william h. gerstenmaier november 6, 2012
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RESEARCH ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: PRESENT AND FUTURE. William H. Gerstenmaier November 6, 2012. Overview. International Space Station Accommodations Present and Future Space Science Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
William H. GerstenmaierNovember 6, 2012
RESEARCHON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION:PRESENT AND FUTURE
• International Space Station Accommodations• Present and Future Space Science
– Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)
– Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES)
– Monitor of All-Sky X-ray Image (MAXI)
– Cosmic Rays Energetics and Mass (CREAM)
– Space Environment Data Acquisition (SEDA-AP)
– Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE-III)
– Solar Monitoring on Columbus (SOLAR)
• Future Exploration Plans• The Radiation Problem
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OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
Maintains an international crew of six people, seven days a week, 24 hours a day
Orbits 220 miles above the Earth, circling every 90 minutes at a speed of 17,500 miles per hour
The largest spacecraft ever built and the longest-inhabited object to ever orbit the Earth
Has hosted more than 200 people from 15 countries
A research and technology test-bed for scientific discovery that is improving human life and enabling future space exploration
Conducts microgravity research that benefits humanity on earth and in space
More than 150 active research activities
Over a decade of ongoing research
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
OVERALL INTERNAL OVERALL INTERNAL ACCOMMODATIONSACCOMMODATIONS
DestinyDestiny
ColumbusColumbus
KiboKibo
23 INTERNAL SITES23 INTERNAL SITES1-8 payload locations per site1-8 payload locations per site
74% OCCUPIED74% OCCUPIED
OVERALL EXTERNAL OVERALL EXTERNAL ACCOMMODATIONSACCOMMODATIONS
External Logistics Carriers – ELC-1, ELC-2, ELC-3, ELC-4 External Logistics Carriers – ELC-1, ELC-2, ELC-3, ELC-4 External Stowage Platforms – ESP-3External Stowage Platforms – ESP-3 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Columbus External Payload FacilityColumbus External Payload Facility Kibo External Payload FacilityKibo External Payload Facility
ELC-1ELC-1
ELC-3ELC-3ELC-2ELC-2
ESP-3ESP-3
ELC-4ELC-4
AMSAMS
23 EXTERNAL SITES
23 EXTERNAL SITES1-6 payload locations per site1-6 payload locations per site
75% OCCUPIED BY 2014
75% OCCUPIED BY 2014
35% OCCUPIED IN 201235% OCCUPIED IN 2012
ALPHA MAGNETIC ALPHA MAGNETIC SPECTROMETERSPECTROMETER
LAUNCHED 2011LAUNCHED 2011
ALPHA MAGNETIC ALPHA MAGNETIC SPECTROMETERSPECTROMETER
ATOMIC CLOCK ENSEMBLE IN SPACE ATOMIC CLOCK ENSEMBLE IN SPACE (ACES)(ACES)
LAUNCHING 2015LAUNCHING 2015JPL ground trapped ion mercury clock
Microwave Link Ground Terminal
MONITOR OF ALL-SKY X-RAY IMAGE MONITOR OF ALL-SKY X-RAY IMAGE (MAXI)(MAXI)
Graphic Source: Goddard Simulation of the Event, JAXA/Rikken, ISS Program Scientist, NASA
On March 28, 2011, the Japanese MAXI Payload aboard ISS detected an intense X-ray source emanating from the constellation Draco. Confirmed by NASA’s SWIFT telescope, the X-ray burst was the result of a black hole consuming a neighboring star nearly 3.9 billion light years away.
LAUNCHED 2009LAUNCHED 2009
COSMIC RAY ENERGETICS AND MASS COSMIC RAY ENERGETICS AND MASS (CREAM)(CREAM)
LAUNCHING 2014LAUNCHING 2014
SPACE ENVIRONMENT DATA ACQUISITION (SEDA-SPACE ENVIRONMENT DATA ACQUISITION (SEDA-AP)AP)
LAUNCHED 2009LAUNCHED 2009
STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND GAS STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND GAS EXPERIMENT-III (SAGE-III)EXPERIMENT-III (SAGE-III)
LAUNCHING 2014LAUNCHING 2014
SOLAR MONITORING ON COLUMBUS SOLAR MONITORING ON COLUMBUS (SOLAR)(SOLAR)
LAUNCHED 2008LAUNCHED 2008
A FULLY FUNCTIONAL SATELLITE A FULLY FUNCTIONAL SATELLITE BUSBUSExternal Truss SitesExternal Truss Sites
Mass: 11,000 lbsVolume: 30m2
Power: 3kW max, 113-126 VDCData: Low Rate: MIL-STD-1553 1Mbsp High Rate: 95 Mbps (shared)
Mass: 11,000 lbsVolume: 30m2
Power: 3kW max, 113-126 VDCData: Low Rate: MIL-STD-1553 1Mbsp High Rate: 95 Mbps (shared)
Japanese Experiment Module – Exposed FacilityJapanese Experiment Module – Exposed Facility
Power: 3kW max, 113-126 VDCData: Low Rate: MIL-STD-1553 <1Mbsp High Rate: 430 Mbps
Ethernet: 10 Mbps
Power: 3kW max, 113-126 VDCData: Low Rate: MIL-STD-1553 <1Mbsp High Rate: 430 Mbps
Ethernet: 10 Mbps
Volume: 1.5m2
Mass: 1,100 lbs Standard Site 5,500 lbs Large Site
Volume: 1.5m2
Mass: 1,100 lbs Standard Site 5,500 lbs Large Site
International Standard Payload Racks (Internal)International Standard Payload Racks (Internal)
Power: 3, 6, or 12kW114.5-126 VDC
Data: Low Rate: MIL-STD-1553 1Mbsp High Rate: 100 Mbps
Ethernet: 10 Mbps Video: NTSC
Gases: Nitrogen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Helium
Power: 3, 6, or 12kW114.5-126 VDC
Data: Low Rate: MIL-STD-1553 1Mbsp High Rate: 100 Mbps
Ethernet: 10 Mbps Video: NTSC
Gases: Nitrogen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Helium
Cooling: Moderate Temp: 16.1C – 18.3C Low Temp: 3.3C – 5.6CVacuum: Venting 10-3 torr in less than
2 hours for single payload of 100 liters
Vacuum Resource: 10-3 torr
CAPABILITY DRIVEN CAPABILITY DRIVEN EXPLORATIONEXPLORATION
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WAYSTATIONS IN SPACEWAYSTATIONS IN SPACE
Robotic/human cooperation
• Is Human exploration worth the cost?
• What does human exploration provide that Robotic exploration cannot provide?
• Ultimately why do we explore?
• Human exploration carries a burden life support, radiation management, etc.
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Why Are Humans Needed in the Exploration of the Solar System?
Given both that:
- Robots are expendable.
- Robots cannot be programmed for the Unknown.
It follows that:
- Robots can be sent out for initial reconnaissance into the Unknown without fear of loss.
- Humans can follow-up and discover what the robots missed. - This follow-up can be done more effectively with Humans working synergistically with robots on-site at a given Solar System destination, as opposed to humans operating remotely from Earth with long light-travel communication delay times.
Space radiation is comprised of high-energy protons and heavy nuclei, and secondary protons, neutrons, and heavy ions produced in shielding
• Unique damage to molecules, cells, and tissues occurs from heavy nuclei
• No human data to estimate risk
• Biology models must be applied or developed to estimate health risks
• Shielding has excessive costs and will not eliminate galactic cosmic rays (GCR)
Single GCR particles in cells and DNA breaks
Single GCR particles in photo-emulsionsLeaving visible images
THE SPACE RADIATION PROBLEMTHE SPACE RADIATION PROBLEM
• Galactic cosmic rays (GCR): penetrating protons and heavy nuclei - a biological science challenge– shielding is not effective– large biological uncertainties limits
ability to evaluate risks and effectiveness of mitigations
• Solar Particle Events (SPE): medium energy protons – a shielding, operational, and risk assessment challenge– shielding is effective; optimization
needed to reduce weight– improved understanding of
radiobiology needed to perform optimization
– accurate event alert and responses is essential for crew safety
GCR a continuum of ionizing radiation types
Solar particle events and the 11-yr solar cycle
GCR Charge Number
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
% C
on
trib
uti
on
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Fluence (F)Dose = F x LETDose Eq = Dose x QF
SPACE RADIATION SPACE RADIATION ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS
Galactic cosmic-ray particles (GCR), which can induce
ionizing radiation damage, vary in flux intensity in the solar
system as a function of the 11 year solar cycle.
- Reduced GCR during solar maximum.
- Increased GCR during solar minimum.
As successive solar cycles also vary in strength, updates to GCR
radiation models are required for each solar cycle.
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), as a 10 year science
mission on the ISS, can provide useful GCR data for this
upcoming solar cycle..
AMS AND NASA RADIATION AMS AND NASA RADIATION SAFETYSAFETY
CURIOSITY RADIATION ASSESSMENT CURIOSITY RADIATION ASSESSMENT DETECTORDETECTOR
LANDED 2012LANDED 2012
Concluding Thoughts
• ISS is amazing international research facility– We need to maximize the use of this facility– ISS has a finite life and there needs to be an
emphasis on effective and creative utilization
• ISS supports discovery findings; Benefits for the people of Earth: and supports research needed for exploration of the solar system
• ISS and space exploration gives us a unique perspective and can have profound impacts on the people of the earth
• How can you utilize and be involved in ISS?
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