Wildlife Issues Topic Answers

Reading One

1. Dr. Julie Savidge concluded that Brown-tree Snake predation was the cause of declines of forest bird populations on Guam.

2. Recently, the National Park Service banned snow-mobiling in Denali Nation Park.3. The National Audubon Society of today is an offshoot of the Massachusetts state Audubon

society.4. False : Wildlife issues or other environmental issues should be resolved based on public opinion

as the majority is never wrong.5. Following the passage of the net ban amendment in Florida, some commercial fishers tried to

use tarps to catch fish.6. Recently monocrotophos was implicated in the poisoning deaths of Swainson’s Hawks in

Argentina.7. Management efforts on the Kaibab Plateau were aimed mostly at pleasing the public.8. Arizona is the state with the largest number of wild burros.9. When campaigning for a certain cause it is important to win whenever possible in order to

generate positive propaganda.10. The waterfowl belong to the taxonomic order Anseriformes.11. True : Bear-baiting is still practiced in Pakistan and India.12. Vavilov was the Soviet geneticist who argued against the idea that wheat could be made cold

tolerant simply by exposing randomly chosen plants to cold temperatures with no regard for natural cold tolerance.

13. The original Biological Survey was under the Department of Agriculture.14. False : The pro-boating group in Florida is made up exclusively of boat owners.15. According to Moulton there are basically 2 categories of wildlife issues.16. False : Pittman-Robertson money is only used legally for game species.17. In order for the public to effectively resolve wildlife issues they must first be concerned about

the issue.18. False : Beliefs can be transformed into facts if enough people believe in them.19. Washington is a western state in the lower 48 that has no wild horses.20. When the use of Greater Sandhill Cranes as surrogate mothers failed as a conservation measure

for Whooping Cranes, scientists turned to captive breeding.21. The passage of the clean water act in the early 1970s led to the return of mummichog to New

York Harbor, which benefited certain water birds.22. In the early 1900s, many people in the US supported the extermination of wolves in

Yellowstone National Park.23. Missouri is the state where a tax on soft drink cans was used to fund non-game wildlife

research.24. In the 19990’s snow-mobiling was banned in Denali National Park by the National Park

Service.25. Propaganda is used in order to gain support from the masses.26. Burros were introduced to the US in the 17 th century.27. Beliefs are just a state of mind.28. According to Guither, animal advocates fall into two general groups.29. Most of the so-called upland game birds belong to the order Galliformes.30. Issues involving rare and endangered species generally fall under the US Department of

Interior.

31. The green-backed heron is an example of a non-game wading bird.32. Bear-baiting was a popular English pastime that was outlawed by the Parliament in 1582.33. In 1985-1986 the division called Animal Damage Control was transferred to the US Department

of Agriculture.34. Game species may become non game species when they become rare.35. Rain is not considered a wildlife management practice.36. Beaver and muskrats are classified as furbearers.37. In 1994 the Florida DEP became concerned about the high number of deaths of manatees.38. Beau Geste Effect, Over-simplification, and Fear-mongering are hallmarks of propaganda.39. The penny a pound crop tax is not a method used by states for funding non-game wildlife

conservation and research.40. One proposed way to kill non-indigenous Mute Swans is to pour bleach on the eggs.41. According tot eh St. Petersburg Times, by the summer of 2000, manatee protection plans

(MPPs) had been filed by 4 of the 13 countries that were ordered to file them in 1989.42. Wise Use has a name that is itself propaganda.43. Punt guns were commonly used for commercially harvesting waterfowl.44. In 2002 Bush reversed the decision to ban recreational snow-mobiling in National Parks.45. According to Moulton the Wildlife Management view basically follows that of the Animal

Reformists.46. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources wants to kill introduced Mute Swans as they

are thought to threaten native Trumpeter Swans.47. The majority of vertebrate species in Florida and Colorado are properly classified as non-game

species.48. California Condors vanished from the wild in California in about 1987.49. Game Species are those that are hunted for sport.50. According to a Time Magazine survey of 10007 adults, 4% claimed to be vegetarians.51. In the late nineteenth century, the Office of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy spent most

of its effort on predator control.52. In 1996, six California Condors were released in the state of Arizona.53. Australians use the “Judas” technique to manage populations of donkeys.54. Kirtland’s Warblers build their nests on the ground.55. False : As defined by Moulton, wildlife management practices are always intentional.56. True : According to Moulton, humans can successfully manage wildlife.57. False : Pittman-Robertson money is never used legally for habitat management.58. The whole motivation for protecting wild horses and burros began when the state of California

suggested that hunters should shoot horses and burros for sport.59. In 2002 both houses of the US congress had bills before them that would ban Canned hunts.60. The US Forest Service is an agency under the Department of Agriculture.61. When two sides differ greatly in how much power they have, issues are resolved with little

compromise.62. In the year 2000, wild burros occurred in 5 western states.63. Observation is the first step in the scientific method.64. Public lands grazers in the western states are no longer as powerful as they once were, because

of increased public awareness.65. Bear farms, where bears are kept for their bile, occur widely in China.66. Scientists are presently re-introducing whooping cranes to Florida.67. The so-called Federal-Aid-in-Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937 is also known as the Pittman-

Robertson Act.68. Hand puppets are used to feed baby Whooping Crane chicks so they do not become imprinted

on humans.69. The Secretary of Interior Bruce Babbitt told people in New Mexico that Mexican Wolves were

“here to stay” even though someone had shot some of the introduced individuals.70. Boating rights advocates in Florida claim that increased manatee deaths must mean that there

are plenty of manatees, so it doesn’t matter.71. The use of surrogate mothers was an unsuccessful management practice used in the recover of

the Whooping Crane.72. PeTA is the animal rights group that opposes any use of animals by humans.73. Global Warming was not one of the explanations advanced by Jenkins to explain declines of

Guam’s forest birds.74. Rhode Island was the first state to close the hunting season on white-tailed deer.75. The Mute Swan population in Massachusetts is derived from individuals introduced from

Europe.76. The Wildlife Unification Amendment merged the GFC with the MFC.77. Steel is the most widely used type of non-toxic shotgun shell shot according to the Alaska

Department of Fish and Game.78. President Clinton called for a ban on all recreational snow-mobiling in all National Parks.79. The Bison were saved by a coalition of nature lovers and sport hunters.80. The Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act was passed to protect and manage horses and

burros on public rangelands.81. In 1994, the GFC imposed a moratorium on hunting black bears in Florida.82. According to Defenders of Wildlife the majority of people in the US favor the re-introduction of

the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park.83. In order to protect Mule Deer on the Kaibab Plateau, 300 wolves and more than seven hundred

mountain lions were killed, and deer hunting was banned.84. Animal Protection Institute is the animal rights group that is leading the fight against using

compound 1080.85. The net ban campaign relied heavily on the use of photographs of dead wildlife.86. In practice, convenience, economics, and politics may determine wildlife management

practices.87. False : In most issues the majority of people have a strong opinion.88. Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the US.89. Economically well-developed nations are called MDCs.90. The Pittman-Robertson Act levied a 10% tax on firearms and ammunition.91. Once the net ban was imposed in Florida, governor Lawton Chiles threatened to enforce it by

calling out the National Guard.92. Historically wildlife managers have focused on making hunters happy.93. The situation where individuals in a group try to bluff those in another group into thinking they

have superior numbers is called a Beau Geste effect.94. Black Skimmers are closely related to the gulls and terns.95. The Humane Society for the US is Anti-hunting.96. Wildlife management practices that favor one species may harm another.97. Great Auks were sea birds related to Puffins.98. The so called Reformists in Guither’s vernacular support animal welfare.99. The Brown-headed Cowbird is a brood parasite that attacks the nests of Kirtland’s Warbler.100. In general, when it comes to resolving wildlife issues, the public is the most powerful

force in America.101. Historically, most of the revenue generated for wildlife management has come from

hunters.

102. Habitat may be defined in terms of dominant vegetation, soil, and species of interest.103. The main product that forms from the bile of bears is UDCA.104. For every $0.75 contributed by the Pittman-Robertson Act, the state agency must

contribute $0.25.105. When population sizes are not changing they are at equilibrium.106. Following passage of the Clean Water Act in the early 1970s, several species of water

birds have returned to New York Harbor.107. The FWC was officially formed by the Wildlife Unification amendment.108. Species in the Passeriformes group are not considered game birds.109. True : Propaganda does not necessarily involve the use of lies.110. During the campaign for the net ban the supporters of the ban accused the MFC of

“nonfeasance”.111. According to Moulton perhaps the best definition of habitat was advanced by Caughley

& Sinclair.112. Currently Mourning Doves are hunted legally in 39 states.113. The USFWS was formed by combining the Bureau of Biological Survey with the

Bureau of Fisheries.114. The Endangered Species Act was passed in 1973.115. Some citizens of the state of Wisconsin sued to halt the season on Mourning Doves in

2001.116. True : The waterfowl management act passed in 1913 was later repealed.117. The Weeks-McLean Act, enacted in 1913 focused on migratory waterfowl management.118. Thallium was the poison used in Colorado to kill bears.119. The Kirtland’s Warblers winter in the Bahamas.120. In the early part of the twentieth century, wildlifers released numerous non-indigenous

species for hunting because native game species were so reduced by market hunters.121. Under the reign of William the Conqueror, the penalty for killing one of the King’s deer

was blinding.122. The ALF formed as an offshoot of an anti-hunting group in England.123. False : It is really not important who decides what is actually scientific and what is

pseudoscientific.124. In order to nest successfully, Kirtland’s Warblers require jack pine trees with a dense

understory.125. The legislation known as CARA would provide funds for wildlife research and

conservation from revenues generated by oil and gas reserves on the outer continental shelf.126. One reason propaganda is so effective is that it is easy to believe.127. Science is presumably based 100% on facts.128. CARA was passed by House of Representatives in the summer of 2001.129. Old Growth forest in the Pacific northwest is needed to protect populations of Northern

Spotted Owls.130. Of the following, potential competitors is not considered a component of habitat

according to the traditional wildlife definition of habitat.131. CARA has been advanced as a superior method for funding the initiative called Teaming

with Wildlife.132. In South America Swainson’s Hawks were killed after they ingested grasshoppers

poisoned by monocrotophos.133. The bobwhite is an example of a southeastern US game bird that, due to the effects of

fire ants and habitat loss, is declining.134. The largest number of wild horses occurs in the state of Nevada.

135. A ban on commercial netting of fish within 3 miles of the Atlantic coast and 9 miles of the Gulf coast of Florida was the result of a constitutional amendment.

136. In arguing issues, any statements that are made must be none of these (supported by hard data, absolutely true, approved by appropriate agencies even if untrue).

137. Compound 1080 was a deadly poison used primarily for killing coyotes.138. In 1996 Congress places the NBS under the USGS.139. True : Sometimes the absence of human intervention can be considered a wildlife

management practice.140. In 1970, some Boy Scouts found 2 dozen dead bald and golden eagles that were killed

by exposure to thallium.141. BLM is an agency under the US Department of Interior.142. Kirtland’s Warbler currently nests almost exclusively in the state of Michigan.143. Each year wild horses and burros are removed from the wild and put up for adoption.144. Americans supported the re-introduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the

1990s.145. According to the Pets in America Project an estimated 61% of American households had

at least one pet.146. The “Theory of Acquired Characteristics” was first advanced by Lamarck.147. The FWS is an agency under the Department of Interior.148. False : Public input is very important in LDCs.149. Lysenko was the Soviet geneticist who argued that cold tolerant wheat could be raised

simply by exposing randomly chosen wheat seeds to low temperatures.150. One native species that has been negatively impacted by wild burros is the desert

bighorn.151. The Lacey Act was the law that ultimately stopped the trade in wading bird feathers

from Florida by banning interstate commerce in wildlife products taken illegally.152. Ring-necked Pheasants were introduced to the US from Asia.153. Maine was the first state to have paid game wardens.154. Wild horses and burros are managed by the BLM.155. Recreational fishers were the most vigorous supporters of the net ban campaign in

Florida.156. The Office of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy was established in 1885.157. The first Ring-necked Pheasant introductions into the US were made to the state of

Oregon.158. The original Office of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy was later renamed the

Bureau of Biological Survey.159. An animal shelter worker in Michigan was fired for feeding puppies to a snake.160. Market hunters once sold Passenger Pigeons for a dime a dozen in New York meat

markets.161. The Great Auk was a seabird that was exterminated in part by human harvest of their

eggs.162. The NBS was renamed the BRD in 1996.163. California Condor re-introductions were carried out by a partnership between the

USFWS and the Peregrine Fund.164. Some of the California Condors released in the 1990s were later killed by lead

poisoning.165. In the summer of 2002 there were sever forest fires in China, which could not have been

the result of US Forest Service practices.166. Management practices that aided the brown-headed cowbird are associated with the

decline of Wood Thrush.167. California was the first state to have a wildlife commission.168. The use of poisons for predator control was banned on all federal lands by President

Nixon.169. Issues involving species of wildlife that have come pests are generally under the

Department of Agriculture.170. Wild Horses presently occur in 10 western states.171. In the late 1800s wading birds in Florida (mostly egrets) were being killed for the

fashion industry.172. The main problem with the various mechanisms for funding non-game wildlife research

that are in place today is that they are unpredictable.

Reading Two

1. Glycogen is a storage molecule for simple sugars characteristically found in animals.2. The movement of water through plants is called transpiration.3. Sulfur dioxide is released when coal is burned.4. The main molecule in forming acid rain is sulfuric acid.5. Some authors claim that ecological efficiencies between trophic levels are roughly 10%.6. The Lithosphere refers to the earth’s crust.7. In Elton’s pyramid scheme for representing trophic levels in a community, the size of each box

represented the amount of biomass at a trophic level.8. Sulfur dioxide is found in the atmosphere.9. Phosphorus is the element not found in amino acids or proteins.10. Some species of bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites and others convert it to nitrates in the

process called Nitrification.11. Photosynthesis is the process in which carbon fixation occurs.12. The main difference between the sulfur and phosphorus cycles is that the sulfur cycle has an

atmospheric component.13. The phosphorus cycle is an example of a sedimentary cycle.14. Sulfur is the sixth important element in forming the molecules of life in addition to the elements

of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.15. Carbon fixation occurs typically in plants.16. Denitrification occurs in the absence of oxygen.17. The breakdown of animal and plant amino acids by bacteria is called ammonification.18. In the process of aerobic respiration simple sugars are broken down to form carbon dioxide and

water.19. A wolf of would be an example of a tertiary consumer.20. Nitrogen “fixation” refers to the conversion of N2 into ammonia.21. Primary consumers are animals that eat plants.22. Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that has a rotten egg smell.23. The phosphorus cycle has no atmospheric component.24. Plants store simple sugars as starch.25. The conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas is called denitrification.26. Almost all the sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is formed by human activities.

Reading Three

1. Endemic species are those that occur only where they evolved.2. Flying squirrels, common inhabitants of temperate hardwood forests, are unusual in that they

are the only nocturnal squirrel.3. Florida scrub jays commonly bury acorns in open sandy areas.4. Most of Florida’s 8,000 lakes are small.5. Mortality rate of young alligators is about 80% during the first 2 years of life.6. The cottonmouth is a common venomous snake in Florida’s wetlands.7. Florida scrub is a pyrogenic system, which means the plants and animals living there are fire

adapted.8. Marshes are like swamps except they have no trees.9. Bald eagle and osprey populations in Florida and elsewhere have recovered dramatically since

the ban on DDT was implemented.10. American crocodiles superficially resemble American alligators, but the crocodile can be

distinguished by its narrower snout.11. The dominant factor in structuring many of Florida’s upland communities is fire frequency.12. Florida’s ‘blackwater’ rivers owe their dark color to tannins in the water.13. Dry soils are said to be xeric.14. As one proceeds down the peninsula from north to south in Florida the biodiversity of

mammals, birds, and reptiles and amphibians decreases.15. Sea turtle hatchlings are disoriented by skyshine.16. Several subspecies of recently extinct and endangered beach mice lived or are still found on

sand dunes along Florida’s beaches.17. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is the first national wildlife refuge in the USA.18. The large rivers in Florida are home to the alligator snapping turtle, which is the largest

freshwater turtle in the world.19. Red mangrove is easily recognized by its prop roots.20. Least bitterns, clapper rails, and cape sable seaside sparrows are bird species commonly

associated with salt marshes.21. Mangroves are tropical trees but the black mangrove is the most cold tolerant and occurs farther

north than the other two species.22. Fires of catastrophic level get everyone’s attention, but most wild fires are 50 acres or less in

size.23. In Florida, temperate hardwood forests are often called Hammocks.24. Florida’s springs are important places for manatees in the winter because the springs provide a

warm-water refuge.25. The number of people killed by alligators in Florida since the early 1940s is 13.26. Almost 90% of Florida’s dry prairies have been converted to cattle pastures.27. The two principal species of salt marsh plants in Florida are smooth cordgrass and black

needlerush.28. Black mangrove is easily recognized by its pneumatophores.29. As the diet of these birds is mostly fish, it is thus not surprising to find ospreys around Florida’s

lakes and rivers.30. Florida’s peninsula is built on an underlying geologic formation consisting largely of limestone.31. White pelicans are strictly surface feeders that do not plunge-dive to capture food.32. Cooperative breeding is a trait seen in the Florida scrub jay.33. Many of the plant species in the tropical hardwood forest ecosystem of southern Florida

originated in The West Indies.

34. Florida’s scrub ecosystem is characterized by sterile soils.35. While at the local beach you see brown pelicans capturing fish by plunge-diving.36. As nesting sites for birds have disappeared from Florida’s beaches some species such as least

terns have taken to nesting on buildings with gravel rooftops.37. Alligators in Lake Apopka have been found with atypical hormone levels and other

reproductive abnormalities, which are thought to be the result of environmental contamination.38. The burrows of gopher tortoises are used by the Florida mouse and gopher frog as a refuge from

predators and harsh environmental conditions.39. The sand skink is a species of lizard that occurs only in Florida scrub.40. Dry prairies in Florida are the primary habitat for northern caracaras.41. Sand dunes in Florida tend to be higher on the east coast than the west coast because the dunes

on the east coast face the prevailing winds.42. Fox squirrels, typically inhabit high pine sandhills in Florida.43. A “keystone species” is defined as one whose ecological importance to other species is greater

than would be predicted based only on its abundance.44. Significant areas of salt marsh habitat in Florida are eventually likely to be lost to global

warming.45. Forested wetlands are called swamps.46. The single most widespread upland ecosystem in Florida is pine flatwoods.47. Florida has more than 1700 rivers.48. The length of time that wetland soils are saturated or flooded is called the hydroperiod.49. Florida’s scrub ecosystem is characterized by many endemic plant species.50. Species that spend most of their lives underground to escape harsh surface conditions are said to

be fossorial.51. Florida freshwater springs are artesian, which means that water flows naturally to the surface.52. The cypress is the dominant tree in many of Florida’s freshwater swamps.53. The ‘squeaky’ sugar sand on Florida’s panhandle beaches is composed primarily of quartz.54. Florida’s scrub ecosystem is dependent on infrequent fires.55. Dry prairies in Florida are the only habitat that supports grasshopper sparrows.56. Mesic is a term used to describe wet or damp soil.57. Florida’s beaches are the most important nesting sites of the loggerhead turtle in its New World

range.58. Restoration of the Everglades ecosystem will depend mostly on reducing phosphorus levels.59. Restoration of the Everglades ecosystem will depend on restoring historic water flow.

Topic One

1. The California Wildlife Protection Act (Proposition 117) banned hunting of Mountain Lions.2. False : Mountain Lions have never been know to kill humans.3. BTO researchers found that the Grey Heron had increased to higher numbers than ever reported

throughout history.4. Agriculturalists in Britain blamed the declines in some species on predation by sparrow hawks.5. True : At the 2002 CITES meeting, the US agreed with the motion to allow a one time sale of

ivory stockpiled in five African nations.6. A study of 24 species of breeding birds in Britain conducted by the British Trust for

Ornithology (BTO) found that although many species were declining a few species were increasing.

7. Zimbabwe is one of the African nations that argued for lifting the ban on ivory trade.8. India is the nation that joined Kenya and fought against permanently lifting the ban on ivory

trade.9. Voters in Oregon banned the hunting of mountain lions with hounds.10. In one study of British farmland birds researchers found that about 20% of all European birds

are now a conservation concern.11. Cougars have recently been found in South Dakota and Minnesota.12. Two species of kangaroo are only harvested on Flinders Island and Tasmania.13. In 1989, CITES banned international trade in ivory.14. the Predator Defense Institute attacked the Oregon state wildlife agency over its methods for

studying mountain lion population size.15. Viva! Is the animal rights advocacy group that led the campaign to ban the sale of kangaroo

meat in UK grocery stores.16. Although Japan supported the one time sale of ivory, the sale was opposed by China.17. Researches believe that the declines seen in British farmland birds are due to farming practices.18. According to Viva!, Bulgaria is the nation that imports the greatest amount of kangaroo meat.19. Japan was the non-African nation that wanted the ivory trade to be reinstated.20. Most of the kangaroo meat commercially harvested in Australia is exported to European

countries.21. Five species of kangaroo are harvested commercially on the mainland of Australia.

Topic Two

1. Priority numbers for listing species under the ESA are based on population size.2. Prairie dogs are especially vulnerable to Sylvatic Plague.3. The state of Louisiana constructed six plants to process nutria for human consumption.4. The population of Black-tailed Prairie Dogs in Lubbock, Texas could be as high as 40,000.5. The main problem caused by Nutria in Louisiana is that they destroy wetland and farmland

vegetation.6. When exposed to air, phostoxin reacts to form hydrogen phosphide.7. The range of Black-footed Ferret historically coincided more or less with the range of prairie

dogs.8. Varmint hunters shoot prairie dogs chiefly for fun.9. False : The Black-tailed Prairie dog is protected by state law in several states.10. Nutria were introduced to the US from Argentina.11. The largest population of re-introduced black-footed ferrets (164 individuals) is in South

Dakota.12. In August 2004, based on new information, the USFWS ruled that the Black-tailed Prairie Dog

should not be listed.13. The Black-tailed Prairie Dog inhabits the short grass prairie zone of the Great Planes.14. A total of 0 nutria was processed in 1996-1997 for human consumption in Louisiana.15. When first considered for listing under the ESA, the Black-tailed Prairie dog was assigned a

priority number of 8.16. Wide scale poisioning of prairie dogs was undertaken between 1920 and 1970 by the agency

now known as USDA Wildlife Services.17. The individuals used in re-introductions of the black-footed ferret came from captive breeding.18. The cost of removing 300 prairie dogs from the Lubbock site was $17000.19. About 150 nutria were able to escape from “escape proof” cages in Louisiana in 1940 following

a hurricane.20. In Louisiana, authorities recently hoped to persuade the public to eat nutria meat.21. The Utah Prairie Dog is listed as endangered.22. Since European contact, the Black-tailed Prairie dog has lost about 99% of its original 100

million acres of habitat.23. In 1981, a population of Black-footed Ferrets was found near Meeteese in Wyoming.24. Black-footed ferrets are vulnerable to canine distemper as well as sylvatic plague.25. The muskrat is a once commercially important native North American furbearer that weighs

about 2 lbs.26. False : In 1999, the USFWS ruled that there was sufficient evidence to warrant an emergency

listing for the Black-tailed Prairie Dog.27. In 1999 petitioners listed three threats to the Black-tailed Prairie Dog.28. Recently trappers in Louisiana were earning about $<3 per nutria pelt.29. Petitioners originally sought an “emergency” candidate 2 categorization for the Black-tailed

Prairie Dog in 1994.30. Nutria were originally introduced to establish a fur industry.31. Once thought to be extinct, a population of Black-footed Ferrets was found in South Dakota in

1964.32. Officials in Lubbock plan to use phostoxin to kill prairie dogs.33. Phostoxin reacts with H2O in the atmosphere to become activated.34. Priority numbers for listing species under the ESA are based on population size.35. By the late 1950s there roughly 20 million nutria in the US.

36. According to Seton, at the start of the twentieth century there were 5 billion prairie dogs on the Great Plains.

Topic Three

1. False : All ranchers in the US oppose wolf re-introductions.2. A hunter from Louisiana, who shot a radio-collared lynx in Colorado, was fined >$18000.3. Sea Horses are especially popular in markets in traditional medicine in China.4. When re-introduced wolves kill livestock where they are re-introduced, the livestock owner is

paid fair market value for the loss.5. Re-introductions of Canada Lynx in Colorado all took place on National Forest land.6. Management of snow geese legally falls under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.7. Canada Lynx feed principally on Snowshoe Hares.8. Fishers (Martes pennati) have recently been re-introduced to the state of Tennessee.9. Sea horses commonly live over beds of sea grass.10. False : The Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow spends the winter in Cuba.11. The Farm Bureau is the organization that has vehemently opposed Lynx re-introductions to

Colorado.12. Cape Sable Seaside Sparrows typically nest in one meter tall saw grass.13. Fishers are members of the weasel family.14. Many sea horses are harvested by fishers from the Philippines.15. Sea Horses are actually bony fish.16. Moulton was able to buy some dried seahorses at a market in Tarpon Springs.17. The Dusky Seaside Sparrow that went extinct in Florida was a victim of Development.18. A favorite food of fishers in some areas is porcupine.19. A female snow goose can lose 40% of her body mass producing a single clutch.20. The fisher re-introductions were funded in part by Duracell.21. In a poll, 75% of Australians favored the killing of feral cats.22. Defenders of Wildlife is the non-governmental organization that pushed for and participated in

the re-introduction of gray wolves to Idaho and Yellowstone National Park.23. When the USFWS increased the bag limit on snow geese, the HSUS sued them to stop the

increase.24. Ducks Unlimited is the non-governmental organization that claims increased numbers of snow

geese are destroying arctic vegetation.25. “Egging”, means the removal of eggs from snow goose nests will likely be ineffective in

managing snow geese because nests are far from any people.26. There are an estimated 12 million feral cats in Australia.

Topic Four

1. One concern regarding the harvest in Big Cypress NP was the amount of air boat damage to the habitat of Snail Kites and Cape Sable Seaside Sparrows.

2. Piping plovers in Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge were mostly preyed on by Great Black-backed gulls.

3. False : Piping Plovers are restricted to the east coast of the United States.4. True : Black Skimmers benefited from gull control at Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge.5. A frog gig is basically a multi-pronged spear.6. According to the Miami Herald in 1996 people were killing $700 worth of frogs per night.7. As noted in lecture, there are 2 main foraging types (not species!) of gulls.8. Wisconsin deer may have been infected with CWD by eating Protein pellets.9. In 1996, public outcry led to a ban on the harvest of frogs in Big Cypress National Preserve.10. True : Before 1996, frog gigging for consumption by a person’s family was legal in Big Cypress

National Preserve.11. USFWS scientists wanted to kill certain gulls at the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge in

Massachusetts because the gulls were killing federally listed Piping Plovers.12. CWD is caused by Prions.13. In April 1996 a ranger in Big Cypress found that 67 boats of frog leg catches weighed 4500 lbs.14. The USFWS used DRC-1339 to kill gulls in Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge.15. CWD was first seen in captive deer in Colorado.16. In Wisconsin, authorities plan to kill 25000 deer in a circle with a 10 mile radius around a spot

where 18 deer tested positive for CWD.17. Common Terns is one of the species that benefited most from gull culling at Monomoy National

Wildlife Refuge.18. People in Kentucky developed Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease like symptoms after eating Squirrel

brains.19. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is similar to Mad Cow Disease seen in England.20. The frog most sought after in Big Cypress National Preserve was the pig frog.21. CWD has been known to infect Elk as well as deer.22. The Laughing Gull is a common scavenging species of the Gulf Coast of Florida.

Topic Five

1. White line disease is found in certain corals in Florida.2. CITES is an example of a wildlife classification scheme based on an international agreement.3. The structurally simplest animals we discussed are the sponges.4. Box Jellyfish are extremely dangerous species found in the region of tropical Australia.5. Cannonball jellyfish are a good species for commercial harvest because they have high

reproductive rates.6. Bleaching of coral reefs can be caused by environmental stress.7. Cell wall of chitin is a cellular structure that is typical only of species in the kingdom Fungi.8. Sponges once were, but no longer are, commercially harvested out of Key West.9. Red tides are caused by a species from the kingdom protista.10. Species in the kingdom Monera are characterized by having prokaryotic cells.11. Red Tides toxins are produced by Dinoflagellates.12. Collar cells are cells that trap tiny food particles as water flows through the body wall of

sponges.13. Coral reefs are formed by species in the phylum Cnidaria.14. Currently the market for US caught cannonball jellyfish exists especially in Korea.15. False : Plants are not listed by CITES.16. Intracellular digestion by amoebocytes is typical of sponges.17. Most of the species listed by CITES are categorized in Appendix II.18. Roughly 164 nations have signed the CITES agreement.19. There are basically 3 kinds of red tides.20. True : Red tides are not always characterized by a change in the water color.21. Cannonball jellyfish belong to the Phylum cnidaria.22. Which of the following is the correct sequence in going from smaller groups to larger? See

below.23. Most non-phylogenetic wildlife classification schemes are based on distribution and abundance.24. Which of the following is the correct sequence in groing from larger groups to smaller? See

below.25. Today sponges are commercially harvested in Florida only out of Tarpon Springs.26. When resources are low, some organisms that cause red tides revert to sexual reproduction.27. International trade in endangered species is monitored by CITES.

Life > Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

Topic Six

1. According to MPM many wildlifers, if given a choice would study CMVs.2. Only species in the class insecta can be exempt of provisions in the Endangered Species Act.3. Scallops are members of the phylum Mollusca.4. False : The Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly once occurred statewide in Florida.5. Creating stepping-stone habitat is a technique used by Dr. Tom Emmel to aid the Schaus

Swallowtail Butterfly.6. The blastula is a hollow ball of cells.7. The MFC left the recreational scallop season open for 2 months because of economic pressure.8. After the scallops declined, the state (through the MFC) banned commercial harvest of scallops

statewide.9. Scallops began to disappear in the region of the Gulf of Mexico south of the Suwanee river.10. The FWC lists 8 species of invertebrates as being threatened, or endangered.11. Lobsters and shrimp are species in the phylum Anthropoda.12. Flatworms belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes.13. The solid ball of cells formed through cleavage is called a morula.14. A pseudocoelom is characteristic of the nematodes.15. The Schaus Swallowtail butterfly may avoid extinction in the wild because of a partnership

between conservation scientists and a golfing association.16. Members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) have no secondary body cavity.17. Before 1997 the scallop season ran for 9 months in Florida.18. The Schaus Swallowtail butterfly survived because a few individuals were none of these (not

protected by the NPS, naturally large, or had mated with an introduced species).19. In deuterostomes the anus froms from the blastopore.20. The blastopore becomes the mouth in the development of protostomes.21. Cnidaria is one of the three most represented phyla of invertebrates listed by FCREPA.22. The invertebrate phylum Porifera has no species listed by the FWC.23. The Zebra Mussel is an introduced species in North America that belongs to the phylum

Mollusca.24. A true coelom is a secondary body cavity that is surrounded by mesoderm and mesoderm.25. By 1984 the Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly was reduced to a total of 70 individuals.26. The Schaus Swallowtail butterfly is found only in the Florida Keys.27. Moulton believes that few invertebrate species are federally listed in Florida because

invertebrates have not been studied extensively.28. Embyonic genes switch on during the gastrula phase of development.29. The Schaus Swallowtail butterfly was nearly wiped out in 1992 because of Hurricane Andrew.

Topic Seven

1. When the Welland canal was deepened lampreys invaded Lake Erie.2. Natives on the Yukon River harvest nemeryaq which are actually lampreys.3. The urochordata are chordates that are sessile as adults and/but have a free-swimming larva.4. False : All lampreys are parasitic.5. TFM is a chemical once used to control lampreys.6. The parasitic sea lamprey is characterized by having an oral disk.7. All chordates have dorsal hollow nerve cord.8. Metamorphosis refers to the developmental change from juvenile to adult.9. The phylum chordate is subdivided into 3 subphyla.10. Fish that live in marine environments and ascend creeks and streams to breed are called

anadromous.11. False : The four chordate characteristics are all visible in the adults of all chordate species.12. Some species of eels are catadromous species.13. Hagfish use slime production as a defense mechanism.14. All chordates have pharyngeal gill slits.15. There are about 70 species of jawless vertebrates in the world today.16. False : Lampreys are chiefly catadromous.17. When lampreys reached the upper Great Lakes the Lake Trout fishery collapsed.18. Typically, invertebrates use their gills for feeding.19. Modern hagfishes are found only in marine environments.20. The currently accepted theory among biologists on the evolution of the vertebrates is based on

Garstang’s hyphothesis.21. TFM may be replaced in the future by Baylucide.22. The Ostracoderms may have used the bone in their skin for a mineral reservoir.23. The sea squirts belong to the subphylum urochordata.24. Sea urchins belong to the phylum Echinodermata.25. The Ostracoderms may have used their bony skin for protection.26. Amphioxus is a typical member of the subphylum cephalochordate.27. Hemichordata is the phylum of marine, acorn worms.28. In the vertebrates the gills are internal and connected to the digestive tube.29. Among the vertebrates a prominent notochord is found in adult members of the class Agnatha.30. Scientists once thought (incorrectly) that Amphioxus was a larval lamprey that underwent

paedomorphosis.31. The ostracoderms were the first vertebrates.

Topic Eight

1. The Patagonian Toothfish is managed by a group of 24 nations that make up the CCAMLR.2. In order for jaws to function properly an animal must be able to overcome roll, pitch, and yaw.3. According to Sea Web as many as 1.1 million pounds of marlin were discarded by the swordfish

industry between 1995-1996.4. Sharks are now commonly harvested for their cartilage, which is said to function as a cancer

preventative.5. To protect Lake Michigan from possible invasion by Asian carp, fishery managers put up an

electrical barrier.6. False : The Patagonian Toothfish is officially listed as endangered.7. Any swordfish that are caught that are not large enough by established standards are thrown

overboard.8. The US government recently closed more than 132,000 square miles of the Atlantic to

commercial swordfishing because these areas are swordfish nursery areas.9. According to SUSA about 30 million pounds of Swordfish are consumed by the US public each

year.10. The Placoderms are thought to have evolved from the Ostracoderms.11. The common carp is native to Eurasia.12. Swordfish USA (SUSA) claims there are roughly 17 million recreational fishers and 250

commercial swordfish boats in the North Atlantic.13. One problem with harvesting sharks commercially is that they are viviparous.14. The “Give Swordfish a Break” campaign was run by Sea Web and Natural Resources Defense

Council.15. When the US government closed more than 132,000 square miles to commercial swordfishing

in the Atlantic, the sponsors of the ‘Give Swordfish a Break’ formally ended the campaign.16. Asian Carp may actually leap into boats because outboard motors frighten them.17. The Marine Mammal Protection act of 1972 was enacted to protect dolphins from mortality due

to fishing.18. In the film The Perfect Storm, the crew was fishing for Atlantic Swordfish.19. Grass Carp were introduced to the US to control aquatic weeds.20. There are actually two species of Patagonian Toothfish.21. Jaws evolved from the gill arches.22. Swordfish are harvested commercially using long lines.23. Large scale commercial fishing for Patagonian Toothfish began in the 1990s.24. In the 1970s Bighead and Silver Carp were introduced to the US to control Mollusks and algae.25. In 1997, the US Senate decided to lift the ban on imports of Mexican tuna.26. Atlantic Swordfish feed chiefly on squid and mackerel as adults.27. The fishing technique used to catch Patagonian Toothfish is said to have resulted in the deaths

of numerous sea birds.28. ICCAT is the group that manages Atlantic Swordfish.29. According to Swordfish USA about 2/3 of the swordfish consumed in the US comes from the

Pacific Ocean.30. The US imports about 20 percent of all legally harvested Patagonian Toothfish.31. In 1990, the US banned imports of tuna from Mexico because of dolphin mortality.32. Pacific Ocean tuna were considered “Dolphin Safe” after IATTC criteria were established.33. The Patagonian Toothfish is harvested using long lines.34. There are possibly 22,000 species of bony fishes.35. Paired fins were an adaptation that enabled the jaws to work efficiently.

36. The placoderms were the first jawed vertebrates.

Topic Nine

1. Icthyostega fossils are known from what is now Greenland.2. The now extinct gastric-brooding frog was known only from Australia.3. Chirping frogs were first seen in Hawaii in the mid 1980s.4. Amphiumas of the following is an example of a paedogenetic group of amphibian species.5. External fertilization is characteristic of the frogs and toads.6. The fossil amphibians and the lobe-finned fishes are linked by similarities in the forelimb bone

pattern.7. Sexual coupling in species that have external fertilizatioin is called amplexus.8. The formation of a communal foam nest is seen in certain tree frogs in Africa.9. The presence of external gills is a juvenile characteristic retained by some paedogenetic species.10. There were 3 recognizable evolutionary lines of fossil amphibians.11. The fossil lineages of the amphibians are recognizable on the basis of the struction of the

vertebrae.12. Both the frogs and the salamanders produce anamniote eggs.13. Labyrinthine infolded tooth enamel is a characteristic shared by the amphibians and certain

lobe-finned fishes.14. In Darwin’s frog in Chile, the young frogs develop in father’s vocal sac.15. Ozone has not been suggested as a cause of deformities in frogs.16. There are 0 federally listed species of amphibians in Florida.17. Neoteny refers to the facultative or environmentally determined form of paedomorphosis.18. The genus Eleutherodactylus a genus of chirping frogs has 100 species scattered over the West

Indies.19. The Coelocanth is the sole surviving member of the lobe-finned fishes.20. In addition to being toxic bufotenine is also an hallucinogen.21. There are roughly 8 times as many frogs and toads as there are salamanders.22. Paedomorphosis is a characteristic of certain salamanders.23. The Golden Toad which has recently decline precipitously is native to Costa Rica.24. Sirens are primitive salamanders that have external gills, and front legs but no hind legs.25. When sirens aestivate they produce a mucous cocoon like the African lungfish.26. Respiration occurs across a pharyngeal membrane in the plethodontidae.27. The Hedonic glands play an active role in salamander courtship.28. A species of lobe finned fish still occurs in the Indian Ocean.29. Spermatophores are structures produced by male salamanders for reproductive purposes.30. Toads secrete a poison from the Parotoid glands on their heads.31. Deformed frogs were first seen in Minnesota in the 1990s.32. The so-called poison arrow frogs are native to Central and South America.33. External fertilization is seen in primitive salamanders.34. Caecilians are characterized by having internal fertilization.35. Chirping frogs were introduced to Hawaii from Puerto Rico.

Topic Ten

1. The Brown Tree Snake is an example of a rear-fanged snake.2. Sea turtles typically nest only on beaches where they were hatched.3. The evolution of epidermal scales in reptiles is seen as an adaptation for survival in a dry

climate.4. The dorsal part of a turtle’s shell is called the carapace.5. The allantois is the extra-embryonic membrane that collects embryonic wastes.6. TSD is seen most commonly in sea turtles and crocodilans.7. The green turtle is a hard shelled sea turtle that feeds chiefly on sea grass and macro algae.8. Sea turtles have declined, in part, because they are killed for food.9. The sand skink of central Florida is characterized by having vestigial legs.10. About 22 species of the order crocodylia occur in the world today.11. The indigo snake is an example of a species that uses the seize and swallow foraging mode.12. The Euryapsid groups of fossil reptiles lived in marine environments.13. Researchers from Savanna River Ecology Lab found that, like the amphibians, populations of

many species of reptiles were declining.14. As the reptiles evolved the amniote egg, plants evolved seeds as an adaptation to the changing

environment.15. There are roughly 350 species of turtles in the world today.16. The leatherback is the largest living turtle.17. Two of the fossil reptile groups ultimately went extinct and left no descendants.18. Most lizards feed on insects although there are exceptions to this pattern.19. Snakes generally evolved to feed on vertebrates although there are a few exceptions to this

pattern.20. Lake Wales Ridge is an important region in central Florida for several specialized species such

as the sand skink and other species of lizards.21. A reduced plastron to the shape of a cross is characteristic of the snapping turtle.22. Archie Carr was a professor in the UF zoology department who was a pioneer in biological

studies of sea turtles.23. The fossil reptiles diversified into 6 subclasses.24. Perhaps the main reason the reptiles were able to dominate the Mesozoic was that they were not

dependent on water for reproduction.25. The tegu is a species of lizard that is harvested commercially in South America for its skin.26. The fossil subgroups of reptiles are identifiable by their skull opening pattern.27. The iguana is an example of an herbivorous lizard.28. The Gopher Tortoise is classified in Florida by the FWC as SSC.

Topic Eleven

1. Webbed feet and a depressed bill are characteristics of the order Anseriformes.2. The Wading Birds in Florida have suffered from (parasitism, mercury poisoning, interrupted

hydroperiod) in south Florida.3. The state of Florida lists the Red-cockaded Woodpecker as being threatened but the USFWS

lists it as endangered.4. The tail vertebrae in modern birds are fused to form a structure called the pygostyle.5. Since the 1930s wading bird nesting attempts have declined by 95% in Everglades National

Park.6. The flightless Dodos of the Mascarene Islands were related to the modern pigeons and doves.7. Acrodont dentition refers to the condition where the teeth are set on top of the jaw.8. False : Woodpeckers build a cup nest in a tree cavity excavated by Bluebirds.9. The so-called Snail Kite feeds almost exclusively on apple snails.10. Scientists belive that Archaeopteryx was a bird because it had feathers.11. There are 8 bird species officially listed as endangered by the state of Florida.12. The Limpkin is a wading bird that occurs in Florida that feeds on freshwater mollusks.13. Archaeopteryx fossils date back to the Jurassic period in Bavaria.14. The Megapodes are game birds found on islands in the south Pacific and in Australia whose

young hatch ready to fly.15. The Eastern Bluebird builds a cup nest in cavities in trees.16. A conical shaped beak, as seen in finches, is an adaptation for feeding on seeds.17. Owls swallow their prey whole and then regurgitate the skins and bones in pellets.18. The Kakapo is the flightless parrot.19. Ratite birds all occur in the southern hemisphere.20. The order Gruiformes is represented by several species of flightless rails on oceanic islands.21. True : All birds are oviparous.22. The birds are thought to have evolved from the same reptilian subclass as the crocodilians.23. A facial disk is a characteristic of the owls.24. There are about 5100 species of passeriform birds25. The Fairy Tern lays its eggs on a naked tree branch.26. Kiwis are ratite birds that still exist today in New Zealand.27. The Kakapo is native to New Zealand.28. Pleurodont dentition refers to the condition where the teeth are set in a groove in the jaw.29. Elephant birds and Moas filled the niche of grazing mammals on certain oceanic islands.30. The biggest threat to the Florida Grasshopper Sparrow is habitat loss.31. Wood storks find food by using their sense of touch.32. There are roughly 20 orders of non-passeriform birds.33. When open habitats in South florida near Lake Okeechobee are protected from fire hardwoods

are able to invade and render the habitat unsuitable for Florida Grasshopper Sparrows.34. The Ivory-billed Woodpecker and Bachman’s Warbler are both probably extinct.35. Carinate birds have a keeled sternum.36. The Limpkin is listed as a(n) SSC species by the state of Florida.37. Tinamous are the most primitive flying birds.

Topic Twelve

1. The Monotremes are characterized by species that lay eggs.2. The opossum is the only Marsupial native to North America.3. Rhesus macaques (monkeys) released in Florida were originally trapped in India.4. There are approximately 4600 species of modern mammals.5. Mammals have three middle ear ossicles whereas reptiles have one.6. The bandicoots are an example of an insectivorous marsupial.7. True : Rhesus macaques (monkeys) are able to swim.8. There is not a marsupial morphological/ecological equivalent to the placental bats.9. The Florida Mouse is typically found in close association with gopher tortoises.10. A large spur with a venom gland is found on the hind leg of male platypuses.11. All mammals have dentary-squamosal jaw articulation.12. Ever-growing incisors are characteristic of the rodents.13. The order Chiroptera is the second largest order of placental mammals.14. The Numbat is actually the marsupial equivalent of the anteaters of South America.15. Long-beaked Echidna now occur only in New Guinea.16. Rhesus macaques (monkeys) in the Florida Keys have destroyed mangroves.17. The Cynodonts were mammal-like reptiles that had various combinations of mammalian and

reptilian characters.18. A company from New England released Rhesus Macaques onto Key Lois and Raccoon Key in

order to produce a population for biomedical studies.19. The Defenders of Wildlife (an NGO) challenged the USFWS decision not to list the Florida

Black Bear as endangered or threatened.20. The Thylacines were exterminated in Tasmania by sheep growers in the 1930s.21. The Key Deer population in the Florida Keys has increased due to protection from hunting and

increased availability of freshwater.22. State wildlife biologists argued for the construction of culverts under the highway near Wekiva,

Florida to protect wandering Black bears.23. The rhesus macques released in the Florida Keys were said to be free of Herpes B.24. Long-beaked Echidnas now occur only in New Guinea.25. In 1994, 29 reindeer were released onto St. Matthew Islands and 20 years later they had

increased to nearly 6000 individuals.26. Key deer in Florida numbered roughly 25 individuals in 1957 before wildlife managers began

their program to help them.27. The grazing placental mammals belong to the order Artiodactyla.28. The Florida Mouse lives mostly in sandy scrub habitats.29. The first Rhesus macaques were released into the Florida Keys in 1970s.30. The first mammals appeared in the Triassic.31. Twenty years after implementing several management practices, the mule deer herd on the

Kaibab Plateau is said to have increased to 100,000 individuals.

Topic Thirteen

1. When populations are rare, management strategies should try to increase natality.2. The term “rut” refers to the breeding season of deer.3. Most wildlife species have evolved a restricted breeding season because of the huge energy

expense of reproduction.4. Cowbird removal is a management technique used for benefiting the Black-capped Vireo in

Texas.5. In female mammals with an estrous cycle ovulation is not concealed.6. In Lincoln-Peterson techniques the first step is to mark several individuals.7. In mammals the oocytes only leave the ovary at the time of ovulation.8. The removal of brown-headed cowbirds was used as a management tool to protect golden-

cheeked warblers.9. Lincoln-Peterson techniques are used particularly secretive species.10. In abundant populations natality might be reduced by the use of contraceptives.11. False : The target population size of game species is always based on ecological or other

scientific research.12. Mule deer on the Kaibab Plateau benefited from the removal of predators and competitors.13. Wildlife management is aimed mostly at managing population sizes.14. True : Male Platypuses may attempt to ensure paternity by fighting off other males.15. In species with an estrous cycle paternity is largely determined by the males.16. The immune system works via cell recognition.17. Use of feeders and trailmaster cameras allows for direct counting of Turkeys.18. If a person with type A blood accidentally receives a transfusion of type B blood, the recipient’s

antibodies will agglutinate the type B blood.19. Koalas on islands is an example of a situation where contraceptives might lower natality.20. The idea behind using contraceptives in the elephant population in Kruger National Park was to

prevent females from coming into estrous.21. Scientists explored the use of immuno-contraception to control gray squirrels in England.22. For populations that are declining managers should try to reduce mortality.23. The USFWS flies fixed length transects in Canada to count waterfowl.

Topic Fourteen

1. In 2001, hunters in Georgia were allowed to kill just 2 bucks.2. True : Across the US most bow hunting seasons are separate from gun seasons.3. True : White-tailed deer have become pests in parts of the US.4. Wildlifers estimated the number of natural deer deaths in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan by

counting carcasses in 15 acre plots.5. PeTA is an organization that is totally opposed to sport hunting.6. False : Each year the number of hunters in the US increases.7. Mourning doves is a species in which both males and females are harvested because the two

sexes cannot be distinguished in the field.8. The FWC divided the state into 3 management zones.9. Subsistence hunting is still practiced in the Arctic.10. Most state wildlife agencies argue that hunting mortality is compensatory.11. In Idaho, about 20% of the people actually buy hunting license each year.12. The Pittman-Robertson act passed in 1937 generated revenue for game and non-game

management.13. Hunters in the state of Alabama may kill deer legally with hand-thrown spears.14. In Florida < 2% of the people actually buy a hunting license each year.15. A basic (as opposed to deluxe) elk hunting trip to Colorado could wind up costing a person

around $2000.16. During the winter of 2000-2001 about 102,000 white-tailed deer died in the Upper Peninsual in

Michigan.17. In the fall/winter of 2000 hunters in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan killed about 99,000 deer.18. Wildlifers and hunters tend to think that most mortality in game populations is compensatory.19. With polygyny the majority of males are “surplus” in the sense that they do not need to breed in

order to maintain population growth.20. A non-Canadian hunter that kills a bull moose in the Canadian Province of Yukon would have

to purchase a moose tag, a hunting license, and a moose trophy fee.21. The so-called Buck Law might be effective in allowing for a harvest without reducing the

population growth rate, if the species involved has a polygynous mating system.22. The state of Colorado is subdivided into 200 big game management units.23. The possession limit for white-tailed deer in Georgia is (2001 season) 8.

Topic Fifteen

1. True : Sharp-tailed Grouse were introduced to the lower peninsula of Michigan.2. Jack Pines tend to grow on sandy soil.3. Wildlifers call the degree of patchiness in a landscape the interspersion.4. Increased edge of a habitat patch leads to improved predator access to that patch.5. Species that belong to the same genus are called congeners.6. The ruffed grouse is a game bird that lives in densely forested habitats of Michigan.7. The term “Evil Quartet” was first used in conversation by Diamond.8. Local (patch-wide) extinctions were higher in small patches.9. Grouse belong to the order Galliformes.10. When Europeans first arrived in what is now the state of Michigan, there were roughly 125

square miles of prairie habitat.11. The Rufous-sided Towhee is an example of a species of songbird that thrives in edge habitat.12. Ring-necked Pheasants thrive in farmland.13. Mutation is not one of the four members of the Evil Quartet.14. Bobwhite Quail populations, for example, should benefit from higher levels of interspersion.15. The Lawrence’s Warbler is actually a second or third generation hybrid.16. Prairie chickens are today (2007) found nowhere in Michigan.17. Species in fragments of habitat have higher extinction rates partly because smaller fragments

support smaller populations.18. Increase in “edge of patch” may increase certain game bird populations.19. The golden-winged warbler is an example of a species closely related to the blue-winged

warbler that lives chiefly in successional habitats.20. When artificial prairies gave way to open shrub lands and mixed grassland the sharp-tailed

grouse replaced the prairie chicken.21. The ring-necked pheasant is perhaps the most abundant game bird in Michigan today.22. Following the Lake Mack fire in northern Michigan, the first plants to re-colonize the area were

annual grasses.23. Terborgh wrote a book called “Where have all the birds gone?” which details the decline of

many species of Neotropical migrant birds following tropical deforestation.24. Brewster’s Warblers are hybrids formed by a direct cross between a Golden-winged and Blue

winged Warblers.25. Before the Europeans arrived, the southeastern half of Michigan was dominated by hardwoods.26. Prairie chickens were found nearly statewide in Michigan by the 1930s.27. The Wood Thrush is an example of a forest interior species that does not occur in wood lots

below a certain size.28. The sharp-tailed grouse naturally invaded the upper peninsula of Michigan.

Topic Sixteen

1. Brown-headed Cowbirds, snow geese, and Canada geese are wildlife species that has increased due to the effects of farming.

2. False : Environmental problems from chemicals used in farming are limited to pesticides.3. The Montana Department of Livestock wants all wild bison that enter Montana from

Yellowstone NP to be shot.4. In the late 1990s the Dead Zone was roughly the size of New Jersey.5. Bioaccumulation, as once seen in Peregrine Falcons, is the negative effect caused by pesticides.6. The blackbuck antelope is native to India.7. Cattle growers in Montana fear that wild bison might transmit brucellosis to their cattle.8. Presently 90% of BLM managed lands are grazed by privately owned herds of livestock.9. 85% of western public rangelands are managed by the BLM and US Forest Service.10. Of the big game species in the west, the deer are most likely to compete with cattle and sheep.11. Spontaneous miscarriages can result from brucellosis infections in domestic cattle.12. The “Dead Zone” is a region of hypoxic water.13. Species that require dissolved oxygen cannot live in the Dead Zone.14. Eggshell thinning was a problem for the peregrine falcon during the 1950s and 1960s.15. The bare ground that comes from overgrazing can favor the invasion of nonindigenous plants.16. Selenium poisoning is a problem for water birds especially in farming areas of California.17. True : Native Americans in the Yellowstone region oppose the harvest of buffalo that stray from

Yellowstone National Park.18. The US public owns about 260 million acres of rangelands in the 11 western states.19. At least 10 species of deer have been introduced to New Zealand for recreational hunting.20. In Thailand, some people want to ranch tigers for their body parts.21. The Palila is a bird on the big island of Hawaii that was negatively impacted by grazing.22. Blackbuck Antelope are now established in the wild in the state of Texas.23. The so-called “Dead Zone” in the Gulf of Mexico is the result of runoff of fertilizer.24. Fisheries in the Aral Sea collapsed due to water extraction for farming.25. The Montreal Protocol, signed by the Reagan Administration banned the production of Methyl

Bromide.26. Chronic Wasting Disease is a growing problem in the mule deer herd of the western US.27. Water with no dissolved oxygen at all is called anoxic.28. Methyl Bromide is the chemical once used by Florida tomato growers that has been found to be

harmful to the ozone layer.29. Publicly owned range lands are mostly managed by the BLM and the US Forest Service.30. The crested caracara is a native bird species that apparently can coexist with ranching in south

Florida.31. Pasturella is a disease of domestic sheep and possibly wild bighorn sheep.

Topic Seventeen

1. Shark cartilage is commonly sold as a cancer preventative agent.2. Fitzgerald reported in her book that $105 million of snake products were imported to the US in

1985.3. Wildlife trade is considered illegal in the US if it violates US law.4. Seahorse is an example of a finfish.5. Kangaroos are harvested commercially by professional shooters because they compete with

sheep.6. False : Fish and other ocean species are not as important source of food or money for any of

today’s societies.7. Introduced European Hares are harvested in Argentina for human food.8. Snake skins from Asia are fashioned into cowboy boots in the US.9. Over-collecting is a danger for populations of certain snakes in the southwestern US.10. Rhino urine and dried seahorses are thought by some to be cures for asthma.11. Pouches make from Kangaroo scrotums are a common knickknack available in markets in

Australia.12. According to Safina the world fish harvest peaked in 1989 at about 80 million metric tons.13. False : Aquaculture is good because it has no effect on wild fisheries.14. The gall bladders taken from bears are used in several medications in TCM.15. Tegus are commercially harvested in South America for their skins.16. In 1994, voters in Florida passed the net ban.17. As of the mid-1980s Japan was the nation that imported the highest number of sea turtles.18. The European Hare are an example of an introduced species that is harvested commercially in

Argentina.19. “Bushmeat” refers to meat from animals generally harvested in the tropics.20. Fitzgerald claims in her book that 160,000 live snakes were imported to the US in 1985.21. Safina wrote a Scientific American article in which he argued that in the 1990s people in the

northeastern states shifted from catching cod, haddock and hake to skates and dogfish.22. Introduced water buffalo are harvested commercially in Australia.23. Because of the “bushmeat” industry various species of primates are particularly in jeopardy.24. In a Scientific American article, Carl Safina argued that the peak harvest of fish came to some

fisheries as early as 1969.25. Freshwater Turtles are most often traded for meat in southeast Asia.26. Tortoises are traded heavily as people desire them for use as pets.27. Argentina manages tegu harvest by forcing hunters to sell the skins to tanneries.

Topic Eighteen

1. The Brown tree snake invaded the island of Guam at the end of WWII.2. True : Some species of birds have been introduced to the Hawaiian islands by US Military

personnel.3. The introduced Asian swamp eel in south Florida may disrupt native food webs and compete

with wading birds.4. Along with Florida, Hawaii is the state with the most NIS.5. Rosy Wolfsnails were introduced to Hawaii for biological control of another species.6. High summer temperatures is not one of the reasons listed for Florida being a favorable spot

introduced species.7. Mutualism on (with) native species is not a negative impact of nonindigenous species.8. Professor Steve Humphrey, Director of the School of Natural Resources and Environment at

UF, found that house mice competed for food with native Florida beach mice.9. Atkinson argued that rats were responsible for the demise of native Hawaiian forest birds.10. Asian swamp eels are good invaders in Florida as they can survive in shallow water.11. Shellfish are thought to suffer seriously from predation by green crabs.12. One problem with introduced lake trout in Lake Yellowstone is that they eat native trout.13. Lake trout , introduced to Lake Yellowstone are feared to have a very negative impact on the

native population of grizzly bears.14. In addition to the southeastern US the Rosy Wolfsnail has been introduced to French Polynesia.15. Snakeheads in Florida were found to feed chiefly on crayfish.16. The Brown tree snake introduced to Guam has just about exterminated the native bird species

there.17. The so-called “Dirty Dozen” is a list prepared by the Nature Conservancy.18. Richard Warner found that native Hawaiian birds did not become afflicted with malaria until

after the introduction of mosquitoes.19. Common Mynas are indigenous to Asia.20. Introduced Lake Trout in Lake Yellowstone may grow to 40+ lbs. in weight.21. Cutthroat trout lay their eggs in tributaries.22. Deforestation is a potential cause of chains of extinctions.23. Another example of competition between native and nonindigenous species involves Hawaiian

forest birds and introduced birds.24. The flathead catfish is native to the central US.25. Lion-tailed Macaques were released on St. Catherines Island off the coast of Georgia.26. The green crab was introduced to the US from Europe.27. The Dirty Dozen includes 6 plant and 6 animal species.28. Three species of snakeheads have been introduced into Florida.29. Red imported fire ant is an animal species that is not a member of the Dirty Dozen.30. Ian Atkinson of New Zealand showed that native Hawaiian forest birds suffered from many

extinctions following construction of deep water wharves.