william morrison slideshare 2
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Arousal and Anxiety – How coaches can manage their
athletesWilliam Morrison
Context Arousal and Anxiety – Overview
Inverted U-Principle
Arousal Levels for Different Sports
Symptoms of Arousal and Anxiety
Reversal Theory
Under/Over Aroused
Cue-Utilisation Hypothesis
Managing Arousal Levels
Over Confidence
Pep Talk
Concluding Statement
References
Arousal and Anxiety - Overview
Performance Situations
Arousal refers to excitement
Anxiety is how you feel about that situation
A change in anxiety will change arousal levels
Inverted U-PrincipleArousal and performance have linear
relationship
Arousal Peak leads to better performance
Pep talks to “fire-up”
Arousal levels for different sports
Low arousal – fine motor control
Low arousal – decision making
High arousal – large muscle actions
High arousal – simple decisions
Symptoms of Arousal and Anxiety
Cold clammy hands
Frequent need to urinate
Sweating
Negative self talk
Muscle tension
Butterflies
Headache
Reversal TheoryKerr – 1985, 1997
Using symptoms to enhance performance
How an Athlete Interprets arousal and anxiety
Under/Over ArousedInverted U-Principle
Right state of arousal
Using warm up exercises to increase or decrease arousal levels
Cue-Utilisation HypothesisLow arousal – perceptual field is wide
High arousal – narrowed field
Higher arousal – too narrow field & begin to miss important cues
Managing Arousal LevelsWilliams & Harris (2006)
Muscle to Mind
Breathing
Muscle contraction
Managing Arousal LevelsMind to muscle
Meditation
Visualisation
Over ConfidenceHigh ranking versus low ranking
Optimal arousal state = best performance
Coaches role in maintaining arousal levels
Pep Talk –Good or Bad? Positive or negative effect?
Inverted U-principle
Only given to individuals not whole teams
When is the best time to give pep talks?
Should pep talks be given?
Concluding StatementMonitor
Optimal Level of arousal
Managing arousal
Pep talks?
ReferencesR. S. Weinberg, D. Gould; Human Kinetics; 2011;
Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology
R. A. Schmidt, C. A. Wrisberg; Human Kinetics; 2008; Motor Learning and Performance
G. Jones; British Journal of Psychology; 1995; 86: 449-478; More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport
L. L. Craft, T. M. Magyar, B. J. Becker, D. L. Feltz; Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology; 2003; 25, 44-65; The Relationship Between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis