuedbythereceiver,Deloitte'sDavidCarson,confirmedthat,ofthe670employees,480ofthemwouldbelaidoff"vs."Astatementfromthereceiver,DavidCarsonofDeloitte,confirmedthat480ofthe670employeeshavebeenmaderedundant".
ThestructureofWikipedia'sstatementisessentiallythesameastheoriginal.Changingasinglewordandslightlyreorderingonephraseisnotenoughtoconstituteaparaphrase.
"TheyinsistedtheywouldrefusetoleaveuntiltheyhadmetwithCarson"vs."TheemployeessaytheywillnotbeleavinguntiltheymeetwithMr.Carson".Thestructureofthissentenceisthesameastheoriginalwithtoomuchsimilaritywithinthestructureoftheparagraph.
"therewasaminorscuffleduringwhichthemaindoortothevisitors'centrewasdamaged"vs."Thereweresomescufflesatonepointandamaindoortothevisitors'centrewasdamaged".
Thestructureandlanguageofthetwosentencesarethesame."LocalSinnFinCouncillorJoeKellywasamongstthosewhooccupiedthevisitors'gallery"vs."LocalSinnFinCouncillorJoeKelly,whoisoneofthosecurrentlyoccupyingthevisitors'gallery".
Thisslightrewordingdoesnotchangethefactthattheunderlyingstructureandlanguagearethesame.Minorchanges,suchas"wasamongstthose">"isoneofthose"and"occupied">"currentlyoccupying",arenotenoughtoconstituteanoriginalrewritingofthepassage.
Seebelowforanexampleofanunusableparaphraserepairedtobecomeacceptable.
Howtowriteacceptablecontent
Toproperlyparaphrasecontent,youreviewinformationfromreliablesources,extractthesalientpoints,anduseyourownwords,styleandsentencestructuretodrafttextforanarticle.[8][9]
Takenotes
Oneofthekeyfactorsinthecreationofinadvertentcloseparaphrasingisstartingwithtexttakendirectlyfromthesource.Thewordchoiceandstylecaneasilyresurfacesinceitisforemostinourminds.Anapproachtoensurethatinformationisfullyunderstoodandformedintouniquethoughtsistoisolatetheessentialinformationbytakingnotes.
Startoffbytakingnotesofessentialinformationonly,excludingtheuseofphrases.Recordthesourceforthecitation.Collectinformationfrommultiplesources.Thiswillhaveseveralbenefits:itpromotesatonewithaneutralpointofviewandproducesawellroundedunderstandingofthetopic.Italsomakesitlesslikelythatyourendresultwillfollowtoocloselyonanyonesource.Gathershortquotationswhentheypowerfullyillustrateapointforyourarticle.Overusecanresultinadisjointedarticleandmaybreachcopyright.(Extensivequotationsareforbiddenbypolicy.)
Writeadraft
Gatherrelateditemsfromthemultiplesourcesandexplainittoyourself:Thepointistorephraseorsummarizeabodyofinformationinyourownwordsandsentencestructure.Addinlinecitationsinaccordancewiththesourcingguideline.Allowtimebetweennotetakinganddraftingtoclearyourmindoftheoriginaldictionandbetterparaphrasethecontent.Don'tparaphraseinformationinthesameorderitwaspresentedfromthesource.
Review
Aftermaterialhasbeenwritten,returntothesourcetodoublecheckforcontentandproperlyparaphrasedlanguage.
Informationhasbeengatheredfromseveralsourcesanddistilledinyourwords.Quotationsareusedappropriatelyandinfrequently.Wordsorideasdonotfollowthesamepatternandorderasthesourcematerial.
-
25/05/2015 Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing 4/7
Theexampleaboveonthispageillustratesacommonwayinwhichpeoplecloselyparaphrasecontentthisonedemonstrateshowtoproperlysynthesizeandparaphraseinformation.
Example:closeparaphrasingrepaired
Considerthefollowingexampleofa"closeparaphrase"(unacceptableversion)andwaystocorrectittomakeanacceptableversion:
Example Wording CommentsSource BorninSlavery:SlaveNarrativesfromtheFederalWriters'Project,19361938containsmorethan
2,300firstpersonaccountsofslaveryand500blackandwhitephotographsofformerslaves.Thesenarrativeswerecollectedinthe1930saspartoftheFederalWriters'ProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministration(WPA)andassembledandmicrofilmedin1941astheseventeenvolumeSlaveNarratives:AFolkHistoryofSlaveryintheUnitedStatesfromInterviewswithFormerSlaves.ThisonlinecollectionisajointpresentationoftheManuscriptandPrintsandPhotographsDivisionsoftheLibraryofCongressandincludesmorethan200photographsfromthePrintsandPhotographsDivisionthatarenowmadeavailabletothepublicforthefirsttime.BorninSlaverywasmadepossiblebyamajorgiftfromtheCitigroupFoundation.Source:BorninSlavery,LibraryofCongress(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html)
Unacceptableversion Acollectionofmorethan2,300accountsofslaverytakendirectlyfromformerslavesand500blackandwhitephotographsmakeuptheBorninSlavery:SlaveNarrativesfromtheFederalWriters'Project,19361938.Inthe1930sthesenarrativeswerecompiledinthe1930saspartoftheFederalWriters'ProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministration(WPA).Theywereaggregatedandmicrofilmedin1941astheseventeenvolumeSlaveNarratives:AFolkHistoryofSlaveryintheUnitedStatesfromInterviewswithFormerSlaves.ThecollectionisaunitedeffortoftheManuscriptandPrintsandPhotographsDivisionsoftheLibraryofCongress.CitigroupFoundationmadetheBorninSlaverypossiblebyamajorgift.
Thestructureofthisversionisessentiallythesameastheoriginal.Changingafewwordsandslightlyreorderingphrasesisnotenoughtoconstituteaparaphrase.
Correctingissuesstep1)Bringinothersource(s).
TheSlaveNarrativeCollectionprovidesauniqueandvirtuallyunsurpassedcollectiveportraitofahistoricalpopulation.Indeed,historianDavidBrionDavishasarguedthatthevoluminousnumberofdocumentedslavetestimoniesavailableintheUnitedStates"isindisputablyuniqueamongformerslaveholdingnations."Inadditiontothesubstantialnumberoflifehistoriesitcontains,themostcompellingfeatureofthecollectionisthecompositionofthesampleofpeoplewhomadeupitsinformants.Althoughnotarepresentativesampleoftheslavepopulation,theywerearemarkablydiverseandinclusivecrosssectionofformerslaves.Thosewhosevoicesareincludedinthecollectionrangedinagefromonetofiftyatthetimeofemancipationin1865,whichmeantthatmorethantwothirdswereovereightywhentheywereinterviewed.Source:ACollectivePortrait(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snintro01.html)
Bringinginothersourceshelpstoensurethatthere'sagoodunderstandingofthetopicandaneutralpointofview.
Correctingissuesstep2)Readsourceinformation,preferablytakingnotestoextractessentialpoints,andwriteasummaryinyourownwords,therebyproducinganacceptableversion.
Inthe1930saWorksProgressAdministration(WPA)project,calledFederalWriters'Project,wasconductedtocapturethehistoryrecordofpeoplebornintoslavery.Atthetimeoftheproject2/3rdsofthemorethan2,300menandwomeninterviewedwereovertheageofeighty,havingbeenonetofiftyyearsofagewhentheyobtainedtheirfreedomin1865.Over500blackandwhitephotographsweretakenofinterviewsubjects.TheLibraryofCongressManuscriptandPrintandPhotographDivisionsassembledaseventeenvolumecollectionfromtheset,called"BorninSlavery:SlaveNarrativesfromtheFederalWriters'Project,19361938."DavidBrionDavis,ahistorian,claimedthatthelargecollection"isindisputablyuniqueamongformerslaveholdingnations."
Thisversionbringstogetherinformationfromtwosources,withoutmaintainingtheprevioussentencestructureorstyle.
Seealso:Wikipedia:Theperfectarticle
Existingcloseparaphrasing
Detecting
Unlikestraightforwardcopyrightviolations,closeparaphrasingisnotoriouslydifficulttodetectfrequentlythecontributorwilladdwikisyntaxandwriteinthestyleofaWikipediaarticle.Herearesomewaysyoumightdetectit:
Lookfordisjointedandsuddenchangesinthetone,vocabulary,andstyleofcontentintroducedbythesamecontributor.Forexample,"Thecatisasmallpredatorycarnivorousspeciesofcrepuscularmammal.Housecatsliketokillmiceandbats."Lookforredundantcontentthismaybeasignthattwoormoresourceswerecloselyparaphrased.Forexample,"Thecatisasmallpredatorycarnivorousspeciesofcrepuscularmammal.Likemanypets,domesticcatsarecarnivorous."Lookforcontentthatresemblescontentincludedinaquotation.Examinethetalkpagesofmajorcontributorsandotherpageswheretheyhavewrittenintheirownwords,anddetermineiftheirarticlecontributionssubstantiallydifferintone,structure,andvocabularyfromthesediscussions.Takeshortphrasesfromthearticleandputtheminasearchengine.Takealookattheresultsandseeiftheycloselyresemblethearticle.
Addressing
Yourapproachmayvarydependingupontheseverityoftheconcern.Hereareacoupleofwaystomanagecloseparaphraseconcerns.
Flagtheproblem
Insertacloseparaphrasetemplateorfollowcopyrightinfringementdiscussion:Yourapproachheremaydependupontheextensivenessoftheissuesyoudiscover.
Youcanusethe{{Closeparaphrasing}}template,whichcanbecustomizedtoidentifythesourceandtoindicateifthesourceispublicdomain,tomarkitforcleanup:
Thisarticleorsectioncontainscloseparaphrasingofoneormorenonfreecopyrightedsources.Ideasinthisarticleshouldbeexpressedinanoriginalmanner.Seethetalkpagefordetails.
However,ifyoubelievethatthecloseparaphrasinginquestionissoclosethatitinfringescopyright,insteadfollowtheinstructionsatTemplate:Copyvio,whichmayrequireremovingtheparaphrasingcontentuntilitcanberepaired.Unlesscloseparaphrasingisimmediatelyobvious,itisgoodpracticetocitespecificpassagesalongsidethecorrespondingpassagefromthesourceonthetalkpagetohighlighttheirsimilaritythiswillprovideobjectiveevidenceofclose
-
25/05/2015 Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing 5/7
paraphrasing.
Noticetothecontributor
Itisimportanttodiscussyourconcernswiththecontributor.Manypeoplewhoparaphrasetoocloselyarenotintentionallyinfringing,butjustdon'tknowhowtoproperlyparaphrase.Itmighthelptopointthemtothisessayortothereferencesandresourceslistedhere,whichincludesomepointersforproperparaphrasing.
Exampleapproachestodiscussingwithothereditors
Note:Alltextintheseexamplesisdedicatedbyitsauthorstothepublicdomain
Thefollowingexamplemessagescanbecopiedandpasteddirectlyfromthispage,althoughyouwillneedtofillinyourownexamplecloseparaphrasesaswellassupplyingthearticle'stitleandthesourceURL.Themessagesstrivetoavoidaccusationswhileatthesametimepointingtoclearinstructionsonhowtofixerrorsofthissort.Thespacesforexamplesfromtheeditor'sinappropriatetextareprovidedbecauseevenexperiencedorgoodfaitheditorsmaynotrecognizewheretheissuesliewithoutthem.Ifthereisapassageofseveralconsecutivesentenceswhichisacontinuouscloseparaphrase,thismayalonebeasufficientdemonstration.Otherwise,showingthepatterninseveralseparatedsentencesistypicallybetterthanofferingone,briefexample.
Extensiveproblems
ThefollowingexamplewasengineeredforcaseswhentheparaphrasingiscloseenoughtorequireblankingofthearticleandlistingatWikipedia:Copyrightproblems.Itwouldnotbeappropriateforsituationswherethe{{closeparaphrasing}}templateisused,sincerewritingcanbedoneonthespotratherthaninatemporarypage.Youmayusethisexampleverbatim,ifyouwish,butmayandshouldmodifyitifitisnotcompletelyappropriatetothecircumstances.
Limitedproblems
Thisexamplewasengineeredforcaseswhentheparaphrasingisnotenoughofaconcerntorequireblankingandlistingandthe{{closeparaphrasing}}templateisusedinstead.Youmayusethisexampleverbatim,ifyouwish,butmayandshouldmodifyitifitisnotcompletelyappropriatetothecircumstances.
Relevantpoliciesandguidelines
AnumberofWikipediapoliciesandguidelinesarerelevanttothisessay.Theyinclude:
WP:ORIGINAL.Policystatingthat,whilearticlesshouldbewritteninyourownwords,theyshouldsubstantiallyretainthemeaningofthesourcematerialWP:COPYRIGHT.PolicythatdescribesgeneralprinciplesthatapplytouseofcopyrightedworkWP:COPYVIO.Policythatdescribescopyrightviolationsandhowtoaddressthem.WP:NFCC.PolicythatdefineslimitationsonuseofnonfreecontentWP:NONFREE.GuidelinethatexpandsonWP:NFCCanddescribeswhennonfreematerialmaybeusedunderthe"fairuse"principleWP:PLAGIARISM.Guidelinethatdescribestheimportanceofattributingthesourcesused,evenwhentheymaybeoutofcopyrightWP:MOSQUOTE.Guidelinethatdescribeshowquotationsshouldbefaithfullyreproduced,clearlyidentifiedasquotations
SeveralWikipediaarticlesdiscussrelatedtopicssuchasCopyrightlawoftheUnitedStates,fairuse,plagiarism,moralrightsandparaphrasingofcopyrightedmaterial.Thesemaybeofinteresttoeditors.However,theymayhaveinaccuraciesoromissions,andWikipediahasabroaderaimofprovidingmaterialthatmaybeusedanywhereforanypurpose,whichimposesfurtherrestrictionsthataredefinedinourpoliciesandguidelines.
Seealso
Wikipedia:Plagiarism(guideline)GuidelineonWikipedia'sdefinitionofandapproachtohandlingplagiarismtoavoidmakingtheworkofotherslooklike
Hi.I'mafraidthe[[ArticleName]]articleyouwrotemaybeaproblemunderourcopyrightpolicies,sincethetextseemsvery[[WP:closeparaphrasing|closelyparaphrased]]from[source].Whilefactsarenotcopyrightable,creativeelementsofpresentationincludingbothstructureandlanguageare.Foranexampleofcloseparaphrasing,considerthefollowing::examplefromsourceThearticlesays::examplefromarticleThereareotherpassagesthatsimilarlyfollowquiteclosely.
Asawebsitethatiswidelyreadandreused,WikipediatakescopyrightveryseriouslytoprotecttheinterestsoftheholdersofcopyrightaswellasthoseoftheWikimediaFoundationandourreusers.Wikipedia's[[WP:C|copyrightpolicies]]requirethatthecontentwetakefromnonfreesources,asidefrombriefandclearlymarkedquotations,berewrittenfromscratch.
Thearticlehasbeenreplacedwithanoticeofthesecopyrightconcernsthatincludesdirectionsforresolvingthem.Ifthematerialcanbeverifiedtobe[[Wikipedia:Compatiblelicense|compatiblylicensed]]or[[Wikipedia:Publicdomain|publicdomain]]orif[[WP:IOWN|permissionisprovided]],wecanusetheoriginaltextwithproperattribution.Ifyoucanresolveitthatway,pleaseletmeknowifyouneedassistancewiththosedirections.Otherwise,sothatwecanbesureitdoesnotconstituteaderivativework,thisarticleshouldberewrittenthereisalinktoatemporaryspaceforthatpurposeintheinstructionswhichnowappearinplaceofthearticle.Theessay[[Wikipedia:Closeparaphrasing]]containssomesuggestionsforrewritingthatmayhelpavoidtheseissues.Thearticle[[Wikipedia:WikipediaSignpost/20090413/Dispatches]],whileaboutplagiarismratherthancopyrightconcerns,alsocontainssomesuggestionsforreusingmaterialfromsourcesthatmaybehelpful,beginningunder"Avoidingplagiarism".
Pleaseletmeknowifyouhavequestionsaboutthis.~~~~
Hi.I'mafraidthe[[ArticleName]]articleyoucontributedtohaspartswhicharevery[[WP:closeparaphrasing|closelyparaphrased]]from[source].Thiscanbeaproblemunderbothour[[WP:C|copyrightpolicies]]andour[[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|guidelineonplagiarism]].
Whilefactsarenotcopyrightable,creativeelementsofpresentationincludingbothstructureandlanguageare.Foranexampleofcloseparaphrasing,considerthefollowing:Thesourcesays::examplefromsourceThearticlesays::examplefromarticleThisisanexamplethereareotherpassagesthatsimilarlyfollowquiteclosely.
Asawebsitethatiswidelyreadandreused,WikipediatakescopyrightveryseriouslytoprotecttheinterestsoftheholdersofcopyrightaswellasthoseoftheWikimediaFoundationandourreusers.Wikipedia's[[WP:C|copyrightpolicies]]requirethatthecontentwetakefromnonfreesources,asidefrombriefandclearlymarkedquotations,berewrittenfromscratch.Sothatwecanbesureitdoesnotconstitutea[[derivativework]],thisarticleshouldberevisedtoseparateitfurtherfromitssource.Theessay[[Wikipedia:Closeparaphrasing]]containssomesuggestionsforrewritingthatmayhelpavoidtheseissues.Thearticle[[Wikipedia:WikipediaSignpost/20090413/Dispatches]]alsocontainssomesuggestionsforreusingmaterialfromsourcesthatmaybehelpful,beginningunder"Avoidingplagiarism".
Pleaseletmeknowifyouhavequestionsaboutthis.~~~~
-
25/05/2015 Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing 6/7
yourown.Let'sgetseriousaboutplagiarism,Signpost(dispatch)ThoroughdiscussionofWikipedia'spositionregardingplagiarism,includinghowtoavoidit,goodpracticesandhowtodetectit.Copypaste(informationpage)Informationaboutplagiarismandcopyrightconcernswithcopypaste,whichcannotbedoneexceptinthecaseofshortquotations.Paraphrasingofcopyrightedmaterial(article)Anoverviewofhowcloseparaphrasingistreatedundervariousjurisdictions'copyrightlaws.Ideaexpressiondivide(article)Ideaexpressiondividelimitsthescopeofcopyrightprotectionbydifferentiatinganideafromtheexpressionormanifestationofthatidea.Derivativeworks(copyrightFAQ)Discussionofderivativework:acopyrightconcernwheresomethingthatis"basedonandaclosecopyof"anotherwork.Derivativeworks(talkpage)Discussionofparaphraseandabridgement,acopyrightconcern.Quotationcopyrightandfairuse(essay)Properuseofquotationsinarticles,withcopyrightand"fairuse"considerations.Substantialsimilarity(article)SubstantialsimilarityisthestandarddevelopedandusedbyUnitedStatescourtstodeterminewhetheradefendanthasinfringedthereproductionrightofacopyright.Scnesfaire(article):sometimesthereareonlysomanywaystosaysomethingHowtowriteaplotsummary(essay)Informationabouthowtowriteaplotsummaryforaworkoffiction.PlotonlydescriptionoffictionalworksAmongotherthings,discusseshowtoavoidcopyrightviolationswhenwritingaboutfictionalworks.Plagiarismdetectionincludesalistoffreeandcommercialplagiarismdetectiontools.Template:uwparaphraseuserwarningwhichcanbeusedforuserswhichparaphrasecopyrightedmaterialonWikipedia.
References1. Keller,BruceP.JeffreyP.Cunard(2001).CopyrightLaw:APractitioner'sGuide.PractisingLawInstitute.p.1141.ISBN1402400500.2. KellerandCunard,1140.3. Anexceptionwouldbewhencloselyparaphrasingacompatiblylicensedsourcethatisnotpermissibleasacitation.Forinstance,onemaycloselyparaphraseanotherWikipedia
articleorusecontentfromanothercompatiblylicensedusergeneratedwiki,solongasthecontentmeetscorecontentpolicies.Attributionmayberequired,asexplainedatWikipedia:Plagiarism#Copyingmaterialfromfreesources,butcitingitisasourcemightbeagainstpolicy.
4. "CopyrightProtectionNotAvailableforNames,Titles,orShortPhrases"(http://copyright.gov/circs/circ34.pdf)(PDF).UnitedStatesCopyrightOffice.Retrieved2October2014.5. InFeistPublicationsv.RuralTelephoneService,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtnotedthatfactualcompilationsofinformationmaybeprotectedwithrespectto"selectionand
arrangement,solongastheyaremadeindependentlybythecompilerandentailaminimaldegreeofcreativity,"as"[t]hecompilationauthortypicallychooseswhichfactstoinclude,inwhatordertoplacethem,andhowtoarrangethecollecteddatasothattheymaybeusedeffectivelybyreaders"theCourtalsoindicatedthat"originalityisnotastringentstandarditdoesnotrequirethatfactsbepresentedinaninnovativeorsurprisingway"andthat"[t]hevastmajorityofworksmakethegradequiteeasily,astheypossesssomecreativespark,'nomatterhowcrude,humbleorobvious'itmightbe."("Decision"(http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=499&invol=340).FeistPublications,Inc.,v.RuralTelephoneServiceCo.,499U.S.340(1991).)
6. "StaffprotestoverWaterfordCrystalclosure"(http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0130/wedgwood.html).Retrieved20110628.7. Wikipediaarticle20082009Irishfinancialcrisis(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008%E2%80%932012_Irish_financial_crisis&oldid=283141055),200904118. PurdueOWLcontributors(20100421)."Paraphrase:WriteitinYourOwnWords"(http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/).TheWritingLab&TheOWLatPurdue
andPurdueUniversity.Retrieved20110628.9. "HowtoParaphraseWithoutPlagiarizing"(http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/researchsources/includingsources/paraphrasing/without.cfm).ColoradoStateUniversity.19932011.
Retrieved20110628.
Externallinks
Paraphrase:WriteitinYourOwnWords(http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/),PurdueUniversityHowtoParaphraseWithoutPlagiarizing(http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/researchsources/includingsources/paraphrasing/without.cfm),ColoradoStateUniversity
EssaysaboutWikipedia
Essaysonbuilding,editing,anddeletingcontent
Philosophy
ArticlesmustbewrittenAvoidvagueintroductionsBeareliablesourceCohesionConcedelostarguments8simplerulesforeditingourencyclopedia
ExplanationismExternalcriticismofWikipediaHeretobuildanencyclopediaMostideasarebadNoteditingbecauseofWikipediarestriction
NeutralityofSourcesOversimplificationParadoxesParaphrasingPOVandORfromeditors,sources,andfieldsProduct,process,policyPurpose
TenSimpleRulesforEditingWikipediaTendentiouseditingTheroleofpoliciesincollaborativeanarchyTherulesareprinciplesTrifectaWikipediainbrief
WikipediaisanencyclopediaWikipediaisacommunity
Construction
100KfeaturedarticlesAnavboxoneverypageAcronymOverkillAdvancedarticleeditingAdvancedtableformattingAdvancedtemplatecoding
AdvancedtextformattingAlternativestothe"Expand"templateAmnesiatestAnunfinishedhouseisarealproblemArticleshaveahalflifeAutosizingimages
AvoidmissionstatementsBareURLsBeneutralinformBeefupthatfirstrevisionCherrypickingChildren'slit,adultnewreaders,&largeprintbooks
CitationoverkillConceptcloudCreatingcontroversialcontentDictionariesassourcesDon'tdemolishthehousewhileit'sstillbeingbuilt
Don'thopethehousewillbuilditselfDon'tleavegiantbreaksbetweensectionsDon'tpanicEditingonmobiledevicesEditorsarenotmindreaders
Endorsements(commercial)FeaturedarticlesmayhaveproblemsGiveanarticleachanceIgnoreSTRONGNATfordateformatsInaccuracyLawsources
LinkrotMineasourceMergeTestMinorsandpersonsjudgedincompetent"Murderof"articlesNoteverystory/event/disasterneedsabiography
NoteverythingneedsanavboxNothingisinstonePermastubPotential,notjustcurrentstatePrintabilityPruningarticlerevisionsPublicists
PutalittleeffortintoitRestoringpartofarevertededitRoboticeditingShamconsensusRunaneditathonTemporaryversionsofarticlesThereisadeadline
ThereisnodeadlineThedeadlineisnowWalledgardenWhatanarticleshouldnotincludeWikipediaisaworkinprogress
WikipediaisnotbeingwritteninanorganizedfashionTheworldwillnotendtomorrowWritethearticlefirstWritingbetterarticles
Deletion
AdjectivesinyourrecommendationsAfDisnotawarzoneArgumentstoavoidindeletiondiscussionsArgumentstoavoidindeletionreviews
ArgumentstoavoidinimagedeletiondiscussionsArgumentstomakeindeletiondiscussionsAvoidrepeatedargumentsBeforecommentinginadeletiondiscussion
Buttheremustbesources!ContentremovalDeletethejunkDoesdeletionhelpDon'toveruseshortcutstopolicyandguidelinestowinyourargument
FollowtheleaderHowtosaveanarticleproposedfordeletionIjustdon'tlikeitImmunityLiarLiarPantsonFireNothingOverzealousdeletion
RelistingcanbeabusiveWikipediaisnotWhackAMoleWhywasthepageIcreateddeleted?Whattodoifyourarticlegetstaggedforspeedydeletion
Whenindoubt,hideitinthewoodwork
Essaysoncivility
ThebasicsHowtobecivilCompromiseAcceptingotherusersEnjoyyourselfThankyouApologizingTruceDivisivenessEncouragingnewcomers
RelationshipswithacademiceditorsHighfunctioningautismandAsperger'seditors
-
25/05/2015 Wikipedia:CloseparaphrasingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing 7/7
PhilosophyAnuncivilenvironmentisapoorenvironmentBetheglueCivilitywarningsDeletionasrevengeFailureForgiveandforgetIt'snottheendoftheworld
NobodycaresMostpeoplewhodisagreewithyouoncontentarenotvandalsStayingcoolwhentheeditinggetshotThegreyzoneThelastword
TherulesofpolitediscourseThereisnocommonsenseWikipediaisnotaboutwinningWritingfortheopponent
Dos
AssumegoodfaithAssumetheassumptionofgoodfaithAssumenoclueAssumeclueAvoidpersonalremarksAvoidtheword"vandal"Callaspadeaspade
CandorDropthestickandbackslowlyawayfromthehorsecarcassDenyrecognitionEncouragefulldiscussionsGetoveritHowtoloseJustdropit
MindyourownbusinessKeepitdowntoearth
Don'ts
Don'tgiveafuckDon'tbeinconsiderateDon'tberudeDon'tcallaspadeaspadeDon'tcallthekettleblackDon'ttakethebaitDonotinsultthevandals
Don'tcomedownlikeatonofbricksDon'tbeashamedDon'tdrinktheconsensusKoolAidDon'tspiteyourfaceDon'tcallthingscruftNoangrymastodons
No,youcan'thaveaponyDon'tbeanostrichDon'ttemplatetheregularsDon'tbeafanatic
Don'taccusesomeoneofapersonalattackforaccusingofapersonalattackDon'tfightfirewithfireDon'tbeprejudicedDon'tremindothersofpastmisdeeds
Don'tthrowyourtoysoutofthepramDon'thelptoomuchPassiveAggressiveDon'tcryCOIDon'tbeobnoxiousDon'tbeaWikiBigot
Wikirelations WikiLoveWikiHateWikiCrimeWikiBullyingWikiPeaceWikiLawyeringWikiHarassmentPOVRailroading
Essaysonnotability
Notability
AlternativeoutletsArticleswithasinglesourceBarenotabilityBombardmentBusinesseswithasinglelocationButit'strue!Citationoverkill
ClonesCoatrackDiscriminatevsindiscriminateinformationEverysnowflakeisuniqueExistenceNotabilityFart
GooglesearchesandnumbersHighSchoolsInclusionisnotanindicatorofnotabilityInherentnotabilityInsignificant
MaskingthelackofnotabilityMakestubsNewscoveragedoesnotdecreasenotabilityNoamountofeditingcanovercomealackofnotability
NobiglossNoonecaresaboutyourgaragebandNoonereallycaresNotability/Historical/ArgumentsNotabilitycannotbepurchased
NotabilityisnotalevelplayingfieldNotabilityisnotamatterofopinionNotabilitymeansimpactNotabilitypointsNotabilitysubpages
ObscurityLackofnotabilityOfflinesourcesOnehundredwordsOnesentencedoesnotanarticlemakeOtherstuffexistsPokmontest
RunofthemillSignificantcoveragenotrequiredSolutionsaremixturesandnothingelseSubjectiveimportanceWhatnotabilityisnot
Wikipediaisnotheretotelltheworldaboutyournoblecause
Generalnotabilityguideline IndependentsourcesSignificantcoverageThirdpartysourcesTrivialmentions
Humorousessays
Humorousmaterial
AssumebadfaithAssumegoodwraithAssumestupidityAssumethateveryone'sassuminggoodfaith,assumingthatyouareassuminggoodfaith
Assumethegoodfaithassumptionthateveryonehastheassumptionofeveryoneassuminggoodfaith,assumingthatyouareassumingtheassumptionofgoodfaith
AvoidusingpreviewbuttonAvoidusingwikilinksBOLD,revert,revert,revertBostonTeaPartyBarnstaritisDon'tgiveafuckismEditsPerDay
Goahead,vandalizeLamesteditwarsNewcomersaredelicious,sogoaheadandbitethemNoclimbingtheReichstagdressedasSpiderMan
Pleasebeagiantdick,sowecanbanyouPleasebitethenewbiesRespectHowmanyWikipediansdoesittaketochangealightbulb?
ThefirstruleofWikipediaTheFivePillarsofUntruthWatchlistitisWhynotcreateanAccount?
Inactivehistoricalreferences
BadJokesandOtherDeletedUnblockEmails
Aboutessays
AboutessaysValueofessaysDifferencebetweenpolicies,guidelinesandessaysEssaysarenotpolicyDon'tciteessaysasiftheywerepolicyAvoidwritingredundantessays
FindinganessayQuoteyourownessay
Relatedsubjects AboutpoliciesandguidelinesPoliciesGuidelines
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&oldid=651269946"
Categories: Wikipediasupplementalessays
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon14March2015,at00:36.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.