William William HowardHoward

TaftTaft

1909-19131909-1913VP: VP: James James ShermanSherman

Born:1857-1930

State from:Ohio

Political Party:

Republican(remember

Roosevelt told Americans to vote for him)

I. DOMESTICI. DOMESTIC

Political andeconomic issues

1. 1. Presidential Election of 1908Presidential Election of 1908

a. William H. Taft i. Republican

ii. Theodore Roosevelt’s handpicked successor

iii. Progressive ideas

b. William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryani. Democratii. Remember, he ran for president in 1896 and gained the populists’ support.

c. Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debsi. Socialist ii. Remember, he was the head of the American Railway Union (Pullman Strike).

d. Taft wins- i. Taft was not one who enjoyed the

spotlight like his predecessor Roosevelt.

ii. Concerned about the expansion of federal powers, he will have a much more moderate view of the presidency than Roosevelt did.

Worst loss yet for Bryan!Electoral college: 321 – 182

Taft: Roosevelt’s hand-picked successor!

2. Taft as a Trustbustera. Filed 90 antitrust suits

i. Most significant victory was the dismantling of both the American Tobacco Company and the Standard Oil Company in 1911.

ii. How does this compare to TR?

(9) (9) Passed the Mann-Elkins Act in Mann-Elkins Act in 1910.1910.i. reinforced power of Interstate

Commerce Commission to set a maximum haul rate for RRs. ii. banned practice of charging more for short hauls than for long hauls.iii. placed the telephone &

telegraph industries under the regulation of the ICC.

3. Taft regulates Labora. Taft created a Department of Labor to enforce

labor lawsb. Passed mine-safety laws and established the 8-

hour workday for all federal employees.

Some of the children who worked in mines

4. Taft on Tariffsa. Taft worked with Congress to reduce tariffs

and still protect US business interests (reversed the Dingley Tariff passed in 1897)

(5) (5) The Payne-Aldrich TariffThe Payne-Aldrich Tariffi. Taft favored low tariffs, like the progressives did. However, he was not strong enough to oppose the

Senators who produced a very high tariff bill known as the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.

ii. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff was supposed to reduce the US tariff rate to 37% . Taft had requested more reduction. When this request was ignored, Taft reluctantly signed the bill anyway.

iii. Created high tariffs on iron ore, coal, and fur/ leather

iv. This tariff split the Republican Party into the Progressives and the Old Guard

v. This helped fuel the break between Taft and his predecessor and mentor- Theodore Roosevelt.

1616thth Amendment - Amendment - 19091909

a. Provided for a federal income taxb. Remember: this had been a topic on the

agenda of Populists in the 1896 election and pushed through by progressives

c. Proposed in 1909; not ratified by the states until 1913 (Under W. Wilson)

Schedule X — Single

If taxable income is over--

But not over-- The tax is:

$0 $7,825 10% of the amount over $0

$7,825 $31,850

$782.50 plus 15% of the amount over 7,825

$31,850 $77,100

$4,386.25 plus 25% of the amount over 31,850

$77,100 $160,850

$15,698.75 plus 28% of the amount over 77,100

$160,850 $349,700

$39,148.75 plus 33% of the amount over 160,850

$349,700 no limit $101,469.25 plus 35% of the amount over 349,700

B. SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Review of progressivism: a political and social movement in the early 20th century to improve conditions in both U.S. government and society.

*Some of the key areas progressives focused on:

Women’s suffrage Working Conditions Prohibition Child Labor

Living Conditions

(8) (8) Ballinger-Pinchot affairBallinger-Pinchot affair: : The head of the U.S. Forest Service

accused accused Taft’s Sec. of the Interior of of favoring private business over favoring private business over

conservationconservation. *caused a further break b/w TR and Taft

Taft supports conservation Taft supports conservation – he promoted environmental conservation by adding to the nation’s forest reserves – but not as but not as strongly as Roosevelt did.strongly as Roosevelt did.

b. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: March 25, 1911 – fire broke out in a garment

factory. With locked stairwells, the young, female immigrant workers could not escape. Over 140 died.

(2) (2) Muller vs OregonMuller vs Oregoni. 1908 Supreme Court Case that

challenged a law limiting women to a 10-hour work day. It kept the law.

ii. Lawyer Louis Brandeis defended the law, arguing that long hours caused women to have poor health. iii. The court ruled in favor of keeping the limit, and this case served as an example for similar progressive cases to follow.

(3) Henry Ford’s Henry Ford’s

Motor Motor CompanyCompany

• Henry Ford made his car reasonably priced, reliable, and efficient with the introduction of the Model T in 1908

With the assembly line.• This vehicle initiated a new era in personal transportation. It

was easy to operate, maintain, and handle on rough roads, immediately becoming a huge success.

• The Model T made its debut in 1908 with a purchase price of $825.00. Over ten thousand were sold in its first year, establishing a new record. Four years later the price dropped to $575.00 and sales soared. By 1914, Ford could claim a 48% share of the automobile market.

• The assembly line reversed the process of automobile manufacture. Instead of workers going to the car, the car came to the worker who performed the same task of assembly over and over again. With the introduction and

perfection of the process, , Ford was able to Ford was able to reduce the assembly time of a Model T reduce the assembly time of a Model T from twelve and 1/2 hours to less than from twelve and 1/2 hours to less than six hours. six hours.

(4) (4) The NAACP is formed by The NAACP is formed by WEB DuBois in 1908WEB DuBois in 1908

The National Association for the Advancement of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleColored People (NAACP) has been instrumental in improving the legal, educational, and economic lives of African Americans.

CombiningCombining the white philanthropic support that characterized Booker T. Washington's Booker T. Washington's accommodationist organizations withaccommodationist organizations with the call for racial justice delivered by W. E. B. Du Bois's militant W. E. B. Du Bois's militant Niagara MovementNiagara Movement, the NAACP forged a middle road of interracial cooperation.

(6) Dawes Act of 1909Dawes Act of 1909• Under the Dawes Act, 700,000 acres of

former tribal land is opened to white settlers in Washington, Idaho and Montana. The steady erosion of tribal integrity represented by the Dawes Act will continue until its repeal in 1934.

(10) Standard Standard Oil vs the USOil vs the US

• a 1911 case in which the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil guilty of monopolizing the petroleum industry through a series of abusive and anticompetitive actions. The court's remedy was to divide Standard Oil into several competing firms.

II. FOREIGNII. FOREIGN

(7) Dollar Diplomacy(7) Dollar Diplomacy 1. U.S. should use economic influence

instead of military force.2. Taft expanded US influence in Latin America using

the motto “Substituting dollars for bullets.”a. Taft wanted to substitute European loans to

Latin America with American loans.b. He believed that increasing US economic power

would lessen the chances of European intervention.

MAP OF LATIN AMERICA

3. Dollar diplomacy promoted American promoted American business interests abroadbusiness interests abroad, specifically in the Caribbean, which had been hit with several revolutions.a. Hondurasb. Haiti

(In both of these countries, we poured U.S. money in so as to keep out other countries’ money!)

c. Nicaragua- June 1911, the US government agreed to help Nicaragua obtain private loans from American banks. In return, the Nicaraguan leaders gave the US the right to send troops into their country when US leaders thought it necessary to protect American investments.

Roosevelt became so angry with Taft’s break from Teddy-politics that he will re-enter politics, hoping to gain the Repub nomination for president in the 1912 election. While the two duke it out, they will open the door for the undivided party… the Democrats with Woodrow Wilson. more later…