Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45: 189–232, 2006Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 0367-0244 print / 1534-5237 onlineDOI: 10.1080/03670240600648963

189

GEFN0367-02441534-5237Ecology of Food and Nutrition, Vol. 45, No. 03, March 2006: pp. 0–0Ecology of Food and Nutrition

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS AND THEIR TRADITIONAL

USE IN THE HUMAN NUTRITION IN

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA

Wild Edible Plants in Bosnia-HerzegovinaS. J. REDZIC

SULE JMAN REDZIC

Center of Ecology and Natural Resources, University of Sarajevo, Department of Botany, Sarajevo, Bosnia, Herzegovina

This article presents first systematical procedure results on traditional usageof wild, edible, vitaminous, and aromatic plants in the nutrition of humanpopulation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (W. Balkan peninsula; SE Europe). Bymethod of an ethnobotanical interview, which comprised of over 250persons, whose average age was 55, and by research on edible wild flora allaround Bosnia and Herzegovina that extended over many years, detectedwere 308 plants belonging to 73 plant families that are being used in nutritionand diet of indigenous population. Edible wild plants are used as deliciousvegetables, fruits, peer and spices, in either fresh, raw, or dried condition.Plants are being used for the making of cooked food (33%), fresh salads(19%), mush and bread (17%), or as fresh, wild fruits and drinks (13%) or asspices and ethno-pharmacological potions (10%). The majority of identified,wild edible plants may satisfy the daily human need for elementary nutritionmaterial, particularly those of vitamins C and A, and for some minerals,according to the regulations of World Health Organization (WHO).

KEYWORDS nutrition, wild food, human ecology, ethnobotany, biodiver-sity, Balkan peninsula

Address correspondence to Sule Jman Redzic, Center of Ecology and NaturalResources, University of Sarajevo, Department of Botany, 33-35 Zmaja od Bosne Street,71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia. E-mail: redzic0102@yahoo.com

190 S. J. REDZIC

INTRODUCTION

One of the most important problems of the current era is hunger. Despitethe fact of stepping into the 21st century, according to World HealthOrganizations (WHO’s) estimation, more than one-third of human popu-lation suffers from hunger or severe malnutrition, one-third goes to bedsemi-hungry or hungry, while only one-third of the world population fullyenjoys all the benefits of adequate food supply (ACC/SCN, 1992–1993).

On the other hand, there has been an increasing trend of food con-tamination by various kind of toxic compounds (pesticides, fertilizers, allsorts of pollutants from the environment), which is prevalent most factorthat influences human health. This kind of food additives cause a widespectrum of pathological conditions in the human body, including differ-ent forms of cancer (WHO, 1995). It would be impossible to excludethese food from the human diet entirely due to an increase in hunger alladditives over the world. However, certain preventive measures and stepscan be undertaken in order to improve the current situation as much aspossible.

Hence, there are two major problems facing mankind when it comesto the human diet: First, how to discover potential food resources anddecrease hunger that becomes more prevalent everyday, and second howto provide sources of healthy food that would be acceptable for humans.One part of the solution should be looked for in the bio-technology andnew technological discoveries. It is commonly believed that this dilemmawill be successfully solved in future and that hunger will be minimized ingeneral, or at least evenly distributed on the planet. But in these moderndays, there are hungry people who require only minimal assistance to besufficiently supplied with food, while the rest of the population urgentlyneeds a larger amount of healthy and ecologically safe food.

Wilderness in many parts of the world rich in self-grown vitaminousand spicy plant species that could be a solid base for solving these prob-lems. Although these resources are not an adequate basis for human diet,they could be an important source of supplementary food for starvingpopulations and a dietary replacement for populations that in their dailydiet consume unhealthy food (Colic 1962; Becker, 1983; Agrahar-Murugkar and Subbulakshmi, 2005; Addis et al., 2005).

Usage of self-grown plants in human diet has been present since theearly age of mans existence (Moffett, 1991; Kubiak-Martens, 1999). Thatkind of practice has continued up to modern age, especially in countries

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 191

that have been struck by chronic hunger or periodical hunger cycles(Vracaric, 1977; Sena et al., 1998; Hanazaki et al., 2000; Ladio, 2000;Lockett and Grivetti, 2000; Britta et al., 2003; Kristensen and Balslev,2003; Tabuti et al., 2004; Glew et al., 2005).

Besides, usage of plants belonging to the wild flora, is common todayas a supplement for healthy diet, even in the most developed regions ofthe world. Thus Nasturtium officinale is a necessary ingredient of salads inScandinavian dishes and Valerianella locusta and Asparagus officinale areirreplaceable vegetables in Mediterranean countries (Grlie, 1952; 1954;Bonet and Valles, 2002; Guarrerra, 2003). Wild fruits of the followingspecies: Fragaria vesca, Rubus ideaeus, R. fruticosus, R. hirtus, R. caesius,R. dalmatinus, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Cornus mas, Sorbustorminalis, and S. aucuparia are highly valued in many developed coun-tries (Fleischhauer, 2003; Sanghvi, 2004).

The problem of nutrition and a supply of sufficient food quantitieshas been present in the regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the entireBalkan Peninsula over the past centuries, especially in the western parts.Since the beginning of human settlement on the Balkan Peninsula, whichgoes back to the early neolith era, man has been fighting for his survival(Fukarek, 1954; Kusan, 1956; Josifovic, 1989). This area was oftenstricken by crises that were followed by a lack of food over the past his-torical eras. People were starving not only during dry seasons of theyears, but also during the wars or similar disasters, despite the fact thatthere was a very rich wild flora and fauna surrounding them. Wild floraand fauna were not utilized fully in human nutrition, which was broughtabout by widespread beliefs and prejudices. Especially in some parts ofBosnia, the following organisms were seldom used in human diet: snakes,snails, frogs, and wild vegetables. Inland people were very conservativein this point-of-view, while inhabitants of the coastline have cherishedcustoms to use both flora and fauna in their daily nutrition since earlyages. This can be explained by a small yield of cultivated plants due tocommon drought during the vegetative season, and progressive land ero-sion. Thus, inhabitants of coastline and southern Herzegovina werepushed to eat “everything that was green” in order to survive and main-tain a basic existence (Bakic and Skare-Kavric, 1967; Bakota, 1967).

In other areas during the years of hunger, people preferred to eatcord (leather pieces from their shoes) or beech’s bark, rather than wildfauna or delicious wild vegetables. Flowering plants were not evenconsidered (Filipovic, 1953).

192 S. J. REDZIC

Despite a lack of education in possible sources of food that are to befound in nature, the population of this part of the Balkan Peninsula in itsquite long history has developed and cherished the knowledge of nutri-tion with the dominance of wild edible vitaminous and aromatic plantsover a particular year’s seasons. Even today in some parts of Herzegovina,such as the Mediterranean Mountains, during the period of cold andstrong winds, fundamental fruits for the local population are fruits of wildplants: Crataegus monogyna, Cornus mas, Sorbus torminalis, Prunus avium,especially for the children. When the richness of local flora and fauna, aswell as possibility of its usage in both daily life and extraordinary situa-tions, became obvious to humans, systematic investigation have beenstarted in edible wild flora and fauna. One reason for this was to fulfillarmy requirements for development of techniques for survival in nature(Drobnjak, 1962; Ivanisevic, 1962; Colic, 1967; Rajsic, 1974; Vracaricet al., 1966, 1967; Vracaric, 1977; Grlic, 1980). These investigations havecontinued in cooperation with several scientific and research institutions,as well as with some groups interested in the application of survivingactivities in nature.

Wild edible flora did not play a major role in the population’ssurvival only in ancient days. It was crucial in maintenance of lives dur-ing the recent war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in the cities thatwere under siege. At that point, in order to secure the survival of citizensby usage of wild flora in their diet, the Civil Protection Center, requestedexperts in this field to conduct a study that would enlighten possibilitiesof human survival in the situation of great shortages of food (Redzic,1993).

There has been an increasing need for an intensive study on potentialsources of healthy food contained in wild flora and fauna due to thegrowing problem of food shortages and the survival of humans under dif-ferent conditions. Diversity of flora and fauna in some areas of the worldhas particular value. One of these is the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Mediterranean mountainous country in the central part of the BalkanPeninsula. This is the one of the richest country’s in Europe when itcomes to the diversity of wild flora (Redzic et al., 2003). Its naturalresources have to be studied and made available local community.

The aims of this article are:

• inventarization and documentation of wild edible plants usage byBosnian communities;

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 193

• assessment of the wild edible plants usages;• assessment of the most common species used in Bosnia and Herzegovina;• collecting of data on ways of meal’s preparation;• contemplating of nutrition values and comparative analyses of

nutrition characteristics with plants from other areas, and evaluationpossibilities of disposable species of wild plants in new forms ofnutrition of contemporary man.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Area

Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) are located in the northwestern part ofthe Balkan Peninsula with a total land area of 51,129 km2 and some4, 600, 000 inhabitants (Redzic et al., 2003). The total length of the landboundaries is 1,459 km, and that of the coastline is 20 km (Figure 1).This is mainly a hilly mountainous region. Only 5% of the total countryarea belongs to plains, 24% to hills, 42% to mountains, and 29% to

Figure 1. Geographical position of investigated area.

194 S. J. REDZIC

karst. Karst fields comprise up to 19% of the karstic area. Mean altitudeabove sea level is cca. 500 m (from the sea level in Neum-Klek to the MtMaglic top 2,387 m).

The climate is very heterogeneous: Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean,temperate continental, continental, and mountainous climate. A hydro-logic network exists in numerous rivers belonging to the Black Sea basin(Una, Vrbas, Bosna, and Drina) and rivers belonging to the Adriatic Seabasin (Neretva, Trebizat, and Trebisnica).

From a phytogeographical standpoint, this area belongs to three regions:Mediterranean with Adriatic province, Eurosiberian-Boreoamericanwith Illyirian province, Moesian province, and the province of relic pineforests. The highest peaks belong to the Alpine-high nordic region withmore than 50% of the high Dinaric province covered with naturalforests. The rest is covered with meadows, rocky grassland, and arableland. From an ecological standpoint, the largest part of the territory isstill clean and acceptable, and therefore it is suitable for utilization ofplant resources from their natural habitats for nutrition and healing.

Field Work

The basic method used for gathering of data was an ethnobotanical/ethnonutritional interview. The interview contained the following data:

• name and age of interviewed person• area/region• time of interview• local name(s) of herbs• part of the plant that was being used• mode of preparation of nutritive potion• purpose of usage• place of growing• Other important remarks (e.g., evaluation of conservatory status).

More than 250 adults were interviewed, average age 55, who have usedwild plants in their diet under varied circumstances. Interviewed personswere members of different ethnical groups. Almost 60% were BosnianMuslims, 39% were Bosnian Catholics and Orthodoxs, and severalHebrews and other ethnic and minority groups were also interviewed.Approximately 65% were women and 45% were men.

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 195

During every field visit, all persons that spent time in nature in anyway, were interviewed if they use or are knowledgeable in the usage ofwild flora with dietary purposes (mountaineers, collectors of medicinaherbs, nomads, nomad populations). On several occasions, collectedherb material was displayed to the locals (in villages, suburban areas ofcities, mountain lodges, mountain camps) and for those plants that wereidentified by them, information on its usage were recorded. Each plantthat was presented to the interviewees by the investigator and recognizedas having dietary purposes, was collected, photographed, and storedwithin the herbaria.

Intensive field explorations were done in three seasons: spring,summer, and early autumn of 2000–2004.

An enormous amount of very useful information on usage of wildflora in nutrition, both under normal and extraordinary circumstances,were collected by the author during training on survival in nature, inwhich the author took part (Redzic, 1993), and during the mapping offlora and vegetation (Redzic et al., 1984, 1985, 1986). Data on nutritionvalues of many autonomous edible plants were extracted from the litera-ture (Vracaric, 1977; Grlic, 1980; Redzic, 1993).

All plant material has been placed within the herbaria and stored inthe herbaria of medical and edible plants in the Center of Ecology andNatural Resources at the Faculty of Science, Sarajevo University(CEPRES HERB) and in the herbaria of the National Museum of B&H(SARA). A herbaria number, was assigned to each identified plantspecies.

Laboratory Work

Determination of plant material has been carried out by the author andfinal determination of some questionable data has been carried out onbehalf of determined herbaria specimens from SARA and CEPRESHERB, and relevant literature (Hayek, 1927–33; Beck-Mannageta andMaly, 1950; Beck-Mannageta et al., 1967, 1974, 1983) Nomenclature ofthe plant species and their systematical belonging was determinedaccording to the Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1964–1980). Preparatoryprocedures and fields of usage were categorized according to the follow-ing authors: Vracaric, (1977); Grlic (1980); Josifovic (1989); and Redzic(1993).

196 S. J. REDZIC

Data Analyses

These investigations have been carried out in order to gather data on:

• number of edible and some aromatic plants used in traditionalnutrition,

• local plant name(s),• number of plant families and the most frequent families,• the most frequent plant species used in nutrition,• types of habitats and plant communities where species lives,• parts of plants being used,• classification of edible plants,• forms and presence of preparations.

RESULTS

General Data on Edible Plants

During these investigations, it has been determined that 308 vascular plantspecies of wild flora have had significant importance in traditional nutri-tion and ethnoecology in B&H. An overview on these plants and theirbasic data were given in Table 1. The most frequently used plants in theentire B&H region are: Urtica dioica, Fagus sylvatica, Epilobium angustifo-lium, Chenopodium bonus-henricus, Brassica sp., Castanea sativa, Alchemillasp., Allium ursinum, Beta sp., Atriplex sp., Rubus sp., Fragaria sp., Sorbussp., Malva sp., Melissa officinalis, Mentha sp., Oxalis acetrosella, Plantagosp., Polygonum bistorta, Rumex acetosa, Portulaca oleracea, Polypodium vul-gare, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus sp., Rosa sp., Sambucus sp., Sempervi-vum sp., Tussilago farfara, Orchis sp., Arbutus unedo, Taraxacum officinale,Cichorium intybus, Nasturtium officinale, and others.

For the first time in the B&H region the following edible species havebeen recorded: Alchemilla xanthochlora, Althaea rosea, Barbarea bosniaca,Geum montanum, G. rivale, Jovibarba globifera, Lilium cattaniae, Pinus hel-dreichii, Plantago reniformis, Silene bosniaca, Viola elegantula, and others.

Identifiable edible plants belong to 74 different plant families. Mostedible plants belong to the following families: Rosaceae (17%), Compositae(8%), Labiatae (7%), Cruciferae (6%), Liliaceae (6%), Leguminosae (6%),Polygonaceae (5%), and Umbelliferae (5%).

From an ecological and phytocoenological standpoint, determinedplants can be categorized within 49 vegetation orders, which express

197

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L.

Pep

elju

gaC

heno

podi

acea

eL

eave

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1302

Atr

iple

x ni

tens

L.

Sjaj

na lo

boda

Che

nopo

diac

eae

Lea

ves

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3118

02B

arba

rea

bosn

iaca

Mur

bek

Bos

ansk

a re

pnic

aC

ruci

fera

eL

eave

sO

nopo

rdet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3118

03B

arba

rea

vulg

aris

R.B

r.R

epni

ca o

bi1n

aC

ruci

fera

eL

eave

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1403

Bel

lis p

eren

nis

L.

Prs

tenj

akC

ompo

sita

eL

eave

sT

hero

-Bra

chyp

odie

talia

Sala

dE

3114

04B

ellis

syl

vest

ris

Cir

illo

Bije

la r

ada

Com

posi

tae

Lea

ves

Arr

hena

ther

etal

iaSa

lad

E31

0401

Ber

beri

s vu

lgar

is L

.Ž

utik

a, š

imši

rika

Ber

beri

dace

aeY

oung

sho

ots

Pru

neta

lia s

pino

sae

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3113

03B

eta

mar

itim

a L

.D

ivlja

blit

vaC

heno

podi

acea

eL

eave

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1304

Bet

a vu

lgar

is L

.B

litva

Che

nopo

diac

eae

Lea

ves

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3105

01B

etul

a pe

ndul

a R

oth.

Bre

zaB

etul

acea

eF

low

ers

and

juic

eQ

uerc

etal

ia

robo

ri –

pet

raea

eM

ush,

bre

ad

E31

1804

Bra

ssic

a ol

erac

ea L

.D

ivlji

kup

usC

ruci

fera

eL

eave

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaSa

lad

and

vege

tabl

esE

3118

05B

rass

ica

nigr

a (L

.)

W.D

.J.K

och.

Crn

a go

ruši

caC

ruci

fera

eL

eave

s an

d se

eds

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Sala

d an

d ve

geta

bles

Con

tinu

ed

200

Tab

le 1

.C

onti

nued

Vou

cher

Scie

ntif

ic N

ame

Loc

al N

ame

Fam

ilyP

art(

s) U

sed

Hab

itat

/Com

mun

ity

Pre

para

tion

/K

ind

of U

se

E32

5501

Bri

za m

axim

a L

.M

ajki

ne s

uze

Gra

min

eae

Spic

e w

ith

seed

sT

hero

-Bra

chyp

odie

talia

Mus

h, b

read

E32

5502

Bri

za m

edia

L.

Tre

slic

aG

ram

inea

eSp

ice

wit

h se

eds

Arr

hena

ther

etal

iaM

ush,

bre

adE

3224

01B

utom

us u

mbe

llatu

s L

.V

odol

jub

But

omac

eae

Gro

und

part

Phr

agm

itet

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

1903

Cal

luna

vul

gari

s (L

.) H

ull.

Vri

sE

rica

ceae

Flo

wer

sC

allu

no-U

licet

alia

Spic

eE

3140

01C

alth

a pa

lust

ris

L.

Kal

južn

ica

Ran

uncu

lace

aeY

oung

leav

es &

flo

wer

sM

olin

ieta

liaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

0801

Cam

panu

la g

lom

erat

a L

.Z

bije

ni z

von1

i0C

ampa

nula

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sA

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3108

02C

ampa

nula

pyr

amid

alis

L.

Pos

tije

nak

Cam

panu

lace

aeY

oung

sho

ots

Cen

taur

eo-

Cam

panu

leta

liaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

0803

Cam

panu

la r

apun

culo

ides

L.

Rep

ušic

aC

ampa

nula

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sB

rom

etal

ia e

rect

iC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

0804

Cam

panu

la tr

ache

lium

L.

Dla

kava

zvo

n1ik

aC

ampa

nula

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sF

aget

alia

, Pru

neta

lia

spin

osae

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E31

1001

Cap

pari

s sp

inos

a L

.K

apar

Cap

pari

dace

aeF

low

er b

uds

Cen

taur

eo-

Cam

panu

leta

liaSp

ice

E31

1806

Cap

sella

bur

sa-p

asto

ris

(L.)

M

ed.

Rus

oma1

aC

ruci

fera

eA

eria

l par

tC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1807

Car

dam

ine

prat

ensi

s L

.D

ivlji

hre

nC

ruci

fera

eL

eave

s an

d ro

otM

olin

ieta

liaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1808

Car

dari

a dr

aba

(L.)

Des

v.Sr

daši

caC

ruci

fera

eY

oung

sho

otO

nopo

rdet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3114

05C

arlin

a ac

aulis

L.

Vili

no s

ito

Com

posi

tae

Roo

tB

rom

etal

ia e

rect

iSa

lad

and

poti

onE

3149

03C

arum

car

vi L

.K

imU

mbe

llife

rae

Fru

itA

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

Spic

eE

3121

01C

asta

nea

sati

va M

ill.

Kes

ten,

mar

onF

agac

eae

Fru

itQ

uerc

etal

ia

robo

ri-p

etra

eae

Mus

h, b

read

E31

4801

Cel

tis

aust

ralis

L.

Koš

0ela

Ulm

acea

eF

ruit

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

on

201

E31

1406

Cen

taur

ea ja

cea

L.

Raz

li1ak

crv

eni

Com

posi

tae

You

ng le

aves

Arr

hena

ther

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1407

Cic

hori

um in

tybu

s L

.C

ikor

ija, v

odop

ijaC

ompo

sita

eR

oot &

you

ng le

aves

Art

emis

ieta

liaM

ush,

sal

adE

3113

05C

heno

podi

um a

lbum

L.

Lob

oda

Che

nopo

diac

eae

Lea

ves

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3113

06C

heno

podi

um

bonu

s-he

nric

us L

.B

rašn

jeni

kC

heno

podi

acea

eL

eave

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1424

Cir

sium

ole

race

um (

L.)

Sc

op.

Osj

akC

ompo

sita

eY

oung

sho

ots

Mol

inie

talia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E31

4002

Cle

mat

is v

ital

ba L

.P

avit

Ran

uncu

lace

aeY

oung

leav

esP

rune

talia

spi

nosa

eSp

ice

E31

1501

Cor

nus

mas

L.

Dri

jen

Cor

nace

aeF

ruit

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3116

01C

oryl

us a

vella

na L

.L

ijesk

aC

oryl

acea

eM

ale

flow

ers

& fr

uit

Cor

ylet

alia

ave

llane

Mus

h, b

read

E31

1602

Cor

ylus

col

urna

L.

Me1

ija li

jesk

aC

oryl

acea

eM

ale

flow

ers

& fr

uit

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Mus

h, b

read

E31

3906

Cot

onea

ster

inte

gerr

imus

M

edik

.D

unja

rica

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

07C

oton

east

er n

ebro

dens

is

(Gus

s.)

Koc

h.D

laka

va d

unja

rica

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

08C

rata

egus

laev

igat

a (P

oir.

) D

C.

Crv

eni g

log

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

& le

aves

Pru

neta

lia s

pino

sae

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

09C

rata

egus

mon

ogyn

a Ja

cq.

Jedn

osje

men

i glo

gR

osac

eae

Fru

it &

leav

esP

rune

talia

spi

nosa

eF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

4905

Cri

thm

um m

arit

imum

L.

Mat

arU

mbe

llife

rae

Aer

ial p

art

Cri

thm

o-S

tati

ceta

liaSa

lad

and

vege

tabl

esE

3256

01C

rocu

s ne

apol

itanu

s (L

.)

Hill

Šafr

anIr

idac

eae

Pis

til

Fag

etal

iaSp

ice

E32

5701

Cyp

erus

rot

undu

s L

.G

omol

jast

i šilj

Cyp

erac

eae

Gro

und

part

Phr

agm

itet

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

4915

Dau

cus

caro

ta L

.D

ivlja

mrk

vaU

mbe

llife

rae

Roo

t &

see

dsA

rtem

isie

talia

Spic

eE

1010

01D

ryop

teri

s fil

ix-m

as (

L.)

Sc

hott

.M

uška

pap

rat

Dry

opte

rida

ceae

Gro

und

part

Fag

etal

ia,

Vac

cini

o-P

icee

talia

Mus

h, b

read

Con

tinu

ed

202

Tab

le 1

.C

onti

nued

Vou

cher

Scie

ntif

ic N

ame

Loc

al N

ame

Fam

ilyP

art(

s) U

sed

Hab

itat

/Com

mun

ity

Pre

para

tion

/K

ind

of U

se

E31

3201

Epi

lobi

um a

ngus

tifo

lium

L.

Vrb

olik

aO

nagr

acea

eY

oung

sho

otE

pilo

biet

alia

an

gust

ifolia

eC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

4906

Ery

ngiu

m a

mat

hyst

inum

L.

Kot

rlja

n pl

avi

Um

belli

fera

eG

roun

d pa

rtB

rom

etal

ia e

rect

iSa

lad

and

poti

onE

3149

07E

ryng

ium

cam

pest

re L

.K

otrl

jan

obi1

niU

mbe

llife

rae

Gro

und

part

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti

Sala

d an

d po

tion

E32

2616

Ery

thro

nium

den

s-ca

nis

L.

Pas

iji z

uib

Lili

acea

eG

roun

d pa

rtF

aget

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

2102

Fag

us s

ylva

tica

L.

Buk

vaF

agac

eae

You

ng le

aves

, fru

it

& in

tern

al b

ark

Fag

etal

iaM

ush,

bre

ad

E31

3501

Fal

lopi

a co

nvol

vulu

s (L

.)

Loe

veD

ivlja

hel

jda

Pol

ygon

acea

eA

eria

l par

tC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

4908

Foe

nicu

lum

vul

gare

Mill

.K

omor

a1U

mbe

llife

rae

Fru

itO

nopo

rdet

alia

Spic

eE

3139

11F

ilipe

ndul

a he

xape

tala

Gili

b.K

ralji

ca p

olja

Ros

acea

eG

roun

d pa

rt &

le

aves

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti

Swee

t, s

alad

E31

3910

Fili

pend

ula

ulm

aria

(L

.)

Max

im.

Suru

1ica

Ros

acea

eY

oung

leav

esM

olin

ieta

liaSp

ice

E31

3912

Fra

gari

a el

atio

r E

hrh.

Kit

nja1

aR

osac

eae

Fru

it &

leav

esE

pilo

biet

alia

an

gust

ifolia

eV

itam

in p

otio

n

E31

3913

Fra

gari

a ve

sca

L.

Jago

da š

umsk

aR

osac

eae

Fru

it &

leav

esE

pilo

biet

alia

an

gust

ifolia

eV

itam

in p

otio

n

E31

3101

Fra

xinu

s ex

cels

ior

L.

Bije

li ja

sen

Ole

acea

eJu

ice

Fag

etal

iaP

otio

nE

3131

02F

raxi

nus

ornu

s L

.C

rni j

asen

Ole

acea

eJu

ice

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Pot

ion

E31

2502

Gal

ega

offic

inal

is L

.P

iska

vica

Leg

umin

osae

You

ng s

hoot

sA

gros

tiet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3143

01G

aliu

m o

dora

tum

(L

.)Sc

op.

Laz

arki

nja

Rub

iace

aeA

eria

l par

tF

aget

alia

Spic

eE

3143

02G

aliu

m v

erum

L.

Žut

i bro

0R

ubia

ceae

Flo

wer

sB

rom

etal

ia e

rect

iF

or m

ilk

ferm

enta

tion

203

E31

2402

Gal

eops

is s

eget

um N

ecke

rSm

rdlji

va k

opri

vaL

abia

tae

Lea

ves

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3139

14G

eum

mon

tanu

m L

.P

lani

nski

bla

žena

kR

osac

eae

Roo

t &

leav

esS

esle

riet

alia

com

osae

Sala

d, s

pice

E31

3915

Geu

m r

ival

e L

.P

oto1

ni b

laže

nak

Ros

acea

eR

oot

& le

aves

Mol

inie

talia

Sala

d, s

pice

E31

3916

Geu

m u

rban

um L

.B

laže

nak

Ros

acea

eR

oot

& le

aves

Pop

ulet

alia

alb

ae,

Gle

chom

etal

iaSa

lad,

spi

ce

E31

2403

Gle

chom

a he

dera

cea

L.

Dob

ri1i

caL

abia

tae

Aer

ial p

art

Gle

chom

etal

ia

hede

race

aeC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

2516

Gly

cyrr

hiza

gla

bra

L.

Slad

i0L

egum

inos

aeG

roun

d pa

rtA

gros

teta

lia,

Sal

icet

alia

pur

p.M

ush,

bre

ad

E32

5405

Gym

nade

nia

cono

psea

(L

.)R

.Br.

Vra

njak

, sal

epO

rchi

dace

aeG

roun

d pa

rtB

rom

etal

ia e

rect

i, A

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

1408

Hel

iant

hus

tube

rosu

s L

.2i

1oka

Com

posi

tae

Gro

und

part

Ono

pord

etal

iaM

ush,

bre

adE

3149

10H

erac

leum

ors

inii

Gus

s.M

edvj

edji

dlan

Um

belli

fera

eR

oot

& y

oung

sh

oots

Ara

bide

talia

fla

vesc

entis

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E31

4909

Her

acle

um s

phon

dilli

um L

.M

edvj

edja

šap

aU

mbe

llife

rae

Roo

t & y

oung

sh

oots

Arr

hena

ther

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

0901

Hum

ulus

lupu

lus

L.

Hm

elj

Can

naba

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sP

rune

talia

spi

nosa

eC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

2301

Hyp

eric

um p

erfo

ratu

m L

.K

anta

rion

žut

iG

utife

rae

You

ng s

hoot

sO

riga

neta

lia,

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti

Spic

e

E31

2404

Hys

sopu

s of

ficin

alis

L.

Milo

duh,

isop

Lab

iata

eY

oung

sho

ots

Sco

rzon

ero-

Chr

ysop

ogon

etal

iaSp

ice

E31

0301

Impa

tiens

nol

i-ta

nger

e L

.N

edir

akB

alsa

min

acea

eY

oung

leav

esA

deno

styl

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1409

Inul

a he

leni

um L

.A

nduz

, om

anC

ompo

sita

eR

oot

Atr

opet

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E32

5602

Iris

ger

man

ica

L.

Per

unik

a lju

bi1a

sta

Irid

acea

eG

roun

d pa

rtA

mph

oric

arpe

talia

, S

ecal

inet

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

1701

Jovi

barb

a gl

obife

ra (

L.)

J.

Par

n. s

ubsp

. hir

ta (

L.)

J.

Par

n.

2uva

rku0

a di

vlja

Cra

ssul

acea

eL

aeve

sA

mph

oric

arpe

talia

Sala

d an

d w

ater

Con

tinu

ed

204

Tab

le 1

.C

onti

nued

Vou

cher

Scie

ntif

ic N

ame

Loc

al N

ame

Fam

ilyP

art(

s) U

sed

Hab

itat

/Com

mun

ity

Pre

para

tion

/K

ind

of U

se

E32

5801

Jugl

ans

regi

a L

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2059

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mun

is L

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obi

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ress

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n

E20

5902

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peru

s ox

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L.

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lia,

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alia

pub

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otio

n

E31

1410

Lac

tuca

per

enni

s L

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sal

ata

Com

posi

tae

You

ng le

aves

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pord

etal

iaSa

lad

E31

2406

Lam

ium

mac

ulat

um L

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jega

va m

rtva

ko

priv

aL

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tae

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ng s

hoot

sO

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alia

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ked

vege

tabl

es

E31

2407

Lam

ium

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pure

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ala

mrt

va k

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vaL

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ng s

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d ve

geta

bles

E31

1411

Lap

sana

com

mun

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gnji1

ina

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posi

tae

You

ng s

hoot

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alia

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ked

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3125

03L

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rus

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etal

ia e

rect

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d ve

geta

bles

E31

2504

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sus

L.

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hor

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und

part

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geta

bles

E32

6001

Lau

rus

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lis L

.L

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eL

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eE

3114

12L

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lis L

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posi

tae

You

ng le

aves

& r

oot

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hena

ther

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iaSa

lad

E31

1816

Lep

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m d

raba

L.

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šica

Cru

cife

rae

You

ng le

aves

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pord

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1413

Leu

cant

hem

um v

ulga

re L

am.

Ivan

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Com

posi

tae

You

ng le

aves

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hena

ther

etal

iaSa

lad

E32

2201

Leu

coju

m a

esti

vum

L.

Dri

jem

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Am

aryl

lidac

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und

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alia

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aeM

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bre

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3222

02L

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num

L.

Ran

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und

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alia

Mus

h, b

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E32

2611

Lili

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eG

roun

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rtQ

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bre

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3226

12L

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n L

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nL

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3125

05L

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s L

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3118

09L

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3118

10L

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L.

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ng s

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205

E31

3917

Mal

us s

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.D

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esE

3127

03M

alva

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Mal

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hena

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bles

E31

2704

Mal

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L.

Mal

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d ve

geta

bles

E31

2705

Mal

va s

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L.

Crn

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You

ng s

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bles

E31

2422

Mar

rubi

um v

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re L

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Lab

iata

eY

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ots

Art

emis

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lia,

Bro

met

alia

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Coo

ked

vege

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es

E31

2506

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L.

Luc

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You

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spi

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3125

07M

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inal

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L.)

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inos

aeY

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ots

Ono

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etal

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ceE

3124

08M

elis

sa o

ffici

nalis

L.

Mat

i1nj

ak,

limun

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vaL

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ubes

cent

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lad,

spi

ce

E31

2409

Mel

itti

s m

elis

soph

yllu

m L

.M

eden

ika

Lab

iata

eF

love

rs &

sho

ots

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Sala

d, s

pice

E31

2411

Men

tha

arve

nsis

L.

Njiv

ska

nana

, m

etvi

caL

abia

tae

You

ng s

hoot

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podi

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E31

2410

Men

tha

long

ifolia

(L

.) H

uds.

Dug

olis

na n

ana

Lab

iata

eY

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ots

Bid

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Spic

eE

3124

12M

enth

a pu

legi

um L

.V

erem

tra

vaL

abia

tae

You

ng s

hoot

sB

iden

teta

liaSp

ice

E31

2001

Mer

curi

alis

ann

uua

L.

Res

ulja

Eup

horb

iace

aeY

oung

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ots

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3120

02M

ercu

rial

is p

eren

nis

L.

Laž

na r

esul

jaE

upho

rbia

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sF

aget

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3128

01M

orus

alb

a L

.B

ijeli

dud

Mor

acea

eF

ruit

Pop

ulet

alia

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aeF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

2901

Myr

tus

com

mun

is L

.M

r1a

Myr

tace

aeF

ruit

& le

aves

Que

rcet

alia

ilic

isP

otio

nE

3118

11N

astu

rtiu

m o

ffici

nale

R. B

r.D

ragu

šac

Cru

cife

rae

Aer

ial p

art

Pot

amet

alia

Sala

dE

3140

03N

igel

la s

ativ

a L

.2u

reko

t, m

a1ko

viR

anun

cula

ceae

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Che

nopo

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alia

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eE

3139

01N

upha

r lu

tea

Sm.

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o1N

ymph

aeac

eae

Wat

er p

art

& s

eed

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amet

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

3902

Nym

phae

a al

ba L

.L

okva

nj b

ijeli

Nym

phae

acea

eW

ater

par

t &

see

dP

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etal

iaM

ush,

bre

adE

3125

08O

noni

s sp

inos

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, ze1

ji tr

nL

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inos

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Bro

met

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Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3254

02O

phyr

is s

phrg

oide

s M

ill.

Kok

ica

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hida

ceae

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und

part

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti

Mus

h, b

read

E32

0701

Opu

ntia

ficu

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dica

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.)

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in je

zik

Cac

tace

aeF

ruit

The

ro-B

rach

ypod

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liaF

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frui

t an

d po

tion

Con

tinu

ed

206

Tab

le 1

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onti

nued

Vou

cher

Scie

ntif

ic N

ame

Loc

al N

ame

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ilyP

art(

s) U

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mun

ity

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tion

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of U

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E32

5403

Orc

his

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io L

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lep,

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rom

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3254

04O

rchi

s si

mia

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etal

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bre

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E31

2413

Ori

ganu

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ulga

re L

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ravi

nac

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eY

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talia

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e

E32

2613

Orn

itho

galu

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llatu

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ti1i

je m

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oL

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Gro

und

part

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rzon

ero-

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ysop

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bre

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E31

3301

Oxa

lis a

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sella

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ves

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3133

02O

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str

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caO

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lad

E31

3506

Oxy

ria

dygi

na (

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udje

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Pol

ygon

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eY

oung

sho

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lia

flave

scen

tisSa

lad

E31

4101

Pal

iuru

s sp

ina-

chri

sti M

ill.

Dra

1aR

ham

nace

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ruit

Pal

iure

talia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

4911

Pas

tina

ca s

ativ

a L

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aštr

njak

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belli

fera

eR

oot

& y

oung

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otA

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nath

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alia

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ked

vege

tabl

esE

3114

22P

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.)

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esA

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etal

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bles

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eg. e

t Sc

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3255

03P

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mit

es a

ustr

alis

Tri

n. e

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kaG

ram

inea

eR

hizo

ma

& y

oung

sh

oot

Phr

agm

itet

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

4501

Phy

salis

alk

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gi L

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anac

eae

Fru

itP

rune

talia

spi

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eF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

0805

Phy

teum

a sp

icat

um L

.Z

e1ic

aC

ampa

nula

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

Ade

nost

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alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

2011

06P

icea

abi

es (

L.)

H.K

arst

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r1a,

hom

arik

aP

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eae

You

ng b

ranc

hes/

leav

esV

acci

nio-

Pic

eeta

liaV

itam

in p

otio

n

E31

4912

Pim

pine

lla s

axifr

aga

L.

Bed

reni

kaU

mbe

llife

rae

Roo

t &

you

ng s

hoot

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

207

E20

1102

Pin

us h

eldr

eich

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hris

tM

unik

aP

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eae

You

ng b

ranc

hes/

leav

esP

inet

alia

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grae

Vit

amin

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ion

E20

1103

Pin

us m

ugo

Tur

raP

lani

nski

bor

Pin

acea

eY

oung

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s/le

aves

Pin

etal

ia m

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amin

pot

ion

E20

1104

Pin

us n

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J.F

. Arn

old

Crn

i bor

Pin

acea

eY

oung

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Pin

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aeV

itam

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E20

1105

Pin

us s

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L.

Bije

li bo

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eae

You

ng b

ranc

hes/

leav

esP

inet

alia

silv

estr

isV

itam

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n

E31

1101

Pis

taci

a le

ntis

cus

L.

Trš

ljaA

naca

rdia

ceae

Fru

itQ

uerc

etal

ia il

icis

Pot

ion

E31

1102

Pis

taci

a te

rebi

nthu

s L

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rdlji

kaA

naca

rdia

ceae

Fru

itQ

uerc

etal

ia il

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Pot

ion

E32

5406

Pla

tant

hera

bifo

lia (

L.)

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b.V

imen

jak

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hida

ceae

Gro

und

part

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etal

ia,

Vac

cini

o-P

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talia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

3401

Pla

ntag

o co

rono

pus

L.

Vra

nina

nog

aP

lant

agin

acea

eA

rial

par

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corz

oner

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hrys

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onet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E31

3402

Pla

ntag

o la

nceo

lata

L.

Muš

ka b

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caP

lant

agin

acea

eA

eria

l par

tA

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

, A

gros

teta

liaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3403

Pla

ntag

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edia

L.

Sred

nja

bokv

ica

Pla

ntag

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eae

Aer

ial p

art

Bro

met

alia

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cti

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3134

04P

lant

ago

maj

or L

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a bo

kvic

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lant

agin

acea

eA

eria

l par

tP

lant

agin

etal

ia m

aior

isC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3405

Pla

ntag

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nifo

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G.B

eck

Ilir

ska

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ica

Pla

ntag

inac

eae

Aer

ial p

art

Ono

pord

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

2617

Pol

ygon

atum

odo

ratu

m

(Mill

.)D

ruce

Pok

osni

caL

iliac

eae

Gro

und

part

Fag

etal

ia, Q

uerc

etal

ia

pub.

Mus

h, b

read

E31

3502

Pol

ygon

um a

vicu

lare

L.

Tro

skot

Pol

ygon

acea

eA

eria

l par

tP

lant

agin

etal

ia m

aior

isC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3503

Pol

ygon

um b

isto

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L.

Sr1e

njak

, sr1

anic

aP

olyg

onac

eae

Roo

t & y

oung

leav

esA

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eret

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3135

04P

olyg

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hyd

ropi

per

L.

Pap

reni

lisa

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onac

eae

Aer

ial p

art

Bid

ente

talia

Spic

eE

3135

05P

olyg

onum

viv

ipar

um L

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odni

dvo

rnik

Pol

ygon

acea

eR

oot &

you

ng le

aves

Ses

leri

etal

ia

tenu

ifolia

eC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E10

3601

Pol

ypod

ium

cam

bric

um L

.Sl

atka

pap

arat

Pol

ypod

iace

aeG

roun

d pa

rtA

mph

oric

arpe

talia

Mus

h, b

read

Con

tinu

ed

208

Tab

le 1

.C

onti

nued

Vou

cher

Scie

ntif

ic N

ame

Loc

al N

ame

Fam

ilyP

art(

s) U

sed

Hab

itat

/Com

mun

ity

Pre

para

tion

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ind

of U

se

E10

3602

Pol

ypod

ium

vul

gare

L.

Slat

ka p

apra

tP

olyp

odia

ceae

Gro

und

part

Am

phor

icar

peta

liaM

ush,

bre

adE

3137

01P

ortu

laca

ole

race

a L

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ušt

Por

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cace

aeA

eria

l par

tC

heno

podi

etal

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ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3920

Pot

enti

lla a

nser

ina

L.

Guš

1ija

tra

vaR

osac

eae

Aer

ial p

art

Agr

oste

talia

Sala

d an

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3921

Pot

enti

lla e

rect

a (L

.)

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rava

od

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Ros

acea

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hizo

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& y

oung

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oot

Nar

deta

lia,

Mol

inie

talia

Sala

d an

d po

tion

E31

3802

Pri

mul

a in

tric

ata

Gre

n. &

G

odr.

Pla

nins

ki ja

glac

Pri

mul

acea

eY

oung

leav

esP

inet

alia

mug

iSa

lad

E31

3801

Pri

mul

a ve

ris

L.

Jagl

acP

rim

ulac

eae

You

ng le

aves

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti,

Cor

ylet

alia

Sala

d

E31

3803

Pri

mul

a vu

lgar

is H

uds.

Jago

r1ev

ina

Pri

mul

acea

eY

oung

leav

esF

aget

alia

, A

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

Sala

d

E31

2414

Pru

nella

vul

gari

s L

.C

elin

1ica

Lab

iata

eY

oung

sho

otG

lech

omet

alia

spi

nosa

eC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3938

Pru

nus

aviu

m L

.T

rešn

jaR

osac

eae

Fru

itF

aget

alia

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

39P

runu

s m

ahal

eb L

.R

ašel

jka

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3125

09P

sora

lea

bitu

min

osa

L.

Dje

teljn

jak

Leg

umin

osae

You

ng s

hoot

The

ro-B

rach

ypod

ieta

liaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E10

6101

Pte

ridi

um a

quili

num

(L

.)K

uhn

Buj

adD

enns

taed

tiac

eae

You

ng s

hoot

Pte

ridi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3922

Pru

nus

spin

osa

L.

Trn

jina

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

& le

aves

Pru

neta

lia s

pino

sae

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3106

01P

ulm

onar

ia o

ffici

nalis

L.

Plu

0nja

kB

orag

inac

eae

You

ng s

hoot

Fag

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

209

E31

3901

Pun

ica

gran

atum

L.

Nar

Pun

icac

eae

Fru

itO

stry

o-C

arpi

neta

liaF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3918

Pyr

us a

myg

dalif

orm

is V

ill.

Kru

ška

trno

va1a

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

Que

rcet

alia

ilic

isF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3919

Pyr

us p

yras

ter

Bur

gsd.

Div

lja k

rušk

aR

osac

eae

Fru

itF

aget

alia

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3121

03Q

uerc

us c

erri

s L

.H

rast

cer

Fag

acea

eF

ruit

& b

ark

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Mus

h, b

read

E31

2104

Que

rcus

frai

nett

o T

en.

Slad

unF

agac

eae

Fru

it &

bar

kQ

uerc

etal

ia p

ubes

cent

isM

ush,

bre

adE

3121

05Q

uerc

us il

ex L

.2e

smin

aF

agac

eae

Fru

it &

bar

kQ

uerc

etal

ia il

icis

Mus

h, b

read

E31

2106

Que

rcus

pet

raea

(M

att.

) L

iebl

.H

rast

kit

njak

Fag

acea

eF

ruit

& b

ark

Fag

etal

iaM

ush,

bre

adE

3121

07Q

uerc

us p

ubes

cens

Will

d.H

rast

med

unac

Fag

acea

eF

ruit

& b

ark

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Mus

h, b

read

E31

2108

Que

rcus

rob

ur L

.H

rast

lužn

jak

Fag

acea

eF

ruit

& b

ark

Que

rcet

alia

ro

bori

-pet

raea

eM

ush,

bre

ad

E31

1812

Rap

hanu

s ra

phan

istr

um L

.R

odak

va d

ivlja

Cru

cife

rae

You

ng s

hoot

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Sala

d an

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3514

Rey

nout

ria

japo

nica

Hou

tt.

Japa

nska

kis

elic

aP

olyg

onac

eae

You

ng s

hoot

Ono

pord

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

2201

Rib

es a

lpin

um L

.P

lani

nska

rib

izla

Gro

ssul

aria

ceae

Fru

it &

leav

esF

aget

alia

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3122

02R

ibes

pet

raeu

m W

ulfe

nR

ibiz

laG

ross

ular

iace

aeF

ruit

& le

aves

Fag

etal

iaF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

2203

Rib

es u

va-c

risp

a L

.Šm

anja

kG

ross

ular

iace

aeF

ruit

& le

aves

Epi

lobi

etal

ia

angu

stifo

liae

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3125

10R

obin

ia p

seud

acac

ia L

.B

agre

mL

egum

inos

aeF

low

erR

obin

ieta

liaSw

eet

E31

1813

Ror

ippa

syl

vest

ris

(L.)

Bes

ser

Rep

nica

Cru

cife

rae

You

ng s

hoot

Agr

oste

talia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3139

24R

osa

arve

nsis

Hud

s.D

ivlja

ruž

aR

osac

eae

Fru

itP

rune

talia

spi

nosa

eF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3923

Ros

a ca

nina

L.

Šipu

rak

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

Pru

neta

lia s

pino

sae

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

on

Con

tinu

ed

210

Tab

le 1

.C

onti

nued

Vou

cher

Scie

ntif

ic N

ame

Loc

al N

ame

Fam

ilyP

art(

s) U

sed

Hab

itat

/Com

mun

ity

Pre

para

tion

/K

ind

of U

se

E31

3925

Ros

a gl

auca

Pou

rr.

Mod

ra r

uža

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

Que

rcet

alia

pub

esce

ntis

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

26R

osa

pend

ulin

a L

.A

lpsk

a ru

žaR

osac

eae

Fru

itP

inet

alia

mug

iF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3927

Rub

us c

aesi

us L

.O

stru

gaR

osac

eae

Fru

it &

leav

esS

alic

etal

ia p

urpu

reae

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

28R

ubus

hir

tus

Wal

dst.

et K

it.

Kup

ina

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

& le

aves

Vac

cini

o-P

icee

talia

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

30R

ubus

frut

icos

us L

.K

upin

aR

osac

eae

Fru

it &

leav

esP

rune

talia

spi

nosa

eF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3929

Rub

us id

aeus

L.

Mal

ina

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

& le

aves

Epi

lobi

etal

ia

angu

stifo

liae

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3135

08R

umex

ace

tosa

L.

Lju

tika

, kis

elic

aP

olyg

onac

eae

Lea

ves

Arr

hena

ther

etal

iaSa

lad

and

vege

tabl

esE

3135

09R

umex

ace

tose

lla L

.M

ala

kise

lica

Pol

ygon

acea

eL

eave

sF

estu

co-S

edet

alia

Sala

d an

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3510

Rum

ex a

lpin

us L

.P

lani

nska

kis

elic

aP

olyg

onac

eae

Lea

ves

Ono

pord

etal

iaSa

lad

and

vege

tabl

esE

3135

11R

umex

cri

spus

L.

Štav

alj

Pol

ygon

acea

eL

eave

sA

gros

teta

liaSa

lad

and

vege

tabl

esE

3135

12R

umex

pat

ient

ia L

.M

asni

kP

olyg

onac

eae

Lea

ves

Agr

oste

talia

Sala

d an

d ve

geta

bles

211

E31

3513

Rum

ex s

cuta

tus

L.

Rim

ska

kise

lica

Pol

ygon

acea

eL

eave

sA

rabi

deta

lia

flave

scen

tisSa

lad

and

vege

tabl

esE

3226

14R

uscu

s ac

ulea

tus

L.

Vep

rina

Lili

acea

eY

oung

sho

ots

Ost

ryo-

Car

pine

talia

or

ient

alis

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E32

1002

Sag

itta

ria

sagi

ttifo

lia L

.V

oden

a st

rije

laA

lism

atac

eae

Gro

und

part

Phr

agm

itet

alia

Mus

h, b

read

E31

1307

Sal

icor

nia

herb

acea

L.

Om

aga

Che

nopo

diac

eae

Aer

ial p

art

Sal

icor

niet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3124

15S

alvi

a of

ficin

alis

L.

Kad

ulja

Lab

iata

eY

oung

sho

ots

Sco

rzon

ero-

Chr

ysop

ogon

etal

iaSp

ice

E31

2416

Sal

via

prat

ensi

s L

.K

adul

ja li

vads

kaL

abia

tae

You

ng s

hoot

sB

rom

etal

ia e

rect

iSp

ice

E31

1101

Sam

bucu

s eb

ulus

L.

Hav

dika

Cap

rifo

liace

aeF

ruit

Epi

lobi

etal

ia

angu

stifo

liae

Pot

ion

E31

1102

Sam

bucu

s ni

gra

L.

Baz

ga, z

oha

Cap

rifo

liace

aeF

low

er &

frui

tF

aget

alia

, Sal

icet

alia

al

bae

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3111

03S

ambu

cus

race

mos

a L

.Z

rven

a zo

ha, b

azga

Cap

rifo

liace

aeF

ruit

Ade

nost

ylet

alia

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3139

31S

angu

isor

ba m

inor

Sco

p.D

injic

a m

ala

Ros

acea

eA

eria

l par

tB

rom

etal

ia e

rect

iSa

lad

E31

3932

San

guis

orba

offi

cina

lis L

.D

injic

a, k

rvar

aR

osac

eae

Aer

ial p

art

Mol

inie

talia

Sala

dE

3149

13S

anic

ula

euro

paea

L.

Milo

gled

Um

belli

fera

eA

eria

l par

tF

aget

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3124

17S

atur

eja

mon

tana

L.

Vri

jesa

k bi

jeli

Lab

iata

eA

eria

l par

tS

corz

oner

o-C

hrys

opog

onet

alia

Spic

e

E31

2418

Sat

urej

a su

bspi

cata

Bar

tl. e

x V

is.

Vri

jesa

k cr

veni

Lab

iata

eA

eria

l par

tS

corz

oner

o-C

hrys

opog

onet

alia

Spic

e

E31

1414

Sco

rzon

era

rose

a W

alds

t. &

K

it.

Crn

i kor

jen

Com

posi

tae

Roo

t &

you

ng s

hoot

Arr

hena

ther

etal

iaM

ush,

bre

ad

E31

1415

Sco

rzon

era

villo

sa S

cop.

Žut

i kor

jen

Com

posi

tae

Roo

t &

you

ng s

hoot

Sco

rzon

ero-

Chr

ysop

ogon

etal

iaM

ush,

bre

ad

E31

1702

Sed

um a

cre

L.

Žut

i žed

njak

Cra

ssul

acea

eA

eria

l par

tS

corz

oner

o-C

hrys

opog

onet

alia

Sala

d an

d sp

ice

Con

tinu

ed

212

Tab

le 1

.C

onti

nued

Vou

cher

Scie

ntif

ic N

ame

Loc

al N

ame

Fam

ilyP

art(

s) U

sed

Hab

itat

/Com

mun

ity

Pre

para

tion

/K

ind

of U

se

E31

1703

Sed

um a

lbum

L.

Bije

li že

dnja

kC

rass

ulac

eae

Aer

ial p

art

Sco

rzon

ero-

Chr

ysop

ogon

etal

iaSa

lad

and

spic

e

E31

1704

Sed

um m

onta

num

Per

r. &

So

ng.

Pla

nins

ki ž

ednj

akC

rass

ulac

eae

Aer

ial p

art

Sco

rzon

ero-

Chr

ysop

ogon

etal

iaSa

lad

and

spic

e

E31

1705

Sem

perv

ivum

mar

mor

eum

G

rise

b.2u

vark

u0a

crve

naC

rass

ulac

eae

Lea

ves

Ses

leri

etal

ia te

nuifo

liae

Sala

d an

d w

ater

E31

1201

Sile

ne b

osni

aca

(Bec

k)H

and.

-M

azz.

Bos

. Puc

avac

Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sA

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E31

1202

Sie

lne

vulg

aris

(M

oenc

h)

Gar

cke

Puc

avac

obi

1ni

Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sA

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E31

1814

Sin

apis

arv

ensi

s L

.Sl

a1ic

aC

ruci

fera

eL

eave

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1815

Sis

ymbr

ium

offi

cina

le (

L.)

Sc

op.

Stri

žica

Cru

cife

rae

You

ng s

hoot

sS

isym

brie

talia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

es

E32

2615

Sm

ilax

aspe

ra L

.T

etiv

ika

Lili

acea

eY

oung

sho

ots

Que

rcet

alia

ilic

isC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

4502

Sol

anum

nig

rum

L.

Pom

o0ni

ca c

rna

Sol

anac

eae

You

ng s

hoot

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1416

Sonc

hus

arve

nsis

L.

Kos

triik

aC

ompo

sita

eY

oung

sho

ots

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3114

17So

nchu

s ol

erac

eus

L.

Kos

triš

Com

posi

tae

You

ng s

hoot

sC

heno

podi

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

3933

Sor

bus

aria

(L

.) C

rant

zM

ukin

jaR

osac

eae

Fru

itQ

uerc

etal

ia p

ubes

cent

isF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3934

Sor

bnus

auc

upar

ia L

.Ja

rebi

kaR

osac

eae

Fru

itV

acci

nio-

Pic

eeta

liaF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3935

Sor

bus

cham

aem

espi

lus

(L.)

Cra

ntz.

Muk

injic

aR

osac

eae

Fru

itP

inet

alia

mug

iF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

213

E31

3936

Sor

bus

dom

esti

ca L

.O

skor

uša

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

Fag

etal

iaF

resh

frui

t an

d po

tion

E31

3937

Sor

bus

torm

inal

is (

L.)

Cra

ntz

Bre

kinj

aR

osac

eae

Fru

itF

aget

alia

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3124

19S

tach

ys o

ffici

nalis

(L

.) T

revi

s.2i

stac

Lab

iata

eY

oung

sho

ots

Que

rcet

alia

ro

bori

-pet

raea

eC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1203

Ste

llari

a ho

lost

ea L

.M

išja

kinj

aC

aryo

phyl

lace

aeY

oung

sho

ots

Fag

etal

iaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1204

Ste

llari

a m

edia

(L

.) V

ill.

Pti

1ija

tra

vaC

aryo

phyl

lace

aeY

oung

sho

ots

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3106

02S

ymph

ytum

offi

cina

le L

.G

avez

crn

iB

orag

inac

eae

Roo

t &

you

ng s

hoot

Bid

ente

talia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3106

03S

ymph

ytum

tube

rosu

m L

.Ž

uti g

avez

Bor

agin

acea

eR

oot

& y

oung

sho

otB

iden

teta

liaC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E32

6201

Tam

us c

omm

unis

L.

Blju

štD

iosc

orea

ceae

You

ng s

hoot

sQ

uerc

etal

ia p

ubes

cent

isC

ooke

d ve

geta

bles

E31

1418

Tan

acet

um v

ulga

re L

.V

rati

0C

ompo

sita

eY

oung

sho

ots

Atr

opet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

2001

01T

axus

bac

cata

L.

Tis

aT

axac

eae

Ext

erna

l par

t of

frui

tF

aget

alia

Fre

sh fr

uit

and

poti

onE

3118

17T

hlas

pi a

rven

se L

.2e

stik

aC

ruci

fera

eY

oung

sho

ots

Che

nopo

diet

alia

Coo

ked

vege

tabl

esE

3114

19T

arax

acum

offi

cina

le W

eber

Mas

la1a

k, r

adi0

Com

posi

tae

Roo

t & y

oung

leav

esA

rrhe

nath

eret

alia

, A

gros

teta

liaSa

lad

and

poti

on,

brea

dE

3124

20T

hym

us s

erpy

llum

L.

2ubr

aL

abia

tae

Aer

ial p

art

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti

Spic

eE

3124

21T

hym

us p

uleg

ioid

es L

.M

ajki

na d

ušic

aL

abia

tae

Aer

ial p

art

Bro

met

alia

ere

cti

Spic

eE

3147

01T

ilia

cord

ata

Mill

erSi

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WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 215

different habitat types. Most of them belong to the mesophyllous decidouswoods of the Fagetalia order, mesophyllous grassland of the Arrhenathere-talia order, anthropogenous communities of the Chenopodietalia andOnopordetalia orders, then termophyllous woods and grassland of theQuercetalia pubescentis and Brometalia erecti orders, as well as to sub-Mediterranean rocky grasslands of the Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia order,and to shrub’s formation of the Prunetalia spinosae order and Mediterra-nean sclerophyllous, evergreen oak woods of the Quercetalia ilicis order.

Classification of Wild Edible Plants

In accordance with possibilities of usage, identified edible wild speciesare classified into four fundamental groups:

a. vegetablesb. fruitsc. bread plantsd. spices

Wild vegetables dominate this spectrum (Figure 2). Garden plantsencompass tuberous vegetables with leaves and blossoms. The mostcommon species in this group are as follows: Urtica dioica, Tussilago far-fara, Taraxacum officinale, Allium ursinum, Chenopodium bonus-henricus,

Figure 2. Classification of wild edible plants with possibilities of usage.

53,90%

16,56%

16,23%

13,31%

Wild vegetables Fruit plants Bread plants Spicy plants

216 S. J. REDZIC

Amaranthus retroflexus, Portula oleracea, Malva sylvestris, Oxalis acetosella,Rumex acetosa, Rumex patientia, Cichorium intybus, Epilobium angustifo-lium, Primula sp., Campanula pyramidalis, Crithmum maritimum, Nastur-tium officinale, Alchemilla sp., Brassica sp., Pastinaca sativa, Picea abies,Polygonum bistorta, Pteridium aquilinum, Salicornia herbacea, Sanguisorbaminor, Silene sp., Stellaria media, and Valerianella locusta.

Wild fruit plants comprise 17% of the spectrum. They are widelydistributed in almost every climate belt and yield fruit over the entireyear. The most frequently common in this group are: Arbutus unedo,Celtis australis (mediterranean region), Cornus mas, Rosa sp., Crataegussp., Cotoneaster sp., Sorbus sp., Fragaria sp., Rubus sp., Juniperus commu-nis, Malus sylvestris, Pyrus pyraster, Morus alba, Prunus avium, Prunus spi-nosa, and Vaccinium myrtillus in other regions.

There are only a few plants where a flowers is produced (approxi-mately 16%). The most important species are: Fagus sylvatica, Castaneasativa, Quercus sp., Corylus sp., Asphodelus albus, Lilium martagon, Orchissp., Ornithogalum umbellatum, Phragmites australis, Polypodium vulgare,Trapa natans, Paliurus spina-christi, and Typha sp.

The portion of spicy plants in the spectrum that have some nutritivevalues amounts to 13%. The most important ones are: Laurus nobilis,Capparis spinosa, Carum carvi, Daucus carota, Geum sp., Hyssopus officina-lis, Melissa officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Satureja sp.,Thymus sp., Viola sp. In addition to being used as spices, a majority ofthese plants are being used in ethno-therapy.

Parts of Edible Plants Being Used

In the investigation, each plant’s part is being used in human nutrition(root, stem, leaf, rhizoma, fruit, juices), depending on the season. Themost frequently used parts are young and juicy shoots (22%), fruits(13%), overground parts such as young leaves (11%), underground parts(10%), and others as shown in Table 2

Nutritive Preparations of Wild Edible Plants

Wild edible plants in these areas are being used for making a wide arrayof nutritive preparations, of which the most common is cooked meals(33%), fresh salad (19%), stews and bread (17%), and fresh fruits anddrinks (13%). More details are given in Table 3.

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 217

DISCUSSION

Usage of Edible Plants in Human Nutrition

Through detailed analysis of the results (Table 1), one can get insight intothe richness of edible wild plants that have been highly significance to thehuman population of B&H and the Balkan Peninsula, in general, sinceancient times. This is ilustrated by the comparative analysis with the

Table 2. Part of edible plants

Plant Part Number of Species %

Aerial part 35 11.36Young shoots 67 21.75Young branches/leaves 6 1.95Leaves (root and seed) 29 9.42Young leaves (flowers, fruit, bark) 24 7.79Flowers (shoot, fruit, buds, juice) 14 4.54Male flowers (fruit, pistil) 3 0.97Spike (seeds) 4 1.23Fruit 39 12.66Fruit (bark and leaves) 19 6.17Juice 4 1.23Ground part 30 9.74Ground part (and leaves) 7 2.27Rhizome (young shoots, spike) 5 1.62Root (leaves, seeds, shoots) 20 6.49Water part and seeds 2 0.65Total: 308

Table 3. Nutritive preparation of edible wild plants

Kind of Preparation Number of Species %

Cooked vegetables 102 33.12Fresh fruit and potion 40 12.99Potion (vitamin and mineral) 22 7.14Salad (potion, spice and water) 58 18.83Spice (and potion) 30 9.74Sweet 2 0.65Mush and bread (vegetables) 53 17.21Milk fermentation 1 0.32Total: 308 100

218 S. J. REDZIC

results gained in a similar way for the rest of the Balkan Peninsula. Thus,there were 300 recorded vascular plants of edible wild flora in Serbia(Josifovic, 1989; Vracaric, 1977). In the Montseney Biosphere Reserveregion (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula) there were 132 edible plants identi-fied, only 75 of them used in human nutrition (Bonet and Valles, 2002).

An ethnobotanical study on edible wild plants in a few chosen dis-tricts of Ethiopia (Addis et al., 2005) reveals 30 plants that are being usedin human nutrition, especially in periods of food shortage. The samestudy has shown that children use edible wild plants to a much higherextent than adults. Similar experiences have been achieved in the Senegalarea (Becker, 1983), where the local population uses many species ofwild edible flora in its everyday nutrition.

The usage of wild edible plants is widespread in many Europeancountries as well. For example in Italy (Guarrera, 2003), several hundredwild plants are being used in human nutrition. In the central part of Italy(Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium) 126 wild plants from 39 families arebeing used. In other parts of the world, such as in southeastern Asia, wildplants are highly valued as an important food source, too. Thus, investi-gations that were carried out by Britta et al. (2003) have confirmed thatin Vietnam over 90 species of edible wild plants are being used, of whichmany are an unavoidable part of human medicine. Usage of wild edibleplants with a nutritive purpose is especially outlined among inhabitats ofSouth American, where several hundred species have been recorded(Ladio and Lozada, 2000a, 2000b, 2001, 2004; Hanazaki et al., 2000).

If compared with these results, Bosnia and Herzegovina are extremlyrich in edible wild plants. On the other hand, this is a relatively smallnumber when compared with the total plant diversity (about 5000 speciesof vascular flora) (Beck-Mannagetta et al., 1983; Hayek, 1927–1933).

Namely, a vast number of species inhabiting areas that are situatedfar from human settlements despite their potential nutritive value, are notbeing used for nutritive purposes. A similar phenomenon is evident withthe usage of medical herbs (Lakusic et al., 1980, 1991; Redzic et al.,1989, 1990). These studies have shown that plants being used for theirnutritive purpose indicate boundaries of human settlements, startingfrom sea level up to mountain peaks. The highest situated permanent set-tlement in B&H is on the plateau of Kupres, at 1000m above sea level,while temporary settlements such as shepherd’s cottages which are activeonly during the summer months, during grazing season, are situated at1600m above sea level (Vranica, Maglic, Volujak, Zelengora, Vlasic

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 219

Mountains). In mountain lodges, in everyday nutrition, healthy vegeta-bles are prepared. Chenopodium bonus henricus, Rumex alpinus, andendemic Plantago reniformis, which are being prepared into very deliciousand nutritive mountain soups; Barbarea bosniaca, numerous mountainspecies of genus Alchemilla, Allium ursinum, and Allium victorialis areprepared into healthy, delicious salads.

In their daily diet people of the coastline area use many edible wildplants, for they have less prejudices toward these food sources than theinland population. Over the entire year, thanks to the mild Mediterra-nean climate, it is possible to find various plants in nature that are suit-able for supplementary and healthy nutrition of humans. The mostimportant are plants growing along the shore and containing high con-centrations of different ions and minerals, such as Crithmum maritimumand Salicornia europaea. Juicy parts of these plants are being used forpreparation of delicious dishes and salads, along with homemade oliveoil. Futhermore, soups and stews are being made with fresh plant partsfrom the following species: Asparagus officinale, Beta maritima (verynutritive and valued in cooking), Brassica nigra, and Campanula pyrami-dalis. Tasty salads are being prepared with the following: Valerianellalocusta, Psoralea bituminosa, Bellis sylvestris, Smilax aspera, Ruscus aculea-tus, and flowering buds of Capparis spinosa, Salvia officinalis, Myrtus com-munis, Laurus nobilis (whose leaves are added to every cooked meal) andare highly valued spices in the Mediterranean kitchen.

There are certain species whose underground parts are enriched withstarch and thanks to these are being used to prepare stews and bread.Such species are: Ornithogalum umbellatum, Asphodelus albus, A. micro-carpus, Asphodeline lutea, and fruits of Palliurus aculeatus and Quercusilex. Widely distributed in the nutrition of coastline populations are alsofruits of Arbutus unedo, Punica granatum, Ficus carica, Celtis australis, andOpuntia fixus-indica.

Plains makes up to 20% of the state’s total and are situated at 300mabove sea level. They encompass plains, arable areas, natural oak woods,lowland meadows, and swampy habitat types. In contrast to the otherareas, here growp a majority of wild plants that contain huge quantities ofcarbohydrates, and due to this have been used in processing flour sinceages ago. Underground organs (rhizoms) of the following plants—Acoruscalamus, Butomus umbellatus, Glychyrriza glabra, Leucojum sp., Cyperusrotundus, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, Phragmites australis, and Typhasp.—are being harvested in order to prepare bread and tasteful stews.

220 S. J. REDZIC

More than 50% of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s total area is sculpturedas a mountainous/hilly relief. Different habitats of oak hornbeam, beech,and mixed beech fir woods or coniferous woods hide many edible plants.Among these plants the following dominate: Betonica oficinalis, species ofgenus Campanula, then Cirsium oleraceum, Humulus lupulus, Heracleumsp., Chamaenerion angustifolium, Lunaria sp., Leucanthemum vulgare,Mercurialis sp., Pastinaca sativa, Pteridium aquilinum, Pulmonaria officina-lis, Symphytum sp.

Delicious and vitaminous salads are being prepared from: Allium sp.,Carlina acaulis, Leontodon autumnalis, Cichorium intybus, Nasturtium offi-cinale, Oxalis acetosella, Polygonum sp., Rumex sp., Trifolium sp. In formsof fruits and vitaminous drinks used are: Amelanchier ovalis, Arctostaphyl-los uva ursi, Cornus mas, Cotoneaster sp., Crataegus sp., Fragaria sp., Juni-perus communis, Pirus sp., Prunus sp., Ribes sp., Rosa sp., and some speciesof genus Sorbus, Vaccinium sp. (Table 1).

Nutritionally, the most frequently used edible wild plants are thosethat grow close to the human settlements. Man has started to use theseplants at first exclusively as a food source and as phytopharmacs. Sincethe early days of civilization people have been preparing tasty stews,soups, pies, salads, and vitaminous drinks of wild plants such as: Althaeasp., Amaranthus retroflexus, Atriplex sp., Beta vulgaris, Brassica sp., Che-nopodium sp., Plantago sp., Malva sp., Portulaca oleracea, Sonchus sp., andUrtica sp. Many of these plants play important roles in human medicineand in folk and religious customs.

A distribution analysis of edible plants on vertical profiles of B&Hlead to the conclusion that a number of these species significantly declineas one proceeds toward higher altitudes, although B&H mountains dohide the richness of potentially edible wild plants. Many among them areendemic, such as numerous species of genus Orchis, Dactylorhiza, Viola,Silene, and Alchemilla, which has a significant comparative advantagefrom the standpoint of providing new sources of healthy food.

The majority of edible plants bring forth their fruit in spring, summer,and autumn. The lowest yield is during winter, which can be long-lastingand severe in some regions. Because of this, the first growth of stingingnettle Urtica dioica used to bring much joy to hungry households, for it wasused in preparing stews, soups, or pies. Next in the growth cycle was dan-delion Taraxacum officinale, then Tussilago farfara, and other edible plants.

During winter in the largest part of B&H apical parts are being used(short branche segments) of Abies alba, Picea abies, and Pinus sp. in order

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 221

to obtain vitaminous potions, which was the main food source for guer-rilla fighters and the occupied population. During the recent war inB&H, people of encircled cities, used hazelnut blossom in winter’sseason to obtain flour from it. Flour was also obtainable from the bark ofbeech Fagus silvatica and oak Quercus petraeae. Salads were preparedwith Nasturtium officinale and Veronica beccabunga that were collectedfrom unpolluted springs and brooks.

During the spring months, vegetables with leaves are dominant; insummer, flowers and fruits; and in autumn, underground vegetables areimportant sources of carbohydrates. Although each season is marked byits own edible plants, it is possible to make it through even the harshestfood shortage and survive due to the natural food resources.

An analysis of the usage of edible plants within various ethnic andcultural communities has not shown significant differences among them.In the same environment, from the ecological point-of-view, people aremore or less familiar with the usage of wild plants as a nutritionalsupplement and medicine.

Nutritional Value of Wild Plants and Possibilities of Use

Issues of food and healthy nutrition are of atmost concern in the modernworld. In order to meet current nutritional needs in the world, peoplestrive for edible wild plants and animals (Ladio, 2000; Sundriyal, 2001,2004; Saidov, 2001). Modern civilization has spoted big chance in thesefood resources as a solution to declining hunger and attaining new nutri-tive and medical principles that will provide healthy diets (Guil Guerreroet al., 1998; VanderJagt et al., 2000; Johnson and Grivetti, 2002; Turanet al., 2003; Glew et al., 2005).

There are poor records on nutritional values of wild plants in Bosniaand Herzegovina and also on the entire Balkan Peninsula. Nevertheless,investigations that were conducted during the twentieth century(Vracaric, 1977; Grlic, 1980; Redzic et al., 1993) have confirmedextremely a high nutritive value of some wild plants, especially those withdeveloped overground organs. Young shoots and leaves are rich invitamin C and carotene, and due to this play an important role in humannutrition, which is of high importance in spring when there is a lack ofconventional vitamin sources.

Many plants develop underground organs that store large quantitiesof carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, therefore being a very useful source

222 S. J. REDZIC

of flour. Beside vitamins, keratin, and minerals, fruits of many wild plantsalso contain large quantities of sugar and pectin.

Wild edible plants that are known to contain an abundance ofvitamin C in these investigations based on data published by Vracaric(1977), Grlic (1980), and Redzic et al. (1993) can be classified in fourgroups:

A. Plants that contain more than 200 mg % of vitamin CB. Plants that contain between 100–200 mg % of vitamin CC. Plants that contain from 50 to 100 mg % of vitamin CD. Plants that contain less than 50 mg % of vitamin C.

Group A, among many others, comprises the following species: Juglansregia (3000 mg %), Rosa canina (do 2000 mg %), Allium victorialis,Primula vulgaris, Sanguisorba officinalis, Sanguisorba minor, Thlaspiarvense, Phyteuma spicatum, Prunus avium, Typha latifolia, Raphanusraphanistrum, Ribes alpinum (1000 mg %).

Group B is comprised of: Alchemilla vulgaris, Amaranthus retroflexus,Brassica nigra, Chenopodium bonus-henricus, Fragaria vesca, Galegaofficinalis, Lotus corniculatus, Nasturtium officinale, Barbarea vulgaris,Capparis spinosa, Malva silvestris, Mredicago sativa, Oxalis acetosella,Trifolium pratense, Rubus idaeus, Rubus fruticosus, Silene vulgaris, Sorbusaucuparia, Valerianella locusta, Rumex crispus, Rumex patientia, Physalisalkekengi, Plantago major, Filipendula vulgaris.

Group C are: Abies alba, Atriplex hortensis, Capsella bursa pastoris,Foeniculum vulgare, Lamium purpureum, Lepidium draba, Atriplex nitens,Campanula trachelium, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Chenopodium album,Heracleum sphondyllium, Ononis spinosa, Rumex acetosa.

Group D includes the following species: Achillea millefolium, Aegopo-dium podagraria, Arctium lappa, Cichorium intybus, Crithmum maritimum,Pastinaca sativa, Polygonum bistorta, Sedum acre, Symphytum officinale,Taraxacum officinale, Stellaria media, and many others.

Usage of the aforementioned species, as well as similar wild plantsfrom this area, may fulfill the needs of the human body for vitamin C asone of the essential substances in the development and life of modernman.

Investigations that were performed all over the world on nutritivecomposition of wild plants indicate a high content of proteins(Freiberger et al., 1998; Glew et al., 2005), fatty acids (Guil et al., 1996;

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 223

Guil Guerrero and Rodriguez-Garcia, 1999), then high quantities ofminerals, especially K, Na, Ca, P, Mg (Guil Guerrero et al., 1998;Agrahar-Murugkar and G. Subbulakshmi, 2005). Investigations of thevitaminous composition of wild plants indicate a great amount of vitaminC, then keratin (Zennie and Ogzewalla, 1977; Guil et al., 1997), and sim-ilar compounds that indicate great anti-oxidant properties of these plants(Cook et al., 1998; Sena et al., 1998; Kelawala and Ananthanarayan,2004). There are some of them, such as fruits of plant Rosa canina fromseveral localities in Turkey that contain a wide spectrum of fatty acids:palmitic (3.17%, 1.71%, and 2.14%), stearic (2.47%, 2.14%, and1.69%), oleic (16.73%, 18.42%, and 14.71%), linoleic (54.41%, 51.71%,and 48,64%), linolenic (17.14%, 16.42%, and 18.41%), and arachidic(2.11%, 1.87%, and 2.61%) (Ozcan, 2002).

In some cases, wild edible plants can be an efficient means toincrease weight and the condition of the female body, which is importantin many undeveloped countries where women suffer malnutrition in com-parison to men (Salehi et al., 2005).

Many of investigated wild edible plant’s species originating from theterritory of B&H and the Balkan Peninsula, according to the rules ofWHO (WHO, 2002) may satisfy human body needs for vitamin C andbecause of that be a much more efficient prevention for contagious dis-eases and any other pathological conditions of the human body, securingmore healthy and qualitative life (WHO, 1990). Besides, cancerogenousconditions can also be prevented by the exploitatation of wild plant rich-ness with vitamin C (Young et al., 1997). People believe that it is enoughto consume 2–3 fresh leaves of certain species of genus Primula to satisfythe daily needs of the body with this priceless substance.

The needs of the human body for vitamin A can be satisfied mainlyby the consumption of wild edible plants (FAO/WHO, 1988) in turn pre-venting many diseases and securing a more adequate development ofchildren (Blomhoff, 1991; WHO, 1995, 1998). The regular usage of vita-min A may prevent the most malitious diseases, such as leukemia andsimilar forms of cancer (van Dillen et al., 1996).

Wild plants growing in the territory of B&H might be more than alocal food resource. Thanks to its high quality and ecological safety, theycould be a source of very valuable nutritive substances containing vitaminsand minerals, and to become a significant base for human nutrition creat-ing better health, development, and sustainable life in accordance with aglobal agenda in fighting malnutrition in the population (WHO, 2000).

224 S. J. REDZIC

Usage of Wild Edible Plants in Ethnotherapy

A significant number of wild edible plants (Table 1) are used in ethnop-harmacology. Since early civilization, people have been using a majorityof these plants for the treatment of various diseases. Some of them areused both in ethnopharmacology, official pharmacy, and in medicine(PH.Yug. IV, 1984).

In the treatment of different respiratory diseases, the most frequentlyutilized plants are: Ajuga reptans, Allium ursinum, Betonica officinalis,Fraxinus ornus, Hyssopus officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Inula helenium, thenspecies of genuses Malva, Althaea, Pinus, Orchis, Plantago, Primula, Sam-bucus, Satureja, Thymus, Tilia, Viola, as well as following species: Myrtuscommunis, Pimpinella saxifraga, Pulmonaria officinalis, Salvia officinalis,and Tussilago farfara. These plants were used in the making of teas,decocts, syrups, tinctures, and etheric oils, following the rules prescribedby traditional recipes (Sadikovic, 1928).

A second group is composed of edible plants that are used in thetreatment of gastro-intestinal illnesses such as: Achillea millefolium,Acorus calamus, Angelica archangelica, Artemisia vulgaris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Centuarea jacea, Cichorium intybus, Carum carvi, Foeniculumvulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Palliurus spina christi, Polygonum bistorta,Potentilla erecta, Sanguisorba officinalis, Punica granatum, Taraxacumofficinale, species of genus Rosa, Mentha, Quercus, Rubus, and Rumex, ofwhich were used flourishing outgrowts, roots, or rhizomes, in order toprepare teas, decocts, and medical flour (Sadikovic, 1928; Ib Al Nefis,1961).

Urinary system diseases are treated primarily with: Arctium lappa,Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, Betula pendula, Calluna vulgaris, Carlina acaulis,Eryngium campestre, Glycyrhiza glabra, Galega officinalis, Ononis spinosa,Physalis alkekengi, Polygonum aviculare, Ruscus aculeatus, Silene vulgaris,Urtica dioica, Vaccinium myrtillus, and different species of genus Bellis andJuniperus. Leaves, roots, and fruits of these plants are basis for all sort ofteas (Sadikovic 1928; Grujic-Vasic and Redzic, 2003).

Certain species have been used as tranquilizers for centuries: Geumurbanum, Humulus lupulus, Hypericum perforatum, Mentha pulegium,Artemisia vulgaris, Thymus serpyllum, and Viola odorata. Heart and veindiseases have been treated with: Asperula odorata, Filipendula ulmaria,Melilotus officinalis, Nasturtium officinale, Marrubium vulgare, differentspecies of genus Crataegus (ground and tip of leaves) and Alchemilla.

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 225

Species of genus Sempervivum and Sedum exercise antimicrobioticactivity, therefore being traditionally applied (juice obtained from itssquashed leaves) by ear infections and inflammatory skin conditions(Tucakov, 1973; Redzic, 1999, 2005). Resin of fir is the basic ingredientfor the preparation of special balms for treatment of hard-healing wounds.

Usage of Wild Edible Plants for Other Purposes

During chronic food and medicine shortages in this area, people did nothave access to tobacco as well, especially in the northern part of Bosniawhere tobacco does not grow. As a substitute for real tobacco, peopleused to smoke a mixture of dried leaves of Tussilago farfara and walnutJuglans regia. This mixture was consumed by people of the surroundingSarajevo, during its siege (1992–95). Whereby in some remote regions ofthe country, dried leaves of Prunus spinosa were used and Datura stramo-nium (noted were even cases of poisoning). Even today in some remoteplaces, children are poisoned by smoking leaves of burdock Arctiumlappa and plants of worm Clematis vitalba.

Dried flowering branches of Hysopus officinalis, Satureja subspicata,Thymus sp., and the root of Inula helenium are being burned duringreligious ceremonies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author owes gratitude to the people who have supported him duringthe difficult field investigation, especially to Mr. Sedik Velic, technicianof the Department of Pharmaceutical Botany of the Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Sarajevo. The author is also thankfull to Mr. MirnesZukanovic, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Sarajevo and toEnglish language expert Ms. Sabina Trakic for efforts made in the trans-lation of this article into English, and the entire revision of its originaltext written in the Bosnian language.

Herewith the author would like to express my deepest gratitude tothe great man and scientist, distinguished Professor Rob Verpoort forshowing enormous understanding and providing me with the support byhis highly useful suggestions, both as a friend and collegue, in order togive an adequate final form to this article, which would be acceptable tothe international, scientific audience.

226 S. J. REDZIC

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