wilson presentation
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Human Brain Development *Neural Tube Formation
*Brain Growth
*Synapse Formation
By Cheryl Wilson, Belmont High School
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_development
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1. Neural Tube Formation-induction, proliferation & shape changes
2. Brain Formation-Proliferation, differentiation & migration
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Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
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3. Wiring the Brain & Nervous SystemEach neuron, once in place, must send axon connections to exactly the correct target!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png
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White matter-neuronal axon (connections)
Gray matter-neuronal cell bodies (brownish when fixed)
Some neurons have axons 3 feet long!!!
Finding the proper target to make a connection with is a highly complex process!
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg
Growth, differentiation, development and normal functioning of the nervous system (like all organ systems) requires:
Correct Gene Expression at the Correct Time and Place.
Early Neural CrestNeural Tube
Neural Crest
Neural Tube
Skin
Body Cavity
Neural Tube
Neural CrestCentral Canal
Neural Tube Formation in the Human Embryo-Cross Section
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Neural Plate
Neural Fold
Notochord & Somites
Neural Groove
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
Cephalic End
Caudal End
Neural Tube (neurons and glia)
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Central Canal (will be spinal canal and ventricles)
Longitutinal Cross Section of Early Embryo
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Encephalon.pngand edited by CW
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The 3-Vesicle Stage of Embryonic Brain Development
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Mylencephalon
Metencephalon
and edited by CW
The 5-Vesicle Stage of Embryonic Brain Development
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/Development_of_nervous_system.pngand edited by CW
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1. Neural Tube Formation
2. Brain Formation
3. Wiring the Brain & Nervous System
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4_week_embryo_brain.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_bulbar_region.svg
Overview of Brain Development
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Cephalic End
Caudal End
Neural Tube (neurons and glia)
Neural Tube Cross-Section
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Central Canal (will be spinal canal and ventricles)
Cut
Longitutinal Cross Section of Early Embryo
Inside Out Brain Growth in the Human Embryo-
Neural Tube (early CNS)Central Canal (early spinal cord or brain ventricles)
Most neurons migrate radially from the ventricular zone towards the marginal zone, following glial cell fibers.
The next wave of migrating neurons goes past the previously-settled cells.
Again.
Again.
Again.
Neurons proliferate on the ventricular side of the neural tube Neurons migrate towards the marginal side in waves Each wave of neurons travel past the earlier layers
Ventricular zone (inner)
Marginal zone (outer)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_developmentWith labelling by CW
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
1. Ventricular zone-Where proliferation/cell division occurs
2. Cells migrate past the last wave of cells to deposit
3. Once neurons have reached their final destination, they must now send out their axons to make connections with the correct target and be responsive to receive the correct signals.
Correct temporal-spatial gene expression is critical for the correct neurons to find each other!
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray754.pngLife Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.