william shakespeare
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William Shakespeare. Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English Literature. I. Shakespeare. 1563-1616 Stratford-on-Avon, England wrote 37 plays about 154 sonnets started out as an actor. A. Stage Celebrity. Actor for Lord Chamberlain’s Men (London theater co.) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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William ShakespeareWidely regarded as the greatest writer
in English Literature
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I. ShakespeareO1563-1616OStratford-on-Avon, England
Owrote 37 playsOabout 154 sonnetsOstarted out as an actor
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A. Stage Celebrity
OActor for Lord Chamberlain’s Men (London theater co.)
OAlso > principal playwright for them
O1599> Lord Ch. Co. built Globe Theater where most of Sh. Play’s were performed
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B. Wrote:OComediesOHistoriesOTragedies
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C.Romeo and Juliet
OWritten about 1595OConsidered a tragedy
OWest Side Story (Movie) based on R&J
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II. The TheaterOPlays produced for the
general publicORoofless>open airONo artificial lightingOCourtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries
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A. SpectatorsOWealthy got benches
O“Groundlings”>poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”)
OAll but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate
OMuch more interaction than today
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B. Staging Areas
OStage>platform that extended into the pit
ODressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage
Osecond-level gallery> upper stage> famous balcony scene in R & J
OTrap door>ghostsO“Heavens”> angelic beings
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C. DifferencesONo scenery
OSettings > references in dialogue
OElaborate costumesOPlenty of propsOFast-paced, colorful>2 hours!
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D. ActorsOOnly men and boysOYoung boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles
OWould have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage
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Elizabethan (QE1) WordsOAn,and: If
OAnon: SoonOAye: YesOBut: Except forOE’en: EvenOE’er: Ever
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QE1 Words (contin.)OHaply: Perhaps
OHappy: FortunateOHence: Away, from her
OHie: HurryOMarry: Indeed
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QE1 Words (contin.)
OWhence: WhereOWilt:Will, will youOWithal: In addition to
OWould: Wish
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OIII. His Main Literary Contributions
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A. ProseOOrdinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or songOOnly characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays
OWhy do you suppose that is?
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B. MonologueOOne person speaking on stage > may be other character on stage tooOex > the Prince of Verona commanding the Capulets and Montagues to cease feuding
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C. SoliloquyOLong speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. In R & J, Romeo gives a soliloquy after the servant has fled and Paris has died.
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IV. Plot & Order
OThe sequence of events in a literary work
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A. ExpositionOThe plot usually begins with this:Ointroduces>>>>
OsettingOcharactersObasic situation
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B. Inciting Moment
OOften called “initial incident”Othe first bit of action that occurs which begins the plot
ORomeo and Juliet “lock eyes” at the party
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C. ConflictOThe struggle that developsOman vs. manOman vs. himselfOman vs. societyOman vs. nature
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D. CrisisOThe point where the protagonist’s situation will either get better or worseOprotagonist>good guy
Oantagonist>bad guy
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E. ClimaxOThe turning point of the story>everything begins to unravel from here OThus begins the falling action
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F. Resolution
OThe end of the central conflict
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DenouementOThe final explanation or outcome of the plotOIf this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution.
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Tragedy (Shakespearean)ODrama where the central
character/s suffer disaster/great misfortuneOIn many tragedies, downfall results from>
OFateOCharacter flaw/Fatal flawOCombination of the two
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ThemeOCentral idea or >>
OInsight about life which explain the downfall
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Metaphorical Language
OComparison of unlike things >OParis standing over the “lifeless body” of Juliet, “Sweet flower, with flowers thy bridal bed I strew…”
O“Thou detestable maw…”Gorged with the dearest morsel of the earth…” Romeo
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Dramatic FoilOA character whose
purpose is to show off another characterOBenvolio for Tybalt
Olook for others in R & J
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Round characters
OCharacters who have many personality traits, like real people.
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Flat CharactersOOne-dimensional, embodying only a single traitOShakespeare often uses them to provide comic relief even in a tragedy
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Static Characters
OCharacters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character.
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Dynamic Character
OCharacters that change somehow during the course of the plot. They generally change for the better.
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AsideOWords spoken, usually in an undertone not intended to be heard by all characters
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PunOShakespeare loved to use them!!!OHumorous use of a word with two meanings > sometimes missed by the reader because of Elizabethan language and sexual innuendo
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Direct AddressOWords that tell the
reader who is being addressed:
O“A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit.”
O“Ah, my mistresses, which of you all/ Will now deny to dance?”
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Dramatic Irony
OA contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true
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Verbal IronyOWords used to suggest the opposite of what is meant
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Situational Irony
OAn event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience
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Comic ReliefOUse of comedy within literature that is NOT comedy to provide “relief” from seriousness or sadness.
OIn R & J, look for moments of comic relief that help “relieve” the tragedy of the situation