wildlife diversity in british columbia · wildlife diversity in british columbia: distribution and...

W O R K I N G P A P E R

Wildlife Diversity in British Columbia:

Distribution and Habitat Use of Amphib-Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals in

0 4 / 1 9 9 5

Province of British ColumbiaMinistry of Forests Research Program

Biogeoclimatic Zones

Victoria Stevens

Province of British ColumbiaMinistry of Forests Research ProgramMinistry of Environment, Lands, and Parks Habitat Protection Branch

Wildlife Diversity in British Columbia:

Distribution and Habitat Use of Amphibians,

Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals in

Biogeoclimatic Zones

CitationStevens, V. 1995. Wildlife diversity in British Columbia: distribution and habitatuse of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals in biogeoclimatic zones. Res. Br.,B.C. Min. For., Wildl. Br., B.C. Min. Environ, Lands and Parks., Victoria, B.C.Work Pap. 04/1995.

Prepared byVictoria StevensforB.C. Ministry of ForestsResearch Branch31 Bastion SquareVictoria, BC, V8W 3E7

andB.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and ParksWildlife Branch780 Blanshard StreetVictoria, BC V8W 1X4

Copies of this report may be obtained, depending upon supply, from:B.C. Ministry of ForestsForestry Division Services BranchProduction Resources1205 Broad StreetVictoria BC V8W 3E7

1995 Province of British Columbia

The contents of this report may not be cited in whole or in part without the ap-proval of the Director of Research, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.

©

The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for theinformation and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute anofficial endorsement or approval by the British Columbia Ministry of Forestsof any product or service to the exclusion of any others that may also besuitable.

PREFACE

The major purpose of this report is to help wildlife managers and landmanagers who alter habitat to determine which species are likely tooccur in a geographic area and to identify critical wildlife habitats. Thisreport was suggested by the interagency Wildlife Interpretations WorkingGroup, whose goal is to integrate and extend wildlife information intothe B.C. Ministry of Forests ecosystem publications. The success of thewildlife sections in Ecosystems of British Columbia (Meidinger and Pojar1991) and the current emphasis on assessing biological diversityhighlighted the value of a complete list of species at the biogeoclimaticsubzone level.

This report aims to complement documents that describe species andecosystems, by correlating species with ecosystems. It provides generalinformation about the relative diversity and habitat use of amphibians,reptiles, birds, and mammals in British Columbia for wildlife and habitatbiologists, foresters, planners, and naturalists. The data are presentedwithin the framework of biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification, themanagement standard for the B.C. Ministry of Forests. Reference is alsomade to the ecoregion classification system used by the B.C. Ministry ofEnvironment, Lands and Parks. The Wildlife Habitat Handbook for theSouthern Interior Ecoprovince (Harcombe 1988), has a similar managementorientation and uses the ecoprovince as the primary classification unit.The Protected Areas Strategy uses a combination of both ecosystemclassification systems (Province of B.C. 1993).

Most information is summarized in appendices. Each appendix isintroduced in Chapter 4 and an explanation is given about how it wasderived and how to use it. A summary is also provided.

A partial data analysis is presented in Chapter 4, but many moreanalyses are called for. Therefore, the database is also available on disk,together with an explanation of file structure and codes, in WorkingPaper 05. It is available from Production Resources, B.C. Ministryof Forests.

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FOREWORD

Maintaining species across their natural range is a fundamental goal ofconserving species and biological diversity. Basic information aboutwhere species occur, and what habitats they use is necessary for suchwork. This report should allow readers familiar with a geographic areato understand the diversity of amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammalspecies in that area. Understanding the species present and their habitatsshould promote better land-use decisions and more effectiveconservation.

Amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species constitute a small portionof all animal and plant species; together with fish and flowering plants theyconstitute only 5–10% of all species in the province. Most species areinvertebrates, moulds, and bacteria. This report is, however, a significantstep towards improving knowledge of terrestrial vertebrate diversity. Somewildlife species are at risk and in imminent danger of extinction in theprovince. Threatened or endangered species signal declines in ecosystemhealth. Beyond documenting the mere presence of species, we mustunderstand their ecological roles, to gauge the ecosystem health that we alldepend on.

Managing species known to be at risk is necessary if the species are topersist over time. Focusing only on such species, however, will neveraddress the actions that continue to place species at risk. The loss ofecosystem functions often results from minor human activities that gounnoticed, but that have a cumulative and significant effect. Changingand adapting the ways we manage ourselves within ecosystems andrecognizing thresholds for ecosystems are fundamental to ecosystemhealth and species survival—including our own. Aldo Leopold’smetaphor of 1949 still holds today, “To keep every cog and wheel is thefirst precaution of intelligent tinkering.” Maintaining ecosystemfunctions is likely the lowest cost and risk strategy to conserve species.

Most provincial wildlife information is organized for single specieswithin publications such as those produced by the Royal BritishColumbia Museum on mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and bats.This report compiles range and habitat information from thesepublications. As well, workshops with species specialists were used toestablish the species assemblage in each biogeoclimatic subzone group.For selected species, broad habitats are described where each species islikely to occur. While our understanding of wildlife species distri-butions, habitat use and provincial classification for those known to beat risk will no doubt change, this work forms a valuable source ofcurrent information for ecosystem management and a baseline to amendas our understanding of wildlife is refined.

Mike FengerChair, Wildlife Interpretations Working Group

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The province of British Columbia has a bounty of diversity. Itsmountains, lakes and rivers, rainforests, wetlands and arid grasslands,and long, rugged coast provide habitats for more species of livingorganisms than are found anywhere else in Canada. However, this verydiversity means that there is much to be discovered about theseorganisms—their distribution, abundance, habitat requirements, andinterrelationships with their environment. Increasing our knowledge ofthis biodiversity will help with the complex task of sustainablymanaging our land and waters. In 1992 the provincial governmentinitiated a co-operative biodiversity research program with funding fromthe Corporate Resource Inventory Initiative; the British ColumbiaMinistries of Forests (Research Branch); Environment, Lands and Parks(Wildlife and Habitat Protection Branches); Tourism and Culture (RoyalBritish Columbia Museum); and the Forest Resource DevelopmentAgreement (FRDA II). One goal of this research program is to extendinformation to scientists, resource managers, and the public throughbiodiversity publications. They are intended to increase awareness andunderstanding of biodiversity, promote the concepts and importance ofconserving biodiversity, and communicate provincial governmentinitiatives related to biodiversity. We hope that these publications will beused as tools for the conservation of British Columbia’s rich, livinglegacy.

For more information contact:

B.C. Ministry of ForestsResearch Branch31 Bastion SquareVictoria, BC V8W 3E7

B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and ParksWildlife Branch780 Blanshard StreetVictoria, BC V8V 1X4

Royal British Columbia Museum675 Belleville StreetVictoria, BC V8W 1X4

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

British Columbia is teeming with people who are knowledgeable aboutnative wildlife. Many of them have intentionally or unintentionallycontributed to this report and I thank them all.

Mike Fenger and Del Meidinger have overseen the project from thebeginning. They have been unfailingly patient, helpful, energetic, andenthusiastic. Del Meidinger and Ted Lea grouped the subzones anddeveloped habitats that were commensurate with the level ofhabitat–species relationships for the majority of the wildlife speciesaddressed here.

Regular workshop participants were Del Meidinger, Ted Lea, WayneCampbell, John Cooper, Stan Orchard, and Alton Harestad. Theirwillingness to stick with this project through three years of workshopshas provided a consistency to the data that would have been impossibleto achieve otherwise. All the workshops were replete with anecdotesand digressions about the species in question, which made them themost enjoyable part of working on this project. Dennis Demarchi waspivotal in providing a map that was large enough to distinguishsubzones, but small enough to handle. This was the single mosttechnically helpful development throughout the past three years! TonyHamilton provided many mornings of grizzly bear lore. In addition,many people were present at the early workshops to help hone theprocess or provide needed information on species or species groups.These were Vivian Banci, Dick Cannings, Ian McTaggart-Cowan, DennisDemarchi, Dave Dunbar, Andrew Harcombe, Bill Harper, Ian Hatter,Bruce McClellan, Bill Munro, Dave Nagorsen, Jim Pojar, and Bud Smith.Pam Stacey and Robin Baird from Simon Fraser University, Departmentof Biological Sciences, provided information on marine mammals.

Appendices 1–3 were formatted by Desktop Publishing Ltd., Victoria,B.C., who also produced camera-ready copy. Mapping wasaccomplished with base maps from Rick Thomas of B.C. Ministry ofEnvironment and Paul Nystedt of B.C. Ministry of Forests, and thegraphic artistry of Jenus Friesen of Design Source, Victoria, B.C.

I thank Ted Miller, Stan Orchard, Mike Fenger, Scott Harrison, JeffMorgan, Kathy Stewart, and Dave Nagorsen for reviewing themanuscript or portions of the tables. I also thank the WildlifeInterpretations Working Group who first recognized the need for thistype of wildlife information: Harold Armleder, Dale Seip, Brian Fuhr,Mike Fenger, and Alan Banner. Partial funding for publication of thisdocument was provided by Forest Renewal B.C. to support thedevelopment of an Ecosystem Restoration Program.

All inaccuracies and inconsistencies are my own.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report summarizes basic and essential information on terrestrialvertebrates in British Columbia and is intended for wildlife managersand other workers in resource management. Whereas most wildlifeinformation is organized by species or species group, this report isorganized by geographic area. The distribution and abundance of the 560terrestrial vertebrate, marine mammal, and marine reptile species inBritish Columbia are summarized. The same treatment is given thosesubspecies and populations considered at risk. Distribution is describedusing the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification with some refinementsusing the ecoregional classification system.

The province’s 94 biogeoclimatic subzones are grouped into 49subzone groups for wildlife. Seasonal abundance of each wildlife speciesis noted in the appropriate subzone group, yielding a complete specieslist for each subzone group by season. The 151 species, subspecies, andpopulations at risk plus selected species not at risk are correlated with 33broad habitats within each biogeoclimatic zone. This indicates the broadhabitats that species at risk may depend on and where special habitatprotection measures may be needed.

Some data analysis is given and graphic comparisons of wildlife useby zone and habitat use within zones are shown. Not surprisingly, therichest zone (451 species) is the Coastal Western Hemlock. This highfigure reflects the wide range of habitats represented in this zone. AlpineTundra is the most depauperate zone with 125 species.

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CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 How to Use this Working Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Ecoregion Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3. Biogeoclimatic Zones, Subzones, and WildlifeSubzone Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4. Provincial Wildlife Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.2 Data-Gathering Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.3 Structure of the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.3.1 Common and scientific names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.3.2 Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.3.3 Seasonal abundance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.3.4 Habitat use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

4.4 Habitat Use by Listed Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.5 Distribution and Seasonality of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.5.1 Zonal group comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.5.2 Zone comparisons by vertebrate class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.6 Wildlife Summaries by Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.6.1 Coastal Douglas-fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.6.2 Coastal Western Hemlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.6.3 Mountain Hemlock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.6.4 Bunchgrass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.6.5 Ponderosa Pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654.6.6 Interior Douglas-fir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684.6.7 Montane Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.6.8 Interior Cedar–Hemlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.6.9 Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.6.10 Sub-boreal Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.6.11 Boreal White and Black Spruce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814.6.12 Spruce–Willow–Birch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.6.13 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854.6.14 Alpine Tundra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

APPENDIX 1 Distribution of all amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals by biogeoclimatic zone or zonal group in British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

APPENDIX 2 Seasonal abundance of species by wildlife subzone group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

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APPENDIX 3 Habitat use of taxa at risk and selected other species . . 191

APPENDIX 4 Workshop dates and participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

APPENDIX 5 Species deleted from Cannings and Harcombe’s (1990) complete list of vertebrates in British Columbia. . . . . . . 282

APPENDIX 6 Species found in every zonal group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

TABLES

1 Definitions of five levels of the ecoregion classification system 6

2 Relationship between biogeoclimatic zones and subzones, andnew wildlife subzone groups introduced for wildlifeinterpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Subspecies and populations included as separate cases . . . . . . . 33

4 Definitions of habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5 Summary of red- and blue-listed taxa in eachbiogeoclimatic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

6 Number of taxa at risk in each habitat ecosystem unit in each zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

7 Species and listed taxa limited to one zonal group. . . . . . . . . . . . 45

8 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classesin the CDF zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

9 Seasonal abundance of taxa at risk in the CDF zone . . . . . . . . . . 53

10 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes inthe CWH zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

11 Seasonal distribution and abundance of taxa at risk in thethree wildlife subzone groups of the CWH zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

12 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classesin the MH zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

13 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thethree wildlife subzone groups of the MH zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

14 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in theBG zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

15 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thetwo wildlife subzone groups of the BG zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

16 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes inthe PP zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

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17 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk inthe two wildlife subzone groups of the PP zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

18 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classesin the IDF zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

19 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thefour wildlife subzone groups of the IDF zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

20 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classesin the MS zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

21 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thefour wildlife subzone groups of the MS zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

22 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classesin the ICH zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

23 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thesix wildlife subzone groups of the ICH zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

24 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes inthe SBPS zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

25 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thefour wildlife subzone groups of the SBPS zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

26 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes inthe SBS zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

27 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thefive wildlife subzone groups of the SBS zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

28 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes inthe BWBS zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

29 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thethree wildlife subzone groups of the BWBS zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

30 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classesin the SWB zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

31 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thetwo wildlife subzone groups of the SWB zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

32 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes inthe ESSF zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

33 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk inthe eight wildlife subzone groups of the ESSF zone. . . . . . . . . . . 86

34 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classesin the AT zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

35 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in thethree wildlife subzone groups of the AT zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

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FIGURES

1 Ecoprovinces of British Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Ecoregions and ecosections of British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Relationships between ecoregion and biogeoclimaticclassification systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4 Coastal Douglas-fir zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5 Coastal Western Hemlock zone and wildlife subzone groups . . 19

6 Mountain Hemlock zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . . . . . 20

7 Bunchgrass zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

8 Ponderosa Pine zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

9 Interior Douglas-fir zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . . . . . 23

10 Montane Spruce zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . . . . . . . . 24

11 Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone and wildlife subzone groups:southern portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

12 Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone and wildlife subzone groups:northern portion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

13 Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . 27

14 Sub-boreal Spruce zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . . . . . . 28

15 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir zone and wildlifesubzone groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

16 Boreal White and Black Spruce zone and wildlifesubzone groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

17 Spruce–Willow–Birch zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

18 Alpine Tundra zone and wildlife subzone groups . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

19 Percentage of the provincial total of four vertebrate classesin each biogeoclimatic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

20 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Coastal Douglas-fir zone . . . . . . 56

21 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone 60

22 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Mountain Hemlock zone. . . . . . 62

23 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Bunchgrass zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

24 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Ponderosa Pine zone . . . . . . . . . 68

25 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Interior Douglas-fir zone. . . . . . 71

26 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Montane Spruce zone . . . . . . . . 73

27 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone . 76

28 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Sub-Boreal Pine–Spruce zone . . 78

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29 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Sub-Boreal Spruce zone . . . . . . 80

30 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Boreal White andBlack Spruce zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

31 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Spruce–Willow–Birch zone . . . 85

32 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

33 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Alpine Tundra zone . . . . . . . . . 90

APPENDIX TABLES

A 2.1 Coastal zonal group (Coastal Douglas-fir and Coastal Western Hemlock zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

A 2.2 Mountain Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

A 2.3 Dry Interior zonal group (Bunchgrass, Ponderosa Pine, Interior Douglas-fir, and Montane Spruce zones) . . . . . . . . . . . 142

A 2.4 Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

A 2.5 Central Plateau zonal group (Sub-boreal Spruce and Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

A 2.6 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

A 2.7 Boreal zonal group (Boreal White and Black Spruce, and Spruce–Willow–Birch zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

A 2.8 Alpine Tundra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

A 3.1 Coastal zonal group (Coastal Douglas-fir and Coastal Western Hemlock zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

A 3.2 Mountain Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

A 3.3 Dry Interior zonal group (Bunchgrass, Ponderosa Pine, Interior Douglas-fir, and Montane Spruce zones) . . . . . . . . . . . 219

A 3.4 Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

A 3.5 Central Plateau zonal group (Sub-boreal Spruce and Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

A 3.6 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

A 3.7 Boreal zonal group (Boreal White and Black Spruce, and Spruce–Willow–Birch zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

A 3.8 Alpine Tundra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

xiii

1 INTRODUCTION

British Columbia has immense meteorological, geological, and therefore,biological complexity. Topographically, the province exhibits coastal,mountainous, arctic, plains, and desert characteristics. It stretches fromnorthern latitudes with tundra and taiga to southern latitudes encom-passing the arid grasslands of the American Great Basin. Western BritishColumbia includes rugged and beautiful coastal islands, fiords, straitsand estuaries. Inland from the Pacific there are several mountain rangeswith wet and dry aspects, high plateaus, and extensive river systems.This varied landscape supports breeding populations of 70% of Canada’swildlife species (Bunnell and Kremsater 1990, Demarchi et al. 1990).

The large area and relatively small human population of the provincehave had a beneficial effect on the native fauna, which persisted almostintact into the late twentieth century. However, extensive resourceextraction, concentration of human settlement in southwestern andsouth-central portions of the province, and the use of the most fertileland for agriculture have profoundly altered wildlife habitat. As a result,25% of terrestrial vertebrate species are considered to be at risk (Munro1993). If wildlife managers are to maintain the species currently found inthis province they will need to co-operate with those responsible forhabitat changes. Without adequate, extensive, interconnected anddiverse habitats, British Columbia’s wildlife diversity will continue todeteriorate, native species will no longer remain across their naturalrange and populations will vanish forever as habitats and ecosystems arealtered.

This report summarizes basic and essential information on 560 speciesof terrestrial vertebrates, marine mammals and marine reptiles in BritishColumbia. The major purpose is to help wildlife managers, and landmanagers who alter habitat, determine which species are likely to occurin a geographic area and to identify critical wildlife habitats.

The data are presented within the framework of the biogeoclimaticecosystem classification (BEC) system. When appropriate, elements ofthe ecoregion classification system are used to clarify species distri-bution. Ecoregion classification is explained in Chapter 2 and refine-ments to the BEC system to define the range of wildlife species aredescribed in Chapter 3. The ecology and distribution of wildlife in theprovince is partially analyzed in Chapter 4. Most information issummarized in the appendices. This database is also available on disk(see p. iii for availability). The rest of this chapter defines the termin-ology used in this report and also provides guidance on how to best usethe information in the database.

1

Throughout this report, the terms “species” or “wildlife species” referonly to amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

The terms “listed species” or “listed taxa” are used to refer to thespecies or taxa on the provincial red and blue lists (Munro 1993) andthose from the interim yellow list (Stevens 1993). Species or taxa on thered or blue list are also referred to as species at risk.

The biogeoclimatic zone hierarchy commonly used is expanded inthis report. To avoid confusion, the similarities and differences betweenthe B.C. Ministry of Forests biogeoclimatic zone levels and those usedhere must be clarified. The following defines the terms used.

l Biogeoclimatic Zonal Group or Zonal Group: This refers to one or morebiogeoclimatic zones that have been combined because of geographicproximity. For example, the two coastal zones (Coastal Western Hem-lock and Coastal Douglas-fir) have been combined to form the CoastalZonal Group. There are 8 zonal groups. The tables in the appendicesare organized by zonal group.

l Biogeoclimatic Zone: This has been well defined in numerous B.C. Min-istry of Forests documents (Meidinger and Pojar 1991). Its use is thesame here.

l Biogeoclimatic Subzone Group for Wildlife or Wildlife Subzone Group: Thisrefers to one or more biogeoclimatic subzones that have been com-bined because of limited differences in wildlife. The wildlife subzonegroup name is always in lowercase letters to distinguish it from thebiogeoclimatic subzone.

l Biogeoclimatic Subzone: This is used by B.C. Ministry of Forests anddocumented in Meidinger and Pojar (1991). The subzone name is al-ways capitalized to distinguish it from the wildlife subzone group.

This report provides two kinds of information. First, it is a reference listof known, or when data are limited, presumed species in any biogeo-climatic subzone or wildlife subzone group in the province. Second, itprovides some habitat use information for species or taxa at risk andselected other species. The information in the appendices can be used inmany ways, but the three most obvious are outlined below.

1. Generating a potential species list for a defined geographical areaMost wildlife species information is organized by species or speciesgroups for the province as a whole. Here, data are organized so that apotential species list can be generated if the biogeoclimatic subzonesin a defined area are known. A list can be compiled using the follow-ing procedure:

l Using the maps in Figures 4–18, become familiar with the biogeocli-matic zones and wildlife subzone groups in your area of interest.Table 2 shows how the biogeoclimatic zonal groups and subzonegroups for wildlife used in this document compare to the B.C. Min-istry of Forests biogeoclimatic subzones.

l When the biogeoclimatic zones are known, go to Appendix 2 andfind the appropriate table number in the appendix index.

1.1 Terminology

1.2 How to Use thisWorking Paper

2

l Turn to the tables for a complete list of species for the wildlifesubzone groups identified.

As an example, suppose you live in Vanderhoof and have an interest inyour local area. If you know which biogeoclimatic zone you are in(e.g., Sub-boreal Spruce [SBS]), you can turn to the appropriate zonemap (Figure 14) and identify the wildlife subzone group or groups ofinterest (SBS dry cool and possibly SBS dry hot-warm). If you are unfa-miliar with your zone, check a biogeoclimatic zone map (B.C. Ministryof Forests 1989) or look at the maps included in Figures 4–18 until theappropriate one is found. Once the zone and wildlife subzone groupshave been determined, you can turn to a table in Appendix 2 to findthe species that occur in your wildlife subzone group or groups.

2. Determining habitat preferences for the species or taxa at risk in a de-fined geographic area l Determine the biogeoclimatic zone and wildlife subzone groups us-

ing the procedure outlined in point 1. If your area of interest encom-passes many subzone groups, you may find it easier to work withthe database on disk rather than with the hard copy (see Preface forinformation about obtaining a disk). The tables in Chapter 4 list thered and blue species by subzone group for each biogeoclimaticzone.

l Turn to Appendix 3 and find the relevant zone(s) in the appen-dix index.

l Locate the appropriate table and look up species individually. If thearea of concern encompasses more than one zonal group, the habi-tat information and comments may differ. Look up each species onevery appropriate table. Where applicable, the comments includegeographical restrictions, which can further refine a species list.

3. Determining the provincial distribution of a particular speciesl Check Appendix 1 for the zonal groups that are used by the species

in question.l Turn to Appendix 2 to find the zonal groups in the appendix index.l Use the appropriate table(s) to find distribution in subzone groups.l This procedure will often give an exaggerated range, because species

distribution is not solely determined by biogeoclimatic variation.

For example, if you were interested in the distribution of the westernrattlesnake in the province, you would find from Appendix 1 that itoccurs in two zonal groups, the Dry Interior and the Interior Cedar–Hemlock ICH. (Appendix 1 contains the scientific names of all taxamentioned in the text.) The index to Appendix 2 will indicate where tofind the tables for these two zonal groups. The Dry Interior table indi-cates that western rattlesnakes are found in three out of four biogeocli-matic zones (5 out of 12 wildlife subzone groups) in the zonal group.The table for the Interior Cedar–Hemlock shows western rattlesnakesin only one wildlife subzone group. As this is a listed species, it isworthwhile checking the comments in Appendix 3 for possible rangerestrictions. The procedure is the same—listed species are arranged by

3

zonal group and the index for Appendix 3 indicates the location of thetwo relevant tables. Table A3.4 shows that the western rattlesnake isrestricted to the Selkirk Foothills (SFH) portion of the ICH dry warmsubzone group, and Table A3.3 shows that it is excluded from theRocky Mountain Trench portion of the Ponderosa Pine (PP) dry hotsubzone group.

4

2 ECOREGION CLASSIFICATION

Ecoregion classification is a geographically based hierarchical systemthat proceeds from global areas of broad climatic variation calledecodomains down to areas with minor physiographic and macroclimaticvariation called ecosections (Demarchi et al 1990). Table 1 describes eachof the five levels. The three most relevant levels for this report are theecoprovince, ecoregion, and ecosection (Figures 1, 2). The ecoregion classi-fication system and the biogeoclimatic ecological classification (BEC)system are both used here to define distribution and habitat use of wild-life in British Columbia. Ecoregions, ecosections, or sometimes eco-provinces, are used when biogeoclimatic units do not distinguishbetween two vegetatively similar but physiographically distinct units.Species distributions are described most effectively using bothclassification systems.

The biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification system described inChapter 3 is the primary system used to define the range of wildlifespecies in this report. Since this is a climatically based system, inmountainous areas similar altitudinal and vegetative bands are within ageographic unit. Ecoregion classification, which is geographically based,includes all elevations in a landscape unit. Because the zoogeography ofspecies is determined not only by climate and vegetation, but also byphysiographic features, a discussion of species distribution in the contextof biogeoclimatic zones is incomplete. For example, the species present inthe Coastal Western Hemlock hypermaritime subzone group differbetween the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and themainland coast because of geographic separation.

The ecoregion classification system complements the BEC system byallowing species’ ranges to be defined by physiographic or broadclimatic features at the desired level. In this report, ecoregion units areused to indicate restricted species’ ranges (in Appendix 3) and, in somecases, the location of biogeoclimatic zones. Figure 3 illustrates how thetwo classification systems complement each other. Boundaries ofbiogeoclimatic subzones are often used to define ecosections.

5

Ecodomain Ecodivision Ecoprovince Ecoregion Ecosection Code

HumidTemperate

HumidMaritime andHighlands

Coast andMountains

CascadeRanges

North-western CascadeRanges

NWC

CascadiaContinentalShelf

VancouverIsland Shelf

VIS

Coastal Gap HecateLowland

HEL

Kitimat Ranges

KIR

HecateContinentalShelf

Dixon Entrance

DIE

Hecate Strait HES

QueenCharlotteSound

QCS

QueenCharlotte Strait

QCT

Nass Basin — NAB

Nass Ranges — NAR

NorthernCoastalMountains

AlaskaPanhandleMountains

APM

Alsek Ranges ALR

BoundaryRanges

BOR

Pacific Ranges Eastern PacificRanges

EPR

NorthernPacific Ranges

NPR

OuterFiordland

OUF

SouthernPacific Ranges

SPR

QueenCharlotteLowland

— QCL

QueenCharlotteRanges

SkidegatePlateau

SKP

WindwardQueenCharlotteMountains

WQC

Key to codes Continued

8

Regionalecosystem concept

Regional Ecosystem Classifications

ecodomain

ecodivision

ecoprovince

ecoregion

ecosection

The zonal concept implies thatregional climate exerts thestrongest influence on the vege-tation and soils of certain eco-systems. These ecosystems areleast affected by variations in lo-cal topography and the physi-cal and chemical properties ofsoils. Such ecosystems arecalled zonal and other ecosys-tems azonal. The climax zonalecosystems are considered to becharacteristic marks of a re-gional climate.

The regional ecosystem con-cept delineates large units of land with similar climates,physiographies, and zonal sequences.

Zonal Classification

biogeoclimatic formation

biogeoclimatic region

biogeoclimatic zone

biogeoclimatic subzone

biogeoclimatic variant

FIGURE 3 Relationships between ecoregion and biogeoclimatic classification systems. After Pojar et al. 1988.

13

3 BIOGEOCLIMATIC ZONES, SUBZONES, AND WILDLIFE SUBZONE GROUPS

The primary classification system used to define the range of wildlifespecies presented in this report is the biogeoclimatic ecosystemclassification (BEC). It was developed in the 1960s and 1970s by Dr. V. J.Krajina at the University of British Columbia. The B.C. Ministry of Forestshas modified BEC into an ecologically grounded terrestrial system basedon climate, soil, and vegetation data at the forest stand level.

The province is classified into 14 biogeoclimatic zones. The variationswithin each zone are delineated as subzones and further refined bysubzone variants and site associations. However, the most refined levelsof the BEC system would not add information to this report because thelandscape area used by most wildlife species is much broader.Therefore, only the subzone, or a combination of subzones, called thewildlife subzone group, is used.

A brief description of each zone with a map and a definition of thewildlife subzone groups used follows. (See Meidinger and Pojar (1991)for a more detailed description.) The wildlife subzone groupsintroduced here are compared with the subzones defined by Meidingerand Pojar (1991) in Table 2. To distinguish between the two subzonesystems, the abbreviations for the subzones defined by Meidinger andPojar (1991) are capitalized and those for the wildlife subzone groupsare in lowercase. In some instances, the subzone and the wildlifesubzone group are the same.

14

TABLE 2 Relationship between biogeoclimatic zones and subzones (defined in Meidinger and Pojar [1991]), and new wildlife subzone groups introduced for wildlife interpretations

ZonalGroup

Biogeo- climaticZone Subzone

SubzoneCode

Subzone Group forWildlife

Coastal CoastalDouglas-fir

CDF CDF coastalDouglas-fir

Coastal WesternHemlock

WetHypermaritime

CWHwh hypermaritime

Very WetHypermaritime

CWHvh

Very DryMaritime

CWHxm maritime

Dry Maritime CWHdm

Moist Maritime CWHmm

Wet Maritime CWHwm

Very WetMaritime

CWHvm

DrySubmaritime

CWHds submaritime

Moist Maritime CWHms

WetSubmaritime

CWHws

MountainHemlock

MountainHemlock

WetHypermaritimeParkland

MHwhp hypermaritime

WetHypermaritime

MHwh

Moist MaritimeParkland

MHmmpa windwardmaritime

Moist Maritime MHmma leewardmaritime

Dry Interior Bunchgrass Very Dry Hot BGxh very dry hot

Very Dry Warm BGxw very dry warm

Ponderosa Pine Very Dry Hot PPxh very dry hot

Dry Hot PPdh dry hot

InteriorDouglas-fir

Very Dry Hot IDFxh very dry

Very Dry Warm IDFxw

Very Dry Mild IDFxm

Dry Mild IDFdm dry

a These subzones are grouped together and then split along the Continental Divide toform two subzone groups for wildlife.

15

ZonalGroup


SubzoneCode


Dry Cool IDFdk dry

Moist Warm IDFmw moist

Wet Warm IDFww wet

Montane Spruce Very Dry VeryCold

MSxv very dry verycold

Very Dry Cool MSxk very dry cool

Dry Cold MSdc

Dry Cool MSdk dry cool

Dry Mild MSdm dry mild

InteriorCedar–Hemlock


Very Dry Warm ICHxw dry warm

Dry Warm ICHdw

Moist Warm ICHmw moist warm

Moist Mild ICHmm

Wet Cool ICHwk wet cool

Very Wet Cool ICHxk

Dry Cool ICHdk dry–moist cool

Moist Cool ICHmk

Moist Cold ICHmc moist cold

Very Wet Cold ICHvc very wet cold

Central Plateau Sub-borealPine–Spruce

Very Dry Cold SBPSxc very dry cold

Dry Cold SBPSdc dry cold

Moist Cool SBPSmk moist cool

Moist Cold SBPSmc moist cold

Sub-borealSpruce

Dry Hot SBSdh dry hot–warm

Dry Warm SBSdw

Dry Cool SBSdk dry cool

Moist Hot SBSmh moist hot–warm

Moist Warm SBSmw

Moist Mild SBSmm moist mild–cool–cold

Moist Cool SBSmk

Moist Cold SBSmc

Wet Cool SBSwk wet cool

Very Wet Cool SBSvk

T A B L E 2 Continued

16

ZonalGroup


SubzoneCode


EnglemannSpruce–Sub-alpine Fir

EngelmannSpruce–Sub-alpine Fir(each ESSFsubzone has aparallelparklandsubzone)

Very Dry Cold ESSFxc very dry (p)

Dry Cool ESSFdk dry (p)

Dry Cold ESSFdc

Dry Very Cold ESSFdv

Moist Warm ESSFmw moist (p)

Moist Mild ESSFmm

Moist Cool ESSFmk

Moist Cold ESSFmc

Moist Very Cold ESSFmv

Wet Mild ESSFwm wet (p)

Wet Cool ESSFwk

Wet Cold ESSFwc

Wet Very Cold ESSFwv

Very Wet Cold ESSFvc

Very Wet VeryCold

ESSFvv

Boreal Boreal Whiteand BlackSpruce

Dry Cool BWBSdk dry cool

Moist Warm BWBSmw moist warm

Wet Cool BWBSwk wet cool

Spruce–Willow–Birch

Dry Cool SWBdk forested

Moist Cool SWBmk

Dry Cool Scrub SWBdks scrub

Moist Cool Scrub SWBmks

Alpine Tundra Alpine Tundra ATb above MH

AT above ESSF

AT above SWB

T A B L E 2 Continued

b The AT was not fully divided into subzones at the time of our workshops, thereforethe subzone groups for wildlife were formed on the basis of the zone immediatelybelow.

17

4 PROVINCIAL WILDLIFE DIVERSITY

4.1 Introduction Two levels of information are provided in this working paper. At thefirst level of detail, Appendix 1 presents a complete list of the 560 speciesin British Columbia, plus the subspecies and populations at risk in eachof eight zonal groups. Appendix 2 records the species, subspecies, andpopulations in each zonal group showing presence or absence, and arough measure of seasonal abundance in each wildlife subzone group.At the second level, Appendix 3 lists the subset of species that areidentified as being at risk (B.C. Ministry of Environment’s red- andblue-listed species) and those that have regionally significant habitatrelationships (Stevens 1993). These species are examined as to specifichabitat uses.

The total number of species listed here differs from Cannings andHarcombe (1990) in three respects:

1. Two species are added because of their recent arrival or discovery(European wall lizard and Sprague’s pipit).

2. Species that are extinct, extirpated, only found in unprotected offshorewaters, or have not been seen more than twice in the last 50 years arenot included in this report. This eliminates 72 species for a total of 560.(The deleted species are listed in Appendix 5.)

3. Subspecies or population level is treated as a separate listing for sev-eral species (Table 3; see Munro 1993). In all cases, inclusion at the sub-species or population level is due to designation on the red or blue list(Munro 1993). The subspecific designation is given in both the scien-tific name and the common name in the tables and appendices. In theanalysis that follows, subspecies and populations are also included.The total number of species in each class is as follows:l amphibians: 20l reptiles: 15l birds: 387l terrestrial mammals: 110l marine mammals: 28

TABLE 3 Subspecies and populations included as separate cases

Species Name Subspecies or Population Designation

Gopher snake–Pituophismelanoleucus

gopher snake subsp. catenifer

gopher snake subsp. deserticola

Pelagic cormorant–Phalacrocoraxpelagicus

pelagic cormorant subsp. pelagicus

Northern goshawk–Accipitergentilis

goshawk subsp. laingi

Peregrine falcon–Falco peregrinus peregrine falcon subsp. pealei

peregrine falcon subsp. anatum

33


White-tailed ptarmigan—Lagopusleucurus

white-tailed ptarmigan subsp. saxatilis

Sharp-tailed grouse—Tympanuchus phasianellus

sharp-tailed grouse subsp. columbianus

Western screech owl—Otuskennicottii

western screech owl subsp. kennicottii

western screech owl subsp. macfarlanei

Northern pygmy owl—Glaucidium gnoma

northern pygmy owl subsp. swarthi

Northern saw-whet owl—Aegolius acadicus

northern saw-whet owl subsp. brooksi

Williamson’s sapsucker—Sphyrapicus thyroideus

Williamson’s sapsucker subsp. thyroideus

Williamson’s sapsucker subsp. nataliae

Hairy woodpecker—Picoides villosus

hairy woodpecker subsp. picoideus

Horned lark—Eremophila alpestris horned lark subsp. strigata

Steller’s jay—Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae

Brewer’s sparrow—Spizellabreweri

Brewer’s sparrow subsp. breweri

Vesper sparrow—Pooecetesgramineus

vesper sparrow subsp. affinis

Pine grosbeak—Pinicola enucleator pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae

Water shrew— Sorex palustris water shrew subsp. brooksi

Snowshoe hare—Lepus americanus snowshoe hare subsp. washingtonii

Mountain beaver—Aplodontia rufa mountain beaver subsp. rufa

mountain beaver subsp. rainieri

Southern red-backed vole—Clethrionomys gapperi

southern red-backed vole subsp.occidentalis

southern red-backed vole subsp. galei

Townsend’s vole—Microtustownsendii

Townsend’s vole subsp. cowani

Northern bog lemming—Synaptomys borealis

bog lemming subsp. borealis

northern bog lemming subsp. artemisiae

Northern pocket gopher—Thomomys talpoides

northern pocket gopher subsp.segregatus

Least chipmunk—Tamias minimus least chipmunk subsp. oreocetes

least chipmunk subsp. selkirki

Red-tailed chipmunk—Tamiusruficaudus

red-tailed chipmunk subsp. simulans

red-tailed chipmunk subsp. ruficaudus

Meadow jumping mouse—Zapushudsonius

jumping mouse subsp. alascensis

TABLE 3 Continued

34


Wolverine—Gulo gulo wolverine subsp. luscus

wolverine subsp. vancouverensis

Ermine—Mustela erminea ermine subsp. haidarum

ermine subsp. anguinae

Long-tailed weasel—Mustelafrenata

long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis

Black bear—Ursus americanus black bear subsp. emmonsii

Bison - Bison bison bison subsp. athabascae

bison subsp. bison

Bighorn sheep—Ovis canadensis bighorn sheep subsp. californiana

bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis

Thinhorn sheep—Ovis dalli thinhorn sheep subsp. dalli

thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei

Elk— Cervus elaphus elk subsp. nelsoni

elk subsp. roosevelti

Mule deer—Odocoileus hemionus deer subsp. hemionus

deer subsp. columbianus

deer subsp. sitkensis

Caribou—Rangifer tarandus caribou (northern populations)

caribou (southeastern populations)

4.2 Data-GatheringMethods

Data gathering occurred during a series of workshops held from November1989 to January 1993. Each workshop focused on amphibians and reptiles,birds, or mammals. Participants included at least one expert on thevertebrate class in question and one person with knowledge of thebiogeoclimatic zones, subzones, and appropriate habitats within thezones. Appendix 4 shows a complete list of workshop dates and parti-cipants. References used during the workshops included: Campbell et al.(1990), Cannings et al. (1987), McTaggart-Cowan and Guiguet (1975),Meidinger and Pojar (1991), Nagorsen (1990), Orchard (1984); Stevensand Lofts (1988); and van Zyll de Jong (1983). In addition, the entireseries of Regional Habitat Maps (1:500 000) (Fenger et al. 1989, 1990;Pojar et al. 1988) were coloured to the subzone level and used to identifyspecies distribution. The information collected at the workshops wasaugmented by conversations with species experts and more recentpublications (Nagorsen and Brigham 1993).

Both the ecosection boundaries and the B.C. Ministry of Environment,Lands and Parks lists of species of concern have been in a state of fluxduring the interval between the original workshops and the final draft ofthis report. The data was reanalysed in the spring and fall of 1993 toreflect the new red and blue lists (Munro 1993), the interim yellow list

TABLE 3 Continued

35

(Stevens 1993) and the third approximation of the ecosection boundaries(Demarchi 1993).

4.3 Structureof the Database

A database for each zonal group was created to organize the informationon seasonal abundance of all provincial wildlife species. The databaseincludes each species’ common name, scientific name, status, andseasonal abundance in each wildlife subzone group.

4.3.1 Common and scientific names The species’ names used are fromCannings and Harcombe (1990), while subspecies’ names come fromNagorsen (1990) and Campbell et al. (1990). The one exception to thatrule is the western red bat. It is listed as the southern red bat byCannings and Harcombe (1990), but was recently changed to western redbat (Nagorsen 1993). In addition, one introduced reptilian species(European wall lizard) and a new bird found in the summer of 1992(Sprague’s pipit) were not included in Cannings and Harcombe (1990).Both common and scientific names of these newcomers are taken fromOrchard (1994) for the lizard, and Peterson (1961) for the pipit.

4.3.2 Status The wildlife species of British Columbia are divided intotwo categories of species at risk (red and blue) and one category ofspecies not at risk (yellow). The red-listed species are endangered orthreatened and the blue-listed species are sensitive or vulnerable. Theselists are continually updated. Some additional species listed by theCommittee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC1993) are the leatherback turtle, right whale, and humpback whale. Thespecies listed by COSEWIC (1993) are either endangered or threatened.Some of the species listed in the database that are not at risk are markedwith an “h.” These are species for which habitat information alreadyexisted because of earlier designations and are now yellow-listed (Stevens1993). All other species listed in the database are left blank. Status isindicated by a letter code, R = red, B = blue, E = endangered, and T =threatened. A complete explanation of British Columbia’s red and bluesystem can be found in Birds, Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians at Risk inBritish Columbia, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, (in prep.).

4.3.3 Seasonal abundance A letter code defines both the species’season of use and the abundance. Season of use followed the generalguidelines of Campbell et al. (1990) and is indicated by a letter:l P = spring (March–May)l S = summer (June–August)l A = autumn (September–November)l W = winter (December–February)l M = migratory (spring and autumn)l Y = yearlong l O = unknown

Some cases did not fit neatly into this scheme. For instance, a species thatis known to be migratory, but has been seen occassionally in Decemberin a particular subzone, would still be listed as “M.” Only two

36

abundance classes were used, distinguished by lower- and upper-caseletters. If a species is common or abundant the season of use code letter isupper-case; if uncommon, scarce, or rare the code letter is lowercase.Abundance is based on actual abundance, not potential abundance. Eachspecies’ use of the landscape was evaluated separately (i.e., the samescale was not applied to deer mouse and grizzly bear use). Giving eachspecies an abundance rating using just two classes was extremely difficultfor species specialists at the workshops. Therefore, a third category wasadded in the middle of the process which is most applicable to birds.Any sighting that is well outside the normal range of a species, andwhich might be either a misidentification, an error in data transcription,or an accidental occurrence is indicated by an asterisk (*). The birds wereupdated to include this category.

4.3.4 Habitat use Habitat use information for the listed species,subspecies, and populations, and for taxa marked with an h, is organizedin a set of databases, one for each zonal group. Broad habitats weredescribed by Ted Lea and Del Meidinger and defined by Ted Lea (seeTable 4). These descriptions gave the species experts a sense of theconditions within each wildlife subzone group. The databases includethe biogeoclimatic distribution of the listed taxon (and those markedwith an h) within each zonal group, broad habitat types used, andcomments on important habitat elements or geographical restrictions.

TABLE 4 Definitions of broad habitats

Broad Habitats Definition

Agricultural area A mixture of farmlands where human influencehas resulted in long-term soil or vegetationchanges because of ploughing, fertilization, live-stock use, and non-native crop production.

Alder seep Moist openings in the forest caused by excessivemoisture and dominated by Sitka alder andforbs.

Alpine grassland A high-elevation, northern, grassland habitat,characterized by lush bunchgrass growth, withforbs, sedges, and terrestrial lichens.

Alpine meadow A high-elevation, herbaceous community, dominated by moisture-loving herbs andsedges, on wetter sites in alpine areas.

Alpine shrubland A high-elevation, northern, shrubland habitat, characterized by a dense cover of deciduousshrubs with graminoids, forbs, and terrestrial lichens.

Alpine tundra A high-elevation, open to dense herbaceous ordwarf shrubland habitat, characterized by cold-resistant vegetation: low dwarf shrubs, grami-noids, hardy forbs, and lichens.

37

TABLE 4 Continued


Aspen copse A dense deciduous forest, with a shrub-dominated understorey, including plant commu-nities that succeed through shrub thickets to anedaphic climax of trembling aspen; found in as-sociation with shrub/grasslands.

Aspen forest A dense deciduous forest, with a shrub-dominated understorey, including plant commu-nities that succeed through long-term stages oftrembling aspen, often to a white spruce climax.

Avalanche track A shrubland dominated by alders, or other shrubswhere periodic snow and rock slides preventconiferous forest establishment and where mois-ture is plentiful for much of the growing season;lower areas may support rich herbaceous growth.

Average forest Upland forests with average available moisture;gentle to moderate slopes with deep medium-texture soils in middle-slope positions.

Dry forest Upland forests that are drier than average becauseof upper-slope position, warm aspect, steep sites,or dry, shallow, or coarse-textured soils.

Estuary An unforested tidal wetland dominated by persistent emergent herbaceous species, withopen or sporadic access to ocean areas andwhere seawater is periodically diluted withfresh water from land drainage.

Heath A high-elevation dwarf shrubland habitat, characterized by cold-resistant vegetation;mountain-heathers, forbs, graminoids, and lichens.

Intertidal marine A habitat that consists of ocean overlying the continental shelf and its associated high-energyshoreline, with salinities in excess of 30 ppt, anda substrate that is exposed and flooded by tides(includes associated splash zone).

Krummholz A high-elevation shrubland habitat, characterizedby cold-resistant vegetation; stunted subalpinetrees, mountain-heathers, forbs, graminoids, andlichen.

Lake A deep freshwater habitat that includes permanently flooded lakes, usually found in a topographicdepression; lacks emergent vegetation exceptalong shorelines.

38

TABLE 4 Continued


Marine cliff Steep cliff areas adjacent to the ocean, frequently on islands.

Marine island Islands in the ocean, small enough to have a marine influence throughout. Typicallyuninhabited by humans, with a rough coastline,and grass, shrub, or forest cover.

Parkland forest A high-elevation mosaic of stunted tree clumps and herb or dwarf shrub-dominated openings,occurring above the closed forest and below thealpine.

Protected marine A habitat that consists of protected waters of the ocean overlying the continental shelf with a sub-strate that is continuously submerged. Windfrequency and intensity are less than that occur-ring over the open ocean because of a protectingland mass or bay.

Riparian forest Moist forested areas affected by seasonal flooding or high water tables associated with streams, riv-ers, and small creeks.

Rocky cliffs/sparsely A mixture of steep bedrock cliffs, escarpments,vegetated rock and outcroppings with little soil development and

relatively low vegetative cover.

Shoreline forest Forest areas along coastal shorelines that often areaffected by saltspray and fog.

Shrub/grass-steppe Open to dense, dry shrubland, dominated bydrought-tolerant shrubs or perennial grassesand generally lacking trees.

Stream A freshwater riverine habitat, bounded by banksor upland habitat; may include channels thatform a connecting link between two bodies ofstanding water.

Subalpine grassland A high-elevation, lush grassland habitat dominated by perennial grasses and forbs, ondroughty sites.

Subalpine meadow A high-elevation herbaceous habitat, dominatedby moisture-loving herbaceous species, on wet-ter sites in subalpine forest areas.

Subalpine shrubland High-elevation northern habitat, characterized bydense shrubs and bunchgrasses intermixed anddominated by scrub birch, willows, and Altaifescue.

39

TABLE 4 Concluded.


Subtidal marine A habitat that consists of open ocean overlyingthe continental shelf with a substrate that is con-tinuously submerged.

Talus Sparsely vegetated, rubbly or blocky colluvial areas, at the base of rock outcroppings or escarp-ments.

Urban/suburban A mixture of human-influenced habitats that includes residential, urban, and commercial/industrial areas, but excludes major agriculturallands.

Wet forest Upland sites that are moister than averagebecause of lower-slope position, fine-texturedsoils, high water tables, or location in depressions.

Wetlands This includes various wetland types, developed under high water tables or other increased mois-ture conditions; includes fens, bogs, swamps,marshes, shallow open water, meadows, andshrub-carrs; is usually composed of shrub orgraminoid vegetation, but sometimes may haveopen tree cover.

_____________________________________________________________________________Source: Ted Lea

TABLE 5 Summary of red- and blue-listed taxa in each biogeoclimatic zone. Any differences between the total number of red- or blue-listed taxa

here and in Munroe (1993) are because of the screening process in this report (see page 38).

ZoneTotal taxaa

Totallisted Red Blue Cosewicb

Red- and blue-listedtaxa unique to zone

TotalProvince 601 151 61 87 3

CDF 413 61 19 39 3 sharp-tailed snake

gopher snake subsp.catenifer

vesper sparrow subsp.affinis

CWH 467 82 31 48 3 pelagic cormorantsubsp. pelagicus

thick-billed murre

horned larkc subsp.strigata

Pacific water shrew

Trowbridge’s shrew

Townsend’s mole

40

ZoneTotal taxaa

Totallisted Red Blue Cosewicb

Red- and blue-listedtaxa unique to zone

CWH snowshoe hare subsp.washingtonii

southern red-backedvole subsp. occidentalis

Townsend’s volesubsp. cowani

MH 183 26 9 17

BG 334 63 17 46 short-horned lizard

PP 350 62 16 46 gray flycatcher

IDF 393 63 17 46 Sprague’s pipit

MS 253 31 6 25

ICH 379 53 13 40 Coeur d’Alenesalamander

SBPS 259 25 4 21

SBS 316 32 7 25

SWB 207 19 3 16 bison subsp. bison

BWBS 345 49 15 34 Philadelphia vireo

Cape May warbler

Connecticut warbler

Canada warbler

sharp-tailed sparrow

black-backed shrew

bog lemming subsp.borealis

bison subsp. athabascae

ESSF 212 31 9 23 least chipmunk subsp.selkirki

least chipmunk subsp.oreocetes

AT 132 26 5 21

a Includes all species plus the subspecies and populations at risk.b Three marine species are classified as endangered or threatened by COSEWIC (1993) and are included in the list of species of concern here. They are the right whale (endangered), the humpback whale (threatened), and the leatherback sea turtle (endangered).c Probably extirpated.

41

4.4 Habitat Useby Listed Species

Habitat use information is limited to 263 species, subspecies, orpopulations. This includes all the listed species plus those indicated withan h. The total number of listed taxa in each zone and the listed taxaunique to each zone are shown in Table 5. The habitat use patterns ofthese taxa are critical to their continued survival. Managers involved inforestry, mining, industrial, agricultural or residential developmentsmust be aware of these patterns so that practices can be modified tomaintain adequate habitat. Land managers may be mandated to protector enhance the habitats of listed taxa as part of the overall goal ofmaintaining the province’s biodiversity.

Thirty-three broad habitats were identified for the province withindividual zones containing 11–19 habitats. These broad habitats aredefined in Table 4. Table 6 shows a matrix of habitat types and BECzones, which represent the habitats occurring in each zone. The matrixcells show the number of listed taxa using each habitat in each zone. Ablank space indicates that the habitat does not occur in that particularzone. A core group of habitats are found throughout most of thebiogeoclimatic zones. However, marine habitats are found only in thecoastal zones, alpine habitats only in the Alpine Tundra, and otherminor variations occur throughout the system. Despite the seemingconsistency provided by core habitats throughout the BEC system, thehabitat types are defined generally and a particular habitat type canvary between zones or even subzones. For instance, the general forestedhabitats—dry, average, and wet—are based on the more detailed siteseries described by Meidinger and Pojar (1991). Dry forests consist ofsubxeric to xeric soil conditions, average forests consist of submesic tomesic conditions and wet forests consist of subhygric to hydricconditions. A dry forest in the CWH is different from a dry forest in thePP or the BWBS, not only in species composition, but also in the amountof annual precipitation, soil moisture, and structure. Differences willalso be observed when a dry forest in a dry subzone is compared with adry forest in a wet subzone within the same zone, although thesedifferences will not be as dramatic as those between zones.

The habitat use information for the listed species and the additional hspecies in each of the eight zonal groups is presented in Appendix 3.The comments in the appendix define habitat use further by identifyingimportant habitat elements, seral stages, or geographical restrictions.Use of broad habitats by all species is unavailable in the currentdatabase.

More information on the taxa listed as red or blue will be availablesoon from the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks (1995).

42

TABLE 6 Number of taxa at risk (including COSEWIC species) in eachecosystem unit in each zone

CDF CWH MH BG PP IDF ICH MS SBPS SBS SWB BWBS ESSF AT

No. of taxa atrisk

61 79 26 63 62 63 53 31 25 32 19 49 29 26

Protectedmarine

18 20

Intertidalmarine

22 24

Subtidalmarine

10 10

Marine island 14 17

Marine cliff 3 4

Estuary 18 22

Wetland 22 24 8 17 16 19 19 13 14 12 9 25 6 11

Lake 23 24 8 24 21 25 25 13 15 18 9 24 8 13

Stream 17 24 9 16 15 17 20 10 14 15 9 18 8 10

Avalanchetrack

3 8 8 3 4 2 5 5 6 8 11

Rockya 6 5 4 13 15 14 9 8 2 5 4 6 7 11

Talus 4 9 4 7 9 10 6 4 2 1 1 1 4 5

Shrub/grasssteppe

32 32 27 9 10

Subalpinemeadow

7 9 13

Subalpinegrassland

7

Subalpineshrubland

6

Tundra 8

Heath 9

Alpinegrassland

14

Alpineshrubland

12

Alpinemeadow

17

Krummholz 2

Agriculturalarea

32 35 29 28 31 26 16 17 20

Urban/suburban

15 17 15 14 17 16 5 10 9 10

Dry forest 19 33 19 23 24 26 21 18 9 13 8 15 18

Average forest 18 33 20 16 16 23 20 15 9 12 7 15 15

Wet forest 16 32 20 9 9 16 15 13 6 10 7 16 14

Riparian forest 21 41 23 20 19 23 23 15 7 11 7 18 16

Parklandforest

18 8 9 17

Shorelineforest

18 27

Aspen forest 8

Aspen copse 6 6

Alder seep 2

a Rocky stands for rocky cliffs/sparsely vegetated rock.

43

4.5 Distribution andSeasonality of Species

Appendix 2 lists the species found in each wildlife subzone group. Thissection provides some analysis of this data and compares wildlifecommunities in each biogeoclimatic zone.

The wildlife communities in the zonal groups, biogeoclimatic zones,or wildlife subzone groups (see Table 2 for a description of thesegroups) vary because of ecological, geographical, and human factors.Ecological factors include predators, competitors, prey abundance,duration of winter, snow depth, temperatures, and moisture regimes.Geographical factors include barriers to dispersal such as rivers,mountains, and oceans; the presence or absence of habitat features suchas rocky bluffs; or patterns of post-glacial dispersal. Human factorsinclude introductions; hunting; and habitat changes linked to settlement,agriculture and ranching, pollution or lake “rehabilitation,” and fishstocking.

4.5.1 Zonal group comparisons There are 124 species, listedsubspecies, or populations (excluding marine mammals and marinereptiles) that are thought to occur in only one zonal group (Table 7). Thisaccounts for about 21% of the province’s species. The zonal group withthe largest number of exclusively occurring species or listed taxa popu-lations (hereafter referred to as taxa) is the Coastal with 112. If terrestrialspecies are considered (eliminating the marine mammals, marinereptiles, and the primarily pelagic birds), the Coastal zonal group has 68unique taxa. The Dry Interior has 30 and the Boreal has 14. The largenumber of marine species explains the difference between the totalnumber of species in the coastal and interior assemblages. The taxaoccurring exclusively in the Dry Interior and the Boreal zonal groupsreflect the continental distribution of these taxa. The Semi-arid SteppeHighlands ecodivision, which is extensive in the United States, isrepresented at its northern edge by the Southern Interior Ecoprovince.Many species that occur in this ecoprovince are at the northern extremeof their range. The Boreal zonal group includes a corner of the Borealecodivision that extends across much of northern Canada and includessome species found on the plains of Alberta.

In spite of the variety of conditions and habitats in British Columbia,there are 59 species (44 birds and 15 mammals) that are found in allzonal groups. These “generalists” are listed in Appendix 6.

44

TABLE 7 Species, and listed taxa limited to one zonal group (does not include accidental records)

Coastal

Zonal

Dry Interior

Group


EngelmannSpruce–Sub-alpine Fir Boreal

No. of species 112 29 1 2 13

Amphibians rough- skinned newt

tiger salamander

Coeurd’Alenesalamander

striped chorus frog

northwesternsalamander

Great Basinspadefoottoad

cloudedsalamander

westernred-backedsalamander

red-leggedfrog

Americanbullfroga

green froga

Reptiles —terrestrial

Europeanwall lizarda

short-horned lizard

sharp-tailedsnake

westernyellow-bellied racer

gophersnake subsp.catenifer

night snake

northwesterngarter snake

gophersnake subsp.deserticola

Reptiles —marine

leatherbacksea turtle

Birds — notlimited tocoastalhabitats

fork-tailedstorm-petrel

ferruginoushawk

broad-wingedhawk

snowy egret graypartridgea

gray-cheekedthrush

white-facedibis

chukara philadelphiavireo

45

Coastal

Zonal

Dry Interior

Group



Birds — notlimited tocoastalhabitats(continued)

emperorgoose

sharp-tailedgrousesubsp.columbianus

Cape Maywarbler

Americanblack duck

westernscreech owlsubsp.macfarlanei

Connecticutwarbler

tufted duck Williamson’s sapsuckersubsp.thyroideus

mourningwarbler

king eider Williamson’s sapsuckersubsp.nataliae

Canadawarbler

steller’s eider grayflycatcher

sharp-tailedsparrow

smew pygmynuthatch

peregrinefalconsubsp. pealei

sagethrasher

mountainquail

Sprague’spipit

snowyplover

Brewer’ssparrowsubsp.breweri

spottedredshank

grasshoppersparrow

bar-tailedgodwit

surfbird

red knot

rufous-neckedstint

curlewsandpiper

south polarskua

TABLE 7 Continued

46

Coastal

Zonal

Dry Interior

Group



Birds — notlimited tocoastalhabitats(continued)

commonblack-headedgull

Heermann’sgull

western gull

black-leggedkittiwake

elegant tern

Aleutian tern

northernsaw-whetowl subsp.brooksi

ruby-throatedhummingbird

tropicalkingbird

scissor-tailed flycatcher

Eurasianskylarka

horned larksubsp.strigata

bushtit

Bewick’swren

crestedmynaa

Hutton’svireo

vespersparrowsubsp. affinisb

brambling

TABLE 7 Continued

47

Coastal

Zonal

Dry Interior

Group



Birds —limited tocoastalhabitats(continued)

black-footedalbatross

northernfulmar

pink-footedshearwater

sootyshearwater

short-tailedshearwater

Leach’sstorm-petrel

brownpelican

Brandt’scormorant

pelagiccormorant

pelagiccormorantsubsp.pelagicus

blackoystercatcher

commonmurre

thick-billedmurre

pigeonguillemot

marbledmurrelet

ancientmurrelet

cassin’sauklet

rhinocerosauklet

TABLE 7 Continued

48

Coastal

Zonal

Dry Interior

Group



Birds —limited tocoastalhabitats(continued)

tufted puffin

hornedpuffin

Mammals— terrestrial

Pacificwater shrew

pallid bat leastchipmunksubsp.oreocetes

black-backed shrew

Trowbridge’sshrew

spotted bat leastchipmunksubsp.selkirki

northern boglemmingsubsp.borealis

shrew-mole westernsmall-footedmyotis

bison subsp.athabascae

coast mole fringedmyotis

bison subsp.bison

Townsend’smole

Nuttall’scottontail

snowshoehare subsp.washingtonii

montanevole

easterncottontaila

northernboglemmingsubsp.artemisiae

southernred-backedvole subsp.occidentalis

westernharvestmouse

creepingvole

Great Basinpocketmouse

Townsend’svole subsp.cowani

fox squirrelb

Keen’smouse

Norway rata

black rata

TABLE 7 Continued

49

Coastal

Zonal

Dry Interior

Group



Mammals— terrestrial(continued)

graysquirrela

spottedskunk

fallow deera

Mammals— marine

sea otter

northern furseal

northern sealion

Californiasea lion

northernelephant seal

harbor seal

right whale

minke whale

sei whale

blue whale

fin whale

humpbackwhale

short-finnedpilot whale

Risso’sdolphin

Pacificwhite-sideddolphin

northernright-whaledolphin

killer whale

false killerwhale

stripeddolphin

TABLE 7 Continued

50

Coastal

Zonal

Dry Interior

Group



Mammals— marine(continued)

gray whale

harborporpoise

Dall’sporpoise

dwarfsperm whale

sperm whale

NorthPacificbottle-nosedwhale

arch-beakedwhale

Bering Seabeakedwhale

goose-beakedwhale

a Introduced species.b Species probably extirpated (no longer occurring in British Columbia).

4.5.2 Zone comparisons by vertebrate class The differences betweenthe zones for each vertebrate class are illustrated in Figure 19. Thehighest percentage of amphibians is found on the coast where wintersare mild and precipitation relatively high. This is followed by the wettestinterior zones, the ICH and IDF, which have lower elevation and latitudethan other wet interior zones and therefore have briefer and somewhatmilder winters.

Reptiles are most strongly represented in the hot, dry interior zones,the BG, PP, and the dry portions of the IDF. Although reptiles hibernateduring cold weather, the alpine and most of the subalpine zones arebeyond their physiological tolerance.

Birds are highly mobile, so they are more widely distributed thanother vertebrate classes. More than 60% of bird species occur in eightzones. The lowest number occurs in the alpine and subalpine zones.

The zones with the highest mammal species diversity are the CWHand IDF. These zones also occur in the greatest number of ecoregions,which indicates the importance of physiographic factors. All but theCDF and AT zones have 40% or more of the provincial terrestrial

TABLE 7 Concluded.

51

mammal species. The CDF deserves special mention. Not only are thenumber of mammal species depressed because of the zone’s small size,but a majority of the zone occurs on islands.

FIGURE 19 Percentage of the provincial total of four vertebrate classes in each biogeoclimatic zone.

0

20

40

60

80

100Reptiles

CDF CWH MH BG PP IDF MS ICH SBPS SBS SWB BWBS ESSF AT0

20

40

60

80

100Mammals

0

20

40

60

80

100Birds

0

20

40

60

80

100Amphibians

52

4.6 WildlifeSummaries by Zone

The number of species varies between zones because of differences inclimate, geography, and post-glacial dispersal. A summary of ecologicalfactors that shape wildlife assemblage in each biogeoclimatic zone can befound in Meidinger and Pojar (1991). Urban expansion and resourcedevelopment play a huge role in loss of habitats—the primary reasonwhy species are declining.

A brief summary of the numbers of species, listed taxa, and knownhabitats in each zone follows. Species that are considered accidentaloccurrences are included in the following summaries. 4.6.1 Coastal Douglas-fir This biogeoclimatic zone is home to 409wildlife species. These species include 11 amphibians, 9 reptiles, 322birds, and 67 mammals. Table 8 shows the distribution of listed taxathroughout the vertebrate classes in the zone.

TABLE 8 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the CDF zone

Number of listed taxa in each class

Class Red Blue Endangered Threatened Total

Amphibians 1 — — — 1

Reptiles 2 — 1 — 3

Birds 15 36 — — 51

Mammals 4 3 1 1 9

Total 22 39 2 1 64

Table 9 shows the seasonal distribution within the CDF of all taxa onthe red, blue, and COSEWIC lists.

TABLE 9 Seasonal abundance of taxa at risk in the CDF zonea

Common name StatusSeasonalabundance

Leopard frog R y

Sharp-tailed snake R y

Gopher snake subsp. catenifer R y

Western grebe R Y

American white pelican R sm

Brandt’s cormorant R Y

Northern goshawk subsp. laingi R mw

Prairie falcon R pw

Upland sandpiper R sm

Forster’s tern R a

Common murre R Y

Horned puffin R ps

Burrowing owl R wm

Purple martin R sm

Sage thrasher R *

53


Yellow-breasted chat R *

Vesper sparrow subsp. affinis R sm

Grasshopper sparrow R *

Water shrew subsp. brooksi R y

Keen’s long-eared myotis R s

Sea otter R y

Wolverine subsp. vancouverensis R y

Painted turtle B Y

Double-crested cormorant B Y

American bittern B y

Great blue heron B Y

Green-backed heron B y

Trumpeter swan B sWM

Oldsquaw B sWM

Surf scoter B Y

Turkey vulture B swM

Bald eagle B Y

Swainson’s hawk B m

Peregrine falcon subsp. pealei B y

Gyrfalcon B wm

Sandhill crane B sWM

Lesser golden-plover B sm

American avocet B sm

Wandering tattler B swM

Long-billed curlew B sm

Hudsonian godwit B m

Short-billed dowitcher B sM

Red-necked phalarope B pSa

California gull B swM

Caspian tern B sm

Marbled murrelet B Y

Ancient murrelet B psAW

Cassin’s auklet B y

Tufted puffin B y

Barn owl B y

Western screech owl subsp. kennicottii B Y

Northern pygmy owl subsp. swarthi B w

Short-eared owl B y

Lewis’ woodpecker B y

Hutton’s vireo B y

Black-throated green warbler B *

Palm warbler B aw

TABLE 9 Continued

54


Lark sparrow B mw

Bobolink B sm

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B y

Townsend’s big-eared bat B y

Ermine subsp. anguinae B y

Elk subsp. roosevelti B y

Leatherback sea turtle E s

Right whale E y

Humpback whale T y

a See Appendix 2 for key to status and seasonal abundance codes.

The broad habitats found in the CDF are shown in Table 6. Thenumber of listed taxa that use each habitat type is shown in Figure 20. 4.6.2 Coastal Western Hemlock This zone has 451 wildlife speciesdivided among the classes as follows: 13 amphibians, 6 reptiles, 327birds, and 105 mammals. Table 10 shows the number of listed taxa ineach vertebrate class in the CWH zone.

TABLE 10 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the CWHzone

Number of taxa in each class

Class Red Blue Endangered Threatened Total

Amphibians 1 1 — — 2

Reptiles — 1 1 — 2

Birds 14 38 — — 52

Mammals 14 9 1 1 25

Total 29 49 2 1 81

TABLE 9 Continued

55

FIGURE 20 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Coastal Douglas-fir zone (codes for habitats listed below).

Figures 20 – 33 use the following habitat codes:

Broad Habitats Code(s) Broad Habitats Code(s)

Protected marine pm Tundra tu

Intertidal marine im Heath he

Subtidal marine sm Alpine grassland al

Marine island mi Alpine shrubland as

Marine cliff mc Alpine meadow am

Estuary es Krummholz kr

Wetland we Agricultural area ag

Lake la Urban/suburban ur

Stream st Dry forest df

Avalanche track at Average forest af

Rocky cliffs/sparselyvegetated rock

ro Wet forest wf

Talus ta Riparian forest rf

Shrub/grass steppe ss Shoreline forest sf

Subalpine meadow me Parkland forest pf

Subalpine grassland gr Aspen forest ap

Subalpine shrubland sh Aspen Copse Alder seep

acsp

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

pm im sm mi mc es we la st at ro ta ag ur df af wf rf sf0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35red-listed taxa blue-listed taxa

56

Table 11 shows the seasonal distribution of red-, blue-, andCOSEWIC-listed taxa in three wildlife subzone groups of the CWH.

TABLE 11 Seasonal distribution and abundance of taxa at risk in the three wildlife subzone groups of the CWH zone a

Common name Status Seasonal abundance and distribution

hypermaritime maritime submaritime

Pacific giant salamander R y

Western grebe R M M m

American white pelican R m

Brandt’s cormorant R M s

Pelagic cormorant subsp.pelagicus

R y

Northern goshawk subsp.laingi

R y y y

Upland sandpiper R m

Forster’s tern R a

Common murre R Y Y

Thick-billed murre R S w

Horned puffin R sw

Burrowing owl R y

Spotted owl R y y

Horned lark subsp. strigata R sm

Purple martin R s

Pacific water shrew R y

Water shrew subsp. brooksi R y y

Townsend’s mole R Y

Western red bat R s

Keen’s long-eared myotis R y y

Snowshoe hare subsp.washingtonii

R y y

Mountain beaver subsp. rufa R y y

Southern red-backed volesubsp. occidentalis

R y

Townsend’s vole subsp. cowani R Y

Vancouver Island marmot R y

Sea otter R y y

Wolverine subsp.vancouverensis

R y y

Ermine subsp. haidarum R y

Long-tailed weasel subsp.altifrontalis

R y y

Tailed frog B y Y

Rubber boa B y y

Double-crested cormorant B mw Y

American bittern B s

Great blue heron B sw SW y

57



Green-backed heron B m y s

Trumpeter swan B w sW w

Oldsquaw B w W

Surf scoter B W W w

Turkey vulture B Sw s

Bald eagle B Y Y Y

Swainson’s hawk B p

Peregrine falcon subsp. pealei B Y Y y

Gyrfalcon B w w w

Sandhill crane B SM y m

Lesser golden-plover B m s m

American avocet B s

Wandering tattler B M m

Long-billed curlew B m

Hudsonian godwit B m m

Short-billed dowitcher B s w M

Red-necked phalarope B M m m

California gull B A S M

Caspian tern B m S m

Marbled murrelet B Y Y Y

Ancient murrelet B Y W

Cassin’s auklet B Sw w

Tufted puffin B Sw s

Barn owl B Y y

Western screech owl subsp.kennicottii

B y Y y

Northern pygmy owl subsp.swarthi

B y Y y

Short-eared owl B m Y m

Northern Saw-whet owlsubsp. brooksi

B y

Black-chinned hummingbird B *

Lewis’ woodpecker B y m

Hairy woodpecker subsp.picoideus

B y

Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae B y

Hutton’s vireo B y s

Canada warbler B *

Lark sparrow B m

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B y w w

Trowbridge’s shrew B Y Y

Townsend’s big-eared bat B y y

TABLE 11 Continued

58



Meadow jumping mousesubsp. alascensis

B y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B y y

Fisher B y y

Ermine subsp. anguinae B y y

Black bear subsp. emmonsii B y

Grizzly bear B y y y

Elk subsp. roosevelti B y Y

Leatherback sea turtle E s

Right whale E y y

Humpback whale T y y

a See Appendix 2 for status and seasonal abundance codes.

The CWH has the greatest diversity of defined habitat elements of anyzone (Table 6) because of its location along the coast from sea level upthe windward side of the Coast Mountains. The zone includes the rockycoastal islands, fiords, estuaries, and dense coastal coniferous forests.The Fraser Lowlands has the greatest diversity of birds, amphibians, andreptiles of any area in the province. Two listed mammal species (Pacificwater shrew, Townsend’s mole) occur only in this zone and are restrictedto the Fraser Lowlands. Two other listed species (Trowbridge’s shrew,shrew-mole) also occur only in this zone and are restricted to the FraserLowlands and the Northwest Cascade Ranges. Figure 21 shows thenumber of listed taxa that use each habitat in the CWH zone.

TABLE 11 Concluded.

59

FIGURE 21 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone(codes for broad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.3 Mountain Hemlock This biogeoclimatic zone has 164 wildlifespecies with 5 amphibians, no reptiles, 106 birds, and 53 mammals.Table 12 shows how many listed taxa occur in each vertebrate class.

TABLE 12 Distribution of listed species among the vertebrate classes in the MH zone


Class Red Blue Total

Amphibians 1 1 2

Reptiles — — 0

Birds 2 9 11

Mammals 6 7 13

Total 9 17 26

Table 13 shows the seasonal distribution of taxa at risk in the threewildlife subzone groups of the MH zone.

TABLE 13 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the threewildlife subzone groups of the MH zonea


hyper- windward leeward maritime maritime maritime

Pacific giant salamander R y y

Habitat typespm im sm mi mc es we la st at ro ta ag ur df af wf rf sf

No. of species

0

10

20

30

40


60


hyper- windward leeward maritime maritime maritime

Northern goshawk subsp.laingi

R y y

Spotted owl R y y

Water shrew subsp. brooksi R y

Mountain beaver subsp. rufa R y


Wolverine subsp.vancouverensis

R y



R Y Y

Tailed frog B y y

Great blue heron B s s s

Bald eagle B ps ps ps

Swainson’s hawk B m m m

White-tailed ptarmigansubsp. saxatilis

B mw

Red-necked phalarope B s s s


B y y


B y

Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae B s

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B y y

Mountain beaver subsp.rainieri

B y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B y Y

Fisher B y y y


Black bear subsp. emmonsi B s

Grizzly bear B y Y Y

Elk subsp. roosevelti B S s


Figure 22 shows the number of listed taxa that use each of the broadhabitats defined for the MH zone (Table 6). The wildlife in this zonemust contend with steep terrain and long, cold, wet winters with heavysnowfall. The landscape is often interrupted by glaciers and the habitat isused in a patchy way both spatially and temporally.

TABLE 13 Continued

61

FIGURE 22 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Mountain Hemlock zone (codes forbroad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.4 Bunchgrass This biogeoclimatic zone has 331 wildlife specieswith 6 amphibians, 10 reptiles, 260 birds, and 55 mammals. Table 14shows the number of listed taxa occurring in each vertebrate class.

TABLE 14 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the BG zone



Amphibians 1 1 2

Reptiles 1 5 6

Birds 12 32 44

Mammals 3 9 12

Total 17 47 64

Table 15 shows the seasonal distribution of the taxa at risk in the twowildlife subzone groups in the BG zone.

TABLE 15 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the two wildlife subzone groups of the BG zone a


very dry hot very dry warm

Tiger salamander R Y

Short-horned lizard R y

Western grebe R SwM Psa

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta me df af wf rf pf0

5

10

15

20

25


62



American white pelican R Ms

Ferruginous hawk R sm sm

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R wm wm

Prairie falcon R sm sm

Upland sandpiper R sm

Forster’s tern R s a

Burrowing owl R y ps

White-headed woodpecker R y

Sage thrasher R sm sm

Yellow-breasted chat R ps ps

Brewer’s sparrow subsp. breweri R sm sm

Pallid bat R s

Western red bat R s

White-tailed jackrabbit R y

Northern bog lemming subsp. artemisiae R y

Great Basin spadefoot toad B yb yb

Painted turtle B Y Y

Rubber boa B y y

Western yellow-bellied racer B Y Y

Gopher snake subsp. deserticola B Y Y

Western rattlesnake B Y Y

Double-crested cormorant B y sm

American bittern B sm Y

Great blue heron B Y Y

Green-backed heron B s

Trumpeter swan B wm

Oldsquaw B m m

Surf scoter B M sM

Turkey vulture B Psa Psa

Bald eagle B swM swM

Swainson’s hawk B sm sm

Gyrfalcon B aw aw

Sharp-tailed grouse subsp. columbianus B y

Sandhill crane B sM sM

Lesser golden-plover B a a

American avocet B ps ps

Wandering tattler B sa

Long-billed curlew B ps ps

Short-billed dowitcher B sm

Red-necked phalarope B sm sm

California gull B Y s

Caspian tern B sm s

TABLE 15 Continued

63



Barn owl B y

Flammulated owl B m m

Western screech owl subsp. macfarlanei B y y

Short-eared owl B y y

White-throated swift B PSa s

Black-chinned hummingbird B ps

Lewis’ woodpecker B SwM PSa

Canyon wren B y y

Lark sparrow B sm sm

Smith’s longspur B *

Bobolink B Psa Psa

Spotted bat B s

Western small-footed myotis B S S

Fringed myotis B S

Townsend’s big-eared bat B S S

Nuttall’s cottontail B Y Y

Western harvest mouse B Y

Great Basin pocket mouse B Y Y

Badger B y y

Bighorn Sheep subsp. californiana B Y Y

a See Appendix 2 for key to status and seasonal abundance codes.b Abundance can vary between common and uncommon, depending on rainfall.

The BG zone supports a high diversity of wildlife species that arecharacteristic of the Semi-arid Steppe Highlands ecodivision fauna.Many of these species are at risk because of agricultural expansion,human settlement, and human disturbance. Figure 23 shows the use ofbroad habitats by the red- and blue-listed species in this zone.

TABLE 15 Concluded.

64

FIGURE 23 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Bunchgrass zone (codes for broad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.5 Ponderosa Pine There are 347 wildlife species in this zone with 7amphibians, 10 reptiles, 271 birds, and 59 mammals. Table 16 shows thedistribution of the listed species throughout the four vertebrate classes.

TABLE 16 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the PP zone



Amphibians 1 1 2

Reptiles 1 5 6

Birds 12 32 44

Mammals 2 9 12

Total 17 47 64

Table 17 shows the seasonal distribution of taxa at risk in the twowildlife subzone groups of the PP zone.

TABLE 17 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the two wildlife subzone groups of the PP zone a


very dry hot dry hot

Tiger salamander R Y

Night snake R y

Western grebe R SwM Psa

American white pelican R sM sm

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st ro ta ss ag ur df af wf rf pf ac0

5

10

15

20

25

30


65



Ferruginous hawk R sm

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R y sm

Prairie falcon R y m

Upland sandpiper R p

Burrowing owl R ps wm

White-headed woodpecker R y

Purple martin R *

Sage thrasher R sm

Yellow-breasted chat R ps

Brewer’s sparrow subsp. breweri R sm

Grasshopper sparrow R ps

Pallid bat R s

Northern bog lemming subsp.artemisiae

R y

Great Basin spadefoot toad B y1

Painted turtle B Y Y

Rubber boa B Y

Western yellow-bellied racer B Y Y

Gopher snake subsp. deserticola B Y Y

Western rattlesnake B Y Y

Double-crested cormorant B y sm

American bittern B sm sm

Great blue heron B Y Y

Trumpeter swan B wm wm

Oldsquaw B wm

Surf scoter B swM m

Turkey vulture B Psaw sm

Bald eagle B swM swM

Swainson’s hawk B sm sm

Gyrfalcon B wm

Sharp-tailed grouse subsp. columbianus B y y

Sandhill crane B sM m

Lesser golden-plover B sm m

American avocet B ps p

Long-billed curlew B sm ps

Short-billed dowitcher B a p

Red-necked phalarope B sm sm

California gull B Y sa

Caspian tern B sm

Barn owl B aw

Flammulated owl B sm sm

Western screech owl subsp. macfarlanei B y y

TABLE 17 Continued

66



Short-eared owl B y saw

White-throated swift B PSa ps

Black-chinned hummingbird B ps ps

Lewis’ woodpecker B SwM sm

Gray flycatcher B ps

Canyon wren B y y

Palm warbler B aw

Lark sparrow B sm ps

Bobolink B Ps ps

Spotted bat B s

Western small-footed myotis B S

Fringed myotis B s

Townsend’s big-eared bat B S S

Nuttall’s cottontail B Y

Great Basin pocket mouse B Y Y

Badger B y y

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B Y pw

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B Y


The PP zone is not as dry as the BG and therefore supports moreforested habitat. It is the home of the gray flycatcher. During the recentperiod of milder winters, this bird seems to have extended its range.Whether this range extension will last is impossible to predict. The broadhabitats found in the PP zone and the number of red- and blue-listedtaxa using each one are shown in Figure 24.

TABLE 17 Concluded

67

FIGURE 24 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Ponderosa Pine zone (codes forbroad habitats appear in figure 20).

4.6.6 Interior Douglas-fir This biogeoclimatic zone has a total of 389wildlife species with 8 amphibians, 10 reptiles, 302 birds, and 69mammals. Table 18 shows the distribution of the listed taxa throughoutthe four vertebrate classes.

TABLE 18 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the IDF zone



Amphibians 1 1 2

Reptiles 1 5 6

Birds 16 31 47

Mammals 2 10 12

Total 20 47 67

Table 19 shows the seasonal distribution of the taxa at risk in the sixwildlife subzone groups of the IDF zone.

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st ro ta ss ag ur df af wf rf pf ac0

5

10

15

20

25

30


68

TABLE 19 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the four wildlife subzone groups of the IDF zone a


very dry dry moist wet

Tiger salamander R Y Y

Night snake R y

Western grebe R SwM sm SwM y

American white pelican R sM sM sm

Ferruginous hawk R psa ps

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R y sm sm

Prairie falcon R y sm m

Upland sandpiper R s ps

Forster’s tern R sm

Burrowing owl R y a

Spotted owl R y

Williamson’s sapsucker subsp. nataliae R sm

White-headed woodpecker R y ps

Sage thrasher R *

Sprague’s pipit R ps

Bay-breasted warbler R *

Brewer’s sparrow subsp. breweri R sm

Grasshopper sparrow R sm ps


R y y

Long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis R Y

Great Basin spadefoot toad B yb yb

Painted turtle B Y Y Y

Rubber boa B y y

Western yellow-bellied racer B Y y y

Gopher snake subsp. deserticola B Y

Western rattlesnake B Y

Double-crested cormorant B y p

American bittern B sm sm sm s

Great blue heron B Y Y Y s

Green-backed heron B s

Trumpeter swan B wm m m sWM

Oldsquaw B wm y y m

Surf scoter B sM ps sm m

Turkey vulture B Psaw ps sm

Bald eagle B swM swM swM swM

Swainson’s hawk B sm sm sm

Gyrfalcon B wm wm aw

Sandhill crane B sM sM sM

Lesser golden-plover B m m m

American avocet B ps p p

69


very dry dry moist wet

Long-billed curlew B psa ps

Hudsonian godwit B a p a

Short-billed dowitcher B a m

Red-necked phalarope B sm sm sm s

California gull B Y ps sm s

Caspian tern B ps

Barn owl B y y

Flammulated owl B SM SM s

Western screech owl subsp. macfarlanei B y y y

Short-eared owl B y y y m

White-throated swift B ps

Black-chinned hummingbird B ps ps ps

Lewis’ woodpecker B SwM sm sm s

Williamson’s sapsucker subsp.thyroideus

B sm sm sm

Canyon wren B sm

Lark sparrow B ps ps ps

Bobolink B ps ps ps

Fringed myotis B s

Townsend’s big-eared bat B S S S S

Mountain beaver subsp. rainieri B y

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B y y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B y Y Y Y

Fisher B Y Y Y Y

Badger B y y y y

Grizzly bear B p1 p1 psa

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B Y PsaW s

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B PW Y

a See Appendix 2 for key to status and seasonal abundance codes.b Abundance can vary between common and uncommon, depending on rainfall.

TABLE 19 Continued

70

The mild winters in parts of the IDF attract both wintering birds andmammals. The IDF is a widespread zone with habitat elements in itsdriest subzones similar to those in the dry BG zone and in its wettestsubzones similar to those in the CWH submaritime. The diversity ofwildlife in this zone reflects this moisture continuum. Figure 25 showsthe broad habitats found in this zone as well as the number of listed taxausing each type.

FIGURE 25 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Interior Douglas-fir zone (codes forbroad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.7 Montane Spruce This zone has 252 species of wildlife with 5amphibians, 2 reptiles, 183 birds, and 62 mammals. The distribution ofthe listed taxa among the vertebrate classes is shown in Table 20.

TABLE 20 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the MS zone



Amphibians — — 0

Reptiles — — 0

Birds 6 16 22

Mammals 1 9 10

Total 7 25 32

Table 21 shows the seasonal distribution of the taxa at risk in the fourwildlife subzone groups of the MS zone.

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st ro ta ss ag ur df af wf rf0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

red-listed taxa blue-listed taxa

71

TABLE 21 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the four wildlife subzone groups of the MS zone a


very dry very dry dry cool dry mild

very cold cool

Western grebe R m

Ferruginous hawk R ps

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R m sm m

Williamson’s sapsucker subsp. nataliae R sm

White-headed woodpecker R ps

Bay-breasted warbler R s

Red-tailed chipmunk subsp. ruficaudus R Y

American bittern B sm

Great blue heron B s s s s

Oldsquaw B a a a a

Surf scoter B m m m m

Turkey vulture B ps ps ps ps

Bald eagle B ps ps ps ps

Swainson’s hawk B sm sm sm sm

Sandhill crane B m

American avocet B p

Hudsonian godwit B s

Short-billed dowitcher B ps

Red-necked phalarope B s s ps s

Flammulated owl B ps


B sm sm

Palm warbler B a

Bobolink B s

Southern red-backed vole subsp. galei B Y

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B y y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B Y Y Y Y

Fisher B Y Y Y Y

Badger B y y y

Grizzly bear B y y PSAw y

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B s PsaW y

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B S S s

Caribou (southeastern populations) B w


72

The MS zone occurs at higher elevations than the preceeding threezones and therefore has longer, colder winters and steeper topography.The broad habitats found in this zone are shown in Figure 26 along withtheir use by the listed taxa found.

FIGURE 26 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Montane Spruce zone (codes forbroad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.8 Interior Cedar–Hemlock There are 376 wildlife species in this zonemade up of 8 amphibians, 7 reptiles, 293 birds, and 68 mammals. The 58listed taxa that occur are distributed among the vertebrate classes asshown in Table 22.

TABLE 22 Distribution of listed species among the vertebrate classes in the ICHzone



Amphibians 2 1 3

Reptiles — 3 3

Birds 11 31 41

Mammals 3 7 10

Total 16 42 58

Table 23 shows the seasonal distribution of taxa at risk in the sixwildlife subzone groups of the ICH zone.

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta ur df af wf rf0

5

10

15

20


73

TABLE 23 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the six wildlife subzone groups of the ICH zone a


dry dry– moist wet moist very warm moist warm cool cold wet cool cold

Coeur d’Alene salamander R y

Leopard frog R y y y y

Western grebe R SwM sm sm sm

American white pelican R sm sm

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R sm sm sm ps

Prairie falcon R sw y s

Upland sandpiper R s sa s s

Forster’s tern R PSa

White-headed woodpecker R w

Purple martin R *

Sage thrasher R *

Yellow-breasted chat R s


Northern long-eared myotis R s s

Northern pocket gopher subsp.segregatus

R y y

Red-tailed chipmunk subsp.simulans

R Y y Y

Tailed frog B y

Painted turtle B Y Y Y y

Rubber boa B y y y

Western rattlesnake B y

Double-crested cormorant B sm p s a

American bittern B sm sm sm sa

Great blue heron B SwM sa SwM sa

Green-backed heron B p

Trumpeter swan B wm wm sm

Oldsquaw B wm m m m m m

Surf scoter B m m m m sm sm

Turkey vulture B sm ps ps s

Bald eagle B swM sM swM Psa swM sM

Swainson’s hawk B m m ps ps

Gyrfalcon B a p

Sandhill crane B m m m m m


American avocet B p

Long-billed curlew B ps

Short-billed dowitcher B s s

Red-necked phalarope B sm s ps s s s

California gull B sm sm PSaw sa

74


dry dry– moist wet moist very warm moist warm cool cold wet cool cold

Caspian tern B ps

Barn owl B s psw


B y

Short-eared owl B y m wm p a



Lewis’ woodpecker B sm sm sm a s

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B s

Canyon wren B y

Philadelphia vireo B * *

Lark sparrow B ps ps


Bobolink B ps ps ps

Townsend’s big-eared bat B y y y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B Y Y Y Y Y Y

Fisher B y y y y y

Badger B y y y y

Grizzly bear B Psaw y y Y Y Y

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B y s

Caribou (southeasternpopulations)

B sW Y


The broad habitats found in this zone are shown in Table 6. Figure 27shows the number of red- and blue-species using each of these habitats.They are all found in the narrow valley bottoms and extensive foresteduplands that comprise the zone. The Coeur d’Alene salamander occursonly in this zone in British Columbia, the northern-most extent of itsdistribution.

TABLE 23 Continued.

75

FIGURE 27 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone (codesforbroad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.9 Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce This biogeoclimatic zone has 259wildlife species with 4 amphibians, 2 reptiles, 203 birds, and 50 mammals.The distribution of listed taxa between the vertebrate classes is shown inTable 24.

TABLE 24 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the SBPSzone

Number of listed taxa in each category



Reptiles — — 0

Birds 4 17 21

Mammals — 4 4

Total 4 21 25

Table 25 shows the seasonal distribution of the taxa at risk in the fourwildlife subzone groups of the SBPS zone.

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta ag ur df af wf rf sp0

5

10

15

20

25

30


76

TABLE 25 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the four wildlife subzone groups of the SBPS zone a


very dry dry moist moist cold cold cool cold

Western grebe R SM sm sm sm

American white pelican R S sm sm sm

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R sm ps ps ps

Upland sandpiper R s

American bittern B sm sm sm sm

Great blue heron B SwM SwM SwM SwM

Trumpeter swan B a a a a

Oldsquaw B sm p p p

Surf scoter B sm sm sm sm

Bald eagle B swM swM swM swM

Swainson’s hawk B sm sm sm sm

Gyrfalcon B a

Sandhill crane B sm ps ps ps

American avocet B ps

Long-billed curlew B ps ps

Short-billed dowitcher B sa sm

Red-necked phalarope B sm s a s

California gull B ps

Short-eared owl B sm

Lewis’ woodpecker B p

Lark sparrow B s s

Wolverine subsp. luscus B Y Y Y Y

Fisher B y y y y

Badger B y

Grizzly bear B y y y y


The SBPS zone is dry both in summer and winter, with cool summersand cold winters. It has extensive wetlands. Figure 28 shows the broadhabitats found in this zone and the distribution of the listed taxa in thesehabitats. Birds and mammals tend to be seasonal unless specificallyadapted to cold winters. The only American white pelican breeding sitein British Columbia is located in this zone at Stum Lake.

77

FIGURE 28 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Sub-Boreal Pine–Spruce zone(codes for broad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.10 Sub-boreal Spruce This zone has 316 wildlife species with 5amphibians, 2 reptiles, 252 birds, and 57 mammals. The listed taxa aredivided between the vertebrate classes as shown in Table 26.

TABLE 26 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the SBSzone




Reptiles — — 0

Birds 7 23 30

Mammals 1 6 7

Total 8 29 37

Table 27 shows the seasonal distribution of taxa at risk in the fivewildlife subzone groups of the SBS zone.

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta ag ur df af wf rf0

5

10

15

20


78

TABLE 27 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the five wildlife subzone groups of the SBS zone a


dry dry moist moist wet hot– cool hot– mild– cool warm warm cool– cold

Western grebe R sm sm sm

American white pelican R ps ps ps

Peregrine falcon subsp.anatum

R ps m m

Upland sandpiper R s

Burrowing owl R a

Cape May warbler R *


Northern long-eared myotis R s

Double-crested cormorant B s

American bittern B sm sm sm sm sm

Great blue heron B sm sm sm sm sm

Trumpeter swan B sWM sWM wm

Oldsquaw B sm sm sm sm sm

Surf scoter B sm sm sm sm sm

Bald eagle B PsAw PSAw Psaw PSAw PsAw

Swainson’s hawk B p p p

Sandhill crane B ps ms ps m m

Lesser golden-plover B m m m m

Wandering tattler B p


Red-necked phalarope B s s sa s s

California gull B s p ps sa

Short-eared owl B m m sm sm s

Lewis’ woodpecker B a s

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B ps

Hutton’s vireo B *

Philadelphia vireo B *

Black-throated green warbler B s

Lark sparrow B * *


Bobolink B s

Wolverine subsp. luscus B Y Y Y Y Y

Fisher B y y y y y

79


dry dry moist moist wet hot– cool hot– mild– cool warm warm cool– cold

Grizzly bear B y y y Y Y

Bighorn sheep subsp.californiana

B w

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B w


B w w


Wildlife in this zone are adapted to long, snowy winters. They willmigrate, hibernate, live in subnivean nests and tunnels, or are able towalk on snow (snowshoe hare) or through it (moose). This is the centreof abundance for moose in the province. Because of the extensive lakesand wetlands, it is also the world’s breeding centre for Barrow’sgoldeneye. The broad habitats found here and the number of listed taxausing each habitat are shown in Figure 29.

FIGURE 29 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Sub-Boreal Spruce zone (codes forbroad habitats appear in Figure 20).

TABLE 27 Continued.

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta ss ag ur df af wf rf0

5

10

15

20


80

4.6.11 Boreal White and Black Spruce There are 341 wildlife species inthis zone with 5 amphibians, 2 reptiles, 277 birds, and 57 mammals. Thedistribution of the listed taxa among the vertebrate classes is shown inTable 28.

TABLE 28 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the BWBSzone



Amphibians 0

Reptiles 0

Birds 11 26 37

Mammals 4 9 13

Total 15 35 50

Table 29 shows the seasonal distribution of taxa at risk in the threewildlife subzone groups of the BWBS zone.

TABLE 29 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the three wildlife subzone groups of the BWBS zone a


dry cool moist warm wet cool

Western grebe R sm

American white pelican R ps ps

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R ps sm sa

Prairie falcon R p

Upland sandpiper R sa sm

Forster’s tern R ps

Purple martin R s

Cape May warbler R sm

Bay-breasted warbler R sm sm sm

Connecticut warbler R sm

Sharp-tailed sparrow R ps



Bison subsp. athabascae R y

Sheep subsp. dalli R m

Double-crested cormorant B sm


Great blue heron B sa sm

Trumpeter swan B sm SM m

Oldsquaw B sm sm

Surf scoter B sm PSa

Bald eagle B Psa Psaw sm

81


dry cool moist warm wet cool

Swainson’s hawk B ps

Gyrfalcon B sm a

Sandhill crane B ps sM M

Lesser golden-plover B m sm


Wandering tattler B ps p

Hudsonian godwit B p sm

Short-billed dowitcher B ps sm

Red-necked phalarope B ps sm


Caspian tern B ps

Barn owl B *

Short-eared owl B y y

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B ps ps

Philadelphia vireo B sm

Black-throated green warbler B sm

Palm warbler B sm sm sm

Canada warbler B ps

Smith’s longspur B p

Bobolink B ps

Black-backed shrew B Y y

Northern Bog lemming subsp. borealis B y

Meadow jumping mouse subsp.alascensis

B y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B y y y

Fisher B Y Y Y

Black bear subsp. emmonsi B y

Grizzly bear B Y y y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B wp y y

Caribou (southeastern populations) B y y


TABLE 29 Continued

82

Much of the BWBS zone is found in the northeast corner of theprovince, which is an extension of the Alberta Plain. Therefore, the zonehas a mixture of species that differs from the rest of the province.Historically, the bison was part of the fauna here and as a result ofreintroductions is included again. In addition, seven bird species(broad-winged hawk, Philadelphia vireo, Cape May warbler,Connecticut warbler, mourning warbler and sharp-tailed sparrow) andone amphibian (striped chorus frog) usually associated with moreeasterly provinces are found in this zone, but nowhere else in BritishColumbia. The broad habitats defined for this zone and the number oflisted taxa that use each habitat are shown in Figure 30.

FIGURE 30 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Boreal White and Black Spruce zone (codes for broad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.12 Spruce–Willow–Birch This biogeoclimatic zone has 204 wildlifespecies with 3 amphibians, 149 birds, and 52 mammals. No reptiles arefound in this cold, northerly zone. The distribution of listed taxa amongthe vertebrate classes is shown in Table 30.

TABLE 30 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the SWBzone




Birds 1 9 10

Mammals 2 7 9

Total 3 16 19

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta ss ag ur df af wf rf ap0

5

10

15

20

25

30


83

Table 31 shows the seasonal distribution of taxa at risk in the twowildlife subzone groups of the SWB zone.TABLE 31 Seasonal abundance and distribution of the taxa at risk in the two

wildlife subzone groups of the SWB zone a


forested scrub

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R ps

Tundra shrew R y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. dalli R SA pSAw

Trumpeter swan B ps

Oldsquaw B ps ps

Surf scoter B ps ps

Bald eagle B sm sm

Gyrfalcon B sm sm


Red-necked phalarope B ps ps

Short-eared owl B sa sa

Smith’s longspur B ps


B y


Fisher B Y

Black bear subsp. emmonsi B y

Grizzly bear B Y y

Bison subsp. bison B y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B WP Y


The SWB zone has not been exploited for logging or agriculture, andtherefore is relatively undisturbed. It has the highest percentage ofroadless area of any zone, with most roads being built for miningexploration. The winters are so severe that most species use the zoneonly in summer. Exceptions are mountain goats that use steep rockyterrain where the snow does not accumulate. This zone includesbreeding habitat for the wandering tattler and the Hudsonian godwit inthe Tatshenshini Basin, the only area in the province where they areknown to breed. Broad habitats found in this zone and the number oflisted taxa that use each one are shown in Figure 31.

84

FIGURE 31 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Spruce–Willow–Birch zone (codes

for broad habitats appear in Figure 20).

4.6.13 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir This biogeoclimatic zone has203 wildlife species with 5 amphibians, 4 reptiles (although 3 of them areaccidental or not confirmed), 126 birds, and 68 mammals. Table 32 showsthe distribution of the listed taxa among the four vertebrate classes. Table33 shows the seasonal distribution of the taxa at risk in the eight wildlifesubzone groups of the ESSF zone.

TABLE 32 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the ESSFzone



Amphibians — 1 1

Reptiles — — 0

Birds 3 10 13

Mammals 5 12 17

Total 8 23 31

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta me gr sh df af wf rf0

2

4

6

8

10


85

TABLE 33 Seasonal abundance and distribution of the taxa at risk in the eight

wildlife subzone groups of the ESSF zone a


very dry moist wet very dry moist wet dry dry park- park- park- park- land land land land

Peregrine falconsubsp. anatum

R ps ps ps ps

White-headedwoodpecker

R ps

Bay-breastedwarbler

R s

Northernlong-eared myotis

R S S S S

Northern pocketgopher subsp.segregatus

R y

Least chipmunksubsp. selkirki

R Y Y Y Y

Red-tailedchipmunk subsp.simulans

R Y Y Y Y

Red-tailedchipmunk subsp.ruficaudus

R Y Y

Long-tailed weaselsubsp. altifrontalis

R Y Y

Tailed frog B y y

Oldsquaw B m m m m m m m m

Surf scoter B m m m m m m m m

Bald eagle B ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Swainson’s hawk B ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Wandering tattler B a


Red-neckedphalarope

B s s s s s s s s

Flammulated owl B s

Short-eared owl B m

Black-throatedgreen warbler

B *

Mountain beaversubsp. rainieri

B y y

Southern red-backed vole subsp.galei

B Y

Cascade mantledground squirrel

B y y y y y y

Least chipmunksubsp. oreocetes

B Y Y

86


very dry moist wet very dry moist wet dry dry park- park- park- park- land land land land

Wolverine subsp.luscus

B y y y y y y y y

Fisher B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Badger B y y y y

Grizzly bear B SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW

Bighorn sheepsubsp. canadensis

B Y s Y s

Bighorn Sheepsubsp. californiana

B Y y S Y

Thinhorn sheepsubsp. stonei

B wp wp wp

Caribou(southeasternpopulations)

B MsW Y Y Y


The ESSF zone is the most widely distributed subalpine zone, beingreplaced along the coast by the MH zone and in the north by the SWB.The long, cold and snowy winters limit the species that can use this zoneall year. Caribou and mountain goats can survive the difficult winters,and grizzly bears use this zone for hibernation. Figure 32 shows thebroad habitats found here and the number of listed taxa using each.

TABLE 33 Continued

87

FIGURE 32 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine fir

zone (codes for broad habitat types appear in Figure 20).

4.6.14 Alpine Tundra There are 125 wildlife species in this zone with 1amphibian, 88 birds, and 36 mammals. It is too cold for reptiles. Table 34shows the distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes. Table35 shows the seasonal distribution of the listed taxa in the three wildlifesubzone groups of the AT zone.

TABLE 34 Distribution of listed taxa among the vertebrate classes in the AT zone




Birds — 12 12

Mammals 5 9 14

Total 5 21 26

This is the only completely non-forested zone in British Columbia. Ithas the harshest climate and is used by wildlife primarily in summer.The broad habitats include many that are unique to this zone andexclude the forested habitats which are found consistently in every otherzone (Figure 33). The AT zone has the lowest species diversity of allzones, but because it is more widespread, it has a greater number oflisted species than the MH zone.

Broad habitats

No. of taxa

we la st av ro ta me df af wf rf pf0

5

10

15

20

25


88

TABLE 35 Seasonal abundance and distribution of taxa at risk in the three wildlife subzone groups of the AT zone a


above above above MH ESSF SWB

Tundra shrew R y



Long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis R y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. dalli R Y

Oldsquaw B m ps

Surf scoter B m ps

Bald eagle B ps

Gyrfalcon B sm

White-tailed ptarmigan subsp. saxatilis B y

Lesser golden-plover B ps

Wandering tattler B ps

Hudsonian godwit B ps





Cascade mantled ground squirrel B y


B y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B S S S

Grizzly bear B psa psa psa

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B Y Y

Bighorn Sheep subsp. californiana B Y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B Y

Elk subsp. roosevelti B SA

Caribou (southeastern populations) B S


89

FIGURE 33 Habitat use by listed taxa in the Alpine Tundra zone (codes for broad habitats appear in Figure 20).

Habitat types

No. of species

we la st av ro ta tu he al as am kr0

5

10

15

20


90

AmphibiansRough-skinned newt xTaricha granulosa

Northwestern salamander xAmbystoma gracile

Long-toed salamander x x x x x x xAmbystoma macrodactylum

Tiger salamander R xAmbystoma tigrinum

Pacific giant salamander R x xDicamptodon tenebrosus

Clouded salamander h xAneides ferreus

Ensatina salamander x xEnsatina eschscholtzii

Coeur d’Alene salamander R xPlethodon idahoensis

Western red-backed salamander xPlethodon vehiculum

Tailed frog B x x x xAscaphus truei

Great Basin spadefoot toad B xScaphiopus intermontanus

Western toad x x x x x x xBufo boreas

Pacific treefrog x x x xHyla regilla

Striped chorus frog xPseudacris triseriata

Red-legged frog xRana aurora

American bullfrog h xRana catesbeiana

Green frog xRana clamitans

Leopard frog R x xRana pipiens

Spotted frog x x x x x x xRana pretiosa

Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann

Spruce–SubalpineFir

(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

APPENDIX 1 Distribution of all Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals by biogeoclimatic zone or zonal group inBritish Columbia

91

Wood frog x x x xRana sylvatica

ReptilesPainted turtle B x x xChrysemys picta

Leatherback sea turtle E xDermochelys coriacea

Short-horned lizard R xPhrynosoma douglassii

Western skink x xEumeces skiltonianus

Northern alligator lizard x x x xGerrhonotus coeruleus

European wall lizard xPodarcis muralis

Rubber boa B x x xCharina bottae

Western yellow-bellied racer B xColuber mormon

Sharp-tailed snake R xContia tenuis

Night snake R xHypsiglena torquata

Gopher snake subsp. catenifer R xPituophis melanoleucus catenifer

Gopher snake subsp. deserticola B xP. m. deserticola

Western garter snake x x x x x xThamnophis elegans

Northwestern garter snake xThamnophis ordinoides

Common garter snake x x x x x xThamnophis sirtalis

Western rattlesnake B x xCrotalus viridis

APPENDIX 1 Continued

Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

92

BirdsRed-throated loon x x x x xGavia stellata

Pacific loon h x x x x x x x xGavia pacifica

Common loon x x x x x x x xGavia immer

Yellow-billed loon x x x x x xGavia adamsii

Pied-billed grebe x x x xPodilymbus podiceps

Horned grebe x x x x x x x xPodiceps auritus

Red-necked grebe x x x x x xPodiceps grisegena

Eared grebe h x x x x xPodiceps nigricollis

Western grebe R x x x x xAechmophorus occidentalis

Clark’s grebe h x x xAechmophorus clarkii

Black-footed albatross xDiomedea nigripes

Northern fulmar xFulmarus glacialis

Pink-footed shearwater xPuffinus creatopus

Sooty shearwater xPuffinus griseus

Short-tailed shearwater xPuffinus tenuirostris

Fork-tailed storm-petrel h xOceanodroma furcata

Leach’s storm-petrel h xOceanodroma leucorhoa

American white pelican R x x x x xPelecanus erythrorhynchos

Brown pelican xPelecanus occidentalis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

93

Double-crested cormorant B x x x x xPhalacrocorax auritus

Brandt’s cormorant R xPhalacrocorax penicillatus

Pelagic cormorant subspp. xPhalacrocorax pelagicus


R x

P. p. pelagicus

American bittern B x x x x xBotaurus lentiginosus

Great blue heron B x x x x x xArdea herodias

Great egret x x x xCasmerodius albus

Snowy egret xEgretta thula

Cattle egret x x x x xBubulcus ibis

Green-backed heron B x x xButorides striatus

Black-crowned night-heron h x x xNycticorax nycticorax

White-faced ibis xPlegadis chihi

Tundra swan h x x x x xCygnus columbianus

Trumpeter swan B x x x x xCygnus buccinator

Mute swan h x xCygnus olor

Greater white-fronted goose h x x x x xAnser albifrons

Snow goose h x x x x xChen caerulescens

Ross’ goose x x x xChen rossii

Emperor goose xChen canagica


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

94

Brant h x x x xBranta bernicla

Canada goose h x x x x x x x xBranta canadensis

Wood duck h x x x xAix sponsa

Green-winged teal h x x x x x xAnas crecca

American black duck xAnas rubripes

Mallard h x x x x x x x xAnas platyrhynchos

Northern pintail h x x x x x x xAnas acuta

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x xAnas discors

Cinnamon teal h x x x x x x xAnas cyanoptera

Northern shoveler h x x x x x x xAnas clypeata

Gadwall h x x x x xAnas strepera

Eurasian wigeon h x x x x xAnas penelope

American wigeon h x x x x x xAnas americana

Canvasback h x x x x xAythya valisineria

Redhead h x x x x xAythya americana

Ring-necked duck h x x x x x x x xAythya collaris

Tufted duck xAythya fuligula

Greater scaup h x x x x xAythya marila

Lesser scaup h x x x x x x x xAythya affinis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

95

King eider xSomateria spectabilis

Steller’s eider xPolysticta stelleri

Harlequin duck h x x x x x x x xHistrionicus histrionicus

Oldsquaw B x x x x x x xClangula hyemalis

Black scoter h x x x x xMelanitta nigra

Surf scoter B x x x x x x xMelanitta perspicillata

White-winged scoter h x x x x x x x xMelanitta fusca

Common goldeneye h x x x x x x x xBucephala clangula

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x xBucephala islandica

Bufflehead h x x x x x x x xBucephala albeola

Smew xMergellus albellus

Hooded merganser h x x x x x x xLophodytes cucullatus

Common merganser h x x x x x x x xMergus merganser

Red-breasted merganser h x x x x x xMergus serrator

Ruddy duck h x x x x xOxyura jamaicensis

Turkey vulture B x x xCathartes aura

Osprey h x x x x xPandion haliaetus

Bald eagle B x x x x x x x xHaliaeetus leucocephalus

Northern harrier x x x x x x xCircus cyaneus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

96

Sharp-shinned hawk x x x x x x x xAccipiter striatus

Cooper’s hawk h x x x x x x xAccipiter cooperii

Northern goshawk subsp. atricapillus h x x x x x x x xAccipiter gentilis atricapillus

Northern goshawk subsp. laingi R x xA. g. laingi

Broad-winged hawk xButeo platypterus

Swainson’s hawk B x x x x x x xButeo swainsoni

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x xButeo jamaicensis

Ferruginous hawk R xButeo regalis

Rough-legged hawk h x x x x x x x xButeo lagopus

Golden eagle h x x x x x x x xAquila chrysaetos

American kestrel h x x x x x x x xFalco sparverius

Merlin h x x x x x x x xFalco columbarius

Peregrine Falcon subsp. pealei B xFalco peregrinus pealei

Peregrine Falcon subsp. anatum R x x x x xFalco peregrinus anatum

Gyrfalcon B x x x x x xFalco rusticolus

Prairie falcon R x x x xFalco mexicanus

Gray partridge h xPerdix perdix

Chukar h xAlectoris chukar

Ring-necked pheasant h x x xPhasianus colchicus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

97

Spruce grouse h x x x x x xDendragapus canadensis

Blue grouse h x x x x x x x xDendragapus obscurus

Willow ptarmigan h x x xLagopus lagopus

Rock ptarmigan h x x xLagopus mutus

White-tailed ptarmigan h x x x xLagopus leucurus subspp.

White-tailed ptarmigan subsp.saxatilis

B x x

L. l. saxatilis

Ruffed grouse h x x x x xBonasa umbellus

Sharp-tailed grouse subspp. h x x xTympanuchus phasianellus

Sharp-tailed grouse subsp.columbianus

B x

T. p. columbianus

Wild turkey h x x xMeleagris gallopavo

California quail h x x xCallipepla californica

Mountain quail h xOreortyx pictus

Virginia rail x x xRallus limicola

Sora x x x x xPorzana carolina

American coot x x x x xFulica americana

Sandhill crane B x x x x xGrus canadensis

Black-bellied plover x x x xPluvialis squatarola

Lesser golden-plover B x x x x x xPluvialis dominica

Snowy plover xCharadrius alexandrinus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

98

Semipalmated plover x x x x x x xCharadrius semipalmatus

Killdeer x x x x x x xCharadrius vociferus

Black oystercatcher xHaematopus bachmani

Black-necked stilt x x xHimantopus mexicanus

American avocet B x x x x xRecurvirostra americana

Greater yellowlegs x x x x x x x xTringa melanoleuca

Lesser yellowlegs x x x x x x x xTringa flavipes

Spotted redshank xTringa erythropus

Solitary sandpiper x x x x x x x xTringa solitaria

Willet x x x xCatoptrophorus semipalmatus

Wandering tattler B x x x x x xHeteroscelus incanus

Spotted sandpiper x x x x x x x xActitus macularia

Upland sandpiper R x x x x xBartramia longicauda

Whimbrel x x x x xNumenius phaeopus

Long-billed curlew B x x x x xNumenius americanus

Hudsonian godwit B x x x xLimosa haemastica

Bar-tailed godwit xLimosa lapponica

Marbled godwit x x xLimosa fedoa

Ruddy turnstone x x x x xArenaria interpres


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

99

Black turnstone x x xArenaria melanocephala

Surfbird xAphriza virgata

Red knot xCalidris canutus

Sanderling x x x x xCalidris alba

Semipalmated sandpiper x x x x xCalidris pusilla

Western sandpiper x x x x xCalidris mauri

Rufous-necked stint xCalidrus ruficollis

Least sandpiper h x x x x x x x xCalidris minutilla

White-rumped sandpiper x x x xCalidris fuscicollis

Baird’s sandpiper x x x x x x xCalidris bairdii

Pectoral sandpiper x x x x x x x xCalidris melanotos

Sharp-tailed sandpiper x x xCalidris acuminata

Rock sandpiper x xCalidris ptilocnemis

Dunlin x x x x xCalidris alpina

Curlew sandpiper xCalidris ferruginea

Stilt sandpiper x x x x xCalidris himantopus

Buff-breasted sandpiper x x x xTryngites subruficollis

Ruff x xPhilomachus pugnax

Short-billed dowitcher B x x x x x xLimnodromus griseus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

100

Long-billed dowitcher x x x x x xLimnodromus scolopaceus

Common snipe x x x x x x x xGallinago gallinago

Wilson’s phalarope x x x x xPhalaropus tricolor

Red-necked phalarope B x x x x x x x xPhalaropus lobatus

Red phalarope x x xPhalaropus fulicaria

Pomarine jaeger x x xStercorarius pomarinus

Parasitic jaeger x x x xStercorarius parasiticus

Long-tailed jaeger x x x x xStercorarius longicaudus

South Polar skua xCatharacta maccormicki

Franklin’s gull x x x xLarus pipixcan

Little gull x xLarus minutus

Common black-headed gull xLarus ridibundus

Bonaparte’s gull x x x x x x x xLarus philadelphia

Heermann’s gull xLarus heermanni

Mew gull x x x x x x x xLarus canus

Ring-billed gull h x x x x xLarus delawarensis

California gull B x x x x xLarus californicus

Herring gull x x x x x x x xLarus argentatus

Thayer’s gull x x x xLarus thayeri


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

101

Western gull xLarus occidentalis

Glaucous-winged gull x x x xLarus glaucescens

Glaucous gull x x x x x xLarus hyperboreus

Black-legged kittiwake xRissa tridactyla

Sabine’s gull x x x x xXema sabini

Caspian tern B x x x xSterna caspia

Elegant tern xSterna elegans

Common tern x x x x xSterna hirundo

Arctic tern h x x x x xSterna paradisaea

Forster’s tern R x x x xStern forsteri

Aleutian tern xSterna aleutica

Black tern x x x x xChlidonias niger

Common murre R xUria aalge

Thick-billed murre R xUria lomvia

Pigeon guillemot xCepphus columba

Marbled murrelet B xBrachyramphus marmoratus

Ancient murrelet B xSynthliboramphus antiquus

Cassin’s auklet B xPtychoramphus aleuticus

Rhinoceros auklet h xCerorhinca monocerata


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

102

Tufted puffin B xFratercula cirrhata

Horned puffin R xFratercula corniculata

Rock dove x x x x xColumba livia

Band-tailed pigeon h x x x xColumba fasciata

Mourning dove h x x x x xZenaida macroura

Black-billed cuckoo x x x xCoccyzus erythropthalmus

Barn owl B x x xTyto alba

Flammulated owl B x xOtus flammeolus


B x x

Otus kennicottii kennicottii

Western screech owl subsp.macfarlanei

B x

O. k. macfarlanei

Great horned owl h x x x x x x xBubo virginianus

Snowy owl x x x x xNyctea scandiaca

Northern hawk owl h x x x x x xSurnia ulula

Northern pygmy owl subspp. x x x x x x xGlaucidium gnoma


B x x

G. g. swarthi

Burrowing owl R x x xAthene cunicularia

Spotted owl R x x xStrix occidentalis

Barred owl h x x x x x xStrix varia


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

103

Great gray owl x x x x xStrix nebulosa

Long-eared owl x x x x x xAsio otus

Short-eared owl B x x x x x x xAsio flammeus

Boreal owl x x x x x x xAegolius funereus

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h x x x x x x xAegolius acadicus

Northern saw-whet owl subsp.brooksi

B x

A. a. brooksi

Common nighthawk x x x x x xChordeiles minor

Common poorwill h x x x xPhalaenoptilus nuttalli

Black swift x x x x x xCypseloides niger

Vaux’s swift h x x x x xChaetura vauxi

White-throated swift B x xAeronautes saxatalis

Ruby-throated hummingbird xArchilochus colubris

Black-chinned hummingbird B x xArchilochus alexandri

Anna’s hummingbird x x x x xCalypte anna

Costa’s hummingbird x xCalypte costae

Calliope hummingbird x x x x x xStellula calliope

Rufous hummingbird x x x x x x x xSelasphorus rufus

Belted kingfisher x x x x x xCeryle alcyon

Lewis’ woodpecker B x x x xMelanerpes lewis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

104

Yellow-bellied sapsucker h x xSphyrapicus varius

Red-naped sapsucker x x x xSphyrapicus nuchalis

Red-breasted sapsucker x x x x x xSphyrapicus ruber


B x

Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus

Williamson’s sapsucker subsp.nataliae

R x

S. t. nataliae

Downy woodpecker x x x x x xPicoides pubescens

Hairy woodpecker subspp. x x x x x x xPicoideus villosus


B x x

Picoides villosus picoideus

White-headed woodpecker R x x xPicoides albolarvatus

Three-toed woodpecker h x x x x x x xPicoides tridactylus

Black-backed woodpecker x x x x x xPicoides arcticus

Northern flicker h x x x x x xColaptes auratus

Pileated woodpecker h x x x x x x xDryocopus pileatus

Olive-sided flycatcher x x x x x x xContopus borealis

Western wood-pewee x x x x xContopus sordidulus

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B x x xEmpidonax flaviventris

Alder flycatcher x x x x xEmpidonax alnorum

Willow flycatcher x x xEmpidonax trailii


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

105

Least flycatcher x x x x xEmpidonax minimus

Hammond’s flycatcher x x x x x x xEmpidonax hammondii

Dusky flycatcher x x x x xEmpidonax oberholseri

Gray flycatcher B xEmpidonax wrightii

Western flycatcher complex x x x x xEmpidonax sp. (super species)

Eastern phoebe x xSayornis phoebe

Say’s phoebe x x x x x xSayornis saya

Ash-throated flycatcher x x xMyiarchus cinerascens

Tropical kingbird xTyrannus melancholichus

Western kingbird x x x x xTyrannus verticalis

Eastern kingbird x x x x xTyrannus tyrannus

Scissor-tailed flycatcher xTyrannus forficatus

Eurasian skylark xAlauda arvensis

Horned lark subspp. x x x x x x xEremophila alpestris

Horned lark subsp. strigata R xE. a. strigata

Purple martin R x xProgme subis

Tree swallow x x x x x x x xTachycineta bicolor

Violet-green swallow x x x x x x x xTachycineta thalassina

Northern rough-winged swallow x x x x x xStelgidopteryx serripennis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

106

Bank swallow x x x x xRiparia riparia

Cliff swallow x x x x x x x xHirundo pyrrhonota

Barn swallow x x x x x x x xHirundo rustica

Gray jay x x x x x x xPerisoreus canadensis

Steller’s jay subspp. x x x x x x xCyanocitta stelleri

Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae B x xC. s. carlottae

Blue jay x x x xCyanocitta cristata

Clark’s nutcracker x x x x x x xNucifraga columbiana

Black-billed magpie x x x x xPica pica

American crow x x x x x xCorvus brachyrhynchos

Northwestern crow x x x xCorvus caurinus

Common raven x x x x x x xCorvus corax

Black-capped chickadee x x x x xParus atricapillus

Mountain chickadee x x x x x x xParus gambeli

Boreal chickadee x x x x x xParus hudsonicus

Chestnut-backed chickadee x x x x x xParus rufescens

Bushtit xPsaltriparus minimus

Red-breasted nuthatch x x x x x x xSitta canadensis

White-breasted nuthatch x x x x xSitta carolinensis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

107

Pygmy nuthatch xSitta pygmaea

Brown creeper x x x x x x xCerthia americana

Rock wren x x xSalpinctes obsoletus

Canyon wren B x xCatherpes mexicanus

Bewick’s wren xThryomanes bewickii

House wren x x x xTroglodytes aedon

Winter wren x x x x x x xTroglodytes troglodytes

Marsh wren x x x x xCistothorus palustris

American dipper x x x x x x xCinclus mexicanus

Golden-crowned kinglet x x x x x x xRegulus satrapa

Ruby-crowned kinglet x x x x x x xRegulus calendula

Western bluebird h x x xSialia mexicana

Mountain bluebird x x x x x x xSialia currucoides

Townsend’s solitaire x x x x x x x xMyadestes townsendi

Veery x x x x xCatharus fuscescens

Gray-cheeked thrush xCatharus minimus

Swainson’s thrush x x x x xCatharus ustulatus

Hermit thrush x x x x x x xCatharus guttatus

American robin x x x x x x x xTurdus migratorius


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

108

Varied thrush x x x x x x xIxoreus naevius

Gray catbird x x x xDumetella carolinensis

Northern mockingbird x x x x xMimus polyglottos

Sage thrasher R xOreoscoptes montanus

Brown thrasher x xToxostroma rufum

American pipit x x x x x x x xAnthus spinoletta

Sprague’s pipit R xAnthus spragueii

Bohemian waxwing x x x x x x xBombycilla garrulus

Cedar waxwing x x x x x xBombycilla cedrorum

Northern shrike h x x x x x xLanius excubitor

Loggerhead shrike x xLanius ludovicianus

European starling x x x x x xSturnus vulgaris

Crested myna h xAcridotheres cristatellus

Solitary vireo x x x x xVireo solitarius

Hutton’s vireo B xVireo huttoni

Warbling vireo x x x x xVireo gilvus

Philadelphia vireo B xVireo philadelphicus

Red-eyed vireo x x x x xVireo olivaceus

Tennessee warbler x x x x xVermivora peregrina


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

109

Orange-crowned warbler x x x x x x xVermivora celata

Nashville warbler x x xVermivora ruficapilla

Yellow warbler h x x x x x xDendroica petechia

Chestnut-sided warbler x xDendroica pensylvanica

Magnolia warbler x x x x xDendroica magnolia

Cape May warbler R xDendroica tigrina

Yellow-rumped warbler x x x x x x xDendroica coronata

Black-throated gray warbler x x xDendroica nigrescens

Townsend’s warbler x x x x x x xDendroica townsendi

Black-throated green warbler B x xDendroica virens

Palm warbler B x x xDendroica palmarum

Bay-breasted warbler R x x x xDendroica castanea

Blackpoll warbler x x x x xDendroica striata

Black-and-white warbler x x x xMniotilta varia

American redstart x x x x x xSetophaga ruticilla

Ovenbird x x xSeiurus aurocapillus

Northern waterthrush x x x x x xSeiurus noveboracensis

Connecticut warbler R xOporornis agilis

Mourning warbler xOporornis philadelphia


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

110

MacGillivray’s warbler h x x x x x x xOporornis tolmiei

Common yellowthroat x x x x x x xGeothlypis trichas

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x xWilsonia pusilla

Canada warbler B xWilsonia canadensis

Yellow-breasted chat R x x xIcteria virens

Western tanager x x x x xPiranga ludoviciana

Rose-breasted grosbeak x xPheucticus ludovicianus

Black-headed grosbeak x x xPheucticus melanocephalus

Lazuli bunting x x xPasserina amoena

Indigo buntingPasserina cyanea

DickcisselSpiza americana

Rufous-sided towhee x x xPipilo erythrophthalmus

American tree sparrow x x x x x xSpizella arborea

Chipping sparrow x x x x x xSpizella passerina

Clay-colored sparrow x x x xSpizella pallida

Brewer’s sparrow subspp. x x x xSpizella breweri

Brewer’s sparrow subsp. breweri R xS. b. breweri

Vesper sparrow subspp. x x x x xPooecetes gramineus

Vesper sparrow subsp. affinis R xP. g. affinis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

111

Lark sparrow B x x x xChondestes grammacus

Black-throated sparrow x xAmphispiza bilineata

Lark bunting x x x xCalamospiza melanocorys

Savannah sparrow x x x x x x xPasserculus sandwichensis

Grasshopper sparrow R xAmmodramus savannarum

Le Conte’s sparrow x xAmmodramus leconteii

Sharp-tailed sparrow R xAmmodramus caudacutus

Fox sparrow x x x x x x xPasserella iliaca

Song sparrow x x x x x x xMelospiza melodia

Lincoln’s sparrow x x x x x xMelospiza lincolnii

Swamp sparrow x x x xMelospiza georgiana

White-throated sparrow x x x x xZonotrichia albicollis

Golden-crowned sparrow x x x x x x xZonotrichia atricapilla

White-crowned sparrow x x x x x x x xZonotrichia leucophrys

Harris’ sparrow x x x x xZonotrichia querula

Dark-eyed junco x x x x x x xJunco hyemalis

Lapland longspur x x x x x xCalcarius lapponicus

Smith’s longspur B x xCalcarius pictus

Snow bunting x x x x x x xPlectrophenax nivalis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

112

Bobolink B x x x x xDolichonyx oryzivorus

Red-winged blackbird x x x x xAgelaius phoeniceus

Western meadowlark x x x x xSturnella neglecta

Yellow-headed blackbird h x x x x xXanthocephalus xanthocephalus

Rusty blackbird x x x x x xEuphagus carolinus

Brewer’s blackbird x x x x xEuphagus cyanocephalus

Common grackle x xQuiscalus quiscula

Brown-headed cowbird x x x x x xMolothrus ater

Northern oriole x x x x xIcterus galbula

Brambling xFringilla montifringilla

Rosy finch x x x x x x x xLeucosticte arctoa

Pine grosbeak subspp. x x x x x xPinicola enucleator

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B x xP. e. carlottae

Purple finch x x x x x xCarpodacus purpureus

Cassin’s finch x x x xCarpodacus cassinii

House finch x x x x xCarpodacus mexicanus

Red crossbill x x x x x x xLoxia curvirostra

White-winged crossbill x x x x x x xLoxia leucoptera

Common redpoll x x x x x xCarduelis flammea


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

113

Hoary redpoll x x x xCarduelis hornemanni

Pine siskin x x x x x x xCarduelis pinus

American goldfinch x x x x xCarduelis tristis

Evening grosbeak x x x x x x xCoccothraustes vespertinus

House sparrow x x x x xPasser domesticus

MammalsNorth American opossum x xDidelphis virginiana

Black-backed shrew B xSorex arcticus

Pacific water shrew R xSorex bendirii

Common shrew x x x x x x xSorex cinereus

Pygmy shrew x x x x xSorex hoyi

Dusky shrew x x x x x x xSorex monticolus

Water shrew subspp. x x x x x x xSorex palustris

Water shrew subsp. brooksi R x xS. p. brooksi

Trowbridge’s shrew B xSorex trowbridgii

Tundra shrew R x xSorex tundrensis

Vagrant shrew x x x x xSorex vagrans

Shrew-mole h xNeurotrichus gibbsii

Coast mole xScapanus orarius

Townsend’s mole R xScapanus townsendii


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

114

Pallid bat R xAntrozous pallidus

Big brown bat x x x x xEptesicus fuscus

Spotted bat B xEuderma maculatum

Silver-haired bat x x x x x x xLasionycteris noctivagans

Western red bat R x xLasiurus blossevilli

Hoary bat x x x xLasiurus cinereus

California myotis x x x xMyotis californicus

Western small-footed myotis B xMyotis ciliolabrum

Western long-eared myotis h x x x x x xMyotis evotis

Keen’s long-eared myotis R x xMyotis keenii

Little brown myotis x x x x x x xMyotis lucifugus

Northern long-eared myotis R x xMyotis septentrionalis

Fringed myotis B xMyotis thysanodes

Long-legged myotis x x x x x x xMyotis volans

Yuma myotis x x xMyotis yumanensis

Townsend’s big-eared bat B x x xPlecotus townsendii

Snowshoe hare subspp. x x x x x x xLepus americanus


R x

L. a. washingtonii

Eastern cottontail xSylvilagus floridanus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

115

Nuttall’s cottontail B xSylvilagus nuttallii

Collared pika x xOchotona collaris

Common pika x x x x x x xOchotona princeps

Mountain beaver subsp. rufa R x xAplondontia rufa rufa

Mountain beaver subsp. rainieri B x x xA. r. rainieri

Southern red-backed vole subspp. x x x x x x x xClethrionomys gapperi

Southern red-backed vole subsp.occidentalis

R x

C. g. occidentalis

Southern red-backed volesubspp. galei

B x x

C. g. galei

Northern red-backed vole x x x xClethrionomys rutilus

Brown lemming x x x x xLemmus sibiricus

Long-tailed vole x x x x x x xMicrotus longicaudus

Montane vole xMicrotus montanus

Tundra vole x xMicrotus oeconomus

Creeping vole xMicrotus oregoni

Meadow vole x x x x x xMicrotus pennsylvanicus

Water vole x xMicrotus richardsoni

Townsend’s vole subspp. x xMicrotus townsendii

Townsend’s vole subsp. cowani R xM. t. cowani

Muskrat h x x x x x x xOndatra zibethicus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

116

Heather vole x x x x x x xPhenacomys intermedius

Northern bog lemming subspp. x x x x x x x xSynaptomys borealis

Northern bog lemming subsp.borealis

B x

S. b. borealis


R x

S. b. artemisiae

Beaver h x x x x x x xCastor canadensis

Bushy-tailed woodrat x x x x x x x xNeotoma cinerea

Deer mouse x x x x x x x xPeromyscus maniculatus

Columbian mouse x xPeromyscus oreas

Sitka mouse xPeromyscus sitkensis

Western harvest mouse B xReithrodontomys megalotis

Porcupine x x x x x x xErethizon dorsatum

Northern pocket gopher subspp. x x x xThomomys talpoides


R x x

T. t. segregatus

Great Basin pocket mouse B xPerognathus parvus

House mouse x x x x xMus musculus

Norway rat xRattus norvegicus

Black rat xRattus rattus

Northern flying squirrel h x x x x x x xGlaucomys sabrinus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

117

Hoary marmot x x x x xMarmota caligata

Yellow-bellied marmot x x x xMarmota flaviventris

Woodchuck x x x x x x x xMarmota monax

Vancouver Island marmot R x x xMarmota vancouverensis

Gray squirrel h xSciurus carolinensis

Fox squirrel xSciurus niger

Columbian ground squirrel x x x x xSpermophilus columbianus

Golden-mantled ground squirrel x x x x xSpermophilus lateralis

Arctic ground squirrel x x xSpermophilus parryii

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B x x xSpermophilus saturatus

Yellow-pine chipmunk x x x x xTamias amoenus

Least chipmunk subspp. x x x xTamias minimus

Least chipmunk subsp. oreocetes B xT. m. oreocetes

Least chipmunk subsp. selkirki R xT. m. selkirki


R x x

Tamias ruficaudus simulans

Red-tailed chipmunk subsp.ruficaudus

R x x

T. r. ruficaudus

Townsend’s chipmunk x x x xTamias townsendii

Douglas squirrel h x x x xTamiasciurus douglasii

Red squirrel h x x x x x x xTamiasciurus hudsonicus


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

118

Meadow jumping mouse subspp. x x x x xZapus hudsonius


B x x x

Z. h. alascensis

Western jumping mouse x x x x x x xZapus princeps

Pacific jumping mouse x xZapus trinotatus

Coyote h x x x x x x x xCanis latrans

Gray wolf h x x x x x x x xCanis lupus

Red fox h x x x x x x x xVulpes vulpes

Cougar h x x x x x x xFelis concolor

Lynx h x x x x x xLynx canadensis

Bobcat h x x x x x xLynx rufus

Sea otter R xEnhydra lutris

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x xGulo gulo luscus

Wolverine subsp. vancouverensis R x x xG. g. vancouverensis

River otter h x x x x x x xLontra canadensis

Marten h x x x x x x xMartes americana

Fisher B x x x x x x xMartes pennanti

Striped skunk h x x x x xMephitis mephitis

Ermine subspp. h x x x x x xMustela erminea

Ermine subsp. haidarum R x xM. e. haidarum


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

119

Ermine subsp. anguinae B x xM. e. anguinae

Long-tailed weasel subspp. h x x x x x x x xMustela frenata


R x x x x x

M. f. altifrontalis

Least weasel h x x x xMustela nivalis

Mink h x x x x x x xMustela vison

Spotted skunk h xSpilogale putorius

Badger B x x x xTaxidea taxus

Northern fur seal xCallorhinus ursinus

Northern sea lion xEumetopias jubatus

California sea lion xZalophus californianus

Northern elephant seal xMirounga angustirostris

Harbor seal xPhoca vitulina

Raccoon h x x xProcyon lotor

Black bear subspp. h x x x x x x x xUrsus americanus

Black bear subsp. emmonsii B x x xU. a. emmonsii

Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x xUrsus arctos

Right whale E xBalaena glacialis

Minke whale xBalaenoptera acutorostrata

Sei whale xBalaenoptera borealis


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

120

Blue whale xBalaenoptera musculus

Fin whale xBalaenoptera physalus

Humpback whale T xMegaptera novaeangliae

Short-finned pilot whale xGlobicephala macrorhynchus

Risso’s dolphin xGrampus griseus

Pacific white-sided dolphin xLagenorhynchus obliquidens

Northern right-whale dolphin xLissodelphis borealis

Killer whale xOrcinus orca

False killer whale xPseudorca crassidens

Striped dolphin xStenella coeruleoalba

Gray whale xEschrichtius robustus

Harbor porpoise xPhocoena phocoena

Dall’s porpoise xPhocoenoides dalli

Dwarf sperm whale xKogia simus

Sperm whale xPhyseter macrocephalus

North Pacific bottle-nosed whale xBerardius bairdii

Arch-beaked whale xMesoplodon carlhubbsi

Bering Sea beaked whale xMesoplodon stejnegeri

Goose-beaked whale xZiphius cavirostris


Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

121

Bison subsp. athabascae R xBison bison athabascae

Bison subsp. bison B xBison bison bison

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x xOreamnos americanus

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B x x x xOvis canadensis canadensis

Bighorn Sheep subsp. californiana B x x x xOvis canadensis californiana

Thinhorn Sheep subsp. stonei B x x x xOvis dalli stonei

Thinhorn Sheep subsp. dalli R x xOvis dalli dalli

Moose h x x x x x x x xAlces alces

Fallow deer xCervus dama

Elk subsp. roosevelti B x x xCervus elaphus roosevelti

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x xCervus elaphus nelsoni

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x x xOdocoileus hemionus hemionus

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h x x x xOdocoileus hemionus columbianus

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h x x x xOdocoileus hemionus sitkensis

White-tailed deer h x x x x x xOdocoileus virginianus

Caribou (northern populations) h x x x x x xRangifer tarandus


B x x x x x x

Rangifer tarandus

APPENDIX 1 Concluded

Common name

AlpineTundra(AT)

Boreal

(SWB+

BWBS)

Central Plateau

(SBPS+SBS)

Engelmann


(ESSF)

DryInterior

(BG+

PP+IDF+

MS)

InteriorCedar–Hem

lock

(ICH)

Mountain

Hemlock

(MH)

Coastal

(CDF+CW

H)

Status

122

INDEX TO TABLES

A 2.1 Coastal zonal group (Coastal Douglas-fir and Coastal Western Hemlock zones) . . . . . . . . . . 124A 2.2 Mountain Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137A 2.3 Dry Interior zonal group (Bunchgrass, Ponderosa Pine, Interior Douglas-fir, and Montane Spruce zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142A 2.4 Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153A 2.5 Central Plateau zonal group (Sub-boreal Spruce and Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce zones) . . . . . . . 163A 2.6 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172A 2.7 Boreal zonal group (Boreal White and Black Spruce, and Spruce–Willow–Birch zones) . . . . . . 178A 2.8 Alpine Tundra zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

KEYStatus

R = red, B = blue, h = habitat information available

E = endangered (COSEWIC), T = threatened (COSEWIC)

X = indicates species uses habitat type

Three-letter ecosection codes can be found in the key to Figure 2 on pages 7—12

Abundance:

uppercase letter = common, very common, abundant

lowercase letter = rare, scarce, uncommon, scattered, and sporadic

(e.g. sWM = scarce in summer, common-abundant in winter, common-abundant when migrating)

Y, y = yearlong

P, p = spring (approximately March–May)

S, s = summer (approximately June–August)

A, a = autumn (approximately September–November)

W, w = winter (approximately December–February)

M, m = migratory (spring and autumn)

O = unknown

Y y1 = cyclical (huge fluctuations due to weather)

* = accidental or mistaken data transcription

Status: R = red, B = blue, h = habitat described in Appendix 3


NOTES

1. Dickcissel qualifies for inclusion in this report, but is considered accidental in every occurrence.

2. Ground snake (Sonora semiannulata) has been listed by the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and

Parks, but it does not qualify for inclusion in this report and has therefore been deleted.

a See Appendix 1 for scientific names of all secies.

APPENDIX 2 Seasonal abundance of species by wildlife subzone groupa

123

AmphibiansRough-skinned newt Y Y Y Y

Northwestern salamander y Y Y Y

Pacific giant salamander R y

Long-toed salamander Y Y Y

Clouded salamander h Y Y Y

Ensatina salamander y y

Western red-backed salamander Y Y Y Y

Tailed frog B y Y

Western toad y y y y

Pacific treefrog Y Y Y Y

Red-legged frog Y Y Y o

American bullfrog h Y Y

Green frog o o

Leopard frog R y

Spotted frog y

ReptilesLeatherback sea turtle E s s

Painted turtle B Y

Northern alligator lizard Y Y Y

European wall lizard Y

Rubber boa B y y

Sharp-tailed snake R y

Gopher snake subsp. catenifer R y

Western garter snake Y Y Y Y

Northwestern garter snake Y Y Y o

Common garter snake Y Y Y Y

BirdsRed-throated loon sWM M Y y

Pacific loon h Y M y y

Common loon Y WM y y

Yellow-billed loon y w w

Pied-billed grebe y s s s

Horned grebe sWM M M s

Red-necked grebe Y M M s

Eared grebe h y w w

Western grebe R Y M M m

Clark’s grebe h a s s s

Black-footed albatross sp s

Northern fulmar wa s

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name

TABLE A 2.1 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the coastal zonal group Coastal Douglas-fir (CDF)and Coastal Western Hemlock (CWB) zones

124

Pink-footed shearwater a S

Sooty shearwater sa s

Short-tailed shearwater wa s

Fork-tailed storm-petrel h y S A

Leach’s storm-petrel h y S

American white pelican R sm m

Brown pelican y w w

Double-crested cormorant B Y mw Y

Brandt’s cormorant R Y M s

Pelagic cormorant subspp. Y Y Y


R y

American bittern B y s

Great blue heron B Y sw SW y

Great egret sm w

Snowy egret w

Cattle egret sm y

Green-backed heron B y m y s

Black-crowned night-heron h sm y

White-faced ibis m

Tundra swan h y w wm m

Trumpeter swan B sWM w sW w

Mute swan h Y Y

Greater white-fronted goose h wm M wM m

Snow goose h y wM WM wm

Ross’ goose p w

Emperor goose wp w w

Brant h Psaw w w

Canada goose h Y Y Y Y

Wood duck h Y sw Y m

Green-winged teal h sWM wM sWM y

American black duck y y

Mallard h Y sWM Y y

Northern pintail h sWM wAp sWM wm

Blue-winged teal h PSaw y Sw m

Cinnamon teal h y m S m

Northern shoveler h swM w Y m

Gadwall h y w Y m

Eurasian wigeon h wm w w w

American wigeon h sWM wM yWM wM

Canvasback h sWM w W w

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name

TABLE A 2.1 Continued

125

Redhead h wm w w w

Ring-necked duck h y wm Wm wm

Tufted duck wm w

Greater scaup h sWM s s w

Lesser scaup h sWM Wma sWM wm

King eider w

Steller’s eider w s

Harlequin duck h Y Y Y y

Oldsquaw B sWM w W

Black scoter h sWM w W m

Surf scoter B Y W W w

White-winged scoter h Y W W w

Common goldeneye h sWM sWM sWM WM

Barrow’s goldeneye h sWM WM sWM wM

Bufflehead h sWM WM WMs wM

Smew w

Hooded merganser h sWM wm sWm wm

Common merganser h Y Y Y Y

Red-breasted merganser h sWM y Y w

Ruddy duck h PsaW w swM m

Turkey vulture B swM Sw s

Osprey h SwM S Sw s

Bald eagle B Y Y Y Y

Northern harrier swM m sWM m

Sharp-shinned hawk swM Y Y Y

Cooper’s hawk h Y y Y M

Northern goshawk subspp. h y y Y sM

Northern Goshawk subsp. laingi R mw y y y

Swainson’s hawk B m p

Red-tailed hawk h Y y Y y

Rough-legged hawk h wm w W w

Golden eagle h y y y

American kestrel h y wm y s

Merlin h y w sWm y

Peregrine Falcon subsp. pealei B y Y Y y

Gyrfalcon B wm w w w

Prairie falcon R pw

Ring-necked pheasant h Y Y y

Spruce grouse h y

Blue grouse h y Y Y Y

Ruffed grouse h y Y Y Y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


126

Wild turkey h y

California quail h Y Y

Mountain quail h y y

Virginia rail y wm sWm m

Sora sm m sM m

American coot sWM wm Y wm

Sandhill crane B sWM SM y m

Black-bellied plover swM w W m

Lesser golden-plover B sm m s m

Snowy plover m m

Semipalmated plover swM S s M

Killdeer sWM y Y y

Black oystercatcher sWM Y y

Black-necked stilt p s

American avocet B sm s

Greater yellowlegs swM M M M

Lesser yellowlegs swM M M M

Spotted redshank m

Solitary sandpiper sm m m M

Willet sm w

Wandering tattler B swM M m

Spotted sandpiper PSaw SwM SwM SM

Upland sandpiper R sm m

Whimbrel swM M w m

Long-billed curlew B sm m

Hudsonian godwit B m m m

Bar-tailed godwit sa m

Marbled godwit swM M m a

Ruddy turnstone y w w m

Black turnstone sWM W W

Surfbird sWM M W

Red knot y m m

Sanderling swM

Semipalmated sandpiper swM m M m

Western sandpiper swM M M m

Rufous-necked stint m

Least sandpiper h swM w w m

White-rumped sandpiper m

Baird’s sandpiper pSA m m m

Pectoral sandpiper psA M M m

Sharp-tailed sandpiper a m m

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


127

Rock sandpiper Wm M w

Dunlin sWM w W m

Curlew sandpiper s m m

Stilt sandpiper sm m m m

Buff-breasted sandpiper sa a m

Ruff sa m m

Short-billed dowitcher B sM s w M

Long-billed dowitcher swM M M m

Common snipe y y Y y

Wilson’s phalarope sm s

Red-necked phalarope B pSa M m m

Red phalarope saw M m

Pomarine jaeger psa s m m

Parasitic jaeger sm M m m

Long-tailed jaeger sa M m m

South polar skua sa m m

Franklin’s gull psAw m m

Little gull y m

Common black-headed gull sa m

Bonaparte’s gull swM M wM m

Heermann’s gull pSAw a A

Mew gull swM wm sWM m

Ring-billed gull h swM A s m

California gull B swM A S M

Herring gull s W w m

Thayer’s gull sWM w W m

Western gull psAw y w

Glaucous-winged gull Y Y Y y

Glaucous gull y w w w

Black-legged kittiwake y w w

Sabine’s gull y M m m

Caspian tern B sm m S m

Elegant tern * m

Common tern pSA M M m

Arctic tern h psa p p p

Forster’s tern R a a

Aleutian tern s

Black tern sm m s m

Common murre R Y Y Y

Thick-billed murre R S w

Pigeon guillemot Y Y Y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


128

Marbled murrelet B Y Y Y Y

Ancient murrelet B psAW Y W

Cassin’s auklet B y Sw w

Rhinoceros auklet h SwM Y y

Tufted puffin B y Sw s

Horned puffin R ps sw

Rock dove Y y Y y

Band-tailed pigeon h sWM m Y y

Mourning dove h swM m y m

Black-billed cuckoo m m

Barn owl B y Y y


B Y y Y y

Great horned owl h Y Y Y Y

Snowy owl wm w W w

Northern hawk owl h wa w w

Northern pygmy owl subspp. y Y y


B w y Y y

Burrowing owl R wm y

Spotted owl R y y

Barred owl h y y Y Y

Great gray owl pw w w

Long-eared owl y m y m

Short-eared owl B y m Y m

Boreal owl y

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h y Y Y Y


B y

Common nighthawk pSA s S S

Common poorwill h a

Black swift SM sm SM SM

Vaux’s swift h PSa SM sm sM

Black-chinned hummingbird B *

Anna’s hummingbird Y m Y y

Costa’s hummingbird p

Calliope hummingbird ps

Rufous hummingbird PSa SM SM SM

Belted kingfisher Y Y Y Y

Lewis’ woodpecker B y y m

Red-breasted sapsucker y Y Y Y

Red-naped sapsucker p

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


129

Downy woodpecker Y Y Y Y

Hairy woodpecker subspp. Y Y Y Y


B y

Three-toed woodpecker h sm y y

Black-backed woodpecker m

Northern flicker h Y Y Y Y

Pileated woodpecker h y Y Y Y

Olive-sided flycatcher ps S S S

Western wood-pewee sm S S S

Alder flycatcher S S S

Willow flycatcher ps S S

Least flycatcher s s

Hammond’s flycatcher sm S S

Dusky flycatcher ps s

Western flycatcher complex SM S S S

Say’s phoebe sm m m

Ash-throated flycatcher m

Tropical kingbird m m

Western kingbird y m m

Eastern kingbird sm m m

Scissor-tailed flycatcher ps ps

Eurasian skylark y

Horned lark subspp. y m sm m

Horned lark subsp. strigata R sm

Purple martin R sm s

Tree swallow PSaw S S S

Violet-green swallow PSaw S S S

Northern rough-winged swallow sm s s

Bank swallow sm

Cliff swallow SM s S s

Barn swallow SM S Sw S

Gray jay y y Y

Steller’s jay subspp. y Y Y Y

Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae B y

Blue jay y m m m

Clark’s nutcracker y y y

Black-billed magpie aw y m

Northwestern crow Y Y Y Y

Common raven Y Y Y Y

Black-capped chickadee y Y Y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


130

Mountain chickadee * y

Chestnut-backed chickadee Y Y Y Y

Bushtit Y Y

Red-breasted nuthatch y Y Y Y

White-breasted nuthatch mw m m

Pygmy nuthatch *

Brown creeper y Y Y Y

Rock wren y m

Bewick’s wren y Y Y

House wren y y y

Winter wren Y Y Y Y

Marsh wren y s Y s

American dipper y Y Y Y

Golden-crowned kinglet sMW Y Y Y

Ruby-crowned kinglet y Sw Sw Sw

Western bluebird h y y

Mountain bluebird y m m

Townsend’s solitaire y w w

Veery * s

Swainson’s thrush sm S S S

Hermit thrush y Y SwM SwM

American robin Y SwM Y SwM

Varied thrush psAW Y Y Y

Gray catbird s

Northern mockingbird y m m

Sage thrasher R *

Brown thrasher w

American pipit psAw M M M

Bohemian waxwing y w w

Cedar waxwing y M M M

Northern shrike h y w W w

Loggerhead shrike *

European starling Y Sw Y Sw

Crested myna h y

Solitary vireo sm s S S

Hutton’s vireo B y y s

Warbling vireo sm s S S

Red-eyed vireo sm s S S

Tennessee warbler sm s

Orange-crowned warbler y S Sw S

Nashville warbler sm s s s

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


131

Yellow warbler h sm s S s

Magnolia warbler * s

Yellow-rumped warbler swM swM swM sM

Black-throated gray warbler sm S s

Townsend’s warbler y SMw y sM


Palm warbler B aw

American redstart s s

Northern waterthrush sm

MacGillivray’s warbler h y S S S

Common yellowthroat y m y s

Wilson’s warbler h sMw S S S

Canada warbler B *

Yellow-breasted chat R *

Western tanager sm sm sm

Rose-breasted grosbeak *

Black-headed grosbeak sm S S

Lazuli bunting * s

Dickcissel *

Rufous-sided towhee Y Y Y Y

American tree sparrow mw w w w

Chipping sparrow y m Sw Sw

Vesper sparrow subspp. sm m

Vesper sparrow subsp. affinis R sm

Lark sparrow B mw m

Lark bunting s sm ps

Savannah sparrow sMw M wM M


Fox sparrow Y y Y y

Song sparrow Y Y Y Y

Lincoln’s sparrow y M wM M

Swamp sparrow aw m

White-throated sparrow mw w

Golden-crowned sparrow sMW M M M

White-crowned sparrow sMw m sM M

Harris’ sparrow aw w

Dark-eyed junco Y y Y Y

Lapland longspur a w m m

Snow bunting mw w w w

Bobolink B sm

Red-winged blackbird Y y Y y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


132

Western meadowlark y m y m

Yellow-headed blackbird h y m s m

Rusty blackbird mw w w

Brewer’s blackbird Y m Y m

Common grackle *

Brown-headed cowbird y sm y sa

Northern oriole y m s m

Brambling * w w

Rosy finch aw m w w

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B y y w w

Purple finch y m y y

Cassin’s finch w

House finch Y m Y m

Red crossbill Y y y y

White-winged crossbill y m m

Common redpoll mw

Pine siskin Y swM sWM y

American goldfinch pSAw s Sw s

Evening grosbeak psAW m wM M

House sparrow Y y Y y

MammalsNorth American opossum y y

Pacific water shrew R y

Common shrew y y y y

Dusky shrew Y Y Y Y

Water shrew subspp. y y y y

Water shrew subsp. brooksi R y y y

Trowbridge’s shrew B Y Y

Vagrant shrew Y y Y Y

Shrew-mole h Y Y

Coast mole Y Y

Townsend’s mole R Y

Big brown bat Y Y Y Y

Silver-haired bat Y Y Y Y

Western red bat R s

Hoary bat s s s

California myotis Y Y Y Y

Western long-eared myotis h s y y

Keen’s long-eared myotis R s y y

Little brown myotis Y S S S

Long-legged myotis Y y y y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


133

Yuma myotis Y S S S


Snowshoe hare subspp. Yy Yy


R y y

Eastern cottontail Y Y y

Common pika Y Y

Mountain beaver subsp. rufa R y y

Southern Red-backed Volesubspp.

y Y Y


R y

Long-tailed vole y y y

Creeping vole Y y

Townsend’s vole subspp. Y Y Y Y

Townsend’s vole subsp. cowani R Y

Muskrat h Y Y Y y

Heather vole y y

Northern bog lemming y y y

Beaver h Y Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y Y

Columbian mouse Y Y Y

Sitka mouse Y

Porcupine y Y

House mouse Y Y

Norway rat Y y Y

Black rat Y Y Y

Northern flying squirrel h y y Y Y

Yellow-bellied marmot y

Woodchuck y y

Yellow-pine chipmunk Y Y

Townsend’s chipmunk Y y


Gray squirrel h y y

Douglas squirrel h Y Y

Red squirrel h Y Y Y Y


B y

Western jumping mouse y y

Pacific jumping mouse y y

Coyote h Y Y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


134

Gray wolf h Y Y Y Y

Red fox h y y

Cougar h Y y Y y

Lynx h y

Bobcat h y y

Sea otter R y y y

Wolverine subsp. vancouverensis R y y y


River otter h Y Y Y

Marten h Y Y Y Y

Fisher B y y

Striped skunk h y Y y

Ermine subspp. h Y y Y Y


Ermine subsp. anguinae B y y y


R y y

Mink h Y Y Y Y

Spotted skunk h y Y

Northern fur seal Y Y

Northern sea lion Y Y Y

California sea lion Y Y Y

Northern elephant seal y y y

Harbor seal Y Y Y

Raccoon h Y Y Y y

Black bear subspp. h Y Y Y Y

Black bear subsp. emmonsii B y

Grizzly bear B y y y

Right whale E y y y

Minke whale Y Y Y

Sei whale y y y

Blue whale y y y

Fin whale y y y

Humpback whale T y y y

Short-finned pilot whale y y y

Risso’s dolphin y y y

Pacific white-sided dolphin y y y

Northern right-whale dolphin y y y

Killer whale Y Y Y

False killer whale y y y

Striped dolphin y y y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name


135

Gray whale Y Y Y

Harbor porpoise Y Y Y

Dall’s porpoise Y Y Y

Dwarf sperm whale y y y

Sperm whale y y y

North Pacific bottle-nosed whale y y y

Arch-beaked whale y y y

Bering Sea beaked whale y y y

Goose-beaked whale y y y

Mountain goat h y y y

Moose h y y

Elk subsp. roosevelti B y y Y

Elk subsp. nelsoni h y y

Fallow deer y

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h y

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h Y Y Y Y

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h Y Y Y

CWH

submaritim

e

CWH

maritim

e

CWH

hypermaritim

e

CDF

StatusCommon name

TABLE A 2.1 Concluded.

136

AmphibiansNorthwestern salamander Y Y Y

Pacific giant salamander R y y

Tailed frog B y y

Western toad Y Y Y

Spotted frog Y Y

BirdsPacific loon h sm sm sm

Common loon SM SM SM

Horned grebe s s

Great blue heron B s s s

Canada goose h sm sm sm

Mallard h sm sm sm

Northern pintail h ps ps ps

Blue-winged teal h s s s

Northern shoveler h p p p

Ring-necked duck h s s

Lesser scaup h s s

Harlequin duck h ps ps

White-winged scoter h m m

Common goldeneye h ps ps

Barrow’s goldeneye h ps ps

Bufflehead h s s

Common merganser h y y

Bald eagle B ps ps ps

Sharp-shinned hawk M M M

Cooper’s hawk h m

Northern goshawk subsp.atricapillus

h y y y

Northern goshawk subsp. laingi R y y

Swainson’s hawk B m m m

Red-tailed hawk h sm sm sm

Rough-legged hawk h m m m

Golden eagle h ps ps

American kestrel h sm sm sm

Merlin h sm sm sm

Blue grouse h y y y

Rock ptarmigan h y y

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. h w w w


B mw

MH

leeward

maritim

e

MH

windw

ardm

aritime

MH

hypermaritim

e

StatusCommon name

TABLE A 2.2 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the Mountain Hemlock (MH) zone

137

Killdeer ps ps ps

Greater yellowlegs m m m

Lesser yellowlegs ps ps ps

Solitary sandpiper sa sa

Spotted sandpiper s s

Least sandpiper h a a a

Pectoral sandpiper s s s

Common snipe ps ps ps


Bonaparte’s gull m m

Mew gull sm sm sm

Herring gull sm sm sm

Great horned owl h y y y

Northern hawk owl h y y

Northern pygmy owl subspp. y y y


B y y

Spotted owl R y y

Barred owl h y y y

Boreal owl saw

Northern saw-whet owl h y y y

Rufous hummingbird S S S

Red-breasted sapsucker aPS Y Y

Hairy woodpecker subspp. y y y


B y

Three-toed woodpecker h y y y

Northern flicker h sm sm sm

Pileated woodpecker h y y

Olive-sided flycatcher ps ps ps

Hammond’s flycatcher sm sm sm

Western flycatcher complex sm sm sm

Tree swallow ps ps ps

Violet-green swallow sm ps

Cliff swallow s s

Barn swallow sa sa sa

Gray jay y y

Steller’s jay subspp. sa sa sa

Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae B s

Clark’s nutcracker sa sa

American crow sm

MH

leeward

maritim

e

MH

windw

ardm

aritime

MH

hypermaritim

e

StatusCommon name


138

Northwestern crow sm sm

Common raven y y y

Mountain chickadee y y

Boreal chickadee y

Chestnut-backed chickadee sm sm sm

Red-breasted nuthatch y y y

Brown creeper y y y

Winter wren y y y

American dipper sa sa sa

Golden-crowned kinglet y y y

Ruby-crowned kinglet sa sa

Townsend’s solitaire sa sa

Hermit thrush sm sm sa

American robin sm sm sm

Varied thrush sm sm sm

American pipit sa sa

Bohemian waxwing s

Cedar waxwing s s

Orange-crowned warbler s S S

Yellow warbler h s s

Yellow-rumped warbler sa sa

Townsend’s warbler sa sa sa

MacGillivray’s warbler h sa sa

Common yellowthroat a a

Wilson’s warbler h sa sa sa

Savannah sparrow s s

Fox sparrow sa sa sa

Song sparrow sa sa sa

Lincoln’s sparrow s s

Golden-crowned sparrow s s

White-crowned sparrow sa sa

Dark-eyed junco sa sa sa

Brown-headed cowbird s s

Rosy finch sa

Pine grosbeak subspp. sm sm sm

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B y y

Purple finch s s

Red crossbill Y Y Y

White-winged crossbill y y y

Pine siskin Y Y Y

Evening grosbeak y y

MH

leeward

maritim

e

MH

windw

ardm

aritime

MH

hypermaritim

e

StatusCommon name


139

MammalsCommon shrew Y Y Y

Dusky shrew Y Y Y

Water shrew subspp. y y y

Water shrew subspp. brooksi R y

Vagrant shrew Y Y Y

Silver-haired bat S S S

Western long-eared myotis s s

Little brown myotis S S S

Long-legged myotis S S S

Snowshoe hare subspp. Yy Yy Yy

Common pika Y Y Y

Mountain beaver subsp. rufa R y


Southern red-backed vole Y Y Y

Northern red-backed vole y

Brown lemming Yy

Long-tailed vole Y Y Y

Water vole Y

Townsend’s vole Y Y

Muskrat h Y Y Y

Heather vole y y

Northern bog lemming y y y

Beaver h Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat Y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y

Columbian mouse Y Y

Porcupine Y Y Y

Northern flying squirrel h Y Y Y

Hoary marmot Y Y Y

Woodchuck Y Y


Yellow-pine chipmunk Y Y

Townsend’s chipmunk Y

Douglas squirrel h Y Y

Red squirrel h Y Y Y

Western jumping mouse Y Y Y

Pacific jumping mouse Y Y

Coyote h Y Y

Gray wolf h Y Y Y

Red fox h y y

MH

leeward

maritim

e

MH

windw

ardm

aritime

MH

hypermaritim

e

StatusCommon name


140

Cougar h Y Y Y

Bobcat h Y Y


Wolverine subsp. luscus B y Y

River otter h Y Y Y

Marten h Y Y Y

Fisher B y y y

Ermine subspp. h Y Y Y



Long-tailed weasel subspp. h Y Y


R Y Y

Mink h Y Y Y

Black bear subspp. h Y Y Y

Black bear subsp. emmonsi B s

Grizzly bear B y Y Y

Mountain goat h s s

Moose h s s

Elk subsp. roosevelti B S s

Elk subsp. nelsoni h s s

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h S S S

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h S S S

MH

leeward

maritim

e

MH

windw

ardm

aritime

MH

hypermaritim

e

StatusCommon name


141

AmphibiansRough-skinned newt *

Long-toed salamander Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Tiger salamander R Y Y Y Y

Ensatina salamander y

Great Basin spadefoot toad B y1 y1 y1 y1 y1

Western toad Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pacific treefrog Y Y Y Y Y Y Y y y y y

Spotted frog Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Wood frog Y Y Y

ReptilesPainted turtle B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Short-horned lizard R y

Western skink Y Y Y y

Northern alligator lizard Y Y Y Y

Rubber boa B y y Y y y

Western yellow-bellied racer B Y Y Y Y Y y y

Night snake R y y

Gopher Snake subsp. deserticola B Y Y Y Y Y

Western garter snake Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y o o o

Common garter snake Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y o o o

Western rattlesnake B Y Y Y Y Y

BirdsRed-throated loon p a aw a

Pacific loon h swm swm swm swm swm swm sm sm s

Common loon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SM SM SM SM

Yellow-billed loon y sm sm y sm y sm

Pied-billed grebe SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM sm

Horned grebe SwM SwM SwM PSaw SwM SM SwM SM sm sm sm

Red-necked grebe SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM sm SwM m m m m m

Eared grebe h SwM SM SwM SM SwM SwM sm sm sm sm

Western grebe R SwM Psa SwM Psa SwM sm SwM y m

Clark’s grebe h s

American white pelican R Ms sM sm sM sM sm

Double-crested cormorant B y sm y sm y p

American bittern B sm Y sm sm sm sm sm s sm

Great blue heron B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y s s s s s

Great egret p

Cattle egret sa a

Green-backed heron B s s

Black-crowned night-heron h sm sm sm y sm

TABLE A 2.3 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the dry interior zonal group (Bunchgrass (BG),Ponderosa Pine (PP), Interior Douglas-fir (IDF), and Montane Spruce (MS) zones)

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name

142

Tundra swan h swM swM y y y y wm sa

Trumpeter swan B wm wm wm wm m m sWM

Mute swan h y y

Greater white-fronted goose h wm wm wm

Snow goose h wm wm wm wm wm wm

Ross’ goose w w w

Brant h aw

Canada goose h Y Y Y Y Y SwM SwM Swm sm sm sm sm

Wood duck h sm sm y sm y ps y ps

Green-winged teal h swM swM swM swM SwM SwM SwM y sM sM sM sM

Mallard h Y Y Y Y Y Y SwM swM sm sm sm sm

Northern pintail h swM swM swM sM swM swM sm Psa

Blue-winged teal h PSaw Psa psw Psa sm PSa ps ps s s s s

Cinnamon teal h sm sm sm sm sm Psa ps s s s s s

Northern shoveler h sM sM Psaw Psa Psaw PSa ps ps

Gadwall h y y sm sm sm ps y ps

Eurasian wigeon h m m wm m wm m a p

American wigeon h sWM sWM sWM sWM sWM SwM sM m

Canvasback h sM sM swM sM SM SM sm m s s

Redhead h SwM SmM SwM sm PSa PSa sm m

Ring-necked duck h SwM SwM SwM SM PSa PSa sm sm

Greater scaup h sWM wM swM m sM sM wm m

Lesser scaup h SwM SM SwM sm SwM SM SwM sm sm ps sm sm

Harlequin duck h sm ps y sm ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Oldsquaw B m m wm wm y y m a a a a

Black scoter h s s

Surf scoter B M sM swM m sM ps sm m m m m m

White-winged scoter h swM swM swM m swM PSa sM m m m m m

Common goldeneye h SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM y sm sm sm

Barrow’s goldeneye h SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM sm sm sm sm sm

Bufflehead h SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM sm SwM SwM SwM SwM

Hooded merganser h swM swM swM y swM swM sm m sm ps sm s

Common merganser h SwM SwM Y SwM SwM SwM PSaw sm sm sm sm

Red-breasted merganser h y y y sm y sm y ps s s s s

Ruddy duck h SwM SwM SwM sm SwM SwM sm m

Turkey vulture B Psa Psa Psaw sm Psaw ps sm ps ps ps ps

Osprey h PSa PSa PSaw PSa PSaw PSa PSa ps ps ps ps ps

Bald eagle B swM swM swM swM swM swM swM swM ps ps ps ps

Northern harrier swM swM swM sM swM sM sM sM m m m

Sharp-shinned hawk swM swM swM sM swM swM swM sM sM sM sM

Cooper’s hawk h sm sm y sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


143


h y y y y y y y y y y y y

Swainson’s hawk B sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Red-tailed hawk h PSAw PSAw Y SM Y PSAw PSAw psa sm sm sm sm

Ferruginous hawk R sm sm sm psa ps ps

Rough-legged hawk h wm wm wm wm wm wm wm wm m m m m

Golden eagle h y y y y y y y y y y y

American kestrel h SwM SwM PSAw PSAw PSAw PSAw PSAw psa sm sm sm sm

Merlin h y y y y y y y sm sm sm sm sm

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R wm wm y sm y sm sm m sm m

Gyrfalcon B aw aw wm wm wm aw

Prairie falcon R sm sm y m y sm m

Gray partridge h y y y y

Chukar h y y y

Ring-necked pheasant h y y y y

Spruce grouse h y y y y y y y y y y

Blue grouse h y y y y y y y y y y y y

Ruffed grouse h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Sharp-tailed grouse subspp. h y y y y y y y


B y y y

Wild turkey h y y y

California quail h y y y

Virginia rail y ps y s y sm ps

Sora ps ps sm ps ps ps ps

American coot SM SM y SwM sWM SwM sWM m

Sandhill crane B sM sM sM m sM sM sM m

Black-bellied plover a a m m m a a

Lesser golden-plover B a a sm m m m m

Semipalmated plover sm sm sm sm sm sm m s

Killdeer swM swM swM swM swM swM swM ps sm sm sm sm

Black-necked stilt p p p p p

American avocet B ps ps ps p ps p p p

Greater yellowlegs sM sM sM sM sM SM sM m sm m sm m

Lesser yellowlegs sM sM sM sM sM sM M m m m sM m

Solitary sandpiper ps ps sm sm sm sm m a ps ps ps ps

Willet p a m

Wandering tattler B sa

Spotted sandpiper PSa PSa PSaw PSa PSa PSa PSa ps ps ps ps ps

Upland sandpiper R sm p s ps

Whimbril p p p

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


144

Long-billed curlew B ps ps sm ps psa ps

Hudsonian godwit B a p a s

Marbled godwit ps s

Ruddy turnstone a sa s

Sanderling sm sm y sm sm a a

Semipalmated sandpiper sm sm y sm sm a a

Western sandpiper sm sm sm a sm sm sm sm

Least sandpiper h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm a a a a a

White-rumped sandpiper a

Baird’s sandpiper pSA pSA pSA pSA pSA pSA sa s s s

Pectoral sandpiper Sa Sa Sm Sm Sm Sm sa s s s s s

Sharp-tailed sandpiper a a

Dunlin wm m y a

Stilt sandpiper sa sa sa s

Buff-breasted sandpiper sa sa

Short-billed dowitcher B sm a p a m ps

Long-billed dowitcher sm sm sm sm sm sa

Common snipe swM swM swM sM swM sM swM s sm sm sm sm

Wilson’s phalarope PSa sm PSa ps PSa ps sm ps

Red-necked phalarope B sm sm sm sm sm sm sm s s s ps s

Red phalarope a a

Pomarine jaeger sa w

Parasitic jaeger a a a sa

Long-tailed jaeger a sa a a

Franklin’s gull sa psa s ps s

Bonaparte’s gull sM sM sM sM SM sM swM ps s s s s

Mew gull wm ps y y ps s ps s s s s

Ring-billed gull h SwM sm SwM sm Y sm SwM p

California gull B Y s Y sa Y ps sm s

Herring gull Psa Psa Y sM Y SM swM sm sM sM sM

Thayer’s gull pw p a

Glaucous-winged gull wm p y sm

Glaucous gull wm aw wm

Sabine’s gull a sa sa

Caspian tern B sm s sm ps

Common tern m m pSA pSA pSA sm pSA s

Arctic tern h a sa a

Forster’s tern R s a sm

Black tern PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa ps

Rock dove Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Band-tailed pigeon h ps ps ps p sm p s

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


145

Mourning dove h PSaw ps SwM sm SwM ps SwM w

Black-billed cuckoo s ps ps s

Barn owl B y aw y y

Flammulated owl B m m sm sm SM SM s ps


B y y y y y y y

Great horned owl h y y y y y y y y y y y y

Snowy owl p a w wm aw a

Northern hawk owl h wm wm p y y sw y y y y

Northern pygmy owl y y y y y y y y

Burrowing owl R y ps ps wm y a

Spotted owl R y

Barred owl h w w w w y y y

Great gray owl w w y y y s

Long-eared owl y y y sm y saw sm w sm

Short-eared owl B y y y saw y y y m

Boreal owl pw wm pw s wm p a a

Northern saw-whet owl h y y y y y y y ps

Common nighthawk pSA pSA pSA pSA pSA pSA pSA ps s s s s

Common poorwill h Sm sm PSa s sm s ps

Black swift SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM

Vaux’s swift h PSa PSa PSa PS PSa PSa PSa ps

White-throated swift B PSa s PSa ps ps

Black-chinned hummingbird B ps ps ps ps ps ps

Anna’s hummingbird aw p y aw sw sa

Costa’s hummingbird p

Calliope hummingbird PSa PS PSaw PSa PSa PS PS s s

Rufous hummingbird PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PS PS PS PS PS

Belted kingfisher SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM y y sm y y

Lewis’ woodpecker B SwM PSa SwM sm SwM sm sm s

Red-naped sapsucker PSa PSa PSa PS PSa PS PSa ps ps ps ps ps

Red-breasted sapsucker s y s s


B sm sm sm sm sm


R sm sm

Downy woodpecker SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM SwM y y y y

Hairy woodpecker subspp. y y y y y y y y y y y y

White-headed woodpecker R y y y ps ps

Three-toed woodpecker h w w y y y y y y y y

Black-backed woodpecker y sm y y y y y y y y y

Northern flicker h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y sm sm sm sm sm

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


146

Pileated woodpecker h y y y y y y y y y

Olive-sided flycatcher sm sm sm sm ps ps ps ps

Western wood-pewee sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm ps ps ps ps

Alder flycatcher ps ps ps ps

Willow flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps s s

Least flycatcher ps ps s s s s s s s

Hammond’s flycatcher ps ps sm sm sm sm ps ps ps ps

Dusky flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Gray flycatcher B ps

Western flycatcher complex sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Say’s phoebe y y y y y sm sm sm s s s s

Ash-throated flycatcher s ps

Western kingbird SM SM SM SM PS PS ps

Eastern kingbird sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm s s s s

Horned lark sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sM sMw sM sm sm sm

Purple martin R *

Tree swallow PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa

Violet-green swallow PSaw PSaw PSaw a Psa Psa Psa Psa ps ps ps ps

Northern rough-winged swallow PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa ps ps ps ps

Bank swallow PSa PSa PSa PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS

Cliff swallow PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PS PS PS PS

Barn swallow SM SM SM SM PSa PSa PSa PSa sm sm sm sm

Gray jay w w w w y y y y y y y y

Steller’s jay subspp. y y y y y y y y y y y y

Blue jay aw aw aw mw aw y

Clark’s nutcracker AW AW AW AW sMW sMW sMW sMW psAW psAW psAW psAW

Black-billed magpie y y y y y y y y y y y

American crow Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SMw SMw SMw SMw

Northwestern crow y

Common raven y y y y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Black-capped chickadee y y y y y y y y y y y y

Mountain chickadee aw aw y y y y y y y y y y

Boreal chickadee aw aw aw aw y y y y

Chestnut-backed chickadee aw y y y y

Red-breasted nuthatch y y y y y y y y y y y y

White-breasted nuthatch y y y y y y y

Pygmy nuthatch y y y y y y y

Brown creeper mw mw y y y y y y y y y y

Rock wren y y y ps sm sm sm

Canyon wren B y y y y sm

Bewick’s wren * * *

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


147

House wren sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Winter wren y y y y y y y y

Marsh wren y y y sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

American dipper w w mw mw y y y y y y y y

Golden-crowned kinglet w w w w sMW sMW sMW sMW sMW sMW sMW sMW

Ruby-crowned kinglet w w y y y y y y y y y y

Western bluebird h y y y sm sm sm

Mountain bluebird Psaw Psaw Psaw Psaw Psaw Psaw Psaw sm sm sm sm sm

Townsend’s solitaire y y y y y y y y sm sm sm sm

Veery ps ps ps ps pS pS ps ps ps

Gray-cheeked thrush *

Swainson’s thrush sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Hermit thrush sm sm sm sm sm sm sa sa sa sa

American robin SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw Psa Psa Psa Psa

Varied thrush w w w w y y y y sm sm sm sm

Gray catbird sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Northern mockingbird ps ps ps pw pw ps *

Sage thrasher R sm sm sm *

Brown thrasher a a

American pipit Mw Mw Mw Mw Mw Mw M M m m m m

Sprague’s pipit R ps

Bohemian waxwing psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW

Cedar waxwing y y y sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Northern shrike h mw mw mw mw y y y mw mw a mw mw

Loggerhead shrike ps ps ps ps

European starling Y Y Y Y SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw

Solitary vireo sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Warbling vireo sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Red-eyed vireo sm sm sm sm sm sm ps ps ps ps

Tennessee warbler sm sm sm sm sm s sm sm

Orange-crowned warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Nashville warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm

Yellow warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Chestnut-sided warbler * *

Magnolia warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Yellow-rumped warbler smw sm sMw sM sMw sM sM sm sm sm sm sm

Black-throated gray warbler sm

Townsend’s warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Palm warbler B aw a

Bay-breasted warbler R * s

Blackpoll warbler a p sm sm sm sm sm

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


148

Black-and-white warbler s s

American redstart sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Ovenbird *

Northern waterthrush sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

MacGillivray’s warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sa sa sa sa

Common yellowthroat sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sa sa sa sa

Wilson’s warbler h m m sm sm sm sm sm sm sa sa sa sa

Yellow-breasted chat R ps ps ps

Western tanager m m sm sm sm sm sm sm sm ps sm sm

Rose-breasted grosbeak * *

Black-headed grosbeak sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Lazuli bunting sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Indigo bunting * *

Dickcissel * *

Rufous-sided towhee y y y y y y y y

American tree sparrow mw mw mw mw mw mw mw m m m

Chipping sparrow sm sm Psa Psa Psa Psa Psa Psa sm sm sm

Clay-colored sparrow ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Brewer’s sparrow subspp. ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Brewer’s Sparrow subsp. breweri R sm sm sm sm

Vesper sparrow subspp. SM SM SM SM sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Lark sparrow B sm sm sm ps ps ps ps

Black-throated sparrow ps ps ps ps

Lark bunting s s s s

Savannah sparrow Psa Psa Psa Psa Psa Psa Psa Psa sm sm sm sm

Grasshopper sparrow R ps sm ps

Le Conte’s sparrow s

Fox sparrow y y sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Song sparrow y y y y y y y y sm sm sm sm

Lincoln’s sparrow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Swamp sparrow ps

White-throated sparrow mw mw mw mw y a

Golden-crowned sparrow mw mw mw p m m m p

White-crowned sparrow sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sM sm sm sm sm

Harris’ sparrow aw aw aw aw aw aw aw aw a a a

Dark-eyed junco sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw

Lapland longspur a a a a a a a a a a


Snow bunting mW mW mW mW mW mW mW mw mw mw mw mw

Bobolink B Psa Psa Ps ps ps ps ps s

Red-winged blackbird Y Y Y Y SMw SMw SMw sm sm sm sm sm

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


149

Western meadowlark Y Y Y Y SMw SMw SMw sm sm sm sm

Yellow-headed blackbird h sm sm PSaw PSaw PSaw PSaw PSaw ps ps ps

Rusty blackbird sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Brewer’s blackbird SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw sm sm sm sm sm

Common grackle * * *

Brown-headed cowbird PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa psa ps ps ps ps

Northern oriole y y y ps ps ps ps ps

Rosy finch w w mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw

Pine grosbeak subspp. y y y y y y y y

Purple finch y y y y sm sm sm sm

Cassin’s finch y y Y y y y y ps sm y

House finch y y y s y sm y ps y

Red crossbill Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

White-winged crossbill y y y y y y y y

Common redpoll pAW pAW WM WM WM pw MW MW MW MW

Pine siskin y y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

American goldfinch pSAw pSAw pSAw pSAw psAw y y sm

Evening grosbeak y y y y y y psAW psAW psAW psAW

House sparrow Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

MammalsNorth American opossum y

Common shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pygmy shrew y y y y

Dusky shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Water shrew y y y y y y y y y y y y

Vagrant shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pallid bat R s s

Big brown bat Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Spotted bat B s s

Silver-haired bat S S S S S S S S S S S S

Western red bat R s

Hoary bat S S S S S S S S S S S

California myotis S S S S S S S S S S S

Western small-footed myotis B S S S

Western long-eared myotis h S S S S S S S S S S S S

Little brown myotis Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y S S S S

Fringed myotis B S s s

Long-legged myotis S S S S S S S S S S S S

Yuma myotis S S S S S S S S S S S

Townsend’s big-eared bat B S S S S S S S S

Snowshoe hare subspp. y y Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Y Y Y

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


150

Nuttall’s cottontail B Y Y Y

Common pika Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


Southern red-backed vole subspp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


B Y

Long-tailed vole Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Montane vole Y Y Y Y Y Y

Meadow vole Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Muskrat h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Heather vole y y y y y y y y

Northern bog lemming subspp. y y y y y y Y Y Y Y Y


R y y y y

Beaver h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Porcupine Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Western harvest mouse B Y

Northern pocket gopher Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Great Basin pocket mouse B Y Y Y Y

House mouse Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y y y y y

Northern flying squirrel h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Yellow-bellied marmot Y Y Y Y Y Y

Woodchuck Y Y

Fox squirrel y

Columbian ground squirrel Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Golden-mantled ground squirrel Y Y Y

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B y y y y

Yellow-pine chipmunk Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Least chipmunk Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


R Y


Douglas squirrel h Y

Red squirrel h y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Meadow jumping mouse subspp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Western jumping mouse Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Coyote h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Gray wolf h y y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Red fox h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Cougar h y y y y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


151

Lynx h y y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Bobcat h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

River otter h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Marten h y y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


Striped skunk h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Ermine subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Long-tailed weasel subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


R Y

Mink h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Badger B y y y y y y y y y y y

Raccoon h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Black bear subspp. h y y y y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Grizzly bear B p1 p1 psa y y PSAw y

Mountain goat h w y w w S PsAW y

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B Y pw Y PsaW s s PsaW y

Bighorn sheep subsp.californianus

B Y Y Y PW Y S S s

Moose h PsAW Y w y Y Y Y Y

Elk subsp. nelsoni h Y Y y Y s s Y s

Mule deer subsp. hemionus PsAW Y Y PsaW Y Y PSAw PSAw PSAw SA PSAW

White-tailed deer h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y psa Y PSA

Caribou (northern populations) h MW


B w

StatusBG

verydry

warm

PPvery

dryhot

PPdry

hotIDF

verydry

IDFdry

IDFm

oistIDF

wet

MS

verydry

cool

MS

verydry, very

coldM

Sdry

coolM

Sdry

mild

BGvery

dryhotCommon name


152

AmphibiansLong-toed salamander Y Y Y Y Y Y

Coeur d’Alene salamander R y

Tailed frog B y

Western toad Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pacific treefrog Y Y Y Y

Leopard frog R y y y y

Spotted frog Y Y Y Y Y Y

Wood frog y Y Y Y Y

ReptilesPainted turtle B Y Y Y y

Western skink Y y y

Northern alligator lizard y y y y

Rubber boa B y y y

Western garter snake Y Y Y Y

Common garter snake Y Y Y Y Y

Western rattlesnake B y

BirdsPacific loon h swm sm swm sm sm sm

Common loon Y SM Y SwM SM SM

Yellow-billed loon sm y sm sm sm

Pied-billed grebe SwM sm SwM sm

Horned grebe SwM sm SwM sM sM sM

Red-necked grebe SwM sm SwM SM sm sm

Eared grebe h sm sm y

Western grebe R SwM sm sm sm

Clark’s grebe h s

American white pelican R sm sm

Double-crested cormorant B sm p s a

American bittern B sm sm sm sa

Great blue heron B SwM sa SwM sa

Great egret ps

Cattle egret m a

Green-backed heron B p

Black-crowned night-heron h s ps

Tundra swan h swM m y m m m

Trumpeter swan B wm wm sm

Greater white-fronted goose h m

Snow goose h wm wm wm wm wm wm

Ross’ goose sa w

Brant h p

TABLE A 2.4 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the Interior Cedar–Hemlock (ICH) zone

StatusICH dry

warmICH dry

–m

oist coolICH m

oist warmICH wet cool

ICH moist cold

ICH verywet coldCommon name

153

Canada goose h SwM SwM SwM sM swM swM

Wood duck h sm ps ps

Green-winged teal h swM y sM sm m m

Mallard h Y sm SwM Sm sm sm

Northern pintail h swM m sm m m m

Blue-winged teal h Psaw s ms s s s

Cinnamon teal h PSa p ps p ps ps

Northern shoveler h PSa ps ps ps ps ps

Gadwall h sm ps

Eurasian wigeon h m m a p p

American wigeon h swM sM sM sm m m

Canvasback h sm m sm m m m

Redhead h wM wm y ps

Ring-necked duck h y ps sm ps ps ps

Greater scaup h wM m m m m

Lesser scaup h SwM m sm m m m

Harlequin duck h y ps ps ps ps ps

Oldsquaw B wm m m m m m

Black scoter h a

Surf scoter B m m m m sm sm

White-winged scoter h y m sm sm m m

Common goldeneye h y sm y ps ps ps

Barrow’s goldeneye h SwM sm y y sm sm

Bufflehead h SwM sm SwM ps sm sm

Hooded merganser h y ps y ps ps ps

Common merganser h PSaw SwM SwM sm sm sm

Red-breasted merganser h y sm y a a a

Ruddy duck h SwM m sm sa

Turkey vulture B sm ps ps s

Osprey h SwM ps PSaw sm s s

Bald eagle B swM sM swM Psa swM sM

Northern harrier swM M swM m m m

Sharp-shinned hawk swM sM swM sM sM sM

Cooper’s hawk h y ps sm sm


h y y y y y y

Swainson’s hawk B m m ps ps

Red-tailed hawk h SwM sm SwM sm sm sm

Rough-legged hawk h wm wm wm m m m

Golden eagle h y y y y ps ps

American kestrel h SwM SwM SwM sM sm sm

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands

ESSF moist parklands

ESSF wet parklandsCommon name


154

Merlin h y y y sm sm sm

Peregrine Falcon subsp. anatum R sm sm sm ps

Gyrfalcon B a p

Prairie falcon R sw y s

Ring-necked pheasant h y

Spruce grouse h y y y y y y

Blue grouse h y y y y y y

Ruffed grouse h Y Y Y y y y

Wild turkey h Y y

California quail h y

Virginia rail sm ps sm

Sora sm ps ps ps ps

American coot SwM SwM SwM sa sm sm

Sandhill crane B m m m m m

Black-bellied plover a a a a


Semipalmated plover sm m sm s

Killdeer PSa ps swM ps ps ps

Black-necked stilt p

American avocet B p

Greater yellowlegs sM sM sM s m m

Lesser yellowlegs m m m s m m

Solitary sandpiper sm m sm ps ps ps

Willet p

Spotted sandpiper PSa ps PSa ps ps ps

Upland sandpiper R s sa s s

Whimbrel s


Ruddy turnstone sa

Sanderling sm sm sm a sm sm

Semipalmated sandpiper sm sm sm a sm sm

Western sandpiper a a a a a

Least sandpiper h a a a a a a

White-rumped sandpiper a

Baird’s sandpiper SA sa sa s s

Pectoral sandpiper sa s saw s ps

Stilt sandpiper s

Short-billed dowitcher B s s

Long-billed dowitcher sm sa sa s

Common snipe sm ps sm sm ps ps

Wilson’s phalarope ps ps ps

StatusICH dry

warmICH dry

–m

oist coolICH m


ICH moist cold



155

Red-necked phalarope B sm s ps s s s

Red phalarope p

Parasitic jaeger sm s a

Long-tailed jaeger s

Franklin’s gull ps

Bonaparte’s gull sM m SA ps ps ps

Mew gull s ps ps ps

Ring-billed gull h swM sm sM s

California gull B sm sm PSaw sa

Herring gull swM sm swM sm sm sm

Thayer’s gull a

Glaucous-winged gull w

Glaucous gull y

Sabine’s gull ps a

Caspian tern B ps

Common tern pSA sm pSA sa

Forster’s tern R PSa

Black tern PSa ps ps ps

Rock dove Y Y Y

Band-tailed pigeon h ps ps s

Mourning dove h SwM y

Black-billed cuckoo s s s

Barn owl B s psw


B y

Great horned owl h y y y y y y

Snowy owl aw

Northern hawk owl h wm saw

Northern pygmy owl y y y y y y

Barred owl h y a y a

Great gray owl w w

Long-eared owl y ps y

Short-eared owl B y m wm p a

Boreal owl p p pw

Northern saw-whet owl h y sm y s

Common nighthawk pSA pSA pSA pS s s

Common poorwill h ps

Black swift SM SM SM SM sm sm

Vaux’s swift h PSa ps PSa s ps ps



StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




156

Anna’s hummingbird w pw sa

Calliope hummingbird PS ps PS ps s

Rufous hummingbird PSa PSa PSa PSa PS PS

Belted kingfisher SwM SwM SwM SwM sm sm

Lewis’ woodpecker B sm sm sm a s

Red-naped sapsucker PSa PSa PSa ps

Red-breasted sapsucker ps sm sm

Downy woodpecker SwM SwM SwM y y y

Hairy woodpecker subspp. y y y y y sm

White-headed woodpecker R w

Three-toed woodpecker h y y y y y y

Black-backed woodpecker y y y y s

Northern flicker h Y Y Y sm sm sm

Pileated woodpecker h y y y y y

Olive-sided flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps

Western wood-pewee ps ps ps ps s s

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B s

Alder flycatcher ps ps

Willow flycatcher ps ps ps ps

Least flycatcher s

Hammond’s flycatcher sm sm sm sm ps ps

Dusky flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps

Western flycatcher complex Sm sm sm sm s s

Eastern phoebe ps

Say’s phoebe sm sm sm sm ps ps

Ash-throated flycatcher s s

Western kingbird ps ps

Eastern kingbird sm sm sm sm

Horned lark y sm y m sm sm

Purple martin R *

Tree swallow PSa PSa PSa PSa PS PS

Violet-green swallow Psa Psa Psa Psa sm sm

Northern rough-winged swallow PSa PSa PSa PSa ps ps

Bank swallow PSa PS PS PS PS PS

Cliff swallow PSa PSa PSa PSa PS PS

Barn swallow SM PSa SM PSa pS pS

Gray jay y y y y y y

Steller’s jay subspp. y y y y y y

Blue jay y y y

Clark’s nutcracker psAW psAW psAW y sa

Black-billed magpie y y y y *

StatusICH dry

warmICH dry

–m

oist coolICH m


ICH moist cold



157

American crow Y SMw Y SMw y

Northwestern crow y y

Common raven Y Y Y Y Y Y

Black-capped chickadee y y y y y y

Mountain chickadee aw y y y y y

Boreal chickadee aw y aw y y y

Chestnut-backed chickadee Y y Y Y y y

Red-breasted nuthatch y y y y y y

White-breasted nuthatch y y y m

Pygmy nuthatch *

Brown creeper y y y y y y

Rock wren sm sm sm sm

Canyon wren B y

House wren sm sm sm sm *

Winter wren Y Y Y Y y y

Marsh wren y y

American dipper y y y y y y

Golden-crowned kinglet Y Y Y Y y y

Ruby-crowned kinglet y y y y y y

Western bluebird h sm sm sm

Mountain bluebird y sm sm sm sm

Townsend’s solitaire y y y sm sm

Veery ps ps ps ps

Swainson’s thrush sm sm sm sm ps ps

Hermit thrush sm sm sm sm sa sa

American robin Y SMw SMw PSa Psa Psa

Varied thrush psAW smw psAW psAW y y

Gray catbird sm ps sm * *

Northern mockingbird psw

Sage thrasher R *

American pipit y sm sm sm m m

Bohemian waxwing psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW

Cedar waxwing PSaw sm PSaw PSa sm sm

Northern shrike h mw mw mw mw mw mw

Loggerhead shrike ps

European starling Y SMw SMw SMw SMw SM

Solitary vireo sm sm sm sm

Warbling vireo sm sm sm sm sm sm

Philadelphia vireo B * *

Red-eyed vireo sm sm sm sm s

Tennessee warbler sm sm sm sm ps

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




158

Orange-crowned warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm

Nashville warbler sm sm sm sm

Yellow warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm

Magnolia warbler sm sm sm sm sm

Yellow-rumped warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm

Townsend’s warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm

Blackpoll warbler sm sm sm


American redstart sm sm sm sm sm sm

Ovenbird s

Northern waterthrush sm sm sm sm sm sm

Mourning warbler *

MacGillivray’s warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm

Common yellowthroat sm sm sm sm sm sm

Wilson’s warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm

Yellow-breasted chat R s

Western tanager sm sm sm sm s

Rose-breasted grosbeak s

Black-headed grosbeak sm sm sm

Lazuli bunting sm sm sm sm

Indigo bunting * *

Rufous-sided towhee Y ps y ps

American tree sparrow mw m mw m m m

Chipping sparrow Psa Psa Psa Psa ps ps

Clay-colored sparrow ps

Brewer’s sparrow subspp. ps

Vesper sparrow subspp. sm sm sm

Lark sparrow B ps ps

Black-throated sparrow ps

Lark bunting s

Savannah sparrow sm sm sm sm sm sm


Le Conte’s sparrow *

Fox sparrow y sm y sm sm

Song sparrow SMw sm y sm sm sm

Lincoln’s sparrow sm sm sm sm sm

Swamp sparrow *

White-throated sparrow aw s

Golden-crowned sparrow ps ps ps m ps ps

White-crowned sparrow sMw sM sM sM Psa

Harris’ sparrow aw aw aw aw a

StatusICH dry

warmICH dry

–m

oist coolICH m


ICH moist cold



159

Dark-eyed junco sMw sMw sMw sMw pSAw pSAw

Lapland longspur a a


Snow bunting mw mw mw mw

Bobolink B ps ps ps

Red-winged blackbird SMw sm SMw sm sm sm

Western meadowlark y sm y

Yellow-headed blackbird h PSa sm PSa ps ps

Rusty blackbird y y psa sm sm

Brewer’s blackbird SM sm SM sm ps

Common grackle *

Brown-headed cowbird PSa psa psa ps ps

Northern oriole ps ps ps

Rosy finch mw mw mw mw psw

Pine grosbeak subspp. y y y y y y

Purple finch y sm y sm sm

Cassin’s finch y y y

House finch y y

Red crossbill Y Y Y Y Y Y

White-winged crossbill y y y y y

Common redpoll MW MW MW MW sMW s

Hoary redpoll mw mw

Pine siskin Y Y Y Y Y y

American goldfinch pSAw pSAw pSAw

Evening grosbeak psAW psAW psAW psAW sm s

House sparrow Y Y y

MammalsCommon shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pygmy shrew y y

Dusky shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y

Water shrew y y y y y y

Big brown bat Y Y Y Y

Silver-haired bat Y Y Y Y S S

Hoary bat s s s s

California myotis S S S S

Western long-eared myotis h s s s s s

Little brown myotis Y S Y S S S


Long-legged myotis S S S S S S

Yuma myotis S S S S


StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




160

Snowshoe hare subspp. Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy

Common pika Y Y Y

Southern red-backed vole subspp. Y Y Y Y Y Y

Long-tailed vole Y Y Y Y Y Y

Meadow vole Y Y Y Y Y Y

Muskrat h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Heather vole y y y y

Northern bog lemming subspp. y y y y y y

Beaver h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat Y Y Y Y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y Y Y Y

Porcupine Y Y Y Y Y Y

Northern pocket gopher subspp. Y Y Y


R y y

House mouse Y Y Y Y Y

Northern flying squirrel h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Yellow-bellied marmot Y Y

Woodchuck Y Y Y Y Y

Columbian ground squirrel Y Y Y Y

Golden-mantled ground squirrel Y Y Y Y

Arctic ground squirrel Y

Yellow-pine chipmunk Y Y Y Y

Least chipmunk Y


R Y y Y

Red squirrel h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Meadow jumping mouse subspp. Y Y Y Y Y

Western jumping mouse Y Y Y Y Y Y

Coyote h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Gray wolf h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Red fox h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Cougar h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Lynx h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Bobcat h Y Y Y Y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B Y Y Y Y Y Y

River otter h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Marten h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Fisher B y y y y y

Striped skunk h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Ermine subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y

StatusICH dry

warmICH dry

–m

oist coolICH m


ICH moist cold



161

Long-tailed weasel subspp. h Y Y Y Y

Least weasel h y y y y

Mink h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Badger B y y y y

Raccoon h Y Y Y

Black bear subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y

Grizzly bear B Psaw y y Y Y Y

Mountain goat h Y

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B y s

Moose h y Y Y y Y Y

Elk subsp. nelsoni h Y Y Sy y

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h Y S Sw S y

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h S s

White-tailed deer h Y S S s

Caribou (northern populations) h s s


B sW Y

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




162

AmphibiansLong-toed salamander Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Western toad Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pacific treefrog y y

Spotted frog Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Wood frog Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

ReptilesWestern garter snake Y Y y y

Common garter snake Y y y

BirdsRed-throated loon m m m m m m m m m

Pacific loon h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Common loon PSa PSa PSa PSa pSa pSa pSa pSa pSa

Yellow-billed loon sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Horned grebe SM SM SM SM sm sm sm sm sm

Red-necked grebe SM SM SM SM sm sm sm sm sm

Eared grebe h SM SM SM SM sm

Western grebe R SM sm sm sm sm sm sm

American white pelican R S sm sm sm ps ps ps

Double-crested cormorant B s

American bittern B sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Great blue heron B SwM SwM SwM SwM sm sm sm sm sm

Great egret p

Cattle egret a a a

Tundra swan h wm wm wm wm m m m m sm

Trumpeter swan B a a a a sWM sWM wm

Greater white-fronted goose h m m

Snow goose h wm wm wm wm wm wm wm wm wm

Ross’ goose a

Canada goose h sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM

Green-winged teal h sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM

Mallard h sM sM sM sM sM swM sM swM sm

Northern pintail h SM SM SM SM sm sm sm sm sm

Blue-winged teal h Psa Psa Psa Psa sm sm sm sm sm

Cinnamon teal h Ps Ps Ps Ps ps ps ps ps ps

Northern shoveler h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Gadwall h sm ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Eurasian wigeon h m m m m m m p p p

American wigeon h SM SM SM SM sM sM sM sm m

Canvasback h SM sm sm sm ps ps ps ps

TABLE A 2.5 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the Central Plateau zonal group (Sub-borealPine–Spruce (SBPS) and Sub-boreal Spruce (SBS) zones)

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name

163

Redhead h sm sm sm sm ps ps m m

Ring-necked duck h PSa PSa PSa PSa PS PS ps PS sm

Greater scaup h y m m m p p p p a

Lesser scaup h SwM sm PSa sm PS PS m m

Harlequin duck h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Oldsquaw B sm p p p sm sm sm sm sm

Black scoter h s

Surf scoter B sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

White-winged scoter h SM sM sM sM ps ps ps ps sm

Common goldeneye h y ps ps ps y y y sm sm

Barrow’s goldeneye h PSa PSa PSa PSa PSaw PSaw PSa PSaw sm

Bufflehead h SwM PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa MS PSa sm

Hooded merganser h sm sm sm sm y y y y sm

Common merganser h ps ps ps ps PSaw PSaw PSaw PSaw PSaw

Red-breasted merganser h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Ruddy duck h SM sm sm sm psa ps sa

Osprey h PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa PSa sm

Bald eagle B swM swM swM swM PsAw PSAw Psaw PSAw PsAw

Northern harrier sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM

Sharp-shinned hawk swM sM sM sM sM swM swM sM sM

Cooper’s hawk h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm


h y y y y y y y y y

Swainson’s hawk B sm sm sm sm p p p

Red-tailed hawk h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Rough-legged hawk h m m m m m m m m

Golden eagle h sm sm sm sm ps ps ps ps ps

American kestrel h sm sm sm sm PsA PsA PsA PsA PsA

Merlin h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Peregrine Falcon subsp. anatum R sm ps ps ps ps m m

Gyrfalcon B a

Spruce grouse h y y y y y y y y y

Blue grouse h y y y y y y y y y

Ruffed grouse h Y y Y y Y Y Y y y

Sharp-tailed grouse subspp. h y y y y y

Sora ps ps ps ps ps ps s s

American coot PSa m ps ps ps ps m sm

Sandhill crane B sm ps ps ps ps ms ps m m

Lesser golden-plover B m m m m

Semipalmated plover ps ps ps ps ps s

Killdeer sM ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


164


Greater yellowlegs sM ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Lesser yellowlegs sm ps m ps m m m m m

Solitary sandpiper ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps


Spotted sandpiper PSa pa pa pa PS PS ps ps ps

Upland sandpiper R s s

Long-billed curlew B ps ps ps

Ruddy turnstone p a

Black turnstone s

Sanderling a a a a a a a a a

Semipalmated sandpiper a a a a a a a a a

Western sandpiper sm sm sm sm a a

Least sandpiper h sm a sm a sm sm sm sm sm

Baird’s sandpiper ps s s s ps

Pectoral sandpiper sm p ps ps sa

Dunlin aw s m

Stilt sandpiper a

Buff-breasted sandpiper s

Short-billed dowitcher B sa sm

Long-billed dowitcher sm s ps s s

Common snipe ps ps ps sm sm ps sm

Wilson’s phalarope ps ps ps ps ps ps s

Red-necked phalarope B sm s a s s s sa s s

Pomarine jaeger a

Long-tailed jaeger s a s s

Bonaparte’s gull PS sm ps sm Ps Ps PS Ps Ps

Mew gull ps p sm ps s ps ps

Ring-billed gull h s PS p s

California gull B ps s p ps sa

Herring gull sM ps ps ps SM SM s SM sm

Glaucous gull p

Sabine’s gull a

Common tern sa

Arctic tern h s p s ps s

Black tern ps ps ps PS PS ps ps ps

Rock dove Y Y Y Y Y

Band-tailed pigeon h ps ps m

Mourning dove h s sa y sp

Black-billed cuckoo s

Great horned owl h y y y y y y y y y

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


165

Northern hawk owl h y y y y y y

Northern pygmy owl y y sm sa

Burrowing owl R a

Barred owl h ps ps ps y aw ps

Great gray owl y w a sa sm

Long-eared owl ps psw ps w

Short-eared owl B sm m m sm sm s

Boreal owl y y y y p pw y y

Northern saw-whet owl h y pw w wm saw pw

Common nighthawk pS S S pS S S S pS Sa

Common poorwill h sa

Black swift sm sm sm sm ps s s sm ps

Vaux’s swift h p s s s ps s s

Anna’s hummingbird a s

Calliope hummingbird PSa PS PS PS PS ps PS ps

Rufous hummingbird PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS

Belted kingfisher PSaw sm ps sm PSa SM PSa PSa sm

Lewis’ woodpecker B p a s

Yellow-bellied sapsucker h s s s

Red-naped sapsucker PS ps ps ps ps s PS

Red-breasted sapsucker ps ps ps ps

Downy woodpecker Y y y y y y Y y y

Hairy woodpecker subspp. y y y y y y y y y

Three-toed woodpecker h y y y y y y y y y

Black-backed woodpecker y y y y y y y y y

Northern flicker h SwM SwM SwM SwM PSa PSa SwM PSa PSa

Pileated woodpecker h y y y y y y y sm sm

Olive-sided flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Western wood-pewee ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B ps

Alder flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Least flycatcher s s s s s s

Hammond’s flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Dusky flycatcher ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Western flycatcher complex s s s

Say’s phoebe ps ps ps

Western kingbird ps ps s

Eastern kingbird s s s s s s s s s

Horned lark sM sM sM sM sm sm sm sm sm

Tree swallow Ps Ps Ps Ps Ps Ps Ps Ps Ps

Violet-green swallow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


166

Northern rough-winged swallow ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Bank swallow PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS

Cliff swallow PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS

Barn swallow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Gray jay y y y y y y y y y

Steller’s jay subspp. y y y y y y y y y

Blue jay *

Clark’s nutcracker y y y y sa sa w sa

Black-billed magpie y y y y * * y y y

American crow SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw SMw Y SMw SMw

Common raven y y y y psAW psAW psAW psAW y

Black-capped chickadee y y y y y y y y y

Mountain chickadee y y y y y y y y y

Boreal chickadee y y y y y y y y y

Chestnut-backed chickadee y * *

Red-breasted nuthatch y y y y y y y y y

White-breasted nuthatch w

Brown creeper y y y y y y y y y

Rock wren *

House wren *

Winter wren y y y y y y y y y

Marsh wren sm sm sm sm s

American dipper y y y y y y y y y

Golden-crowned kinglet y y y y y y y y y

Ruby-crowned kinglet y y y y y y y y y

Mountain bluebird sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Townsend’s solitaire sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Veery ps ps ps ps ps ps


Swainson’s thrush ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Hermit thrush sm sm sm sm ps ps ps ps ps

American robin SM SM SM SM PSa PSaw PSaw PSa PSa

Varied thrush sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Gray catbird ps ps

Northern mockingbird ps p

American pipit psA psA psA psA psA psA psA psA psA

Bohemian waxwing psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW

Cedar waxwing sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Northern shrike h mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw

European starling SM SM SM SM SMw SMw Y SMw SM

Solitary vireo sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


167

Hutton’s vireo B *

Warbling vireo sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Philadelphia vireo B *

Red-eyed vireo ps ps ps ps sm sm sm sm sm

Tennessee warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm

Orange-crowned warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Yellow warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Chestnut-sided warbler s * *

Magnolia warbler sm sm sm sm sm

Cape May warbler R *

Yellow-rumped warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Black-throated gray warbler ps s

Townsend’s warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Black-throated green warbler B s


Blackpoll warbler sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm


American redstart sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Ovenbird s s

Northern waterthrush sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

MacGillivray’s warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Common yellowthroat sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Wilson’s warbler h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sa sa

Western tanager ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Rose-breasted grosbeak * *

Lazuli bunting *

American tree sparrow m m m m m

Chipping sparrow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Clay-colored sparrow s s s

Vesper sparrow subspp. sm sm sm sm ps ps ps

Lark sparrow B s s * *

Savannah sparrow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Fox sparrow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Song sparrow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Lincoln’s sparrow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Swamp sparrow sa sm sa sa

White-throated sparrow sm sm sm sm

Golden-crowned sparrow m m m m ps ps ps ps ps

White-crowned sparrow sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM

Harris’ sparrow aw

Dark-eyed junco sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw sMw

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


168

Lapland longspur m m m


Snow bunting mW mW mW mW mw mw mw mw mw

Bobolink B s

Red-winged blackbird sm sm SMw sm PSaw PSaw PSaw PSaw sm

Western meadowlark sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Yellow-headed blackbird h PSa sm PSa sm ps ps ps ps

Rusty blackbird sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Brewer’s blackbird sm sm sm sm SMw SMw SMw ps ps

Common grackle p s

Brown-headed cowbird ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Northern oriole s s

Rosy finch mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw

Pine grosbeak subspp. y y y y y y y y y

Purple finch sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Cassin’s finch ps

House finch ps a y

Red crossbill Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

White-winged crossbill sm sm sm sm y y y y y

Common redpoll MW MW MW MW MW MW MsW MW MW

Hoary redpoll aw aw aw

Pine siskin Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

American goldfinch ps ps

Evening grosbeak y y y y psAW psAW psAW psAW psAW

House sparrow Y Y Y y

MammalsCommon shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pygmy shrew y y y y y y y y y

Dusky shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Water shrew y y y y y y y y y

Big brown bat Y Y Y Y S S S S S

Silver-haired bat S S S S S S S S S

Western long-eared myotis h s s s s s s s s s

Little brown myotis S S S S S S S S S

Northern long-eared myotis R s

Long-legged myotis S S S S s s s s s

Snowshoe hare subspp. Y Y Y Y Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy

Common pika Y y y y

Southern red-backed vole subspp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Brown lemming Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy

Long-tailed vole y y y y y

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


169

Meadow vole Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Muskrat h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


Northern bog lemming subspp. y y y y y y y y y

Beaver h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Porcupine Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

House mouse Y

Northern flying squirrel h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Yellow-bellied marmot Y

Woodchuck Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Columbian ground squirrel Y Y Y Y Y

Golden-mantled ground squirrel y

Yellow-pine chipmunk Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Least chipmunk subspp. Y Y

Red squirrel h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Meadow jumping mouse subspp. Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Western jumping mouse Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Coyote h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Gray wolf h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Red fox h Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Cougar h Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Lynx h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Bobcat h Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

River otter h Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Marten h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Fisher B y y y y y y y y y

Striped skunk h Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Ermine subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Long-tailed weasel subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Least weasel h y y y y y

Mink h Y Y Y Y y y y y y

Badger B y

Black bear subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Grizzly bear B y y y y y y y Y Y

Mountain goat h y y

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B w

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B w

Moose h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


170

Elk subsp. nelsoni h y y y y

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h S S S S Y Y Y y y

White-tailed deer h y y

Caribou (northern populations) h Y Y w w


B w w

Status

SBPSvery

drycold

SBPSdry

coldSBPS

moist cool

SBPSm

oist cold

SBSdry

hot –warm

SBSdry

cool

SBSm

oist hot –warm

SBSm

oist mild

–cool –

coldSBS

wet coolCommon name


171

AmphibiansLong-toed salamander Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Tailed frog B y y

Western toad Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Red-legged frog *

Spotted frog Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

ReptilesNorthern alligator lizard y

Western garter snake o o o

Northwestern garter snake *

Common garter snake o o o

BirdsPacific loon h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Common loon sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Horned grebe m

Red-necked grebe sm sm sm sm

Canada goose h s s s s s s s s

Mallard h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Blue-winged teal h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Cinnamon teal h s s s s s s s s

American wigeon h p p p p p p p p

Ring-necked duck h s s s s s s s s

Lesser scaup h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Harlequin duck h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Oldsquaw B m m m m m m m m

Surf scoter B m m m m m m m m

White-winged scoter h m m m m m m m m

Common goldeneye h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Barrow’s goldeneye h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Bufflehead h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Hooded merganser h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Common merganser h ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Bald eagle B ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Northern harrier m m m m m m m m

Sharp-shinned hawk sM sM sM sM sM sM sM sM

Cooper’s hawk h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm


h y y y y y y y y

Swainson’s hawk B ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Red-tailed hawk h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Rough-legged hawk h m m m m m m m m

TABLE A 2.6 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir (ESSF) zone

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands



172

Golden eagle h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

American kestrel h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Merlin h sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R ps ps ps ps

Spruce grouse h y y y y

Blue grouse h y y y y y y y y

Willow ptarmigan h Y

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. h y y y y

Semipalmated plover ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Greater yellowlegs m m m m m m m m

Lesser yellowlegs m m m m m m m m

Solitary sandpiper sa sa sa sa sa sa sa sa

Wandering tattler B a

Spotted sandpiper ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps


Least sandpiper h a a a a a a a a

Baird’s sandpiper s s s s s s s s

Pectoral sandpiper s s s s s s s s

Common snipe s s s s s s s s

Red-necked phalarope B s s s s s s s s

Bonaparte’s gull ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Mew gull s s s s s s s s

Herring gull m m m m m m m m

Arctic tern h a

Flammulated owl B s

Great horned owl h y y y y

Northern pygmy owl p

Long-eared owl a

Short-eared owl B m

Boreal owl y y y y y y y y

Calliope hummingbird s s

Rufous hummingbird PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS

Belted kingfisher s s s s s s s s

Downy woodpecker y y y y

Hairy woodpecker subspp. ps ps ps ps

White-headed woodpecker R ps

Three-toed woodpecker h y y y y y y y y

Black-backed woodpecker y y y y y y y y

Pileated woodpecker h ps ps

Olive-sided flycatcher s s s s

Hammond’s flycatcher ps ps ps ps

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




173

Horned lark sa sa sa sa sa sa sa sa

Tree swallow ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Violet-green swallow s s s s s s s s

Northern rough-winged swallow s s s s

Cliff swallow s s s s s s s s

Barn swallow s s s s s s s s

Gray jay y y y y

Steller’s jay subspp. y y y y

Clark’s nutcracker y y y y y y y y

American crow sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Common raven y y y y y y y y

Mountain chickadee y y y y y y y y

Boreal chickadee y y y y y y y y

Red-breasted nuthatch y y y y sa sa sa sa

Brown creeper y y y y

Winter wren y y y y

American dipper mw mw mw mw m m m m

Golden-crowned kinglet y y y y y y y y

Ruby-crowned kinglet y y y y sa sa sa sa

Mountain bluebird ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps

Townsend’s solitaire sa sa sa sa sa sa sa sa


Hermit thrush s s s s s s s s

American robin sm sm sm sm sa sa sa sa

Varied thrush sm sm sm sm

American pipit sa sa sa sa sa sa sa sa

Bohemian waxwing y y y y y y y y

Northern shrike h a a a a a a a a

European starling sm sm sm sm

Orange-crowned warbler sa sa sa sa sa sa sa sa

Yellow-rumped warbler sa sa sa sa sa sa sa sa

Townsend’s warbler sa sa sa sa



Blackpoll warbler sa sa sa sa

American redstart sa sa sa sa

Northern waterthrush sa sa sa sa

MacGillivray’s warbler h sa sa sa sa

Common yellowthroat sa sa sa sa

Wilson’s warbler h sa sa sa sa sa sa sa sa

Chipping sparrow s s s s s s s s

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




174

Lark bunting s

Fox sparrow s s s s

Song sparrow s s s s s s s s

White-crowned sparrow s s s s s s s s

Dark-eyed junco sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Snow bunting mw mw mw mw mw mw mw mw

Rusty blackbird ps ps ps ps

Rosy finch y y y y y y y y

Pine grosbeak subspp. sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm

Red crossbill y y y y y y y y

White-winged crossbill y y y y y y y y

Common redpoll mw mw mw mw

Hoary redpoll mw mw mw mw

Pine siskin Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Evening grosbeak sm sm sm sm

MammalsCommon shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Pygmy shrew y y y y y y

Dusky shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Water shrew y y y y y y y y

Vagrant shrew Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Silver-haired bat S S S S S S S S

Hoary bat S S S S S S S S

California myotis S S S S

Western long-eared myotis h S S S S

Little brown myotis S S S S S S S S

Long-legged myotis S S S S S S S S

Snowshoe hare subspp. Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy

Common pika Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Mountain Beaver subsp. rainieri B y y

Southern red-backed vole subspp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


B Y

Northern red-backed vole Y Y

Brown lemming Yy Yy

Long-tailed vole Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Meadow vole Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Water vole Y Y Y Y

Muskrat h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Heather vole y y y y y y y y

Northern bog lemming subspp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




175

Beaver h Y Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Porcupine Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Northern pocket gopher subspp. Y Y Y Y


R y

Northern flying squirrel h Y Y Y Y

Hoary marmot Y Y Y Y

Woodchuck Y Y Y Y

Columbian ground squirrel Y Y Y Y

Golden-mantled ground squirrel Y Y Y Y

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B y y y y y y

Least chipmunk subspp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Least chipmunk subsp. oreocetes B Y Y

Least chipmunk subsp. selkirki R Y Y Y Y


R Y Y Y Y


R Y Y


Douglas squirrel h Y


Meadow jumping mouse subspp. Y Y Y

Western jumping mouse Y Y Y Y

Coyote h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Gray wolf h Y Y Y Y S S S S

Red fox h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Cougar h Y Y Y Y S S S S

Lynx h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Bobcat h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B y y y y y y y y

River otter h Y Y Y Y y y y y

Marten h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


Long-tailed weasel subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y


R Y Y

Least weasel h y y

Mink h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Badger B y y y y

Black bear subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




176

Grizzly bear B SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW SAW

Mountain goat h Y Y Y Y S S S S

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B Y s Y s

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B Y y S Y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B wp wp wp

Moose h pSAw pSAw pSAw pSAw S S S S

Elk subsp. nelsoni h s PSAw SA SA s PSAw pSAw SA

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h SA SA SA SA SA SA SA SA

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h y

White-tailed deer h psa PSA sa PSA psa PSA sa PSA

Caribou (northern populations) h Y MsW Y Y Y Y Y Y


B MsW Y Y Y

StatusESSF very

dryESSF dry

ESSF moist

ESSF wet

ESSF verydry

parklands

ESSF dryparklands




177

AmphibiansLong-toed salamander y y y

Western toad Y Y Y Y Y

Striped chorus frog Y

Spotted frog Y Y Y Y Y

Wood frog Y Y Y Y Y

ReptilesWestern garter snake y

Common garter snake y

BirdsRed-throated loon sm sm sm sm

Pacific loon h sm sm sm sm sm

Common loon SwM SwM SM SM SM

Yellow-billed loon s s s s s

Pied-billed grebe SM

Horned grebe sm sm sm SM sm

Red-necked grebe sm sm SM sm

Eared grebe h sm SM

Western grebe R sm

American white pelican R ps ps

Double-crested cormorant B sm


Great blue heron B sa sm

Cattle egret a

Tundra swan h sM

Trumpeter swan B ps sm SM m

Greater white-fronted goose h m m

Snow goose h m

Brant h *

Canada goose h sm sm sm swM M

Wood duck h s

Green-winged teal h sm sm sm SM m

Mallard h sm sm sm SM m

Northern pintail h ps ps ps sM

Blue-winged teal h ps ps ps PSa

Cinnamon teal h ps ps p ps

Northern shoveler h ps ps ps PSa

Gadwall h ps PSa

Eurasian wigeon h p m

American wigeon h sm sm sm SM

TABLE A 2.7 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the boreal zonal group (Boreal White And BlackSpruce (BWBS) and Spruce–Willow–Birch (SWB) zones)

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name

178

Canvasback h ps PSa

Redhead h ps PSa

Ring-necked duck h s s PSa PSa

Greater scaup h ps ps ps sm

Lesser scaup h s s PSa SM

Harlequin duck h ps ps sm sm

Oldsquaw B ps ps sm sm

Black scoter h s s a

Surf scoter B ps ps sm PSa

White-winged scoter h sm sm sm SM

Common goldeneye h ps ps sm y

Barrow’s goldeneye h sm sm sm PSa

Bufflehead h sm sm PSa SM

Hooded merganser h s s s ps

Common merganser h sm sm y PSaw

Red-breasted merganser h ps ps sm sm

Ruddy duck h sm PSaw

Osprey h sa sm sm

Bald eagle B sm sm Psa Psaw sm

Northern harrier sM sM sM SM sa

Sharp-shinned hawk sM sM sM sM sm


h y y y y y

Broad-winged hawk ps

Red-tailed hawk h sm sm sm sm sm

Rough-legged hawk h m m m m

Golden eagle h sm sm psa y sm

American kestrel h ps ps sm sM sa

Merlin h sm sm sm sm sm

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R ps ps sm sa

Gyrfalcon B sm sm sm a

Prairie falcon R p

Spruce grouse h y y y y

Blue grouse h y y y y y

Willow ptarmigan h Y Y

Rock ptarmigan h y

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. h y y

Ruffed grouse h y Y Y

Sharp-tailed grouse h y Y

Sora ps sm

American coot ps PSa

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


179

Sandhill crane B ps sM M

Black-bellied plover a a sm

Lesser golden-plover B m sm

Semipalmated plover ps ps ps sM

Killdeer ps ps ps sM


Greater yellowlegs ps ps ps ps

Lesser yellowlegs PS PS PS sM s

Solitary sandpiper ps ps ps sM s

Willet p

Wandering tattler B p ps p

Spotted sandpiper ps ps PSa PSa

Upland sandpiper R sa sm

Whimbrel s ps

Hudsonian godwit B p sm

Marbled godwit p

Ruddy turnstone sm

Black turnstone *

Sanderling a sm sm

Semipalmated sandpiper a sm sm

Western sandpiper a sm sm

Least sandpiper h ps ps ps sM

White-rumped sandpiper p ps

Baird’s sandpiper s sm Sm

Pectoral sandpiper ps ps sm Sm

Sharp-tailed sandpiper a

Rock sandpiper *

Dunlin p sm

Stilt sandpiper Sm

Buff-breasted sandpiper a sm

Ruff m

Short-billed dowitcher B ps sm

Long-billed dowitcher s s m PSa

Common snipe ps ps ps ps

Wilson’s phalarope PS

Red-necked phalarope B ps ps ps sm

Parasitic jaeger s

Long-tailed jaeger sa

Franklin’s gull s PSa

Little gull *

Bonaparte’s gull S s PS PSa

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


180

Mew gull PS PS PSa PSa

Ring-billed gull h sm


Herring gull ps ps SwM sM

Thayer’s gull s s

Glaucous-winged gull sa s

Glaucous gull s sa

Sabine’s gull sm

Caspian tern B ps

Common tern s sm

Arctic tern h PS PS PS ps

Forster’s tern R ps

Black tern SPa

Rock dove y y

Mourning dove h s sa sm

Barn owl B *

Great horned owl h y y y

Snowy owl wm

Northern hawk owl h y y y y y

Northern pygmy owl sa sa

Barred owl h sa y

Great gray owl s y y

Long-eared owl s

Short-eared owl B sa sa y y

Boreal owl y y y y

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h pw y

Common nighthawk pS Sa pSa s

Black swift s

Vaux’s swift h s ps

Ruby-throated hummingbird *

Anna’s hummingbird *

Calliope hummingbird ps

Rufous hummingbird PS ps ps ps ps

Belted kingfisher sm sm PSa

Yellow-bellied sapsucker h ps PSa ps

Red-breasted sapsucker ps ps

Downy woodpecker ps ps SwM

Hairy woodpecker subspp. ps y y y

Three-toed woodpecker h y y y y

Black-backed woodpecker y sm sm y

Northern flicker h sm PSa PSa

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


181

Pileated woodpecker h ps y

Olive-sided flycatcher s ps ps s

Western wood-pewee s ps ps s

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B ps ps

Alder flycatcher ps

Least flycatcher s sm

Hammond’s flycatcher s ps ps ps

Dusky flycatcher ps ps

Eastern phoebe ps

Say’s phoebe s s ps ps ps

Western kingbird ps

Eastern kingbird s ps

Scissor-tailed flycatcher *

Horned lark sa sa sm sm sm

Purple martin R s

Tree swallow ps ps ps Ps ps

Violet-green swallow ps s ps ps ps

Northern rough-winged swallow s ps ps s

Bank swallow ps PS PS PS

Cliff swallow ps ps PS PS PS

Barn swallow ps ps sm PSa ps

Gray jay y y y y

Steller’s jay subspp. sm y y

Blue jay y

Clark’s nutcracker s s s

Black-billed magpie y y

American crow sm Y sm

Common raven y y sMW sMW sMW

Black-capped chickadee y y y y y

Mountain chickadee y y y y

Boreal chickadee y y y y y

Chestnut-backed chickadee y sa

Red-breasted nuthatch y y y y

White-breasted nuthatch saw

Brown creeper sm

Rock wren *

House wren sm

Winter wren y y y y

Marsh wren s sm

American dipper sm sm y y y

Golden-crowned kinglet y sa y y y

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


182

Ruby-crowned kinglet y sa y y y

Mountain bluebird s s sm sm s

Townsend’s solitaire sa sa sm sm sa

Veery s

Gray-cheeked thrush s s ps

Swainson’s thrush ps sm s

Hermit thrush s Sm sm s

American robin sa s sm PSa ps

Varied thrush ps sm sm sm

Northern mockingbird sa

American pipit ps ps sm sm sm

Bohemian waxwing y y sMW sMW sMW

Cedar waxwing ps sm s

Northern shrike h sm sm y SMw mw

European starling ps sm sm ps

Solitary vireo sm sm ps

Warbling vireo s ps ps s

Philadelphia vireo B sm

Red-eyed vireo ps ps

Tennessee warbler sa sm sm sm

Orange-crowned warbler sm sm sm sm sm

Yellow warbler h sm sm sm sm

Chestnut-sided warbler s

Magnolia warbler sm sm sm

Cape May warbler R sm

Yellow-rumped warbler sm sa sm sm sm

Townsend’s warbler sa sm sm sm

Black-throated green warbler B sm

Palm warbler B sm sm sm

Bay-breasted warbler R sm sm sm

Blackpoll warbler sm sm sm sm sm

Black-and-white warbler sm sm sa

American redstart sm sm sm sa

Ovenbird sm sm sa

Northern waterthrush sm sm sm sa

Connecticut warbler R sm

Mourning warbler sm sm

MacGillivray’s warbler h sa sm sm sa

Common yellowthroat sa sm sm sm

Wilson’s warbler h sm sm sm sm sm

Canada warbler B ps

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


183

Western tanager ps ps s

Rose-breasted grosbeak ps ps

Lazuli bunting *

American tree sparrow ps ps sm sM ps

Chipping sparrow ps ps ps ps ps

Clay-colored sparrow ps s

Brewer’s sparrow subspp. s ps ps s

Vesper sparrow subspp. s ps

Savannah sparrow s Sa sM sM sm

Le Conte’s sparrow ps s

Sharp-tailed sparrow R ps

Fox sparrow s sm sm s

Song sparrow s s sm sm s

Lincoln’s sparrow s sm sm sm

Swamp sparrow sm s

White-throated sparrow ps Psa s

Golden-crowned sparrow s m sm ps

White-crowned sparrow s s Psa Psa ps

Harris’ sparrow a a

Dark-eyed junco sa sa sMw sM sM

Lapland longspur sm sM sa

Smith’s longspur B ps p

Snow bunting a a mW mW mw

Bobolink B ps

Red-winged blackbird s ps PSa ps

Western meadowlark * sm

Yellow-headed blackbird h PSa

Rusty blackbird s sm sm s

Brewer’s blackbird ps PSaw ps

Common grackle ps PSaw

Brown-headed cowbird ps sm PSa ps

Northern oriole ps ps

Rosy finch sm sm p

Pine grosbeak subspp. sm y y y

Purple finch ps ps sm ps

House finch sa

Red crossbill sm sm sm sm

White-winged crossbill sa y y y

Common redpoll y y sMw sMW sMW

Hoary redpoll mw mw mw mw mw

Pine siskin y y y y

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


184

American goldfinch ps

Evening grosbeak y y y

House sparrow y Y y

MammalsBlack-backed shrew B Y y

Common shrew Y Y Y Y Y

Pygmy shrew y y y y y

Dusky shrew Y Y Y Y Y

Water shrew subspp. y y y y y

Tundra shrew R y

Big brown bat S

Silver-haired bat S S S


Little brown myotis S s S S S


Long-legged myotis S S S S

Snowshoe hare subspp. Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy

Collared pika Y Y Y

Southern red-backed vole subspp. Y Y Y

Northern red-backed vole Y Y Y

Brown lemming Yy Yy

Long-tailed vole Y Y Y Y Y

Tundra vole Y

Meadow vole Y Y Y Y Y

Muskrat h Y Y Y Y Y


Northern bog lemming subspp. Y Y Y


B y

Beaver h Y Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat Y Y Y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y Y Y

Porcupine Y Y Y Y

House mouse y Y y

Northern flying squirrel h Y Y Y Y

Hoary marmot Y

Woodchuck Y Y Y Y Y



Meadow jumping mouse subspp. Y Y Y Y


B y y

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


185

Western jumping mouse Y Y Y Y

Coyote h Y Y Y Y Y

Gray wolf h Y Y Y Y Y

Red fox h Y Y Y Y Y

Cougar h y y y

Lynx h Y Y Y Y Y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B y y y y y

River otter h Y Y Y Y

Marten h Y Y Y Y

Fisher B Y Y Y Y

Striped skunk h Y Y Y Y

Ermine subspp. h Y Y Y Y

Long-tailed weasel subspp. h Y Y Y Y Y

Least weasel h y y y

Mink h Y Y Y Y

Black bear subspp. h Y S Y Y Y

Black bear subsp. emmonsii B y y

Grizzly bear B Y y Y y y

Bison subsp. athabascae R y

Bison subsp. bison B y

Mountain goat h Y W y Y y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. dalli R SA pSAw m

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B WP Y wp y y

Moose h Y pSAw Y Y pSAw

Elk subsp. nelsoni h Y pSAw Y Y pSAw

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h s Y Y

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h y y y

White-tailed deer h y sa Y sa

Caribou (northern populations) h Y Y Y Y Y


B y y

Status

SWB

forested

SWB

scrub

BWBS

drycool

BWBS

moist warm

BWBS

wet coolCommon name


186

AmphibiansLong-toed salamander Y Y

BirdsRed-throated loon s

Pacific loon h sm sm sm

Common loon sm sm sm

Yellow-billed loon sm

Horned grebe sm

Canada goose h s s s

Green-winged teal h sm

Mallard h sm

Northern pintail h ps

Blue-winged teal h ps ps

Cinnamon teal h ps

Northern shoveler h ps

Ring-necked duck h s s s

Lesser scaup h s sm s

Harlequin duck h ps ps ps

Oldsquaw B m ps

Surf scoter B m ps

White-winged scoter h sm sm ps

Common goldeneye h ps ps ps

Barrow’s goldeneye h ps sm sm

Bufflehead h s s sm

Hooded merganser h ps s

Common merganser h ps ps sm

Red-breasted merganser h ps

Bald eagle B ps

Northern harrier m

Sharp-shinned hawk sM sM

Cooper’s hawk h sm sm


h y y y

Red-tailed hawk h sm sm sm

Rough-legged hawk h m m m

Golden eagle h ps ps ps

American kestrel h ps ps ps

Merlin h sm sm sm

Gyrfalcon B sm

Blue grouse h y y y

Willow ptarmigan h Y Y Y

TABLE A 2.8 Distribution and seasonal abundance of species in the Alpine Tundra (AT) zone

AT aboveSW

B

AT aboveM

H

AT aboveESSF

StatusCommon name

187

Rock ptarmigan h y y y

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. h y y y

White-tailed Ptarmigan subsp.saxatilis

B y

Lesser golden-plover B ps

Semipalmated plover PS

Killdeer ps ps

Greater yellowlegs ps ps ps

Lesser yellowlegs ps ps PS

Solitary sandpiper ps ps ps

Wandering tattler B ps

Spotted sandpiper ps ps ps

Whimbrel s

Hudsonian godwit B ps

Least sandpiper h ps ps PS

Baird’s sandpiper s

Pectoral sandpiper s s ps

Dunlin p


Long-billed dowitcher s

Common snipe s s ps


Bonaparte’s gull s s s

Mew gull s s PS

Herring gull ps ps ps

Glaucous gull s

Snowy owl p

Northern hawk owl h y


Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h s

Common nighthawk s

Black swift s

Rufous hummingbird ps ps ps

Say’s phoebe sa sa s

Horned lark sa sa sa

Tree swallow s s s

Violet-green swallow s s s

Cliff swallow s s s

Barn swallow s s s

Western bluebird h *

Mountain bluebird s s s

AT aboveSW

B

AT aboveM

H

AT aboveESSF

StatusCommon name


188

Townsend’s solitaire sa sa sa

American robin s s s

American pipit sA sA sA

American tree sparrow ps

Brewer’s sparrow subspp. s

Savannah sparrow a sa Sa

Golden-crowned sparrow s s s

White-crowned sparrow sa sa s

Lapland longspur SA


Snow bunting a a sa

Rosy finch sm sm sm

MammalsTundra shrew R y

Vagrant shrew Y Y

Collared pika Y

Common pika Y Y

Southern red-backed vole subspp. y y

Northern red-backed vole Y

Brown lemming Yy Yy

Tundra vole Y

Meadow vole Y Y Y

Northern bog lemming subspp. Y Y Y

Bushy-tailed woodrat Y Y Y

Deer mouse Y Y Y

Northern pocket gopher subspp. y

Hoary marmot Y Y Y

Woodchuck Y Y


Columbian ground squirrel Y

Golden-mantled ground squirrel Y


Cascade mantled ground squirrel B y


B y

Coyote h Y Y Y

Gray wolf h Y Y Y

Red fox h Y Y Y

Wolverine subsp. luscus B S S S


Long-tailed weasel subspp. h Y Y Y

AT aboveSW

B

AT aboveM

H

AT aboveESSF

StatusCommon name


189


R y

Black bear subspp. h S S S

Grizzly bear B psa psa psa

Mountain goat h S pSaW Y

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B Y Y

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B Y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. dalli R Y

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B Y

Moose h s pSAw

Elk subsp. nelsoni h Y SA pSAw

Elk subsp. roosevelti B SA

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h SA SA

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h SA

White-tailed deer h sa

Caribou (northern populations) h Y Y


B S

AT aboveSW

B

AT aboveM

H

AT aboveESSF

StatusCommon name


190

INDEX TO TABLES

A 3.1 Coastal zonal group (Coastal Douglas-fir and Coastal Western Hemlock zones) . . . . . . . . . . 192A 3.2 Mountain Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211A 3.3 Dry Interior zonal group (Bunchgrass, Ponderosa Pine, Interior Douglas-fir, and Montane Spruce zones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219A 3.4 Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234A 3.5 Central Plateau zonal group (Sub-boreal Spruce and Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce zones) . . . . . . . 247A 3.6 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257A 3.7 Boreal zonal group (Boreal White and Black Spruce, and Spruce–Willow–Birch zones) . . . . . . 264A 3.8 Alpine Tundra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

KEYStatus: R = red, B = blue, h = habitat information available


X = indicates species uses habitat type

Three-letter ecosection codes can be found in the key to Figure 2 on pages 7—12

APPENDIX 3 Habitat use of taxa at risk and selected other species

191

AmphibiansPacific giant salamander R x x Streams must be cold and

undisturbed; sensitive tocompetition and predationfrom introduced game fish;only metamorphosed andadult stage forage in forest;restricted to FRL, NWC, andextreme southern edge ofEPR.

Clouded salamander h x x x x x Use any seral stage withcoarse woody debris,decomposing logs, wildlifetrees, litter; restricted to Van.Is. and SOG.

Tailed frog B x x Cold, cascading streams,shaded by mature orold-growth forest; sensitiveto stream disturbance suchas siltation or algal growth;adults use mature orold-growth stages of riparianforests, forage on smallinvertebrates on damp forestfloor.

American bullfrog h x x x Introduced and spreading;need permanent, quiet,shallow water; compete withnative amphibians.

Leopard frog R x x x Population in CDF zone isintroduced; need permanent,shallow water with abundantvegetation; commerciallyexploited for biologicalsupply houses; severeunexplained populationdecline.

ReptilesPainted turtle B x Low-elevation lakes and

ponds; prefer offshorebasking sites on boulders orlogs; need loose soil fordigging nest; sensitive tolakeshore development.

Leatherback sea turtle E x Usually considered out of itsrange; seen rarely, butconsistently.

Rubber boa B x x x Often found with decayinglogs, rock rubble, and sandywell-drained soils; frequentlyassociated with lakes orstreams.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

ShorelineforestsCommon name Comments

TABLE A 3.1 Habitat use by listed species in the coastal zonal group (Coastal Douglas-fir and Coastal WesternHemlock zones)

192

Gopher snake subsp. catenifer R x x x Only one specimen everfound: a road-kill on GalianoIsland; good chance it was areleased pet; no evidence ofa population on Galiano orany other area.

Sharp-tailed snake R x x Use the rocky garryoak/arbutus, grassassociation on the edgeof Douglas-fir forests;associated withdecomposing Douglas-firlogs; eat slugs; restricted tothe southern tip of Van. Is.and associated Gulf Islands.

BirdsPacific loon h x x x x x Can occur in large flocks on

marine water; sensitive toactivities that break up theflock.

Eared grebe h x x x x Restricted to SOG.

Western grebe R x x x x x x Coastal breeding restrictedto FRL, only coastalbreeding in the world;minimal human disturbanceis critical to breedingsuccess; high population inSOG in autumn and winter;vulnerable to oil spills.

Clark’s grebe h x x x x x x Same habitat needs aswestern grebe.

Fork-tailed storm-petrel h x x x x Nest exclusively on marineislands, usually forested butalways with grass andshrubs; need enough soil todig burrow.

Leach’s storm-petrel h x x x More pelagic than fork-tailedstorm-petrel, digs burrowunder root, log, grass clump,etc., for nest; nestexclusively on marineislands.

American white pelican R x x x x x x Non-breeding in thesezones.

Double-crested cormorant B x x x x x x x x Colonies growing inprovince; small coloniessusceptible to disturbance;may use large lakes andlarge, slow rivers, but prefermarine habitats; may nest intrees.

Brandt’s cormorant R x x x Nest on bare rocky islands;B.C. is northern periphery ofbreeding range.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


TABLE A 3.1 CWH and CDF Continued

193

Pelagic cormorant subsp. pelagicus R x x x x x Found on Queen CharlotteIs. and adjacent mainland,southern boundary unknown;nest on cliffs; vulnerable tooil spills, human disturbanceon nesting colonies.

American bittern B x x x x x Rarely in agricultural fields;need tall vegetation such ascattail, bulrushes, andwillows; estuarine marshesimportant in winter; all winterrecords from the coast.

Great blue heron B x x x x x x x x x x x Nest on islands or mainlandnear mud flats, usually inareas free of humandisturbance.

Green-backed heron B x x x x x x Slow-moving rivers,backwaters, sloughs,brackish or fresh water withdense overhanging shrubsor trees; may be foundnear irrigation ditches or ongolf courses with appropriatebrushy habitat; northernperiphery of range in CDFzone.

Black-crowned night-heron h x x x Preferred habitats includeshorelines of tall willow andred alder on the coast andthick willow and birch in theinterior; northern periphery ofrange.

Tundra swan h x x x x x x Prefer fresh or brackishwater to salt, flooded fields,slow-moving rivers.

Trumpeter swan B x x x x x x x x Winter on small coastalestuaries on Van. Is. andFRL; prefer shallow water.

Mute swan h x x x x x Usually resident where theyoccur; sufficient aquaticvegetation and escapedistance are prerequisites tonesting; use flooded fieldsand city lakes.

Greater white-fronted goose h x x x x x x Wet and dry fields, golfcourses, mud flats, shallowwater.

Snow goose h x x x Feed primarily on bulrushrhizomes in winter; useagricultural fields nearforeshore areas.

Brant h x x x x Principle food is eel-grass(Zostera marina).

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



194

Canada goose h x x x x x x All non-aquatic habitats mustbe near water, slow-movingor still water; artificial aquaticenvironments used readily.

Wood duck h x x x Slow-moving water,backwaters, emergentvegetation, dense, maturedeciduous forest; nest indeciduous tree cavities;readily nest in artificial nestboxes.

Green-winged teal h x x x x x x x Use mudflats.

Mallard h x x x x x x x x x Prefer shallow water, but willuse any depth; wet fields ordamp grass in parks.

Northern pintail h x x x x x x x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats areused for nesting, notnecessarily near water; mayuse edges of mixed forestfor nesting.

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x x x x x Use water edges withemergent cover; non-aquatichabitats are used fornesting; only openings nearwater are used in forestedhabitats.

Cinnamon teal h x x x x x x x Flooded fields; near cover;ponds or stream backwaterswith heavy emergent growth.

Northern shoveler h x x x x x x Nest near water, usually indry grass.

Gadwall h x x x x x x Nest on dry ground nearwater; stream use is ofslow-moving rivers.

Eurasian wigeon h x x x x x x x Usually in mixed flocks withAmerican wigeon; use shortgrass uplands such as fields,golf courses, parks, airports;slow-moving rivers.

American wigeon h x x x x x x x Grass fields, golf courses,airports; slow-moving rivers.

Canvasback h x x x x x x Use lakes with abundantemergent vegetation fornesting, primarily bulrush.

Redhead h x x x x x Prefer large, deep lakes;nesting birds use lakes withemergent vegetation oradjacent marshes.

Ring-necked duck h x x x x Use marine water particularlywhen weather is severe andlakes frozen; use deeperponds; nest in emergentvegetation.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



195

Greater scaup h x x x x x Favours marine waters oncoast, flooded fields.

Lesser scaup h x x x x x x x x Nest near freshwater,particularly in sedgemeadows; also use islands;agricultural lands include wetfields and dry nestinghabitat.

Harlequin duck h x x x x On coast, prefer rough waternear rocky islets or points;streams used are fastrunning and turbulent; nestimmediately adjacent tothese preferred habitats.

Oldsquaw B x x x x x x Prefer marine habitats; someuse of larger lakes andrivers.

Black scoter h x x x x x x Prefer water less than 11 mover mussel beds.

Surf scoter B x x x x x x Usually in water less than 6m near shore or protectedwaters.

White-winged scoter h x x x x x x Prefer more open, deeperwater than surf scoter,preferably over shellfishbeds.

Common goldeneye h x x x x x x x x x x Nest near lakes, rivers, andwetlands in a wooded area;cavity nester, but will readilyuse a nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker.

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x x x x x x On coast, use marine waternear rocky shores andmussel beds; often nearfreshwater outlets; nest inopen or closed forests in theInterior, usually near analkaline lake, butoccasionally a pond, river, orcreek; cavity nester, but willreadily use nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker, otherholes are too small.

Bufflehead h x x x x x x x x x x On coast, usually found onmarine waters.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



196

Hooded merganser h x x x x x x x x x x Breeding in woodedshoreline; nest in treecavities in either deciduous(black cottonwood) orconiferous trees or nestboxes.

Common merganser h x x x x x x A near-shore species; preferclear water andnon-vegetated roosting sites;nest in cavities or on groundin forested habitats nearwater; cavities are in live ordead deciduous orconiferous trees; will usenest boxes.

Red-breasted merganser h x x x x x x x x Prefer marine habitats, rarelyfound on large lakes, rivers,or sloughs on coast; nest onground on small marineislands in heavily vegetatedareas; may be asemi-colonial nester.

Ruddy duck h x x x x Prefer water at least 2 mdeep, with a muddy bottom;like abundant cattail orbulrush growth.

Turkey vulture B x x x x x x x x x x Usually seen soaring overlisted habitats; come toground to feed on carcass;staging areas in trees onmarine islands; nest in rockyareas, caves, talus, or mixedforest.

Osprey h x x x x x x x x x x Nest near permanent waterin dead or live tree with fewbranches or artificialstructure.

Bald eagle B x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Usually associated withmarine or freshwaterhabitats, but may be foundnearly anywhere; sometimesfeed on a carcass onground; nest near water intall snag or live old-growthtree.

Cooper’s hawk h x x x x x x Uses wide range of foresttypes, both coniferous anddeciduous; may forage nearbird feeders in winter.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



197

Northern goshawk subspp. h x x x x x x x Usually breed in interior oflarge tracts of coniferousforest; heavily affected bylogging; forage in more openareas; this subspecies(atricapillus) may not occuron Van. Is. or QueenCharlotte Is.

Nothern goshawk subsp. laingi R x x x x x x x Breed in large interior tractsof coniferous forest; heavilyaffected by logging; forage inmore open areas.

Swainson’s hawk B x x x x x Use the southern end ofVan. Is. during migration.

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x x x x Forest habitat use is inclearings, burns, and openwoodlands, both deciduousand coniferous; airports maybe used in urban areas;agricultural lands withperches such as fence rowsor scattered trees.

Rough-legged hawk h x x x

Golden eagle h x x x x x x x x x x x Not found on QueenCharlotte Is.; use forestburns or clearcuts whereprey abundant; may nest intrees, but more often on cliffledges; may forage alonghighways for road-kills or atgarbage dumps.

American kestrel h x x x x x x x x Use openings with perchingsites; nest in tree or cliffcavities, old bird nests, ornesting boxes.

Merlin h x x x x x x x x x Forest use restricted toedges and openings wheresmall birds are abundant;often found near bird feedersin residential areas.

Peregrine falcon subsp. pealei B x x x x x x x Use habitats where there is an abundance ofsmall-to-medium-sized birds,including airports, bridges,parks; nest on cliffs (orsometimes tall buildings)near colonial nesting seabirds or a supply of urbanprey such as pigeons orstarlings.

Gyrfalcon B x x x x x x x Wherever abundant preysupplies (rock doves, waterbirds, shorebirds, etc.); neston cliffs.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



198

Prairie falcon R x x x Nest on rocky cliffs orescarpments near opencountry where it hunts.

Ring-necked pheasant h x x x x x x x Prefer areas of rich soil thatare now mostly agricultural;will also use open deciduousforests; needs heavy coverfor winter survival.

Spruce grouse h x x x x Usually restricted to spruceforests or a mixture ofspruce and other coniferoustrees; males display in denseforest, females nest in moreopen forest with denseunderstorey.

Blue grouse h x x x x x x Use mature andsecond-growth coastalforest; use forest openingsincluding clearcuts andburns; early seral stagesprovide good breedinghabitat.

Ruffed grouse h x x x x x x x Logged or burned forests;use second-growthdeciduous on logged areas;brushy thickets; mixedconiferous-deciduous forests;prefer a slope near water;winter in denser, oftenconiferous forest.

Wild turkey h x x x Occur only on Sidney Is. inCDF zone; inhabit openvalleys.

California quail h x x x x x x x Use thick understorey ofblackberries or broom, oragricultural areas withshrubs on coast; in Interior,use brushy gullies, riparianthickets, and agricultural andurban habitats with thickcover.

Mountain quail h x x x x x Use coniferous forests,clearcuts, seral stages withdense understorey.

Sandhill crane B x x x x x x Nonbreeding habitats requireunobstructed view and nodisturbance; often roost andfeed in shallow water toavoid mammalian predation;nest in dense, tall emergentvegetation such as bulrush;forage mainly on openuplands near water.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



199

Lesser golden-plover B x x x x Use short grass areas suchas lakeshores, golf courses,airports, playing fields,agricultural fields.

American avocet B x x x x

Wandering tattler B x x x Exposed rocky habitat withbarnacles and mussels,especially those withcrashing waves.

Upland sandpiper R x x x x x x Rare; uses grassy uplands;fallow fields, wet pastures;golf courses, lawns; forestedareas only in burns;mudflats.

Long-billed curlew B x x Does not necessarily have tobe near water; on coast,chooses wetter habitats suchas mudflats or nearby fields.

Hudsonian godwit B x x x Mudflats and beaches.

Least sandpiper h x x x x x x Mudflats, estuaries; nest infreshwater bogs on QueenCharlotte Is. adjacent tosaltwater.

Short-billed dowitcher B x x x x x Muddy areas such asmudflats, farm ponds, golfcourse greens; nest onnorthern Queen Charlotte Is.in an estuary-like area ofimpounded freshwater.

Red-necked phalarope B x x On coast, spend all theirtime in protected marinewater although may forageon beach after a storm.

Ring-billed gull h x x x x x x x Agricultural fields, parks, golfcourses, garbage dumps.

California gull B x x x x x x x x Uses more open ocean thanring-billed gull; agriculturalfields, garbage dumps.

Caspian tern B x x x

Arctic tern h x x x x

Forster’s tern R x x x x Shallow, inshore marine andbrackish water.

Common murre R x x Nests on marine islands.

Thick-billed murre R x x Only breeding records fromTriangle Is. in QCS.

Marbled murrelet B x x x x x x Nest in old-growth forests.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



200

Ancient murrelet B x x x Spend most of their foragingtime in exposed marinewaters; breed on the QueenCharlotte Is. and associatedmarine islands; breed inburrows on ground inforested areas; primary preyof peregrine falcon subsp.pealei.

Cassin’s auklet B x x Nonbreeders spend most oftheir time on open ocean;breeders use forestedmarine islands, their burrowsare closer to shore thanancient murrelet;understorey is open andmossy; burrows may be inmixed colonies with otheralcids.

Rhinoceros auklet h x x x Use some coastal waters butprimarily open ocean fornonbreeders; breeders digburrows on forested orshrubby coastal islands.

Tufted puffin B x Use steep grassy slopesfacing the water; presence ofgrass tussocks important.

Horned puffin R x x Usually forage in openocean; only one breedinglocation known: a small isletoff the NW corner of AnthonyIs.; egg was in a rockcrevice.

Band-tailed pigeon h x x x x x x x Roost in tall coniferous trees;use the edges of forestopenings for fruits; useresidential gardens for hollyberries and other fruits.

Mourning dove h x x x Primarily use orchards,pastures, fields, feedlots,and other agricultural areasfor feeding and nesting;other habitats includedeciduous forest; breedinghabitat is adjacent to lake,stream, or wetland.

Barn owl B x x x Open country; most nestsfound in artificial structures;feed on voles.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



201


B x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.,southern coastal islands, andadjacent mainland coast;prefer mixeddeciduous-coniferous woodsnear water; cavity nester, butwill use nesting boxes;devastated by coastal timberharvesting, particularlycottonwood harvesting.

Great horned owl h x x x x x x x x x Found in dense or openwoodland, marshes,lakeshores, agricultural, andresidential areas; nest in oldhawk nests in trees, holes incliffs, clay banks, andartificial structures.

Northern hawk owl h x x x x x x x x Coniferous and mixedconiferous-deciduouswoodland; perch on trees,snags or power poles, andhunt in openings; openingscan be road or powerrights-of-way, marsh,clearcut, burn, lakeshore,agricultural field; nest in treecavity.

Northern pygmy owl subsp. swarthi B x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.,southern coastal islands, andadjacent mainland coast;edges of forests, eitherconiferous or mixed; edgescan be on lake or rivershores, wet or dry meadows,farm fields, orchards,residential areas, clearcuts;nest in tree cavity made bywoodpecker.

Burrowing owl R x x Nonbreeding in this zone.

Spotted owl R x x x x x Dense coniferous oldgrowth; nest in tree cavity.

Barred owl h x x x x x x x x Coniferous or mixed forestedge; also use farmlands,residential areas; nest in treecavities.

Short-eared owl B x x x x x Restricted to FRL in thewinter; use old-growthpastures and fields; habitatbeing consumed by urbansprawl; over-winteringpopulations downapproximately 90%.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



202

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h x x x x x x x x Dense coniferous or mixedwoodlands, tall shrubs nearwetlands or in city parks orresidential areas; nests intree cavity (woodpeckerholes) or nest boxes.


B x x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is.; morphologicallyvery distinct subspecies; aninterior forest bird that isheavily affected by loggingand fragmentation; has beenseen foraging on intertidalamphipods near shore.

Common poorwill h x Open, dry habitat inrangelands, fields, forestedges, road edges, wherescattered shrubs and grassclumps occur.

Vaux’s swift h x x x x x x x x x Aerial feeders, fly over lakes,streams, forest canopy;roosts and nests in hollowtrees and chimneys.

Lewis’ woodpecker B x x x x x Use logged and burnedareas with standing snags,deciduous groves near lakesand streams, open forest,orchards, rural and residential gardens; nests intree cavity, can excavateown cavity.

Hairy woodpecker subsp. picoideus B x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is.; primary cavitynester; needs >20 cm dbh.

Three-toed woodpecker h x x x x Use higher-elevation forestsand boreal forests; useprimarily coniferous treesnear openings made byburns, logging, lakes, orwetlands; nest in live ordead coniferous ordeciduous trees.

Northern flicker h x x x x x x x Use open forests as well asrural and urban residentialareas and other sparselytreed open habitats; nests indeciduous or coniferoustrees, clay banks, artificialsites such as nest boxes,buildings, fenceposts.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



203

Pileated woodpecker h x x x x x Mature coastal forests andopen, mixed interior forests;will use selectively loggedand second-growth forestadjacent to mature areas;most nests in large, livingdeciduous trees.

Horned lark subsp. strigata R x x Possibly extirpated; lastknown breeding on Sea Is.;nest in sparsely vegetatedsand dunes.

Purple martin R x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to NAL, FRL, andSOG on the coast; forageover water, agricultural andurban areas and later seralstages of forests; nest inmothballed ships (EsquimaltHarbour), pilings.

Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae B x x x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is.

Western bluebird h x x x x Forested areas withopenings.

Northern shrike h x x x x x x x x x Use open habitats (clearcutsor burns in forested habitat)with perching site such astelephone line, snag,fencepost, deciduous tree.

Crested myna h x Confined to Vancouver.

Hutton’s vireo B x x x x x Use forests with associatedshrubs, particularly willowalong streams andunderstorey of Douglas-firforests.

Palm warbler B x x x x x x x Does not breed in thesezones; eats insects; usesshrubby borders inagricultural areas.

Yellow-breasted chat R x Use dense riparian thickets;uncommon on coast.

Vesper sparrow subsp. affinis R x Restricted to NAL.

Lark sparrow B x x Abandoned fields andbrushy pastures; city parks;ground dwelling.

Bobolink B x Use uncut and old-growthpastures and grasslands.

Yellow warbler h x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; nest in largewillows well off the ground;use forest edges andclearings with well-developeddeciduous understorey; lakeand river edges with willowsare typical habitat.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



204

MacGillivray’s warbler h x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use densedeciduous shrubs oftenfound near lakes andstreams; nest just off groundin dense shrubs.

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use shrubbydeciduous undergrowthof open forest eitherconiferous or mixed; breedon ground in denseherbaceous cover, often inriparian areas.

Yellow-headed blackbird h x x x Only coastal breedinglocality is the VancouverInternational Airport; usesagricultural areas.

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B x x x x Restricted to Van. Is., QueenCharlotte Is. and adjacentcoastal mainland; occur athigher elevations within theappropriate subzones.

MammalsPacific water shrew R x x x x x x Restricted to FRL; uses

coarse woody debris onbeaches, in forests; marshyhabitats, swims well; eatssoft-bodied arthropods.

Water shrew subsp. brooksi R x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; feedson aquatic insects; use deadand down material instreams, bark debris fornesting.

Trowbridge’s shrew B x x x Restricted to FRL and NWC;well-drained coniferousforest with low vegetationand ground litter; does notuse brushy clearcut habitats.

Shrew-mole h x x x Restricted to FRL and NWC;moist soils with high humuscontent, abundant leaf litterand coarse woody debris;most common underdeciduous vegetation alongstreams.

Townsend’s mole R x x Restricted to FRL; deeploose soil with low gravelcontent in agricultural areasand brushy valley bottoms.

Western red bat R x x x x x Use of this zone is based ona single historical record inSkagit Valley with anambiguous location: it ispossible it is located in theIDFw zone instead.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



205

Western long-eared myotis h x x x x x x x x x Forage over ponds, streams,and forest canopy; dayroosts are behind bark, intree cavities, rock crevices;night roosts are in caves.

Keen’s long-eared myotis R x x x x x Restricted to coastal forests;most of species’ range in theworld is in province; denseold growth; roost in treecavities and rock crevices.

Townsend’s big-eared bat B x x x x x Roost and hibernate incaves and old mines;vulnerable to humandisturbance.

Snowshoe hare subsp. washingtonii R x x x x x Restricted to FRL and NWC;uses all forested habitatswith shrubs; forages onmaple, willow, young alder,etc.; use openings in oldgrowth.

Mountain beaver subsp. rufa R x x x Restricted to FRL and NWC;use early seral stages withdeep, wet soils, and anabundance of groundvegetation; prefer a slope sothat groundwater is running.


R x x x x x Restricted to FRL; only onespecimen has ever beenfound — at Point Grey.

Townsend’s vole subsp. cowani R x Restricted to Triangle Is.;use grassy areas.

Muskrat h x x x x Benefit from presence ofbeavers; use lakes withmarshy vegetation; shallowstreams and riverbackwaters.

Beaver h x x x x x x x x Will use any deciduousforest stage near water.

Northern flying squirrel h x x x x x Use extensive forest lands;declines in population couldindicate effects offragmentation of habitat.

Vancouver Island marmot R x x x x x Restricted to SE quadrant ofVan. Is.; prefers forest edgehabitat where boulders,downed logs, or loggingslash, or good soil forburrowing, provide denningsites.

Gray squirrel h x x x x x x Introduced to Stanley Park,Vancouver and to Van. Is.near Victoria; spreadingnorth on Van. Is.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



206

Douglas squirrel h x x x x x Restricted to EPR, NPR andwest; use second growthand old growth, clearcutedges; use tree cavities fornesting, also nest boxes andwill nest in tree branch.

Red squirrel h x x x x x Use primarily second- andold-growth coniferousforests, eating conifer seedsand nesting in branches andcavities of coniferous trees;will also eat buds andflowers of deciduous trees.


B x Restricted to far NW ofprovince; known only fromStony Creek near KelsalLake; use dead and downmaterial.

Coyote h x x x x x x x x x x x Use the early seral throughyoung forest stage.

Gray wolf h x x x x x x x x x x x x x Use lakes and streams astravel corridors when frozen;found wherever ungulatesare found.

Red fox h x x x x x x x Found in edge habitat wheretrees and bushes borderopenings; early seral stagesfrom shrub-herb to youngforest with openings.

Cougar h x x x x x x x Not in BOR or QueenCharlotte Is.; dependent onblack-tailed deer on Van. Is.

Lynx h x x x x x x Use talus and rocky cliffs fordenning; sapling or olderseral stage in forests.

Bobcat h x x x x x x x x Excluded from Van. Is.; allseral stages of forestedhabitat.

Sea otter R x x x x Require clean water to retaincoat’s insulation properties.

Wolverine subsp. vancouverensis R x x x x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; travelsthrough all habitat types;dens in rocky areas.

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x x x Eat decaying salmon fromstreams; depend onungulate carrion; use allseral stages of forests.

River otter h x x x x x x x Den in forests.

Marten h x x x x x Use forests at least 20 yearsold; need wildlife trees, slashpiles, coarse woody debris.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



207

Fisher B x x x x In summer, use mixedforests in young to matureseral stages; in winter foundin mature and old-growthconiferous forests; usewildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris; followhare and porcupinedistribution.

Striped skunk h x x x x x x x x Open areas with densecover; burrow in ground oruse crawl space underbuildings for denning.

Ermine subspp. h x x x x x x x All seral stages where smallmammals are found; needcoarse woody debris.

Ermine subsp. haidarum R x x x x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is.; need dead anddown material forunder-snow access in winter.

Ermine subsp. anguinae B x x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; needdead and down material forunder-snow access in winter.

Long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis R x x x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to FRL, NWC,and southern tip of EPR;prey on ground squirrels,small mammals, andsnowshoe hare; need deadand down material on forestfloor.

Mink h x x x x x x x x Semi-aquatic.

Spotted skunk h x x x x x x x x Restricted to FRL and GEL;all seral stages of forests;agricultural areas in northernpart of range; need heavycover; may den under abuilding or in a rock pile.

Raccoon h x x x x x x x x Introduced to QueenCharlotte Is.; use coniferousand deciduous forests; denin hollow trees or in burrowunder roots.

Black bear subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x x x x Especially use wetter forests;all seral stages are used;early and late for berrying;den at base of oldyellow-cedar, spruce, or inrock crevices.

Black bear subsp. emmonsii B x x x x x x x x Restricted to ICR, TAB, ALR;use valley bottom areas;winter in timber; most arefound in Alaska.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



208

Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x x x x x x x Estuaries have the highestvalue of all coastal habitats;stream class 1 streams forspawning salmon; riparianand wet forests are usedthroughout range forberrying, foraging, and travel; other forests used inearly and late seral stagesfor foraging and berrying;greatly reduced in areas ofincreased human accesssuch as settlements,ranching, access roads forlogging and oil exploration.

Right whale E x

Humpback whale T x

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x All habitats are used only ifnear steep, rocky terrain forescape cover; not on Van.Is. or Queen Charlotte Is.;they can be found on rockycliffs near sea level in thiszone; forest habitats nearrocky outcroppings are usedduring winter because oftheir snow interceptionqualities.

Moose h x x x x x x x x x Associated with shrubby,early seral habitats ofriparian forests andwetlands; use emergentvegetation in lakes and otherforest types for cover.

Elk subsp. roosevelti B x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is. andGEL; use early seral stagesfor foraging and later stagesfor cover.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x x Introduced to QueenCharlotte Is.; forage in openhabitats and early seralstages of forests; use laterseral stages for cover.

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x x x x Restricted to EPR in CWHzone; could be hybrid withmule deer subsp.columbianus in CWH zone;use steep south-facingslopes in winter.

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h x x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to NPR, southernpart of HEL, and south; useearly shrub-herb stage forforaging and mature andold-growth stages for coverand snow interception wherenecessary.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests



209

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h x x x x x x x x x x Found on coast north ofNPR and on coastal islandsincluding Queen Charlotte Is.where they were introduced;use shrub-herb seral stagefor foraging, mature andold-growth stages for coverand snow interception wherenecessary.

Status

Protectedmarine

Intertidal

Subtidal

Marineislands

Marinecliffs

Estuaries

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


TABLE A 3.1 CWH and CDF Concluded.

210

AmphibiansPacific giant salamander R x x Streams must be cold and

undisturbed; sensitive tocompetition and predationfrom introduced game fish;only metamorphosed andadult stage forage in forest;restricted to NWC andextreme southern EPR.

Tailed frog B x x Cold, cascading streams,shaded by mature orold-growth forest; sensitiveto stream disturbance suchas siltation or algal growth;adults use mature orold-growth stages of riparianforests, forage on smallinvertebrates on damp forestfloor.

BirdsPacific loon h x x

Great blue heron B x x x x Forage in shallow lakes andponds.

Canada goose h x x x x All non-aquatic habitats mustbe near water, slow-movingor still water, artifical aquaticenvironments used readily.

Mallard h x x x Prefer shallow water, but willuse any depth; wet fields ordamp grass in parks.

Northern pintail h x x x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats are fornesting, not necessarily nearwater; may use edges ofmixed forest for nesting.

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x x Use water edges withemergent cover; non-aquatichabitats are used fornesting; only openings nearwater are used in forestedhabitats.

Northern shoveler h x x x Nest near water, usually indry grass.

Ring-necked duck h x x x Use deeper ponds; nest inemergent vegetation.

Lesser scaup h x x x Nest near freshwater,particularly in sedgemeadows; also use islands.

Harlequin duck h x Streams used are fastrunning and turbulent; nestimmediately adjacent tothese preferred habitats.

White-winged scoter h x x Use deeper parts of lakesand slow-moving rivers.

Common name CommentsStatus

Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

TABLE A 3.2 Habitat use by listed species in the Mountain Hemlock zone

211

Common goldeneye h x x x x x x Nest near lakes, rivers, andwetlands in a wooded area;cavity nester, but will readilyuse nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker.

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x x Nest in open or closedforests in the Interior, usuallynear an alkaline lake, butoccasionally a pond, river, orcreek; cavity nester, but willreadily use nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker, otherholes are too small.

Bufflehead h x x x x x x

Common merganser h x Not found in verymountainous areas; uselarge lakes with goodroosting sites such as beachboulders, gravel or sandbars, logs.

Bald eagle B x x x x x x x Usually associated withwater, but may be foundnearly anywhere; sometimesfeed on a carcass onground; nest near water intall snag or live old-growthtree.

Cooper’s hawk h x x x x x Rare at this elevation.

Northern goshawk subsp. atricapillus h x x x x x x x x x x Mountainous areas are usedprimarily during migration;open areas are used forhunting; use forest edges inthis zone; replaced bynorthern goshawk subsp.laingi on Van. Is. and QueenCharlotte Is.

Northern goshawk subsp. laingi R x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is. andQueen Charlotte Is.; aninterior forest bird that isheavily affected by loggingand fragmentation; forage inopen habitat.

Swainson’s hawk B x x x x x x Use forests near openings,usually grasslands, rarelyclearcuts; forage ongrasshoppers.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

TABLE A 3.2 MH Continued

212

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x x Particularly use this zoneduring autumn migration;use open and semi-openareas for hunting; may nesthere in trees or on cliffledges.

Rough-legged hawk h x x Do not breed in province.

Golden eagle h x x x x x x Not found on QueenCharlotte Is.; forage in openareas; nest primarily in rockycliffs and canyons; may havetree nests although trees inthis zone may not be largeenough to support them.

American kestrel h x x x x x x x x Use open areas in this zoneprimarily during migration,but may nest as high as1770 m; nest in tree cavities,other birds’ nests, and cliffholes.

Merlin h x x x x x Use higher elevations duringmigration; hunt in openareas.

Blue grouse h x x x x x x Use mature andsecond-growth coastalforest; use forest openingsincluding clearcuts andburns; early seral stagesprovide good breedinghabitat.

Rock ptarmigan h x x x x Use areas where vegetationis less than 1 m tall; streambanks.

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. h x x x x x x x Use highest, least vegetatedmountainous habitat.


B x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; usehighest, least vegetatedmountainous habitat; mayuse lower habitat in winter.

Least sandpiper h x x x Use soft muddy edges oflakes, ponds, bogs.

Red-necked phalarope B x x Use high-elevation lakesduring migration.

Great horned owl h x x x x x Found in dense or openwoodland, marshes,lakeshores; nests in oldhawk nests in trees, holes incliffs, clay banks.

Northern hawk owl h x x x x x x x Hunts in openings, nests intree cavities in coniferous ormixed forests.

Barred owl h x x x x x x Use coniferous or mixedforest edge; nest in treecavities.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


213

Northern pygmy owl subsp. swarthi B x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.,southern coastal islands, andadjacent coastal mainland.

Spotted owl R x x x x Use dense coniferousforests; nest in tree cavities.

Boreal owl h x x x x x

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h x x x x x x x x Hunts in openings such aslakeshore, marsh, meadow;nests in tree cavity inconiferous or mixed forests.

Hairy woodpecker subsp. picoideus B x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is.; primary cavityexcavator; need >20 cm dbh.

Three-toed woodpecker h x x x x x Use higher-elevation forestsand boreal forests; useprimarily coniferous treesnear openings made byburns, logging, lakes, orwetlands; nest in live ordead coniferous ordeciduous trees.

Northern flicker h x x x x x Uses open forests; nests indeciduous or coniferoustrees, clay banks, nestboxes.

Pileated woodpecker h x x x x Will use selectively loggedand mature second growthadjacent to old growth; nestin large, living, deciduoustrees.

Steller’s jay subsp. carlottae B x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is.

Yellow warbler h x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; nest in largewillows well off the ground;use forest edges andclearings with well-developed deciduous shrubsoften found near lakes andstreams.

MacGillivray’s warbler h x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use densedeciduous shrubs oftenfound near lakes andstreams; nest just off groundin dense shrubs.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


214

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use shrubbydeciduous undergrowth ofopen forest either coniferousor mixed; breed on ground indense herbaceous cover,often in riparian areas.

Pine grosbeak subsp. carlottae B x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is., QueenCharlotte Is., Gulf Islandsand adjacent coastalmainland; locally distributed.

MammalsWater shrew subsp. brooksi R x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; feed

on aquatic insects; dead anddown material is important instreams for appropriatehabitat; nest in bark debris.

Western long-eared myotis h x x x x x x x x x Forage over ponds, streams,and forest canopy; dayroosts are behind bark, intree cavities, rock crevices;night roosts are in caves.

Mountain beaver subsp. rufa R x x x x Restricted to NWL in thiszone; need burrowable soilwith enough slope to keepwater running; use any seralstage with lots ofherbaceous vegetation.

Mountain beaver subsp. rainieri B x x x x x Restricted to NWC in thiszone; use early seral stageswith deep, wet soils, and anabundance of groundvegetation; prefer a slope sothat groundwater is running.

Muskrat h x x x Benefit from presence ofbeavers; use lakes withmarshy vegetation; shallowstreams and riverbackwaters.

Beaver h x x x x x x x Will use any deciduousforest stage near water.

Northern flying squirrel h x x x x x Use extensive forest lands;declines in population couldindicate effects offragmentation of habitat.

Vancouver Island marmot R x x x x x x Restricted to SE quadrant ofVan. Is.; prefer forest edgeswhere boulders, downedlogs, logging slash, or goodburrowing soil providedenning sites.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


215

Douglas squirrel h x x x x Restricted to EPR, NPR, andwest on the mainland; usesecond growth and oldgrowth, clearcut edges; usetree cavities for nesting, alsonest boxes and will nest intree branch.

Red squirrel h x x x x x Use primarily second-growthand old-growth coniferousforests, eating conifer seedsand nesting in branches andcavities of coniferous trees;will also eat buds andflowers of deciduous trees.

Coyote h x x x x x x x x x Use the early seral throughyoung forest stage.

Gray wolf h x x x x x x x x x x x x Use lakes and streams astravel corridors when frozen;found wherever ungulatesare found.

Red fox h x x x x x x Found in edge habitat wheretrees and bushes borderopenings; early seral stagesfrom shrub-herb to youngforest with openings.

Cougar h x x x x x x x Not in BOR or QueenCharlotte Is.; dependent onmule deer subsp.columbianus on Van. Is.

Bobcat h x x x x x x x Excluded from Van. Is.; allseral stages of forestedhabitat.

Wolverine subsp. vancouverensis R x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; usesrocky areas for denning;need ungulates.

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x x x x Depend on ungulate carrion;use all seral stages offorests.

River otter h x x x x Den in forests.

Marten h x x x x x Use late seral stages; needwildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris.

Fisher B x x x x x In summer, use mixedforests in young to matureseral stages; in winter foundin mature and old-growthconiferous forests; usewildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris; followhare and porcupinedistribution.

Ermine subspp. h x x x x x x All seral stages where smallmammals are found; needcoarse woody debris.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


216

Ermine subsp. haidarum R x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is.; use all seralstages of forests; prey onsmall mammals; need deadand down material to provideaccess for undersnowhunting.

Ermine subsp. anguinea B x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; use allstages of forests; prey onsmall mammals; need deadand down material to provideaccess for undersnowhunting.

Long-tailed weasel subspp. h x x x x x x x x x Open habitats with coverwhere small mammals andbirds are found.

Long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis R x x x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to FRL, NWC,and southern tip of ECR;prey on ground squirrels,small mammals, snowshoehare; use dead and downmaterial.

Mink h x x x x Semi-aquatic.

Black bear subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x Especially use wetter forests;all seral stages are used;early and late for berrying;den at base of oldyellow-cedar, spruce, or inrock crevices.

Black bear subsp. emmonsi B x x x x x Restricted to ICR, TAB, ALR;use valley bottoms; winter intimber; most sightings inAlaska.

Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x x x x Riparian and wet forests areused throughout range forberrying, foraging and travel;other forests used in earlyand late seral stages forforaging, and berrying; denin high-elevation, highsnowfall areas; greatlyreduced in areas ofincreased human accesssuch as access roads forlogging.

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x x x All habitat types are usedonly if near steep, rockyterrain for escape cover; notfound on Van. Is. or QueenCharlotte Is.; forest habitatsnear rocky outcroppings areused during winter becauseof their snow interceptionqualities.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


217

Moose h x x x x x x x x Associated with shrubby,early seral habitats ofriparian forests andwetlands; use emergentvegetation in lakes and otherforest types for cover.

Elk subsp. roosevelti B x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is. in thiszone; use early seral stagesfor foraging and later stagesfor cover.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x x x x Introduced to QueenCharlotte Is.; forage in openhabitats and early seralstages of forests, use laterseral stages for cover.

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h x x x x x x Restricted to NPR andsouth; use early shrub-herbstage for foraging andmature and old-growthstages for cover and snowinterception wherenecessary.

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h x x x x x x x Restricted to QueenCharlotte Is. where theywere introduced, andadjacent mainland coast;habitat similar to mule deersubsp. columbianus.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

TABLE A 3.2 MH Concluded.

218

AmphibiansTiger salamander R x x Restricted to SOB, NOB,

and SOH; two phases:neotenes are aquaticobligates, metamorphosedcan use shrub/grass steppenear lakes and ponds;sensitive to fish stocking andlake rehabilitation.

Great Basin spadefoot toad B x x x x All habitats must be nearpermanent or temporarywater; burrow directly intoloose soil under logs orrocks during the day, forageon insects at night; breedingsites may be damaged byranch cattle, lakesidedevelopments.


ponds, prefer offshorebasking sites on boulders orlogs; need loose soil fordigging nest; sensitive tolakeshore development.

Short-horned lizard R x Not seen since 1937, couldbe extirpated.

Rubber boa B x x x x Often found with decayinglogs, rock rubble, and sandywell-drained soils; frequentlyassociated with lakes orstreams.

Western yellow-bellied racer B x x x x x x x Usually on ground, but maybe found in shrubs; eat smallmammals and insects,sometimes amphibians.

Night snake R x x Known from only two sites inSOB.

Gopher snake subsp. deserticola B x x x x Forested areas orshrub/grass steppe, must beassociated with rocky ortalus areas; need rockyfissures or talus for densites.

Western rattlesnake B x x x x x Does not occur in RockyMountain trench; forestedareas or shrub/grass steppe;must be associated withrocky or talus areas; needrocky fissures, talus, orcaves for den sites.


Eared grebe h x x Nesting.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)

TABLE A 3.3 Habitat use by listed species in the Dry Interior zonal group (Bunchgrass (BG), Ponderosa Pine (PP),Interior Douglas-fir (IDF), and Montane Spruce (MS) zones)

219

Western grebe R x x x Only breeding on OkanaganLake with emergentvegetation; minimal humandisturbance is critical tobreeding success.

Clark’s grebe h x x x Same habitat needs aswestern grebe.

American white pelican R x x No breeding in these zones.

Double-crested cormorant B x x Very rare.

American bittern B x x x x Rarely in agricultural fields;need tall vegetation such ascattail, bulrush, and willow;no winter records.

Great blue heron B x x x x x Nest in trees near foragingareas; usually in areas freeof human disturbance.

Green-backed heron B x x x x x x Slow-moving rivers,backwaters, sloughs,brackish or fresh, with denseoverhanging shrubs or trees;may be found near irrigationditches or on golf courseswith appropriate brushyhabitat.

Black-crowned night-heron h x x x Preferred habitats includeshorelines of thick willow andbirch; northern periphery ofrange.

Tundra swan h x x x x Flooded fields, slow-movingrivers.

Trumpeter swan B x x x x x x x Prefer shallow water.

Mute swan h x x x x Usually resident where theyoccur; sufficient aquaticvegetation and escapedistance are prerequisites tonesting; use flooded fieldsand city lakes.

Greater white-fronted goose h x x x x x Wet and dry fields, golfcourses, mud flats, shallowwater.

Snow goose h x x Feed primarily on bulrushrhizomes in winter; useagricultural fields nearforeshore areas.

Brant h x

Canada goose h x x x x x All non-aquatic habitats mustbe near water, slow-movingor still; artificial aquaticenvironments used readily.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)

TABLE A 3.3 BG, PP, IDF, and MS Continued

220


Green-winged teal h x x x x Shallow marshes andflooded fields; usesemergent vegetation.

Mallard h x x x x x Prefer shallow water, but willuse any depth; wet fields ordamp grass in parks.

Northern pintail h x x x x x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats are fornesting, not necessarily nearwater; may use edges ofmixed forest for nesting.

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x x x Uses water edges withemergent cover; non-aquatichabitats are used fornesting; only openings nearwater are used in forestedhabitats.

Cinnamon teal h x x x x Flooded fields; near cover;ponds or stream backwaterswith heavy emergent growth.

Northern shoveler h x x x x x Nest near water, usually indry grass.

Gadwall h x x x x Nest on dry ground nearwater; stream use is ofslow-moving rivers.

Eurasian wigeon h x x x x x Usually in mixed flocks withAmerican wigeon; use shortgrass uplands such as fields,golf courses, parks, airports;slow-moving rivers.

American wigeon h x x x x x Grass fields, golf courses,airports; slow-moving rivers.

Canvasback h x x x x Use lakes with abundantemergent vegetation fornesting, primarily bulrush.

Redhead h x x x x Prefer large, deep lakes;nesting birds use lakes withemergent vegetation oradjacent marshes.


Greater scaup h x x x Flooded fields.

Lesser scaup h x x x x Nest near freshwater,particularly in sedgemeadows; also use islands;agricultural lands include wetfields and dry nestinghabitat.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


221


Oldsquaw B x x Larger lakes and rivers.

Black scoter h x x

Surf scoter B x x Primarily use lakes.



Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x x x Nest in open or closedforests in the Interior, usuallynear an alkaline lake, butoccasionally a pond, river, orcreek; cavity nester, but willreadily use nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker; otherholes are too small.

Bufflehead h x x x x x x x Nest in forests near lakes;prefers open forest such asaspen parklands, interiorDouglas-fir, open ponderosapine, farmland; nests in treecavities usually made bynorthern flicker.

Hooded merganser h x x x x x x x x Breeding sites are in woodedshoreline; nest in treecavities in either deciduous(black cottonwood) orconiferous trees or nestboxes.

Common merganser h x x x Nest in riparian forests nearlakes or large rivers; oftenuse tree cavities, others neston ground, in nest boxes.

Red-breasted merganser h x x Does not breed in thesezones; winters primarily inthe southern OkanaganValley.

Ruddy duck h x x Prefer water at least 2 mdeep, with a muddy bottom;like abundant cattail orbulrush growth.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


222

Turkey vulture B x x x x x x x x Usually seen soaring overlisted habitats; come toground to feed on a carcass;nest in rocky areas, caves,talus, or mixed forest.

Osprey h x x x x x x Nest near permanent waterin dead or live tree with fewbranches or artificialstructure.

Bald eagle B x x x x x x x x Usually associated withwater but may be foundnearly anywhere; sometimesfeed on a carcass onground; nest near water intall snag or live old-growthtree.

Cooper’s hawk h x x x x x x x Use wide range of foresttypes, both coniferous anddeciduous; may forage nearbird feeders in winter.

Northern goshawk subsp. atricapillus h x x x x x x x x x x Usually breed in interior oflarge tracts of coniferousforest; heavily affected bylogging; forage in more openareas.

Swainson’s hawk B x x x x x Use forests near openings,usually grasslands orrangelands, rarely clearcuts;no longer winter in province.

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x x x x x x Forest habitat use is inclearings, burns and openwoodlands, both deciduousand coniferous; airports maybe used in urban areas;agricultural lands withperches such as fence rowsor scattered trees.

Ferruginous hawk R x x x x x x Restricted to SouthernInterior ecoprovince; usemid-size mammal prey(yellow-bellied marmot,Columbian ground squirrels).

Rough-legged hawk h x x x x Does not breed in province.

Golden eagle h x x x x x x x x x x x x x Not found on QueenCharlotte Is.; use forestburns or clearcuts whereprey is abundant; may nestin trees, but more often oncliff ledges; may foragealong highways for road-killsor at garbage dumps.

American kestrel h x x x x x x x x x x Use openings with perchingsites; nest in coniferous ordeciduous or cliff cavities,old bird nests, or nestingboxes.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


223

Merlin h x x x x x x x x Forest use restricted toedges and openings wheresmall birds are abundant;often found near bird feedersin residential areas; usuallynest in conifers.

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R x x x x x Used to breed on cliffsabove lakes and in rivercanyons; may be returningto these sites.

Gyrfalcon B x x x x x x Wherever abundant preysupplies (ptarmigan, rockdoves, water birds,shorebirds, etc.); nest oncliffs.

Prairie falcon R x x x x Nest on rocky cliffs orescarpments near opencountry where it hunts.

Gray partridge h x x x Survive best in agriculturalareas with ploughed fields,waste grain, orchards, allwith good cover ofhedgerows, fallow fields;breed only in SOB and NOB.

Chukar h x x Prefer steep overgrazedshrub/grassland hillsidesnear rocky outcroppings.

Ring-necked pheasant h x x x x x x x Prefer areas of rich soilwhich are now mostlyagricultural; will also useopen deciduous forests;needs heavy cover for wintersurvival.


Blue grouse h x x x x x x x Use forest openingsincluding clearcuts andburns; early seral stagesprovide good breedinghabitat.

Ruffed grouse h x x x x x x x x Logged or burned forests;use second-growthdeciduous on logged areas;brushy thickets; mixedconiferous-deciduous forests;prefer a slope near water;winter in denser, oftenconiferous forest.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


224

Sharp-tailed grouse subspp. h x x x x x x x Use openings caused byburns, agriculture, clear-cutting, or natural openingsin conjunction with thicketsor brushy, open woodlands;extirpated from theOkanagan Valley; one of thesubspecies ("Columbia") ison the 1993 blue list.


B x x x x x x x All habitats need openlowlands adjacent to brushyor open woodlands; wastegrain is used; lek sites arecritical.

Wild turkey h x x x Inhabit open valleys,particularly with ponderosapine.

California quail h x x x x x x x Use brushy gullies, riparianthickets, and variousagricultural and urbanhabitats with thick cover.

Sandhill crane B x x x x x Nonbreeding habitats requireunobstructed view and nodisturbance; often roost andfeed in shallow water toavoid mammalian predation;nest in dense, tall emergentvegetation such as bulrush;forage mainly on openuplands near water.

Lesser golden-plover B x x x Use short grass areas suchas lakeshores, golf courses,airports, playing fields,agricultural fields.

American avocet B x x Small ponds, larger lakeshores, and shallowwetlands.

Wandering tattler B x

Upland sandpiper R x x x x x x Rare; uses grassy uplands:fallow fields, wet pastures,golf courses, lawns; forestedareas only in burns; mudflats.

Long-billed curlew B x x Does not necessarily have tobe near water.

Hudsonian godwit B x x Use muddy shoreline andoutflow areas of lakes.

Least sandpiper h x x x x Use the soft muddy edges oflakes, ponds, bogs,agricultural areas.

Short-billed dowitcher B x x x Muddy areas such asmudflats, farm ponds, golfcourse greens.

Red-necked phalarope B x x x x Flooded agricultural fields;sewage lagoons.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


225

Ring-billed gull h x x x x Agricultural fields, parks, golfcourses, garbage dumps;nest on lake islands.

California gull B x x x x Agricultural fields, garbagedumps; nest on lake islands.

Caspian tern B x Lakeshores.

Arctic tern h x x x

Forster’s tern R x x Lakes and marshes.

Band-tailed pigeon h x x x x x x Roost in tall coniferous trees;use edges of forest openingsfor fruits; use residentialgardens for holly berries andother fruits; rail yards forspilled grain.

Mourning dove h x x x x x Primarily use orchards,pastures, fields, feedlots,and other agricultural areasfor feeding and nesting;other habitats includedeciduous forest or openponderosa pine parkland;breeding habitat is adjacentto lake, stream, or wetland.

Barn owl B x x x x Open country; most nestsfound in artificial structures;feed on voles.

Flammulated owl B x x x x x Old-growth forests onmountain sides; cavitynester.


B x x x x x Restricted to SouthernInterior and Southern InteriorMountains ecoprovinces;prefer mixeddeciduous-coniferous woodsnear water; cavity nester, butwill use nesting boxes.

Great horned owl h x x x x x x x Found in dense or openwoodland, marshes,lakeshores, agricultural, andresidential areas; nest in oldhawk nests in trees, holes incliffs, clay banks and artificialstructures.

Northern hawk owl h x x x x x x x Coniferous and mixedconiferous-deciduouswoodland; perch on trees,snags or power poles, andhunt in openings; openingscan be road or powerrights-of-way, marsh,clearcut, burn, lakeshore,agricultural field; nest in treecavity.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


226

Burrowing owl R x x x Nest in burrows both natural(old coyote or badgerburrows) and artificial.

Spotted owl R x x x x Use dense coniferous forest;nest in tree cavities; nestingpair found as far north asvicinity of Anderson Lake.

Barred owl h x x x x x x x Coniferous or mixed forestedge; also use farmlands,residential areas; nest in treecavities.

Short-eared owl B x x x x Population declining.

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h x x x x x x x x x Dense coniferous or mixedwoodlands, tall shrubs nearwetlands, or in city parks orresidential areas; nest in treecavity (woodpecker holes) ornest boxes.

Common poorwill h x x x Open, dry habitat inrangelands, fields, forestedges, road edges, wherescattered shrubs and grassclumps occur.

Vaux’s swift h x x x x x x x x x x Aerial feeders, fly over lakes,streams, forest canopy; roostand nest in hollow trees andchimneys.

White-throated swift B x x x Aerial forager associatedwith cliffs and canyons; nestin rocky cliffs.

Black-chinned hummingbird B x x x x Orchards, parks, andresidential areas; riparianforests with deciduousgroves.

Lewis’ woodpecker B x x x x x x Use logged and burnedareas with standing snags,deciduous groves near lakesand streams, open forest,orchards, rural andresidential gardens; nest intree cavity, can excavateown cavity.


B x x x x x x x Found principally inconiferous forests; not astied to western larch aspreviously thought;sometimes uses aspencopse.


R x x x x Restricted to MCR, BRR,southern part of EKT.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


227

White-headed woodpecker R x x x x x x Restricted to the SouthernInterior ecoprovince;northern limit of distribution;use open coniferous forests,black cottonwood groves,and residential gardens; nestin coniferous tree cavities.


Northern flicker h x x x x x x x x Use open forests as well asrural and urban residentialareas and other sparselytreed open habitats; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees, clay banks, artificialsites such as nest boxes,buildings, fenceposts.

Pileated woodpecker h x x x x Open, mixed interior forests;will use selectively loggedand second-growth forestadjacent to mature areas;most nests in large, livingdeciduous trees.

Gray flycatcher B x So far sightings restricted toSOB and NOB, but rangeseems to be expanding; nestin dry ponderosa pine forest.

Canyon wren B x x x At northern limit of range,sensitive to extremely coldwinters; use riparian forestsalong dry creek beds or atbase of rocky cliffs.

Western bluebird h x x x x x Forested areas withopenings.

Sage thrasher R x Primarily restricted to SOB,NOB, and OKR, at northernlimit of range; use grasssteppe for foraging, requirebig sage for nesting.

Sprague’s pipit R x x Found only in one field inFRB; nesting.

Northern shrike h x x x x x x x x x x Use open habitats (clearcutsor burns in forested habitat)with perching site such astelephone line, snag,fencepost, deciduous tree.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


228

Yellow warbler h x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; nest in largewillows well off ground; useforest edges and clearingswith well-developeddeciduous understorey; lakeand river edges with willowsare typical habitat.

Palm warbler B x x x Rare here.

MacGillivray’s warbler h x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use densedeciduous shrubs oftenfound near lakes andstreams; nest just off groundin dense shrubs.

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use shrubbydeciduous undergrowth ofopen forests, eitherconiferous or mixed; nest onground in dense herbaceouscover, often in riparian areas.

Yellow-breasted chat R x Restricted distribution,primarily in Okanagan; usedense riparian thickets;breed in thick prickly shrubssuch as wild rose.

Brewer’s sparrow subsp. breweri R x Nest and forage insagebrush steppe.

Lark sparrow B x x Nest in grassy areas ofsteppe or agricultural fields.

Grasshopper sparrow R x Nest on ground.

Bobolink B x x Use uncut and old-growthpastures and grasslands;breed in BG, PP, IDF zones.

Yellow-headed blackbird h x x x x Forages in agricultural areasand grasslands whereappropriate; breed andforage in wetlands and lakeswhere there are cattails andbulrushes.

MammalsPallid bat R x x x x Daytime roosts in rock

crevices or buildings; nightroosts in open shelters suchas caves and porches.

Spotted bat B x x x Restricted to SOB and NOB;roost in rock faces.

Western red bat R x x x x x Restricted to SOB and NOBand southern LPR; forageover streams and forestopenings; roost in trees.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


229

Western small-footed myotis B x x Roost in rock faces andbetween boulders in talus;has been found under barkand in a barn; forage alongcliffs and rocky slopes.

Western long-eared myotis h x x x x x x x Roosts in rock fissures,caves, under loose bark, orin hollow trees; forageswithin coniferous forestcanopy and over small forestlakes.

Fringed myotis B x x x Restricted to SOB and NOB;roost on rocky cliffs.

Townsend’s big-eared bat B x x x x x Use caves and old mines forhibernation; vulnerable tohuman disturbance.

Nuttall’s cottontail B x x x x x x x x Restricted to OKR, SOB,and NOB; use forestopenings with cover; shrubbyagricultural habitats.

Mountain beaver subsp. rainieri B x x x x x Use early seral stages withdeep, wet soils, and anabundance of groundvegetation; prefer a slope sothat groundwater is running.


B x x x x Restricted to BRR; use allsuccessional stages, but dobetter in old growth.



R x


Western harvest mouse B x x Restricted to SOB; usedense streamside thickets.

Great Basin pocket mouse B x Use burrows at base ofshrubs during day.

Northern flying squirrel h x x x x x Use any forested habitatwhere some trees are 16 mor more in height; preferopen forest; nest in cavitiesor tree branches.

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B x x x x x x x Forest openings with deadand down material.


R x x x x x Restricted to small portion ofsouthern BRR; all stageswith shrub understorey ofseed producers; usemeadow margins.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


230

Douglas squirrel h x x x x x Restricted to EPR in thesezones (IDFw); use secondgrowth and old growth,clearcut edges; use treecavities, nest boxes, or treebranches for nesting.

Red squirrel h x x x x x x Use primarily second- andold-growth coniferousforests, eating conifer seedsand nesting in branches andcavities of coniferous trees;will also eat buds andflowers of deciduous trees.

Coyote h x x x x x x x x x x x x Use early seral throughyoung forest stage.

Gray wolf h x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Use lakes and streams astravel corridors when frozen;found wherever ungulatesare found.

Red fox h x x x x x x x x Found in edge habitat wheretrees and bushes borderopenings; early seral stagesfrom shrub-herb to youngforest with openings.

Cougar h x x x x x x x x

Lynx h x x x x x x x x Use talus and rocky cliffs fordenning; sapling or olderseral stage in forests.

Bobcat h x x x x x x x x x All seral stages of forestedhabitat.

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x x x Depend on ungulate carrion;use all seral stages offorests.






Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


231

Ermine subspp. h x x x x x x x x All seral stages where smallmammals are found; needcoarse woody debris.

Long-tailed weasel h x x x x x x x x x x x Open habitats with coverwhere small mammals andbirds are found.

Long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis R x x x x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to southern tip ofEPR here; eat mid-sizemammals such as hare,ground squirrels.


Badger B x x x x x Primarily nocturnal; use openhabitats where groundsquirrels are found.

Raccoon h x x x x x x x Use coniferous anddeciduous forests; den inhollow trees or in burrowunder roots.

Black bear subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x x x Especially use wetter forests;all seral stages are used;early and late for berrying;den at base of oldyellow-cedar, spruce or inrock crevices.

Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x x x x x Riparian and wet forests areused throughout range forberrying, foraging, andtravel; other forests used inearly and late seral stagesfor foraging and berrying;greatly reduced in areas withincreased human accesssuch as settlements,ranching, access roads forlogging and oil exploration.

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x x Use of all habitats isconstrained by proximity torocky cliffs or bluffs;old-growth or matureforested habitats are used inwinter for protection fromstorms and for theirsnow-shedding ability; forestedges may be used insummer for thermal cover.

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B x x x Use forest adjacent to steep,rocky cover; introduced intoPPxh, MSxk, MSdm zones.

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B x x x x Forage in avalanche tracks,grassland, and early seralstage of dry forest; use rockyareas and later seral stagesof forest for cover.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)


232

Moose h x x x x x x x x x Restricted to Central Interiorecoprovince portion of IDFxzone; associated withshrubby, early seral habitatsof riparian forests andwetlands; use emergentvegetation in lakes and otherforest types for cover.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x x x x Introduced to PPxh, IDFxzones; forage in openhabitats and early seralstages of forests, use laterseral stages for cover.

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x x x x x x Use steep, south-facingslopes in winter.

White-tailed deer h x x x x Shrub-herb stage of dryforests.

Caribou (northern populations) h x x x x x x x x Forage on terrestrial andarboreal lichens; mature andold-growth forests providelichens.

Caribou (southeastern populations) B x x x x x x x x x Use primarily arboreallichens; mature andold-growth forests providelichens; use lakes whenfrozen.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BG, PP, IDF)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

(BG, PP)

Aspencopse

(BG, PP)

TABLE A 3.3 BG, PP, IDF, and MS Concluded.

233

AmphibiansCoeur d’Alene salamander R x x x x Need cool, humid sites such

as abandoned mine shafts,under flat rocks, bark, rockrubble, in active seepageareas; mature or old-growthstages; logging may havedevastated much ofpopulation; restricted tosmall part of EKT.

Tailed frog B x x Cold, cascading streams,shaded by mature orold-growth forest; sensitiveto stream disturbance suchas siltation or algal growth;adults use mature orold-growth stages of riparianforests; forage on smallinvertebrates on damp forestfloor.

Leopard frog R x x x Need permanent, shallowwater with abundantvegetation; commerciallyexploited for biologicalsupply houses; severeunexplained populationdecline.


ponds; prefer offshorebasking sites on boulders orlogs; need loose soil fordigging nest; sensitive tolakeshore development.

Rubber boa B x x x Often found with decayinglogs, rock rubble, and sandy,well-drained soils; frequentlyassociated with lakes orstreams.

Western rattlesnake B x x x x Restricted to SFH in thiszone; forested areas orshrub/grass steppe; must beassociated with rocky ortalus areas; need rockyfissures, talus, or caves forden sites.


Eared grebe h x x


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep

TABLE A 3.4 Habitat use by listed species in the Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone

234

Western grebe R x x x Breed on Kootenay Lakenear Creston where there isemergent vegetation;minimal human disturbanceis critical to breedingsuccess.

Clark’s grebe h x x x Same habitat needs aswestern grebe.

American white pelican R x x No breeding in this zone.

Double-crested cormorant B x x Rare here.

American bittern B x x x x Rarely agricultural fields;need tall vegetation such ascattail, bulrush, and willow;no winter records.

Great blue heron B x x x x x Nest in trees near foragingareas, usually in areas freeof human disturbance.

Green-backed heron B x x x x x x Slow-moving rivers,backwaters, sloughs, withdense, overhanging shrubsor trees; may be found nearirrigation ditches or on golfcourses with appropriatebrushy habitat.

Black-crowned night-heron h x x x Preferred habitats includeshorelines of tall willow andred alder on coast and thickwillow and birch in Interior;northern periphery of range.


Trumpeter swan B x x x x x x x Prefer shallow water.


Snow goose h x x Feed primarily on bulrushrhizomes in winter; useagricultural fields nearforeshore areas.

Brant h x



Green-winged teal h x x x x Shallow marshes andflooded fields, usesemergent vegetation.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep

TABLE A 3.4 ICH Continued

235


Northern pintail h x x x x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats are fornesting, not necessarily nearwater; may use edges ofmixed forest for nesting.

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x x Use water edges withemergent cover; non-aquatichabitats are used fornesting; only openings nearwater are used in forestedhabitats.













Black scoter h x x

Surf scoter B x x



Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


236

Common goldeneye h x x x x x x Nest near lakes, rivers, andwetlands in a wooded area;cavity nester, but will readilyuse nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with a large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker.

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x x Nest in open or closedforests usually near analkaline lake, butoccasionally a pond, river, orcreek; cavity nester, but willreadily use nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with a large naturalcavity or a cavity made bypileated woodpecker; otherholes are too small.

Bufflehead h x x x x x x x Nest primarily in forests nearlakes; prefers open forestsuch as aspen parklands,interior Douglas-fir, openponderosa pine, farmland;nest in tree cavities usuallymade by northern flicker.


Common merganser h x x x Nest in riparian forests nearlakes or large rivers; oftenuse tree cavities, but willalso nest on ground or innest boxes.

Red-breasted merganser h x x Does not breed in this zone.


Turkey vulture B x x x x x x x Usually seen soaring overlisted habitats; come to theground to feed on a carcass;nest in rocky areas, caves,talus, or mixed forest.

Osprey h x x x x x x Nest near permanent waterin dead or live tree with fewbranches, or artificialstructure.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


237


Cooper’s hawk h x x x x x x Use wide range of foresttypes, both coniferous anddeciduous; may forage nearbird feeders in winter.

Northern goshawk subsp. atricapillus h x x x x x x Usually breed in interior oflarge tracts of coniferousforest; heavily affected byclearcut logging; forage inmore open areas.

Swainson’s hawk B x x x Use forests near openings,usually grasslands orrangelands, rarely clearcuts;does not winter in province.

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x Forest habitat use is inclearings, burns, and openwoodlands, both deciduousand coniferous; airports maybe used in urban areas;agricultural lands withperches such as fence rowsor scattered trees.

Rough-legged hawk h x x x Does not breed in province.

Golden eagle h x x x x x x x x x x Use forest burns or clearcutswhere prey abundant; maynest in trees, but more oftenon cliff ledges; may foragealong highways for road-killsor at garbage dumps.

American kestrel h x x x x x x x x Use openings with perchingsites; nest in tree or cliffcavities, old bird nests, ornesting boxes.

Merlin h x x x x x x x x Forest use restricted toedges and openings wheresmall birds are abundant;often found near bird feedersin residential areas.

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R x x x x x Used to breed on cliffsabove lakes and in rivercanyons; may be returningto these sites.

Gyrfalcon B x x x x x Wherever abundant preysupplies (ptarmigan, rockdoves, water birds,shorebirds, etc.); nest oncliffs.

Prairie falcon R x x x Nest on rocky cliffs orescarpments near opencountry where it hunts.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


238

Ring-necked pheasant h x x x x x x x Prefer areas of rich soilwhich are now mostlyagricultural; will also useopen deciduous forests;need heavy cover for wintersurvival.


Blue grouse h x x x x x Use forest openingsincluding clearcuts andburns; early seral stagesprovide good breedinghabitat.

Ruffed grouse h x x x x x x Logged or burned forests;use second-growthdeciduous on logged areas;brushy thickets; mixedconiferous-deciduous forests;prefer a slope near water;winters in denser, oftenconiferous forest.

Wild turkey h x x x Inhabit open valleys,particularly with ponderosapine.

California quail h x x x x x x Use brushy gullies, riparianthickets, and variousagricultural and urbanhabitats with thick cover.

Sandhill crane B x x x x Nonbreeding habitats requireunobstructed view and nodisturbance; often roost andfeed in shallow water toavoid mammalian predation;nest in dense, tall emergentvegetation such as bulrush;forage on open uplands nearwater.


American avocet B x x Small ponds, largerlakeshores, and shallowwetlands.

Upland sandpiper R x x x x x Rare; use grassy uplands,fallow fields, wet pastures;golf courses, lawns; forestedareas only in burns.

Long-billed curlew B x Does not necessarily have tobe near water.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


239

Least sandpiper h x x x x Use soft muddy edges oflakes, ponds, bogs,agricultural areas.


Red-necked phalarope B x x x x Flooded fields; sewagelagoons.

Ring-billed gull x x x x Agricultural fields, parks, golfcourses, garbage dumps.

California gull B x x x x Agricultural fields, garbagedumps.



Band-tailed pigeon h x x x x x x Roost in tall coniferous trees;use edges of forest openingsfor fruits; use residentialgardens for holly berries andother fruits; rail yards forspilled grain.

Mourning dove h x x x Primarily use orchards,pastures, fields, feedlots,and other agricultural areasfor feeding and nesting;other habitats includedeciduous forest or openponderosa pine parkland;breeding habitat is adjacentto lake, stream, or wetland.

Barn owl B x x x Open country; most nestsfound in artificial structures;feed on voles.


B x x x x x x Prefer mixeddeciduous-coniferous woodsnear water; cavity nester, butwill use nesting boxes.

Great horned owl h x x x x x x x Found in dense or openwoodland, marshes,lakeshores, agricultural andresidential areas; nests inold hawk nests in trees,holes in cliffs, clay banks,and artificial structures.

Northern hawk owl h x x x x x x x Coniferous and mixedconiferous-deciduouswoodland; perch on trees,snags, or power poles andhunts in openings; openingscan be road or powerrights-of-way, marsh,clearcut, burn, lakeshore,agricultural field; nest in treecavity.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


240


Short-eared owl B x x x Population declining.

Northern saw-whet owl h x x x x x x x Dense coniferous or mixedwoodlands, tall shrubs nearwetlands or in city parks orresidential areas; nest in treecavity (woodpecker holes) ornest boxes.

Common poorwill h x Open, dry habitat inrangelands, fields, forestedges, road edges, wherescattered shrubs and grassclumps occur.

Vaux’s swift h x x x x x x x x Aerial feeders, fly over lakes,streams, forest canopy; roostand nest in hollow trees andchimneys.

White-throated swift B x x x Aerial forager associatedwith cliffs and canyons; nestin rocky cliffs.

Black-chinned hummingbird B x x x Orchards, parks, residentialareas; deciduous areas ofriparian forests.

Lewis’ woodpecker B x x x x x Use logged and burnedareas with standing snags,deciduous groves near lakesand streams, open forest,orchards, rural andresidential gardens; nest intree cavity, can excavateown cavity.

White-headed woodpecker R x x x x x Restricted to the SouthernInterior ecoprovince and theSCM; northern limit ofdistribution; use openconiferous forests, blackcottonwood groves, andresidential gardens; nest inconiferous tree cavities.

Three-toed woodpecker h x x x x x Use higher-elevation forestsand boreal forests; useprimarily coniferous treesnear openings made byburns, logging, lakes orwetlands; nest in live ordead coniferous ordeciduous trees.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


241

Northern flicker h x x x x x x x Use open forests as well asrural and urban residentialareas and other sparselytreed open habitats; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees, clay banks, artificialsites such as nest boxes,buildings, fenceposts.

Pileated woodpecker h x x x x Open, mixed interior forests;will use selectively loggedand second-growth forestadjacent to mature areas;most nests in large, livingdeciduous trees.

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B x x x Use birch, second growth,scrubby, thick trees; roadright-of-ways; almost noinformation on this species.

Canyon wren B x x x At northern limit of range,sensitive to extremely coldwinters; use riparian forestsalong dry creek beds or atbase of rocky cliffs.

Western bluebird h x x x x Forested areas withopenings; use agriculturalareas in ICH zoneassociated with forests.

Northern shrike h x x x x x x x x x Use open habitats (clearcutsor burns in forested habitat)with perching sites such astelephone lines, snags,fenceposts, deciduous trees.

Yellow warbler h x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; nest in largewillows well off ground; useforest edges and clearingswith well-developeddeciduous understorey; lakeand river edges with willowsare typical habitat.

MacGillivray’s warbler h x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use densedeciduous shrubs oftenfound near lakes andstreams; nest just off groundin dense shrubs.

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use shrubbydeciduous undergrowth ofopen coniferous or mixedforest; breed on ground indense herbaceous cover,often in riparian area.

Yellow-breasted chat R x Use dense riparian thickets;breed in thick prickly shrubssuch as wild rose.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


242

Lark sparrow B x x Abandoned fields andbrushy pastures; parks;ground dwelling.

Bobolink B x Use uncut and old-growthpastures and grasslands;breeding.

Yellow-headed blackbird h x x x Forage in agricultural areasand grasslands whereappropriate, breed andforage in wetlands and lakeswhere there are cattails andbulrushes.

MammalsWestern long-eared myotis h x x x x x x x Roost in rock fissures,

caves, under loose bark, orin hollow trees; forage withinconiferous forest canopy andover small forest lakes.

Northern long-eared myotis R x x x x x x x Forage over openings inforest such as pools,streams, roads, clearings;roost under loose bark andbehind shutters in ruralareas.

Townsend’s big-eared bat B x x x x Roost and hibernate incaves and old mines;vulnerable to human activity.




R x x x x x Restricted to small portion ofSCM, NE of Creston; needgood soil for burrowing; useearly seral stages of forests;eat forbs and seedlings.

Red-tailed chipmunk subsp. simulans R x x x x Restricted to small portion ofeastern SCM, MCR, andEKT; all stages with shrubunderstorey of seedproducers; uses meadowmargins.

Northern flying squirrel h x x x x x Use conifer-dominatedforests; nest in tree cavities;feed in trees and on ground.



Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


243

Coyote x x x x x x x x x x Use early seral throughyoung forest stage.



Cougar h x x x x x x x Not in BOR.

Lynx h x x x x x x x Use talus and rocky cliffs fordenning; sapling or olderseral stage in forests.

Bobcat h x x x x x x x all seral stages of forestedhabitat.

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x x x Eat decaying salmon fromstreams; depend onungulate carrion; use allseral stages of forests.


Marten h x x x x Use late seral stages; needwildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris.

Fisher B x x x x In summer, use mixedforests in young to matureseral stages; in winter foundin mature and old-growthconiferous forests; usewildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris; followhare and porcupinedistribution.




Least weasel h x Open forest such asparkland or dry forest.


Badger B x x x Primarily nocturnal; use openhabitats where groundsquirrels are found.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


244

Raccoon h x x x x x x x x x Partially arboreal; useconiferous and deciduoustrees; den in hollow trees orin burrow under roots; mayhunt on lake, stream, andwetland edges.

Black bear subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x x Especially use wetter forests;all seral stages are used;early and late for berrying;den at base of oldyellow-cedar, spruce, or inrock crevices.

Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x x x x x Riparian and wet forests areused throughout range forberrying, foraging, andtravel; other forests used inearly and late seral stagesfor foraging and berrying;greatly reduced in areas withincreased human accesssuch as settlements,ranching, access roads forlogging and oil exploration.

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x All habitats used are nearrocky cliffs or bluffs; matureor old-growth forests areused for their snow-sheddingability and to protect fromwinter storms.

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B x x Use forest adjacent to steep,rocky cover; came into ICHzone across border fromintroduced population inWashington State.

Moose h x x x x x x x x x x Associated with shrubby,early seral habitats ofriparian forests andwetlands; use emergentvegetation in lakes andother forest types for cover.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x x Forage in open habitats andearly seral stages of forests,use later seral stages forcover.

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x x x x Use steep, south-facingslopes in winter.

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h x x x x x x x x x Restricted to NPR andsouth; use early shrub-herbstage for foraging andmature and old-growthstages for cover and snowinterception wherenecessary.

White-tailed deer h x x x Shrub-herb stage of dryforests.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep


245

Caribou (northern populations) h x x x x x x x x Use arboreal and terrestriallichens; arboreal lichensfrom mature and old-growthforests.

Caribou (southeastern populations) B x x x x x x x x Use arboreal lichens in theSouthern Interior Mountainsecoprovince; mature andold-growth forests providelichens; use lakes whenfrozen.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Alder seep

TABLE A 3.4 ICH Concluded.

246


Eared grebe h x x

Western grebe R x x x

American white pelican R x x Only breeding colony inprovince at Stum Lake inSBPS.

Double-crested cormorant B x x Rare here.


Great blue heron B x x x x x Nest in trees near foragingareas, usually in areas freeof human disturbance.


Trumpeter swan B x x x x x x x


Snow goose h x x


Green-winged teal h x x x x Shallow marshes andflooded fields, use emergentvegetation.


Northern pintail h x x x x x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats are fornesting, not necessarily nearwater; may use edges ofmixed forest for nesting.

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x x x Use water edges withemergent cover; non-aquatichabitats are used fornesting; only openings nearwater are used in forestedhabitats.





Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

TABLE A 3.5 Habitat use by listed species in the Central Plateau zonal group (Sub-Boreal Spruce and Sub-BorealPine–Spruce zones

247









Oldsquaw B x x Prefer marine habitats; someuse of larger lakes andrivers.

Black scoter h x x

Surf scoter B x x Primarily use lakes.

White-winged scoter h x x Use deeper parts of lakesand slow-moving rivers; neston a variety of lakes, smalland large, acidic andalkaline.



Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

TABLE A 3.5 SBS and SBPS Continued

248

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x x Nest in open or closedforests, usually near analkaline lake, butoccasionally a pond, river orcreek; cavity nester, but willreadily use nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or a cavity made bypileated woodpecker; otherholes are too small.

Bufflehead h x x x x x x x Nest in forests near lakes;prefer open forest such asaspen parklands, InteriorDouglas-fir, open ponderosapine, farmland; nests in treecavities usually made bynorthern flicker.


Common merganser h x x x Nest in riparian forests nearlakes or large rivers; oftenuse tree cavities, other nestsfound on ground, in nestboxes.

Red-breasted merganser h x x Does not breed in thesezones.



Bald eagle B x x x x x x x x Usually associated withwater, but may be foundnearly anywhere; sometimesfeed on a carcass onground; nest near waterin tall snag or live old-growthtree.

Cooper’s hawk h x x x x x Use a wide range of foresttypes both coniferous anddeciduous; may forage nearbird feeders in winter.

Northern goshawk subsp. atricapillus h x x x x x x Usually breed in interior oflarge tracts of coniferousforest; heavily affected byclearcut logging; forage inmore open areas.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


249

Swainson’s hawk B x x x x x x Use forests near openings,usually grasslands orrangelands, rarely clearcuts.

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x Forest habitat use is inclearings, burns, and openwoodlands, both deciduousand coniferous; airports maybe used in urban areas;agricultural lands withperches such as fence rowsor scattered trees.

Rough-legged hawk h x x x x Does not breed in province.

Golden eagle x x x x x x x x x x Use forest burns or clearcutswhere prey abundant; maynest in trees, but more oftenon cliff ledges; may foragealong highways for road-killsor at garbage dumps.

American kestrel h x x x x x x x Use openings with perchingsites; nest in tree or cliffcavities, old bird nests, ornesting boxes.

Merlin h x x x x x x x Forest use restricted toedges and openings wheresmall birds are abundant;often found near bird feedersin residential areas.

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R x x x x x Used to breed on cliffsabove lakes and in rivercanyons, may be returningto these sites.

Gyrfalcon B x x x x x x Wherever abundant preysupplies (ptarmigan, rockdoves, water birds,shorebirds, etc.); nest oncliffs.


Blue grouse h x x x x x x Use forest openingsincluding clearcuts andburns; early seral stagesprovide good breedinghabitat.

Ruffed grouse h x x x x x x Logged or burned forests;use second-growthdeciduous on logged areas;brushy thickets; mixedconiferous-deciduous forests;prefer a slope near water;winters in denser, oftenconiferous forest.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


250

Sharp-tailed grouse subspp. h x x x x x All habitats need openlowlands adjacent to brushyor open woodlands; wastegrain is used; lek sites arecritical.




Wandering tattler B x

Upland sandpiper R x x x x x x Rare; uses grassy uplands;fallow fields, wet pastures,golf courses, lawns, forestedareas only in burns.

Long-billed curlew B x x Does not necessarily have tobe near water.




Ring-billed gull h x x x x Agricultural fields, parks, golfcourses, garbage dumps;nest on lake islands.

California gull B x x x x Agricultural fields, dumps.

Arctic tern h x x x

Band-tailed pigeon h x x x x x x Roost in tall coniferous trees;use edges of forest openingsfor fruits; use residentialgardens for holly berries andother fruits.

Mourning dove h x x x Primarily use orchards,pastures, fields, feedlots,and other agricultural areasfor feeding and nesting;other habitats includedeciduous forest; breedinghabitat is adjacent to lake,stream, or wetland.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


251

Great horned owl h x x x x x x x Found in dense or openwoodland, marshes,lakeshores, agricultural andresidential areas; nest in oldhawk nests in trees, holes incliffs, clay banks, andartificial structures.

Northern hawk owl h x x x x x x x Coniferous and mixedwoodland; perch on trees,snags or power poles andhunt in openings; openingscan be road or powerrights-of-way, marsh,clearcut, burn, lakeshore,agricultural field; nest in treecavity.

Burrowing owl R x x x Nest in burrows both natural(old coyote or badgerburrows) and artificial.


Short-eared owl B x x x x Populations declining.

Northern saw-whet owl h x x x x x x x Dense coniferous or mixedwoodlands, tall shrubs nearwetlands or in city parks orresidential areas; nest in treecavities (woodpecker holes)or nest boxes.

Common poorwill h x x Open, dry habitat inrangelands, fields, forestedges, road edges, wherescattered shrubs and grassclumps occur.


Lewis’ woodpecker B x x x x x Use logged and burnedareas with standing snags,deciduous groves near lakesand streams, open forest,orchards, rural andresidential gardens; nest intree cavities, can excavateown cavity.

Yellow-bellied sapsucker h x x x x Use open to semi-opendeciduous or mixed forestnear lakes, marshes,backwater river channels, orgullies; nest in excavatedcavities in deciduous trees.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


252

Three-toed woodpecker h x x x x Use higher-elevation forestsand boreal forests; useprimarily coniferous treesnear openings made byburns, logging, lakes, orwetlands; nest in live ordead coniferous ordeciduous trees.

Northern flicker h x x x x x x Use open forests as well asrural and urban residentialareas and other sparselytreed open habitats; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees, clay banks, artificialsites such as nest boxes,buildings, fenceposts.

Pileated woodpecker h x x x x Open, mixed forests; will useselectively logged andsecond-growth forestadjacent to mature areas;most nests in large, livingdeciduous trees.

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B x x x Use birch, second growth,scrubby, thick trees; roadrights-of-way; almost noinformation on this species.

Northern shrike h x x x x x x x x Use open habitats (clearcutsor burns in forested habitat)with perching sites such astelephone lines, snags,fenceposts, deciduous trees.

Yellow warbler h x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; nest in largewillows well off ground; useforest edges and clearingswith well-developeddeciduous understorey; lakeand river edges with willowsare typical habitat.

Black-throated green warbler B x Small spruce bogs.

Bay-breasted warbler R x x x Restricted to NE part ofprovince; use large, matureforests.

MacGillivray’s warbler h x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use densedeciduous shrubs oftenfound near lakes andstreams; nest just off groundin dense shrubs.

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use shrubbydeciduous undergrowth ofopen forest either coniferousor mixed; breed on ground indense herbaceous cover,often in riparian areas.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


253

Lark sparrow B x x x Abandoned fields, brushypastures; parks; grounddwelling.

Bobolink B x x Use uncut and old-growthpastures and grasslands;breeding in SBS zone.

Yellow-headed blackbird h x x x x In Interior locations, forage inagricultural areas andgrasslands whereappropriate; breed andforage in wetlands and lakeswhere there are cattails andbulrushes.

MammalsWestern long-eared myotis h x x x x x x x x Forage over ponds, streams,

and forest canopy; dayroosts are behind bark, intree cavities, rock crevices;night roosts are in caves.

Northern long-eared myotis R x x x x x x x Forage over openings inforest such as pools,streams, roads, clearings;roosts under loose bark andbehind shutters in ruralareas.



Northern flying squirrel h x x x x Use extensive forest lands;declines in population couldindicate effects offragmentation of habitat.

Red squirrel h x x x x Use primarily second- andold-growth coniferousforests, eating conifer seedsand nesting in branches andcavities of coniferous trees;will also eat buds andflowers of deciduous trees.

Coyote h x x x x x x x x x x Use early seral throughyoung forest stage.



Cougar h x x x x x x


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


254

Lynx h x x x x x x Use talus and rocky cliffs fordenning; sapling or olderseral stage in forests.

Bobcat h x x x x x x x Associated with snowshoehare in SBS zone; all seralstages of forested habitat.

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x x Depend on ungulate carrion;use all seral stages offorests.


Marten h x x x x Use late seral stages; needwildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris; followred-backed vole distributionin SBS zone.

Fisher B x x x x In summer, use mixedforests in young to matureseral stages; in winter, foundin mature and old-growthconiferous forests; usewildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris; followhare and porcupinedistribution.

Striped skunk h x x x x x x x Open areas with densecover; burrow in ground oruse crawl space underbuildings for denning.

Ermine subspp. h x x x x x x All seral stages where smallmammals are found; needcoarse woody debris.


Least weasel h x Open forest such asparkland or dry forest.


Badger B x x x x Primarily nocturnal; use openhabitats where groundsquirrels are found.



Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests


255

Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x x x x Riparian and wet forests areused throughout range forberrying, foraging, andtravel; other forests used inearly and late seral stagesfor foraging and berrying;greatly reduced in areas withincreased human accesssuch as settlements,ranching, access roads forlogging and oil exploration.

Mountain goat h x x x s s s s All habitats are used only ifnear steep, rocky terrain forescape cover; forest habitatsnear rocky outcroppings areused during winter becauseof their snow-interceptionqualities.

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B x x x x Forage in avalanche tracks,grassland, and early seralstage of dry forest; use rockyareas and later seral stagesof forest for cover.

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B x x x x Early seral, steep forests;tops of avalanche tracks.

Moose h x x x x x x x x x Associated with shrubby,early seral habitats ofriparian forests andwetlands; use emergentvegetation in lakes and otherforest types for cover.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x x x Forage in open habitats andearly seral stages of forests,use later seral stages forcover.

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x x x x x Use steep, south-facingslopes in winter.

White-tailed deer h x x x Shrub-herb stage of dryforests.

Caribou (northern populations) h x x x x x x x x Use arboreal and terrestriallichens; arboreal lichens arefound in mature andold-growth forests.

Caribou (southeastern populations) B x x x x x x x x Restricted to far-easternportion of SBS zone; usearboreal lichens in SouthernInterior Mountainsecoprovince; mature andold-growth forests providelichens; use lakes whenfrozen; rocky habitats forcalving.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Agricultural areas

Urban/suburban

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

TABLE A 3.5 SBS and SBPS Concluded.

256

AmphibiansTailed frog B x x Cold, cascading streams,

shaded by mature orold-growth forest; sensitiveto stream disturbance suchas siltation or algal growth;adults use mature orold-growth stages of riparianforests, forage on smallinvertebrates on damp forestfloor.


Canada goose h x x x x Non-aquatic habitats mustbe near water, slow-movingor still; artificial aquaticenvironments used readily.

Mallard h x x x Prefer shallow water, but willuse any depth; wet fields ordamp grass in parks.

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x x Use water edge withemergent cover; non-aquatichabitats are used fornesting; only openings nearwater are used in forestedhabitats.

Cinnamon teal h x x x Flooded fields; near cover;ponds or stream backwaterswith heavy emergent growth.

American wigeon h x x x Grass fields, golf courses,airports; slow-moving rivers.


Lesser scaup h x x x Nest near freshwater,particularly in sedgemeadows; also use islands;agricultural lands include wetfields and dry nestinghabitat.



Surf scoter B x x

White-winged scoter h x x

Common goldeneye h x x x x x x Nest near lakes, rivers, andwetlands in wooded area;cavity nester, but will readilyuse nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

TABLE A 3.6 Habitat use by listed species in the Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir zone

257

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x x Nest in open or closedforests usually near analkaline lake, butoccasionally a pond, river, orcreek; cavity nester, but willreadily use nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with a large naturalcavity or a cavity made bypileated woodpecker; otherholes are too small.

Bufflehead h x x x x x x Nest primarily in forests nearlakes; prefer open forestsuch as aspen parklands,interior Douglas-fir, openponderosa pine, farmland;nest in tree cavities usuallymade by northern flicker.

Hooded merganser h x x x x x x x Breeding sites are in woodedshoreline; nest in treecavities in either deciduous(black cottonwood) orconiferous trees or nestboxes.

Common merganser h x x Use open, clear,medium-sized lakes andrivers.

Bald eagle B x x x x x x x Usually associated withwater but may be foundnearly anywhere; sometimesfeed on a carcass onground; nest near water intall snag or live old-growthtree.

Cooper’s hawk h x x x x x x Use wide range of foresttypes both coniferous anddeciduous; rare at such highelevations.

Northern goshawk subsp. atricapillus h x x x x x x x Does not breed at thiselevation.

Swainson’s hawk B x x x x x x Use forests near openings,usually grasslands, rarelyclearcuts.

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x Forest habitat use is inclearings, burns, and openwoodlands, both deciduousand coniferous; usually nestin trees in forest edges.

Rough-legged hawk h x x Does not breed in province.

Golden eagle h x x x x x x x x x x Use forest burns or clearcutsor natural openings in forestswhere prey abundant; maynest in trees, but more oftenon cliff ledges.

American kestrel h x x x x x x x Use openings with perchingsites.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

TABLE A 3.6 ESSF Continued

258

Merlin h x x x x x x x Forest use restricted toedges and openings wheresmall birds are abundant.

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R x x x x


Blue grouse h x x x x x x Use forest openingsincluding clearcuts andburns; early seral stagesprovide good breedinghabitat.

Willow ptarmigan h x x x x x x x x x Use lower elevation in winterincluding parkland forestsand forest edges andopenings; in summer useshrublands with growth 1–2m tall.

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. x x x x x x x Use highest, least vegetatedmountainous habitat; maymigrate to lower elevationsin winter.

Wandering tattler B x x Streambeds and gullies.

Long-billed curlew B Does not necessarily have tobe near water.


Red-necked phalarope B x x Use small lakes duringsouthern migration.

Arctic tern h x x x x Nest in subalpine wetlands,gravel river bars, or onislands in lakes.

Flammulated owl B x x x x x Old-growth forests onmountain sides; cavitynester.

Great horned owl h x x x x x Found in dense or openwoodland, marshes,lakeshores; nests in oldhawk nests in trees, holes incliffs, clay banks, andartificial structures.

Short-eared owl B x x Population declining.

White-headed woodpecker R x x x x x Restricted to the SouthernInterior ecoprovince andSCM; northern limit ofdistribution; use openconiferous forests and blackcottonwood groves.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


259


Pileated woodpecker h x x x x Mixed forests; will useselectively logged andsecond-growth forestadjacent to mature areas;most nests in large, living,deciduous trees.

Northern shrike h x x x x x x x Use open habitats (clearcutsor burns in forested habitat)with perching sites such astelephone lines, snags,fenceposts, deciduous trees.

Bay-breasted warbler R x x x Restricted to NE province;mature, large forests.

MacGillivray’s warbler h x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use densedeciduous shrubs oftenfound near lakes andstreams; nest just off groundin dense shrubs.

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use shrubbydeciduous undergrowth ofopen forest either coniferousor mixed; breed on ground indense herbaceous cover,often in riparian areas.

MammalsWestern long-eared myotis h x x x x x x x x x Forage over ponds, streams,

and forest canopy; dayroosts are behind bark, intree cavities, rock crevices;night roosts in caves.

Mountain beaver subsp. rainieri B x x x x x Slopes above streams withburrowable soil; eat fernsand other herbaceousmaterial.


B x x x x x Restricted to BRR; uses allstages of forest but will dobetter in old growth.




Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


260


R x x x x x x Restricted to small area ofSCM NE of Creston; eatsforbs and seedlings; needsgood soil for burrowing.

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B x x x x x x x Forest openings with deadand down material.

Least chipmunk subsp. oreocetes B x x x Restricted to BRR; use deadand down material attreeline.

Least chipmunk subsp. selkirki R x x x Restricted to divide betweenCCM and EPM; use deadand down material attreeline.

Red-tailed chipmunk subsp. simulans R x x x x x x Restricted to small portion ofeastern SCM, MCR, andEKT; all forest stages withshrub understorey of seedproducers; meadow margins;use dead and down materialfor cover.


R x x Restricted to BRR; useopenings at treeline; deadand down material importantfor hiding.

Northern flying squirrel h x x x x Use extensive forest landswith at least some treesgreater than 17 m in height;declines in population couldindicate effects offragmentation of habitat.

Douglas squirrel h x x x x Restricted to EPR in thiszone; use second growthand old growth, clearcutedges; use tree cavities fornesting, also nest boxes,and will nest in tree branch.


Coyote h x x x x x x x x x Use early seral throughyoung forest stage.

Gray wolf h x x x x x x x x x x x x Use lakes and streams astravel corridors when frozen;found wherever ungulatesare abundant.


Cougar h x x x x x x x


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


261


Bobcat h x x x x x x x All seral stages of forestedhabitat.

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x x x x Depend on ungulate carrion;use all seral stages offorests.





Long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis R x x x x x x x x x Restricted to FRL, NWC,and southern tip of EPR; usedead and down material;prey on ground squirrels,hare, and small mammals.

Least weasel h x x x Open forest.


Badger B x x x x x Primarily nocturnal; use openhabitats where groundsquirrels are found.


Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x x x x Riparian and wet forests areused throughout the rangefor berrying, foraging, andtravel; other forests used inearly and late seral stagesfor foraging and berrying;den in high-elevation, highsnowfall areas; greatlyreduced in areas withincreased human accesssuch as access roads forlogging.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests


262

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x x x All habitats are used only ifnear steep, rocky terrain forescape cover; mature andold-growth forests near rockyoutcroppings are usedduring winter for thermalcover and because of theirsnow-interception qualities.

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B x x Use forest adjacent to steep,rocky cover.

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B x x x Forage in avalanche tracks,grassland, and early seralstage of dry forest; use rockyareas and later seral stagesof forest for cover.

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B x x x x Early seral, steep forests;tops of avalanche tracks.

Moose h x x x x x x x x Associated with shrubby,early seral habitats ofriparian forests andwetlands; use emergentvegetation in lakes and otherforest types for cover.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x x x x Forage in open habitats andearly seral stages of forests,use later seral stages forcover.

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x x x x Use steep, south-facingslopes in winter.

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h x x x x x x Restricted to isolatednorthwestern locationsadjacent to Alaskanpanhandle in this zone; useshrub-herb seral stage forforaging, mature andold-growth stages for cover.

White-tailed deer h x x Shrub-herb stage of dryforests.

Caribou (northern populations) h x x x x x x x x x x Use arboreal and terrestriallichens; mature andold-growth forests providelichens; use lakes whenfrozen; rocky habitats forcalving.

Caribou (southeastern populations) B x x x x x x x x x x Use arboreal lichens that arefound in mature andold-growth forests; use lakeswhen frozen; rocky areas forcalving.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Subalpinemeadows

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Parklandforests

TABLE A 3.6 ESSF Concluded.

263


Eared grebe h x x

Western grebe R x x x

American white pelican R x x

Double-crested cormorant B x x Rare.


Great blue heron B x x x x x Nest in trees near foragingareas in interior, usually inareas free of humandisturbance.


Trumpeter swan B x x x x x x x Prefer shallow water;breeding habitat is forestedwith large and small, shallowlakes; breeding has beenfound in KIP, PEL, PEP,MUP, LIP, ALR, KIR.


Snow goose h x x

Canada goose h x x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats mustbe near water, slow-movingor still; artificial aquaticenvironments used readily.


Green-winged teal h x x x x Shallow marshes andflooded fields; use emergentvegetation.


Northern pintail h x x x x x x x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats are fornesting, not necessarily nearwater; may use the edges ofmixed forest for nesting.

Blue-winged teal h x x x x x x x x x x x Use water edges withemergent cover; non-aquatichabitats are used fornesting; only openings nearwater are used in forestedhabitats.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)

Agricultural areas(BW

BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)

TABLE A 3.7 Habitat use by listed species in the Boreal White and Black Spruce and Spruce–Willow–Birch zones

264













Black scoter h x x

Surf scoter B x x Use mostly lakes; breedingrange restricted to FortNelson area; breed on lakessurrounded by muskeg andspruce or mature coniferousforest.

White-winged scoter h x x Use deeper parts of lakesand slow-moving rivers; neston a variety of lakes, smalland large, acidic and alkalinein northern interior.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)

TABLE A 3.7 BWBS and SWB Continued

265

Common goldeneye h x x x x x x Nest near lakes, rivers, andwetlands in wooded area;cavity nester, but will readilyuse nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with a large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker.

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x x x x x x Nest in open or closedforests, usually near analkaline lake, butoccasionally a pond, river, orcreek; cavity nester, but willreadily use nest box; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees with large naturalcavity or cavity made bypileated woodpecker, otherholes are too small.

Bufflehead h x x x x x x x x Nest primarily in forests nearlakes; prefer open forestsuch as aspen parklands,Interior Douglas-fir, openponderosa pine, farmland;nests in tree cavities usuallymade by northern flicker.

Hooded merganser h x x x x x x x x

Common merganser h x x x Nest in riparian vegetationnear lakes or large rivers;often use tree cavities, othernests are on ground or innest boxes.

Red-breasted merganser h x x x Breed only near Atlin Lake inTEP in these zones; nest indense riparian shrubs andtrees.

Ruddy duck h x x Prefer water at least 2 mdeep, with muddy bottom;like abundant cattail orbulrush growth.




Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


266

Northern goshawk subsp. atricapillus h x x x x x x x x Primarily forest birds, butforage in more open areas;usually breed in interior oflarge tracts of coniferousforest; heavily affected bylogging.

Red-tailed hawk h x x x x x x x x x x x Forest habitat use is inclearings, burns, and openwoodlands, both coniferousand deciduous; airports maybe used in urban areas;agricultural lands withperches such as fence rowsor scattered trees.

Rough-legged hawk h x x x x x x Does not breed in province.

Golden eagle h x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Use forest burns or clearcutswhere prey abundant; forageover any open habitat withabundant prey; may nest intrees, but more often on cliffledges; may forage alonghighways for road-kills or atgarbage dumps.

American kestrel h x x x x x x x x x x Use forest, agricultural ornatural meadow openingswith perching sites; nest intree or cliff cavities, old birdnests, or nesting boxes.

Merlin h x x x x x x x x x x Forest use restricted toedges and openings wheresmall birds are abundant;often found near bird feedersin residential areas.

Peregrine falcon subsp. anatum R x x x x x Used to breed on cliffsabove lakes and in rivercanyons, may be returningto these sites.

Gyrfalcon B x x x x x x x x Wherever abundant preysupplies (ptarmigan, rockdoves, water birds,shorebirds, etc.); nest oncliffs.

Prairie falcon R x x x x May be nesting near PeaceRiver.


Blue grouse h x x x x x x x x x Use forest openingsincluding clearcuts andburns; early seral stagesprovide good breedinghabitat.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


267

Willow ptarmigan h x x x x x x x x x x Use lower elevations inwinter including parklandforests, forest edges, andopenings; in summer useshrublands with growth 1–2m tall.

Rock ptarmigan h x x x Use areas where shrubs areless than 1 m tall; furtherfrom forest edge than willowptarmigan; gravelly streambanks.

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. h x x x x x x x x Use highest, least vegetatedmountainous habitat; maymigrate to lower elevationsin winter.

Ruffed grouse h x x x x x x x Logged or burned forests;use second-growthdeciduous on logged areas;brushy thickets; mixedconiferous-deciduous forests;prefer a slope near water;winters in denser, oftenconiferous forest.

Sharp-tailed grouse h x x x x x All habitats need openlowlands adjacent to brushyor open woodlands; wastegrain is used; lek sites arecritical; young seraldeciduous used in BWBSzone.


Lesser golden-plover B x x x Use short grass areas suchas lakeshores, golf courses,airports, playing fields,agricultural fields; useburned fields more oftenthan others in Ft. St. Johnarea.



Upland sandpiper R x x x x x x Rare; use grassy uplands:fallow fields, wet pastures,golf courses, lawns, forestedareas only in burns.

Hudsonian godwit B x x Use muddy shoreline andoutflow areas of lakes.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


268




Ring-billed gull h x x x x Agricultural fields, parks, golfcourses, garbage dumps.

California gull B x x x x Agricultural fields, garbagedumps.


Arctic tern h x x x x x Nest in subalpine wetlands,gravel river bars, or onislands in lakes.


Mourning dove h x x x Primarily use orchards,pastures, fields, feedlots,and other agricultural areasfor feeding and nesting;other habitats includedeciduous forest or openponderosa pine parkland;breeding habitat is adjacentto lake, stream, or wetland.

Great horned owl h x x x x x x x Found in dense or openwoodland, marshes,lakeshores, agricultural andresidential areas; nests inold hawk nests in trees,holes in cliffs, clay banks,and artificial structures.

Northern hawk owl h x x x x x x x Coniferous and mixedconiferous-deciduouswoodland; perch on trees,snags or power poles andhunt in openings; openingscan be road or powerrights-of-way, marsh,clearcut, burn, lakeshore,agricultural field; nests intree cavity.

Barred owl h x x x x x x x Coniferous or mixed forestedge; also use farmlands,residential areas.

Short-eared owl B x x x x x x Populations declining.

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h x x x x x x x x x Dense coniferous or mixedwoodlands, tall shrubs nearwetlands, city parks, orresidential areas; nest in treecavities (woodpecker holes)or nest boxes.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


269


Yellow-bellied sapsucker h x x x x x Use open to semi-opendeciduous or mixed forestnear lakes, marshes,backwater river channels, orgullies; nest in excavatedcavities in deciduous trees.


Northern flicker h x x x x x x x Use open forests as well asrural and urban residentialareas and other sparselytreed open habitats; nest indeciduous or coniferoustrees, clay banks, artificialsites such as nest boxes,buildings, fenceposts.

Pileated woodpecker h x x x x x Open, mixed forests; will useselectively logged andsecond-growth forestadjacent to mature areas.

Yellow-bellied flycatcher B x x x Use birch, second growth,scrubby, thick trees; roadrights-of-way; almost noinformation on this species.

Purple martin R x x x x x x x x x Restricted to PEL and FNLin these zones; forage overwater, agricultural and urbanareas and later seral stagesof forests; nest in boxes.

Northern shrike h x x x x x x x x x x Use open habitats (clearcutsor burns in forested habitat)with perching sites such astelephone lines, snags,fenceposts, deciduous trees;only breeds in thehigh-elevation subzone ofthe SWB zone; usesubalpine shrubland.

Philadelphia vireo B x x x Forage and breed in mixeddeciduous-coniferous forest;records primarily restricted toPEP, ETP, FNL, CLH, MUP,HAP.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


270

Yellow warbler h x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; nest in largewillows well off ground; useforest edges and clearingswith well-developeddeciduous understorey; lakeand river edges with willowsare typical habitat.

Cape May warbler R x x x x Use mature spruce,occasionally mixed withaspen; sing from aspen,breed in spruce.

Black-throated green warbler B x Small spruce bogs.

Palm warbler B x x x x x Nest in trees in sprucemuskegs.

Bay-breasted warbler R x x x Restricted to NE province;mature, large forests.

Connecticut warbler R x x Restricted to PEL, FNL, ETP,CLH, MUP, HAP, andpossibly PEP; use edges ofmature aspen stands withheavy shrub growth, oftenShepherdia canadensis; nestin shrubs less than 1 m offground.

MacGillivray’s Warbler h x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use densedeciduous shrubs oftenfound near lakes andstreams; nest just off groundin dense shrubs.

Wilson’s warbler h x x x x x x x x x x Widespread duringmigration; use shrubbydeciduous undergrowth ofopen forest either coniferousor mixed; breed on ground indense herbaceous cover,often in riparian areas.

Canada warbler B x Associated with matureaspen stands with littleunderstorey; often on aslope.

Sharp-tailed sparrow R x x Restricted to PEL; floodedlakeshore areas with shrubsfor perching and singing.

Smith’s longspur B x x x x x x x x x x Breed in subalpine andalpine habitats; in BWBSzone use agricultural landand openings in forests suchas clearcuts, burns, roadcuts, and powerline cuts.

Bobolink B x x Use uncut and old-growthpastures and grasslands.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


271

Yellow-headed blackbird h x x x x Forage in agricultural areasand grasslands whereappropriate; breed andforage in wetlands and lakeswhere there are cattails andbulrushes.

MammalsBlack-backed shrew B x x x x x Willow–alder copses; brushy

edges of forest; restricted toAlberta Plateau ecoregion.

Tundra shrew R x Restricted to TAH;well-drained hillsides.

Keen’s long-eared myotis R x x Only one record exists fromthis zone: an historicalrecord from Telegraph Creekwhich may be M. evotis (thetwo species are difficult todistinguish); forage overclearings and pools andpossibly in the forest canopy;may roost in tree cavities.

Northern long-eared myotis R x x x x x x x Forage over openings inforest such as pools,streams, roads, clearings;roost under loose bark andbehind shutters in ruralareas.


B x Restricted to KIP; uses bogs.


B x x Restricted to TAB; usesdead and down material forcover.



Northern flying squirrel h x x x x Use extensive forest landswith some trees of 17 m ormore height; declines inpopulation could indicateeffects of fragmentation ofhabitat.


Coyote h x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Use early seral throughyoung forest stage.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


272

Gray wolf h x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Use lakes and streams astravel corridors when frozen;found wherever ungulatesare found.

Red fox h x x x x x x x x x x Found in edge habitat wheretrees and bushes borderopenings; early seral stagesfrom shrub-herb to youngforest with openings.

Cougar h x x x x x x x x x x Spreading north with spreadand increase of deer; foundinto the Yukon.


Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x x x x x x Depend on ungulate carrion;use all seral stages offorests.


Marten h x x x x x Use late seral stages; needwildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris; followred-backed vole distributionin SBS zone.

Fisher B x x x x x In summer, use mixedforests in young to matureseral stages; in winter, foundin mature and old-growthconiferous forests; usewildlife trees, slash piles,coarse woody debris; followhare and porcupinedistribution.



Long-tailed weasel subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x x x x Open habitats with coverwhere small mammals andbirds are found.

Least weasel h x x x Open forest such asparkland or dry forest.


Black bear subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Especially use wetter forests;all seral stages are used;early and late for berrying;den at base of oldyellow-cedar, spruce, or inrock crevices.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


273

Black bear subsp. emmonsii B x x x x x x Restricted to ICR, TAB, ALR;use valley bottoms; winter intimber; most sightings havebeen in Alaska.

Grizzly bear B x x x x x x x x x x x x Riparian and wet forests areused throughout range forberrying, foraging, andtravel; other forests used inearly and late seral stagesfor foraging and berrying;shrublands in SWB zoneused for moose calfpredation; den in high-elevation, high snowfallareas; greatly reduced inareas with increased humanaccess such as settlements,ranching, access roads forlogging and oil exploration.

Bison subsp. athabascae R x Individuals have reintroducedthemselves across borderfrom the NorthwestTerritories.

Bison subsp. bison B x x Moved along streamsidemeadows into the SWB zonefrom an introduction intoBWBSmw subzone.

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x x x x All habitats are used only ifnear steep, rocky terrain forescape cover; use rockycanyons of rivers in theBWBS zone; forest habitatsnear rocky outcroppings areused during winter becauseof their snow-interceptionqualities.

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B x x x x x x x Early seral, steep forests;tops of avalanche tracks; inBWBSmw subzone foundonly in steep canyons.

Thinhorn sheep subsp. dalli R x x x x x x Restricted to TAB and TAH.

Moose h x x x x x x x x x x x Associated with shrubby,early seral habitats ofriparian forests andwetlands; use emergentvegetation in lakes and otherforest types for cover.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x x x x x x Forage in open habitats andearly seral stages of forests;use later seral stages forcover.

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x x x x x x x Use steep, south-facingslopes in winter.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)


274

Mule deer subsp. sitkensis h x x x x x x x Found in a few areasassociated with Alaskapanhandle; use shrub-herbseral stage for foraging,mature and old-growthstages for cover and snowinterception wherenecessary.

White-tailed deer h x x x x Shrub-herb stage of dryforests.

Caribou (northern populations) h x x x x x x x x x x x x Use arboreal and terrestriallichens; arboreal lichens arefound in mature andold-growth forests; use lakeswhen frozen; rocky areas forcalving.

Caribou (southeastern populations) B x x x x x x x x x x x Northern boundary of thisecotype is at southernboundary of the BWBS zone;it is probable that they movethrough areas of zone onseasonal basis; use arborealand terrestrial lichens;mature and old-growthforests provide lichens; uselakes when frozen; rockyhabitats for calving.

TABLE A 3.7 BWBS and SWB Concluded.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

Shrub/grasssteppe

(BWBS)

Subalpinemeadows

(SWB)

Subalpinegrasslands

(SWB)

Subalpineshrublands

(SWB)


BS)

Urban/suburban(BW

BS)

Dryforests

Averageforests

Wet forests

Riparianforests

Aspenforests

(BWBS)

275


Canada goose h x x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats mustbe near water, slow-movingor still.

Green-winged teal h x x x Shallow marshes; useemergent vegetation.

Mallard h x x x Prefer shallow water, but willuse any depth; wet fields.

Northern pintail h x x x x x Non-aquatic habitats are fornesting, not necessarily nearwater; may use edges ofmixed forest for nesting.

Blue-winged teal h x x x Use water edges withemergent cover.

Cinnamon teal h x x x Ponds or stream backwaterswith heavy emergent growth.

Northern shoveler h x x x Nest near water, usually indry grass.

Ring-necked duck h x x x Use deeper ponds.

Lesser scaup h x x x


Oldsquaw B x x Some use of larger lakesand rivers.

Surf scoter B x x In Interior use mostly lakes.


Common goldeneye h x x x

Barrow’s goldeneye h x x x x

Bufflehead h x x

Hooded merganser h x x x

Common merganser h x x

Red-breasted merganser h x x Large lakes in northwestprovince.

Bald eagle B x x x Usually associated withwater but may be foundnearly anywhere; sometimesfeed on a carcass onground.

Cooper’s hawk h x Very rare, during migration.

Northern goshawk subspp. h x x Used during migration.

Red-tailed hawk h x x x Seasonal use.

Rough-legged hawk h x x x Does not breed in province.

Golden eagle h x x x x x Found at lower elevations inwinter.

American kestrel h x x x Usually found in open areaswith perches.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

TundraHeath

Alpinegrassland

Alpineshrubland

Alpinemeadow

Krummholz

TABLE A 3.8 Habitat use by listed species in the Alpine Tundra zone

276

Merlin h x x x x Found during migrationwhere prey abundant.

Gyrfalcon B x x x x x x x Wherever abundant preysupplies (ptarmigan, rockdoves, water birds,shorebirds, etc.); nest oncliffs.

Blue grouse h x x x x

Willow ptarmigan h x x x x x x x x Use shrublands with growth1–2 m tall.

Rock ptarmigan h x x x x x x x Use areas where shrubswere less than 1 m tall;stream banks.

White-tailed ptarmigan subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x x Use highest, least vegetatedmountainous habitat; maymigrate to lower elevationsin winter.


B x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; usehighest, least vegetatedmountainous habitat; maymigrate to lower elevationsin winter.

Lesser golden-plover B x Use short grass areas suchas lakeshores.


Hudsonian godwit B x x x x x x x Only known breeding in TAB;uses muddy shoreline andoutflow areas of lakes.


Short-billed dowitcher B x x x Muddy areas; nest in TAB inwet subalpine and alpinearea.

Red-necked phalarope B x x Use small lakes duringsouthern migration.

Northern hawk owl h x x

Short-eared owl B x x x Population declining.

Northern saw-whet owl subspp. h x Shrubs near wetlands.

Smith’s longspur B x x x x x x Breed in subalpine andalpine habitats.

MammalsTundra shrew R x Restricted to TAH;

well-drained hillsides.

Vancouver Island marmot R x x x x Restricted to SE quadrant ofVan. Is.; use this zone whenno forest edge habitat isavailable; den underboulders or in soft soil.

Cascade mantled ground squirrel B x x


B x Restricted to TAB.

Coyote h x x x x x x x x x

TABLE A 3.8 AT Continued


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

TundraHeath

Alpinegrassland

Alpineshrubland

Alpinemeadow

Krummholz

277

Gray wolf h x x x x x x x x x x x x Wherever ungulates areabundant.

Red fox h x x x x x

Wolverine subsp. vancouverensis R x x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is.; den inrocky sites such as talus;use all habitat types fortraveling; prey on ungulatesand smaller prey; will eatcarrion.

Wolverine subsp. luscus B x x x x x x x Depend on ungulate carrion.

Long-tailed weasel subspp. h x x x x x x Open habitats with coverwhere small mammals andbirds are found.

Long-tailed weasel subsp. altifrontalis R x x x x x x x x x x x x Restricted to FRL, NWC,and extreme southern tip ofEPR; prey on groundsquirrels, hare, and smallmammals; use dead anddown material in or on edgeof forests; use allsuccessional stages offorests where prey isavailable.

Black bear subspp. h x x x x x x x x x x Den in rock crevices.

Grizzly bear B x x x x x Berrying in appropriateshrublands; den inhigh-elevation, high snowfallareas; greatly reduced inareas with increased humanaccess.

Mountain goat h x x x x x x x x x All habitats are used only ifnear steep, rocky terrain forescape cover.

Bighorn sheep subsp. canadensis B x x x x x

Bighorn sheep subsp. californiana B x x Forage in avalanche tracks,grassland; use rocky areasfor cover.

Thinhorn sheep subsp. stonei B x x x x x x x Tops of avalanche tracks.

Thinhorn sheep subsp. dalli R x x x x x x x Restricted to TAB and TAH.

Moose x x x x x Associated with wetlands;use emergent vegetation inlakes.

Elk subsp. roosevelti B x x x x x x Restricted to Van. Is. in thiszone.

Elk subsp. nelsoni h x x x x x x x Introduced to QueenCharlotte Is.

Mule deer subsp. hemionus h x x x x x

Mule deer subsp. columbianus h x x x x Restricted to NPR andsouth.

White-tailed deer h


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

TundraHeath

Alpinegrassland

Alpineshrubland

Alpinemeadow

Krummholz

TABLE A 3.8 AT Continued

278

Caribou (northern populations) h x x x x x x x x x Use terrestrial lichens; uselakes when frozen; tundra,heath, and rocky habitats forcalving.

Caribou (southeastern populations) B x x x x x x x x x Restricted to portion ofCaribou Range south ofWilliston Lake; use terrestriallichens; calve in rocky areas,tundra, and heath.


Wetlands

Lakes

Streams

Avalanchetracks

RockyTalus

TundraHeath

Alpinegrassland

Alpineshrubland

Alpinemeadow

Krummholz

TABLE A 3.8 AT Concluded.

279

APPENDIX 4 Workshop Dates and Participants

Date Workshop focus Participants

Fall 1989 CWH, SBS: amphibians andreptiles

Stan OrchardJim PojarVictoria Stevens

Fall 1989 CWH: mammals Vivian BanciIan McTaggart-CowanDennis DemarchiMike FengerAlton HarestadBill HarperTed LeaDel MeidingerBill MunroJim PojarVictoria Stevens

Fall 1989 SBS: mammals Ian McTaggart-CowanDennis DemarchiMike FengerAlton HarestadBill HarperTed LeaDel MeidingerJim PojarVictoria Stevens

Fall 19892 sessions

CWH: birds Wayne CampbellTed LeaJim PojarVictoria Stevens

Fall 19895 sessions

SBS: nonpasserine birds Wayne CampbellTed LeaDel MeidingerJim PojarVictoria Stevens

280

Date Workshop focus Participants

Fall 1990 CDF, MH, SBPS, ICH: amphibians and reptiles

Stan OrchardDel MeidingerVictoria Stevens

Fall 19902 sessions

CDF, MH, SBPS, ICH: mammals

Alton HarestadDennis DemarchiTed LeaDel MeidingerVictoria Stevens

Feb. 14 – Mar. 14, 19915 sessions

CDF, MH, SBPS, ICH, BG, PP, IDF, MS, ESSF, AT, BWBS,SWB: nonpasserine birds

Wayne CampbellTed LeaDel MeidingerVictoria Stevens

June – July 19914 sessions

CDF, MH, SBPS, SBS, ICH, BG, PP, IDF, MS, ESSF, AT, BWBS,SWB: passerine birds

John CooperDel MeidingerVictoria Stevens

Nov. 1991 BG, PP, IDF, MS, ESSF, AT, BWBS, SWB: amphibians andreptiles

Stan OrchardDel MeidingerVictoria Stevens

Dec. 19912 sessions

BG, PP, IDF, MS, ESSF, AT, BWBS, SWB: mammals

Alton HarestadDel MeidingerVictoria Stevens

Jan. 1993 All zonesRed- and blue-list update

John CooperStan OrchardAlton Harestad (by phone)Victoria Stevens

281

APPENDIX 5 Species deleteda from Cannings and Harcombe’s (1990)complete list of vertebrates in British Columbia

Common name Scientific name

Snapping turtle Chelydr serpentinaReeves’ turtle Chineymys reevesiiWestern pond turtle Clemmys marmorataGreen sea turtle Chelonia mydasGround snake Sonora semiannulataShort-tailed albatross Diomedea albatrusLaysan albatross Diomedia immutablisMottled petrel Pterodroma inexpectataFlesh-footed shearwater Puffinus carneipesBuller’s shearwater Puffinus bulleriBlack-vented shearwater Puffinus opisthomelasRed-faced cormorant Phalacrocorax urileMagnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificensLeast bittern Ixobrychus exilisLittle blue heron Egretta caeruleaWood stork Mycteria americanaFulvous whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolorBaikal teal Anas formosaGarganey Anas querquedulaCommon eider Somateria mollissimaEurasian kestrel Falco tinnunculusSage grouse Centrocerus urophasianusNorthern bobwhite Colinus virginianusCommon moorhen Gallinula chloropusWhooping crane Grus americanaTerek sandpiper Xenus cincereusBristle-thighed curlew Numenius tahitiensisFar Eastern curlew Numenius madagascariensisLittle stint Calidris minutaTemminck’s stint Calidris temminckiiSpoonbill sandpiper Eurymorhynchus pygmeusIceland gull Larus glaucoidesSlaty-backed gull Larus schistisagusGreat black-backed gull Larus marinusRoss’ gull Rhodostethia roseaIvory gull Pagophila eburneaKittlitz’ murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostrisXantus’ murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucusParakeet auklet Cyclorrhynchus psittaculaCrested auklet Aethia cristatellaWhite-winged dove Zenaida asiaticaPassenger pigeon Ectopestes migratoriusYellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus

282


Red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalusAcadian flycatcher Empidonax virescensBlack phoebe Sayornis nigricansThick-billed kingbird Tyrannus crassirostrisGray kingbird Tyrannus dominicensisScrub jay Aphelocoma coerulescensBlue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caeruleaNorthern wheatear Oenanthe oenantheYellow wagtail Motacilla flavaBlack-backed wagtail Motacilla lugensRed-throated pipit Anthus cervinusBlack-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescensBlackburnian warbler Dendroica fuscaPainted redstart Myioborus pictusScarlet tanager Piranga olivaceaGreen-tailed towhee Pipilo chlorurusSage sparrow Amphispiza belliBaird’s sparrow Ammodramus bairdiiMcCown’s longspur Calcarius mccowniiChestnut-collared longspur Calcarius ornatusRustic bunting Emberiza rusticaMckay’s bunting Plectrophenax hyperboreusGreat-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanusLesser goldfinch Carduelis psaltriaBig free-tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotisWhite-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendiiEuropean rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculusNutria Myocastor coypusSaddle-backed dolphin Delphinus delphis

a Species deleted are either extirpated or have not been seen in British Columbia more than twice in the last 50 years.

283

APPENDIX 6 Species found in every zonal groupa


BirdsPacific loon Gavia pacificaCommon loon Gavia immerHorned grebe Podiceps auritusCanada goose Branta canadensisMallard Anas platyrhynchosBlue-winged teal Anas discorsRing-necked duck Aythya collarisLesser scaup Aythya affinisHarlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicusWhite-winged scoter Melanitta fuscaCommon goldeneye Bucephala clangulaBarrow’s goldeneye Bucephala islandicaBufflehead Bucephala albeolaCommon merganser Mergus merganserBald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalusSharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatusNorthern goshawk Accipiter gentilisRed-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensisRough-legged hawk Buteo lagopusGolden eagle Aquila chrysaetosAmerican kestrel Falco sparveriusMerlin Falco columbariusBlue grouse Dendragapus obscurusGreater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleucaLesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipesSolitary sandpiper Tringa solitariaSpotted sandpiper Actitus maculariaLeast sandpiper Calidris minutillaPectoral sandpiper Calidris melanotosCommon snipe Gallinago gallinagoRed-necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatusBonaparte’s gull Larus philadelphiaMew gull Larus canusHerring gull Larus argentatusRufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufusTree swallow Tachycineta bicolorViolet-green swallow Tachycineta thalassinaCliff swallow Hirundo pyrrhonotaBarn swallow Hirundo rusticaTownsend’s solitaire Myadestes townsendiAmerican robin Turdus migratoriusAmerican pipit Anthus spinolettaWhite-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrysRosy finch Leucosticte arctoa

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MammalsSouthern red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperiNorthern bog lemming Synaptomys borealisBushy-tailed woodrat Neotoma cinereaDeer mouse Peromyscus maniculatusWoodchuck Marmota monaxCoyote Canis latransGray wolf Canis lupusRed fox Vulpes vulpesWolverine subsp. luscus Gulo gulo luscus Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenataBlack bear Ursus americanusGrizzly bear Ursus arctosMountain goat Oreamnos americanusMoose Alces alcesElk subsp. nelsoni Cervus elaphus nelsoni

a See Table 2 for definition of zonal groups.

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