wildflowers & native plants - agrifutures australia2 foreword this year rirdc has produced...

RIRDC Completed Projects in 2001-2002

and Research in Progress as at June 2002

Sub Program 2.8 WILDFLOWERS

& NATIVE PLANTS

July 2002 RIRDC Publication No 02/069

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© 2002 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58468 0 ISSN 1440 6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 2001-2002 and Research in Progress as at June 2002 - 2.8 Wildflowers and Native Plants" Publication No 02/069 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.

RIRDC Wildflowers and Native Plants Research Manager Mr Max Bourke RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 6247 4630 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Cecile Ferguson Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 6272 3186 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in July 2002 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

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Foreword

This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June 2002, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 2001-2002 for all of the Corporation’s 21 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract covering Sub-Program 2.8. It contains all entries from continuing and completed Wildflowers and Native Plants research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to improve the profitability, productivity and sustainability of the Australian wildflower and native plant industry. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of almost 800 research reports, videos and CD-Roms of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Simon Hearn Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

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Contents

2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS COMPLETED PROJECTS

PROJECT

No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No

3. To provide profitable and sustainable production systems DAV-161A Postharvest protocols to increase numbers of

exportable Australian wildflower species Dr Virginia Williamson (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources

and Environment 4

4. To enhance the human capital of the industry AFP-3A Video - Using Wildflowers in retail floristry Mrs Christine Horsman (08) 8389 3057 Australian Flora and Protea

Growers Association 6

DAV-175A A practical workbook of postharvest treatments for wildflowers

Dr John Faragher (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

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QFG-1A Queensland cut flower industry R&D consultation forums

Mrs Geraldine Meiburg (07) 3824 9537 Queensland cut flower industry R&D consultation forums

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2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS

RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

PROJECT No

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No

1. To understand, strengthen and develop markets DAV-193A Australian cut flower best bets program Mr Tony Slater (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources

& Environment (Vic) 10

2. To improve existing products and develop new ones BAF-2A Development of Boronia heterphylla for improved

commercial application Mr George Lullfitz (08) 9405 1607 Boutique Australian Flora 11

BAF-3A Development of Scholtzia for improved commercial application

Mr George Lullfitz (08) 9405 1607 Boutique Australian Flora 12

DAQ-262A Identify and evaluate the commercial potential for new foliage and cutflower species from north Queensland

Ms Joanne Arthy (07) 4048 4651 Department of Primary Industries – Qld

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DAV-184A Developing Leptospermum as an export cut flower crop: phase 2

Mr Tony Slater (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

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UA-52A Production and postharvest handling of eucalypt bud and flower lines

Professor Margaret Sedgley (08) 8303 7249 The University of Adelaide 15

US-105A Grevillea: Breeding and Development of Focal (Cut) Flowers

Dr Peter Martin (02) 9351 8853 The University of Sydney 16

UWA-69A Evaluation of phytophthora tolerance in Leucadendron

Dr Guijun Yann (08) 9380 1240 University of Western Australia 17

3. To provide profitable and sustainable production systems DAN-181A Grafting Eriostemon australasius Mr Jonathan Lidbetter (02) 4348 1931 NSW Department of Agriculture 18 IHA-1A An integrated ethylene management system for the

waxflower industry Mr Douglas Hall (08) 9272 9281 Innovating Horticulture Australia 19

UWA-67A Speeding up the release of new varieties of Leucadendron

Dr Guijun Yann (08) 9380 1240 University of Western Australia 20

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COMPLETED PROJECTS

3. To provide profitable and sustainable production systems Project Title:

Postharvest protocols to increase numbers of exportable australian wildflower species

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-161A

Researcher: Dr Virginia Williamson Organisation: Institute for Horticultural Development

Department of Natural Resources and Environment Victoria Private Bag 15, Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre, VIC 3156

Phone: 03 9210 9222 Fax: 03 9800 3521 Email: [email protected]

Objectives The objectives of the project were to counteract the poor water uptake that characterises

most Australian native cut flowers with borderline vase lives (< 7 days) by inhibiting the initial postharvest wounding response; and to determine whether suberin inhibiting treatments could be used to enhance water uptake and increase the vase life of selected Australian native flowers. This would further enhance the export reputation of Australian cut flowers and increase the number of exportable species. A further objective was to ascertain whether suberin was deposited in cut stems using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

Background Current exports of Australian cut flowers concentrate on only a few genera. If the borderline vase lives of many Australian flowers could be improved, the range of species available for export might increase. This project hypothesised that when flowers are cut, their response to that mechanical damage was to deposit a water-impermeable substance (suberin). A suberin barrier is formed as a generic response to wounding, e.g. to seal off an area invaded by a pathogen. If this occurred in cut flowers, the suberin barrier could cause premature wilting and a shortened vase life because stems were no longer able to take up water from the vase solution.

Research The effects of numerous suberin-inhibiting physial and chemical treatments on vase life was tested using 13 species of Australian cut flowers and foliage. Other experiments were aimed at physically removing the blockage at the cut end of stems. These included recutting stems daily; keeping stems in high or low water levels; and a washing treatment to flush the base of stems. The number of bacteria in the vase water was monitored in some experiments to check whether they were a factor in vase life results.

Outcomes For the first time, evidence of an early stage of the wounding response in cut flowers was observed under TEM. As seen under TEM, the wounding response was inhibited by the chemical, S-carvone. This chemical also significantly increased vase life in Hakea francisiana, the only species tested with it. Recutting the basal 1cm from stems daily significantly increased vase life. Keeping cut stems in deep water significantly increased vase life over that of stems kept in low water. Water was not taken up through the outside of the stem and bacterial numbers were not the reason for the vastly different vase lives between the high and low water level treatments. Increased water pressure on the stem may have forced water past a blockage. As a by-product of this research, the ethylene sensitivity of some popular Australian native flowers was determined.

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Implications There is now direct evidence of a postharvest wounding response in cut flowers, and a

chemical that appears to inhibit it. Further work needs to be performed using other species to determine if the chemical improves their vase lives, and whether it can be used as a short-term pulse. If so, the vase lives of borderline species may be extended and exportable species increased. Also, those flowers identified as sensitive to ethylene should be treated and protected against its effects.

Publications Williamson, V.G., Liese, W. and Schmitt, U. Evidence of a Physiological Blockage in Cut Flower Stems: A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study, in prep.

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4. To enhance the human capital of the industry Project Title:

Using Wildflowers in Retail Floristry (Video)

RIRDC Project No.:

AFP- 3A

Researcher: Christine Horsman Organisation: Australian Flora and Protea Growers Association Phone: 08 8389 3057 Fax: 08 8389 3057 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To produce an educational video for use by florists, which illustrates the versatility of

wildflowers when used in commercial floristry.

Background A previous RIRDC project (AFP-1A) identified the fact that many florists did not know how to use wildflowers, and this was affecting their desire to purchase these products. Those who did use them often saw only limited occasions when wildflowers were suitable, and rarely mixed them with traditional flowers.

Research In 2001, AFPGA produced a video featuring designer Julia Jacobs FDA AIFD, showcasing some of the Australian-grown wildflowers available in spring. This was very well received, so with RIRDC funding support, this second video was made, featuring Greg Block CSD AIFD FDA SNZPF, and part of the summer range of wildflowers.

Outcomes Implications

The video “Design and Combine with Wildflowers No. 2” , is 32 minutes long, and shows six designs, together with information on how each is supported by the mechanics. Each wildflower is identified by picture and common name, to aid increasing familiarity. Greg Block discusses each design in detail. The simple and stunning creations all use both traditional and wildflowers, and are suitable for various occasions such as corporate, wedding and home decorating. Information on care and handling is also included. Past experience has shown AFPGA that video is an excellent training medium, especially for those who are unable to attend workshops in person. The accessibility of this information should encourage more florists to experiment, and thus increase sales of wildflowers. Due to the seasonality of many wildflowers, AFPGA plans (when funds become available) to produce two more tapes, featuring the product available in autumn and winter.

Availability Both videos are available from: AFPGA C/- Chris Horsman

Post Office KERSBROOK SA 5231

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Project Title:

Apractical workbook of postharvest treatments for wildflowers.

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-175A

Researcher: Dr John Faragher Organisation: Institute for Horticultural Development

Department of Natural Resources and Environment Victoria Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre, Vic., 3156.

Phone: 03 9210 9222 Fax: 03 9800 3521 Email: [email protected]

Objectives The objective of the project was to produce a user-friendly workbook that would provide

the practical information that growers, exporters and wholesalers want to know about postharvest treatments for fresh Australian native flowers and related species.

Background There are a few reference and practical books on postharvest handling of cut flowers available. However, the information on Australian native flowers and related species is dispersed. Our aim was to bring this information together, along with other practical information the grower, wholesaler and exporter needs and present it in a practical workbook. The project was sponsored by the Flower Export Council of Australia, Inc., Clearpac and Hortraco and Amcor Fibre Packaging.

Research The book was planned with advice from growers, exporters, R&D and extension workers and from experts in workplace training. Growers and exporters have provided a lot of information for the book. Our colleagues in adult education advised us on ways to make the book relevant, interesting, clear and accessible. We deliberately made space for notes and made the book a loose-leaf folder so users and the authors can update it.

Outcomes The book has been produced separately from this report – see Publications below. It will be available from RIRDC at the end of 2001. The major sections are: • Why are postharvest treatments important? • Basic postharvest treatments and handling for all flowers • A general postharvest treatment protocol • Specific postharvest treatments for 30 individual crops and notes on other crops • Additional information on postharvest treatments and allied issues

Implications We trust that it will be used as a practical workbook, a recipe book and a reference and training book. The desired outcome is that the industry will use it to improve flower quality in the market place and that consequently sales and prices will increase and the industry will be more profitable and grow. The book can be used for extension and education. For example, four workshops based on the book have been held in Victoria. We recommend that: 1. The gaps in our knowledge about postharvest treatments are filled in by R&D: • Postharvest treatments to maintain quality during export • The best practical postharvest treatments for a wide range of important flowers. • Detailed postharvest biology of important species, including aspects such as

ethylene sensitivity and the importance of infection by Botrytis (grey mould) fungus • How a wide range of flowers respond to ethylene and anti-ethylene treatments 2. The appropriate authorities ensure that accurate, simple advice on all issues related to regulation and use of agricultural chemicals is readily available to industry.

Publications Postharvest Handling of Australian Native Flowers and Related Species. A practical workbook. By J. Faragher, T. Slater, D. Joyce and V. Williamson. Available from RIRDC.

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Project Title:

Queensland cut flower industry R&D consultation forum

RIRDC Project No.:

QFG-1A

Researcher: Geraldine Meiburg Organisation: Queensland Flower Growers Association (QFGA) Phone: 07 3824 9537 Fax: 07 3286 3094 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • To conduct a workshop to identify industry R&D priorities and involve industry in

the process of developing an Industry Research and Development (R&D) Plan. • To formulate a highly relevant R&D Plan for the Queensland cutflower industry

identifying goals strategies and actions for all industry parties.

Background The Australian cutflower industry is experiencing a general decline in confidence in R&D due to a lack of funding, a reduced awareness of what research has been carried out and a belief that past research has not achieved any real benefits for growers. However, Queensland industry has identified that the creation of an active R&D program as a priority. Thus, QFGA is conducting this project to enable it to effectively (1) provide a coordinated force, (2) identify industry R&D priorities, (3) support and encourage increased industry financial support of, and participation in, R&D activities, and (4) implement processes to ensure that relevant and meaningful research is carried out and that research results actually reach end-users.

Research The workshop was conducted May 25, 2001 at Cleveland (near Brisbane). Participants included growers from all the major Queensland cutflower growing regions and sectors (about 80% were growers of Australian natives), allied traders (eg export agents, propagators and flower carton manufacturers) and R&D service provider representatives. Growers were invited from the more distant major growing regions (eg Central and Far North Queensland) to represent the interests of industry located in those regions. To attract increased participation from industry, the day also included a forum consisting of guest speakers who provided information on past R&D activities. Information on past industry development activities, including the results of a previous analysis of the industry’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, was provided to all registered participants prior to the workshop. Participants were also invited to respond to a survey, the results of which where collated to form a starting point for workshop discussions. Workshop results were collated into a Forum/Workshop Report, which was then used to create the industry planning documents. A draft R&D Plan was formulated and, in response to workshop results, QFGA also addressed other industry issues that would impact on the success of any R&D plan implemented by preparing an industry Future Vision document and an Education and Training (E&T) Plan. All workshop participants were given the opportunity to provide input into the preparation of the documents.

Outcomes A Queensland Cutflower Industry Research and DevelopmentPlan was formulated which identified strategies and actions to be undertaken to reach identified industry goals. This included a list of industry’s top R&D priorities, a process formulated to assess proposed R&D projects for their relevance to industry’s requirements, and industry preferred options to enable projects to be funded were identified. A Queensland Cutflower Industry Education and Training Plan was formulated to similarly address how to effectively disseminate past and future research results. It lists R&D issues that have been previously researched but have not been adequately disseminated and/or accessed by industry.

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A Queensland Cutflower Industry Future Vision document was formulated to examine other industry issues (eg marketing, production and communication issues) that, if left unaddressed would limit any industry development achieved through the development of an active R&D program. Final documents and/or summaries were distributed to all identified cutflower enterprises in Queensland, industry stakeholders in Queensland and other states, and identified R&D service providers.

Implications The R&D Plan, E&T Plan and the Future Vision document identify industry goals, and recommend strategies and actions. These documents provide all industry parties (including QFGA, grower groups, other industry leaders and individuals) with a guide on what must be accomplished to realise the industry development potential of the Queensland cutflower industry. QFGA’s activities will be adjusted to incorporate the recommended actions. QFGA’s R&D and E&T subcommittees are now implementing identified R&D related activities. The subcommittee will now actively work with (1) R&D service providers to create and conduct new and worthwhile R&D opportunities and (2) industry to facilitate the initiation, funding and operation of new R&D projects in line with identified priorities, and E&T activities are being prepared to address identified priority issues. QFGA will actively encourage industry to adopt the recommendations of the plans and documents. The results have been supplied to other industry stakeholders such as cutflower industry peak bodies in other Australian states and other emerging horticultural industries (eg olive industry). This will provide them with an opportunity to apply the information to their own situations and may assist them in addressing any similar problems their industries may be experiencing.

Publications Fuss, A and Meiburg, G.F. (2001) Research, development and extension for the Queensland cutflower industry

Meiburg, G.F. (2001) Queensland cutflower industry future vision Meiburg, G.F. (2001) Queensland cutflower industry research and development plan and

education and training plan.

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RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

1. To understand, strengthen and develop markets Project Title

Australian cut flower best bets program

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-193A

Start Date: 01/07/01 Finish Date: 31/07/02 Researcher: Mr. Tony Slater Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

Agriculture Victoria Knoxfield Institute of Horticultural Development Private Bag 15 Scoresby Business Centre VIC 3176

Phone: (03) 9210 9222 Fax: (03) 9800 3521 Email: [email protected]

Objectives

• Improved profitability and productivity of the industry through expansion of

the wildflower 'Best Bets' program to include exporters and growers around Australia. The provision of information on flowers that the markets want and are undersupplied.

Current Progress

As this analysis was designed to use exporters relevant to Queensland growers, all the relevant exporters were contacted to participate. The project started with an analysis of the methods for collecting the data, in light of the previous analyses conducted in Victoria, to ensure that all crops are included in the analysis, and to improve the rating system for the crops. The workshops and interviews, which were planned for late September, had to be delayed which set the project back. The project is now back on track and the exporter interviews have taken place. The majority of the data has been collected, and the final checks are currently being conducted on the data by the relevant exporters. This work will be completed shortly. The analysis will then be published and lists of crops will be produced for the various regions within Queensland.

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2. To improve existing products and develop new ones Project Title

Development of Boronia heterophylla for improved commercial application

RIRDC Project No.:

BAF-2A

Start Date: 01/10/99 Finish Date: 30/09/02 Researcher: Mr. George Lullfitz Organisation: Boutique Australian Flora

PO Box 34 WANNEROO WA 6065


Objectives • To provide a series of clones of Boronia heterophylla which have been

developed and exhibit a wide range of flowering times (earlier/later) and flowering habit. This will enable growers and exporters to supply the flower market with this sought after and well established product with more continuity.

• These improved clones would be produced as outcomes of the program involving:

• Evaluating and refining existing selected clones of Boronia heterpohylla • Establishing a selection program utilising the existing selections as source

parent material.

Current Progress

Boronia heterophylla has been grown for the cut flower market for many years. Supplies have been sourced from natural and cultivated stands until recently when picking from natural stands has been terminated by government intervention. The existing time over which the flowers are available is short. It is important to develop a range of new clones which provide a wider range of flowering times thereby enabling the market to be supplied over a longer period of time. The aim of this project is to produce new clones and hence extend the flowering time for this product. Several clones were selected for propagation and trial. However, due to propagation difficulties in tissue culture and loss of parent stock plants, only one additional clone remained. The remaining clone had been selected from an early flowering plant. Successful multiplication in tissue culture is achieved but difficulty occurs in the transfer of plants from in vitro conditions to soil media. Techniques are being varied in an attempt to increase the success rate in the transfer.

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Project Title

Development of scholtzia for improved commercial application

RIRDC Project No.:

BAF-3A

Start Date: 01/10/99 Finish Date: 30/09/02 Researcher: Mr. George Lullfitz Organisation: Boutique Australian Flora

PO Box 34 WANNEROO WA 6065


Objectives • To formally assess and deliver to industry a range of improved Scholtzia

involucrata varieties from the existing plants along with the cultural information required for the commercial application in the Australian Floriculture Industry.

• The subsequent release will secure the market position of the species by extending the present supply period and improve product quality. This will relieve the environmental pressures and market supply uncertainty of 'bushpicking'.

• To establish an ongoing selection program utilising the superior genetic material and to continue to develop new varieties for improved commercial application.

Current Progress

Scholtzia involucrata forms a significant part of the market share for export cut flowers from Australia. Flowers are supplied over the summer period following on from waxflower, the major cut flower crop. Several superior clones had been selected from natural populations over a period of time. These were selected to provide a broad range in flowering times, size of the inflorescence, flower colour and plant vigour. The major effort over the past year has been propagating additional plants and planting them into the field plot. More than 250 plants were planted. Greatest success in propagation is obtained during the summer months. Many plants from the initial planting were lost due to heavy frost damage, perhaps due to the size of the plants and not hardened sufficiently. However the plants remaining have reached 50 - 70 cm in height during the year. Evaluation has been made of the clones for flowering times and size of inflorescence. Three clones are best suited for commercial production, having flowering times in mid November, early December and early January. Further evaluations will be made during the coming season. The January clone has a large inflorescence These clones will now be made available to selected growers throughout appropriate growing regions in Australia.

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Project Title

Identify and evaluate the commercial potential for new foliage and cutflower species form north Queensland

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-262A

Start Date: 01/09/99 Finish Date: 30/11/02 Researcher: Ms Joanne Arthy Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

Amenity Horticulture QHI PO Box 1054 MAREEBA QLD 4880


Objectives • The identification of the export potential of a range of new foliage and

cutflower species native to north Queensland. • Establish propagation, establishment, agronomic and postharvest

requirements for new species. • Determine preliminary compatibility for production in other regions in

Australia

Current Progress

Over the preceding 12 months, field and market trials have indicated that a number of the tested foliage species being tested have agronomic and market potential. Foliages were sent to Australian export and domestic agents. Their response has shown that two Stenocarpus sp. Tully R varieties (Forest Gem and Forest Lace), Lomatia fraxinifolia, Carnarvonia montana and Sarcotoechia serrata foliages have particular market potential in comparison with the remainder of the species. Field trials have shown that stem production of these species can be manipulated by pruning, with production rates for the Stenocarpus Forest Gem and Forest Lace showing particular promise. To gauge the natural tolerance of the plants to pests and diseases, field trials were not sprayed with fungicides or insecticides. Although natural resistance to insect attack was variable, incidence of disease was low. None of the species identified as promising showed extreme susceptibility to insect attack. The Stenocarpus varieties were the most resistant, being attacked by very few pests and todate no diseases. The trials are being conducted across 3 climatic regions of the Atherton Tablelands and results indicate that some of the species will be suitable for other regions. Field and market trials will be ongoing until the completion of the project in November 2002 and will provide further information regarding the potential of these plants as new cut foliage species.

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Project Title

Developing leptospermum as an export cut flower crop: phase 2

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-184A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 30/09/03 Researcher: Mr. Tony Slater Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

Agriculture Victoria Knoxfield Institute of Horticultural Development Private Bag 15 Scoresby Business Centre VIC 3176


Objectives • The production of superior Leptospermum hybrids that can continuously

supply cut flowers for the market, through a breeding program using superior selections.

Current Progress

During the last flowering season the superior forms of Leptospermum were used as parents in the breeding program. 720 crosses were performed providing 73 different combinations of parents. To date, 147 nuts have been harvested. The crosses that have low success rates will be further investigated for reproductive barriers and the usefulness of embryo rescue. The seed from the hybrid crosses are continuing to be germinated. The seedlings are grown in the nursery and then transported to the field site at Longford as soon as possible. In the last year 250 hybrid seedlings have been planted at the field site and there are now 1200 hybrids growing at the field site. Production is continuing and another 150 will be planted in the field during the next month. During the last flowering season, the first flowering of a range of hybrids occurred. Two hybrids in particular showed very interesting characteristics and will be investigated further. The floral morphology and reproductive biology of species within related genera has been examined to include these in the breeding program. One hundred and ninty intergeneric crosses were undertaken using 10 species. Fifteen nuts from these crosses have been harvested and the seeds are currently being germinated.

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Project Title

Production and postharvest handling of eucalypt bud and flower lines

RIRDC Project No.:

UA-52A

Start Date: 20/09/99 Finish Date: 05/07/04 Researcher: Prof. Margaret Sedgley Organisation: The University of Adelaide

Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology Waite Agricultural Research Institute GLEN OSMOND SA 5064


Objectives • Hybridisation of novel eucalypt lines for fresh bud and flower cut stems

• Field trial of the novel lines to develop training and pruning regimes for optimum production

• Investigation of clonal propagation of superior lines • Development of postharvest treatments to allow transport of quality product

to distant markets. • Investigation of marketability of lines.

Current Progress

The mid-project review in March 2002 enabled all parties involved to achieve an intimate understanding of the project. Hybridisation. The hybridisation matrices have been prioritised and pollinations will continue over the next 12 months. Hybrid seedlings have been produced from the 2000-2001 pollinations. Field trials. Over 400 hybrids will reach reproductive maturity this winter and spring, allowing for large scale selection trials. Training methods for young hybrids and species and will be implemented this Autumn. Pruning Trials. The regrowth from the pruning trial is reaching reproductive maturity, and will be assessed this year to allow for a comparison of treatments. Clonal Propagation. Research into in vitro micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis is progressing, as is the development of optimal grafting techniques and scion/rootstock combinations. Postharvest. Trials to assess the basic vase life of superior individuals are ongoing. As hybrids reach maturity, their vase life will be assessed as part of the selection process. Material from the pruning trial will be used to determine the effect of a number of postharvest treatments on Eucalyptus stems. Investigation of marketability of lines. As soon as superior lines reach a point where sufficient material is available, market acceptability will be assessed

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** Project Title

Grevillea: Breeding and Development of Focal (Cut) Flowers

RIRDC Project No.:

US-105A

Start Date: 01/03/01 Finish Date: 30/11/04 Researcher: Dr Peter Martin Organisation: The University of Sydney

Plant Breeding Institute Private Bag 11 CAMDEN NSW 2570

Phone: (02) 9351 8803 Fax: (02) 9351 8875

Objectives • Improve protocols for cut flower production of Grevillea varieties.

• Produce advanced lines incorporating the following traits that will deliver answers to the deficiencies in the current Grevillea cultivars as used in the cut flower industry: longer stem length, greater floral production, improved range of flower colours resistant to perianth drop, improved vase life and resistance to transport damage.

• Demonstrate the commercial viability of cut flower Grevilleas. • Breed (PBR) protectable cultivars suitable for the cut flower trade.

Current Progress

Research is being conducted by the University of Sydney’s Plant Breeding Institute, Cobbitty, to develop Grevilleas as focal cut flowers. This is being done by breeding new varieties and investigating growth aspects of flower production. A grevillea plantation has been established at Cobbitty (near Camden), which includes preferred parent plants for hybridization and numerous commercial hybrid varieties for plant growth trials. The production protocol experiments include looking at pruning methods/timing and training techniques to promote longer vase life and increased stem length. One pruning and training method is to mimic the treatment of grapevines, by tying down branches to the wire trellis and pruning to a specific growth point each season. In its initial phase the plants appear to be responding to this treatment, but flowering will be the key to its success. It is anticipated that this synchronized growth will adapt well to fertilizer pulsing, thus producing a coordinated flowering time. Market research is ongoing to determine the requirements of the industry, from growers to wholesalers and florists. The Grevillea Study Group is to be involved in parent selections and propagation aspects, as is the Mount Annan Botanic Gardens. Thus, a Steering Committee is to be formed between these two groups and the University of Sydney, to monitor the project and provide feedback on its progress.

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Project Title

Evaluation of phytophthora tolerance in Leucadendron

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-69A

Start Date: 28/01/02 Finish Date: 30/05/03 Researcher: Dr. Guijun Yan Organisation: University of Western Australia

Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture NEDLANDS WA 6009


Objectives • To screen the existing Leucandendron species and their interspecific hybrids

for phytophthora tolerance • To identify Leucandendron genotypes tolerant to phytophthora • To recommend tolerant genotypes to growers to grow on phytophthora

contaminated land and • To provide the Leucandendron breeding program with phytophthora

tolerant genotypes.

Current Progress

The project has attracted a highly motivated 4th year student John Ostaszewskyj to undertake the research on Phytophthora tolerance in Leucadendron. Three experiments have been designed for the project. The first is to look at symptom development after inoculation of putative susceptible and tolerant genotypes such as L. procerum and L. eucalyptifolium. It is expected that this experiment will show us how long it takes for the symptom to fully develop.and, the best time to score the lesion development. The experiment will also give us some idea on the degree of variation we will encounter and so help to determine the sample size in further experiments. The second experiment will compare whole plant (potted) inoculation with excised stem inoculation to see whether we can get similar results. If experiment 2 is successful, we can use excised stems for experiment 3 as this is preferable. Experiment 3 will extend the successful method developed in experiment 1 and 2 to existing species and hybrids. John has given a seminar to his fellow students and staff in the Faculty on this project and it was very successful. The first experiment has started and we are expecting results very soon.

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3. To provide profitable and sustainable production systems Project Title

Grafting Eriostemon australasius

RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-181A

Start Date: 23/06/99 Finish Date: 30/05/02 Researcher: Mr. Jonathon Lidbetter Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Locked Bag 21 ORANGE NSW 2800


Objectives • To develop Eriostemon australisius as a cutflower crop with superior

selections extending the flowering season and site suitability to include heavier soil types. This project aims to:

• Bring a range of E.Australasius selections into commercial production on suitable root stocks

• Overcome the difficulty of propagating superior cut-flower forms and field survival problems

• And shorten the lead time in developing cultivated eriostemon as a major domestic and export crop.

Current Progress

Seven natural populations of Eriostemon australasius were surveyed to identify elite clonal material. Significant variation was found in petal colour, petal width, flower diameter, leaf size and plant vigour. Grafting of scion material from natural populations (or tissue culture) onto seedlings has enabled forty varieties to be rapidly brought into cultivation. From these collaborators selected five elite varieties. Seedling rootstocks allowed the rapid formation of successful graft unions with ‘semi-hardened off’ grafted plants back on drip irrigation in five weeks. Eighty percent of grafted scions flowered from late July to September 2001, eight to fifteen months from grafting. All grafted plants currently have flower buds. The mother stock material provided scions for grafting or cutting production. Eighty-five percent of grafts using this material were successful. Cutting strike rates are extremely variable. Some varieties strike readily with up to 73% of cuttings struck within 5 weeks. Grafts with four hardy rootstocks from three related genera have failed to establish a long-term compatible combination although an initial union and growth were observed in all cases. Eight other rootstocks tested from five genera have formed graft unions but have yet to demonstrate long-term compatibility.

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Project Title

An integrated ethylene management system for the waxflower industry

RIRDC Project No.:

IHA-1A

Start Date: 01/01/01 Finish Date: 31/03/04 Researcher: Mr. Douglas Hall Organisation: Innovating Horticulture Australia

Principal Consultant 68 Shaftesbury Avenue BAYSWATER WA 6053

Phone: (08) 9272 9281 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • This project will significantly improve the quality, consistency and image of

Waxflower exported from Australia. This will be achieved by establishing a scientifically based ethylene management system as a standard component of Waxflower production across the majority of the national industry. The management system will incorporate both STS- and 1-MCP-based anti-ethylene treatments and will be compatible with Quality Assurance systems such as AQAF, ISO9002 and SQF2000. Strong collaborative interactions and training activities, throughout the project, will deliver important generic outcomes - changed attitudes to quality management and improved quality practices. A Manual describing the system and how to use it will be produced.

Current Progress

The project consists of three major activities:

1. establish the nationwide operation of an integrated management system for monitoring and improving the effectiveness of anti-ethylene treatments,

2. improve the effectiveness of commercial application of STS through improved protocols,

3. develop a commercially viable system for applying the gaseous anti-ethylene agent, 1-MCP, to Waxflowers.

Monitoring systems being operated by major exporters across Australia are generating scientifically based benchmarks for the effectiveness of anti-ethylene treatments. The benchmarking data, together with other elements of the ethylene management system, are for the first time providing growers, exporters and the national industry with a framework for continual performance improvement.

A fundamental principal of this project is the synthesis of research, development, implementation and training into a holistic approach to the innovation process. This is rapidly delivering outcomes to industry and leading to high levels of adoption through active participation and a sense of ownership by industry. At the same time, the model drives continual improvement of the project through industry feedback.

During the 2002 flowering season, activities will include establishing monitoring systems with additional exporters, initiating corrective actions with growers identified as requiring performance improvement, trialing improved STS protocols and conducting semi-production trials of MCP.

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Project Title

Speeding up the release of new varieties of Leucadendron

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-67A

Start Date: 01/11/01 Finish Date: 30/11/04 Researcher: Dr. Guijun Yan Organisation: University of Western Australia

Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture NEDLANDS WA 6009


Objectives • The main outcome will be a bank of hybrid genotypes from which future

varieties will be developed. This will require the rapid reduction of a large initial hybrid population to a manageable size.

• In practical terms this will require us: • To develop an early selection system based on morphological and molecular

markers • To develop protocols for the quick multiplication of selected potential new

varieties • To reduce the potential number of hybrid plants of >18,000 to an elite group

of less than 4000, and • To release at least two new Leucadendron varieties from our ongoing

interspecific hybridisation program

Current Progress

Development of morphological markers: Seven morphological traits of 189 seedlings from six different families were measured or recorded and the seedlings were planted in the field. The horticulturally important traits of mature plants such as sex, stem length, productivity, bract and flower colour will be measured next year and correlated with the seedling traits to see whether we can find any early selection markers. Rapid propagation of selections: The six hybrids selected for fast track have been propagated successfully using conventional cuttings (>120 mm) and some plants are available for the trialling growers. A detailed experiment is currently underway to determine the success of using smaller cuttings (<30mm). Smaller cuttings allow more plants to be produced sooner with the very limited plant material available. Several selections have already been propagated with very small cuttings but the current experiment is the first attempt to compare the efficiency of this method. Development of sex markers: Thirty RAPD primers have been attempted to generate male or female specific bands. The method works fine but no markers linked to male or female traits have been discovered so far. We have just employed an additional researcher Aneeta Pradhan to quicken the progress

wildflowers & native plants - agrifutures australia2 foreword this year rirdc has produced...

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