wind and ocean circulation continent/ ocean contrasts land/sea breeze wind circulation ocean...
TRANSCRIPT
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WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION
Continent/ Ocean contrasts
Land/Sea Breeze
Wind Circulation
Ocean Currents
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DIFFERENCES IN OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL THERMAL PROPERTIES
Land heats & cools more rapidly than oceans. This is why:1. Specific
Heat
Water: 4,200 joules.gr-1.K-1 (4.2 J.Kg-1.K-1)
Soil (land): 2500 joules.gr-1.K-1 (0.80 J.Kg-1.K-
1)
= heat energy required to increase the temperature (1 K) of an amount of substance (1 g or Kg.)
More energy is required to warm/cool water (high specific heat) than soil (land).
p. 45
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-
+ +
SPECIFICIC HEAT:
OHH
Water molecule
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-
+ +
SPECIFICIC HEAT:
- -+ +
OHH
Water molecule
Hydrogen bonds
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-
+ +
SPECIFICIC HEAT:
- -+ +
OHH
Water molecule
Hydrogen bonds
20,000 KJ
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-
+ +
SPECIFICIC HEAT:
- -+ +
OHH
Water molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Water Soil
20,000 KJ
1Kg H2O 1Kg soil
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-
+ +
SPECIFICIC HEAT:
- -+ +
OHH
Water molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Water Soil
20,000 KJ
1Kg H2O 1Kg soil
Specific heat:4200 KJ Kg-1 °K-1 2500 KJ Kg-1 °K-1
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-
+ +
SPECIFICIC HEAT:
- -+ +
OHH
Water molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Water Soil
20,000 KJ
1Kg H2O 1Kg soil
T↑~5°K
Specific heat:4200 KJ Kg-1 °K-1 2500 KJ Kg-1 °K-1
20,000 4,200
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-
+ +
SPECIFICIC HEAT:
- -+ +
OHH
Water molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Water Soil
20,000 KJ
1Kg H2O 1Kg soil
T↑~5°K
T↑8°K
Specific heat:4200 KJ Kg-1 °K-1 2500 KJ Kg-1 °K-1
20,0002,500
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2. Latent Heat- more evaporation occurs on water surfaces
more energy is used as Latent Heat (i.e.) delays the warm up of the water/ocean temperature
- p. 32 (540 cal/gram)
Lower evaporation occurs on soils
- not much latent heat used land warms up faster.
p. 45
You can experience the cooling effects of evaporation when you come out of a swimming pool. You feel cold. This is caused by the water on your skin taking energy from your body to evaporate (you eventually dry out)
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LATENT HEAT FLUX:
Ground Heat Ground Heat
SensibleHeat
SensibleHeatLatent
Heat
Oceans Continents
LatentHeat
SINKS OFINSOLATION
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LATENT HEAT FLUX:
Ground Heat Ground Heat
SensibleHeat
SensibleHeat
LatentHeat
LatentHeat
Oceans Continents
More water available to change the state of over oceans than continents. Thus proportion to Latent Heat Flux is higher
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LATENT HEAT FLUX:
Ground Heat Ground Heat
SensibleHeat
SensibleHeat
LatentHeat
LatentHeat
Oceans Continents
If a higher proportion of the available insolation is diverted to Latent Heat, then a lower proportion is available for Ground and Sensible Heat
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LATENT HEAT FLUX:
Ground Heat
SensibleHeat
SensibleHeat
LatentHeat
LatentHeat
Oceans Continents
If a higher proportion of the available insolation is diverted to Latent Heat, then a lower proportion is available for Ground and Sensible Heat
Ground Heat
Changes in surface and air temperatures
No changes in temperatures
Equal
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3. Penetration of RadiationRadiation penetrates through the ocean/water: Transparent
Radiation does not penetrates land (energy can’t go down further): Opaque
p. 45
Land
Energy is absorbed near the surface
Oceans
Energy is transmitted deeper
into the water
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PENETRATION OF RADIATION:
Oceans Continents
Liquid Solid
CONTINENTOCEAN
Dep
th
Dep
th
Greater depth of penetration in the liquid ocean compared to solid continents
Assume equal Ground Heat Flux
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PENETRATION OF RADIATION:
Oceans Continents
Temperature Temperature
Liquid Solid
CONTINENTOCEAN
Dep
th
Dep
th
Equal Areas
Equal quantities of energy represent equal areas “heated”. Oceans “deep” but “cool surface” – Continents “Shallow”, but “warm surface”
CoolWarm
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4. MixingWarm water surface layer can mix with cooler water below.
No such mixing occurs on land land heats up faster.
p. 45
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Calm
Warm
Cooler
Coolest
MIXING:
Least Dense
Denser
Most Dense
Stable Profile – little mixing.
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CalmRough
Warm
Cooler
Coolest
MIXING:
Wave Energy – surface mixing.
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Global Wind Speeds
28 m.p.h
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Global Wind Speeds
Rising
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Global Wind Speeds
Rising
Falling
Falling
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Global Wind Speeds
TRADEWINDS
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Global Wind Speeds
28 m.p.h
RISINGBUTTURBULENT
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Global Wind Speeds
28 m.p.h
RISINGBUTTURBULENT
Ocean-ContinentContrast in North
“Roaring Forties”“Furious Fifties”“Screaming Sixties”
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CalmRough
Salty
Warm
Cooler
Coolest
MIXING:
Saline Waters – more dense, promote vertical mixing.
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Global Surface SalinityWarm RisingEquatorial AirRain
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Global Surface SalinityCool descending Air.Deserts.
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Global Surface Salinity
Ice melting
Most ice formationon land
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CalmRough
Salty
Warm
Cooler
Coolest
Cold
MIXING:
Cool surface waters – (ice melting) more dense, promote vertical mixing.
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CalmRough
Salty
Warm
Cooler
Coolest
Cold
MIXING:
Cool surface waters – (ice melting) more dense, promote vertical mixing.
No equivalent processes within the continental surfaces.
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No Mixing
1
43
2
Lands heat and cool faster than oceans
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Atmospheric pressure gradient is produced by the dissimilar heating and cooling characteristics of land and water,
- causes local air to flow differently during days and nights.
Breeze = a type of daily thermal circulation system developed at the interface land-ocean.
LOCAL WINDS (LAND/SEA BREEZE)
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Daytime development of sea breeze
Day:
- warm air rises over land moves to the ocean
- surface winds over the oceans bring cool air to the land
(H to L)
SEA BREEZE
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Night time development of land breeze.
Night:
- Land surface cools faster (H) move to the ocean
- Oceans warms up faster and became a warm low center.
LAND BREEZE
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• Differences in Specific Heat.
• Differences in Latent Heat Flux.
• Differences in the Penetration of Radiation.
• Differences in Mixing.
In a zone or time of EXCESS ENERGY, Oceans warm up more slowly that continents(continents warm faster).
In a zone or time of DEFICIT ENERGY, Oceans cool down more slowly that continents(continents cool down faster).
THE STORY SO FAR!
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts4. Pressure Gradients
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts4. Pressure Gradients5. Coriolis Effect
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts4. Pressure Gradients5. Coriolis Effect6. Wind Direction
p. 46
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At Equator (Low Pressure Belt):
L intensifies over the continents hot (warm)
Ocean cool
At the SURPLUS REGION:More insolation: “continents heat faster than oceans”.
L LL
p. 46
L = Low Pressure (warmer air, low density: air rises)
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At Sub-Tropical H Belt (30° lat.):
High pressure is intensified over “cooler” oceans.
Oceans become cooler than continents.
Oceans colder
Continent warmer
H H H
p. 46
H = High Pressure (cooler air, high density: air sinks)
At the SURPLUS REGION:More insolation: “continents heat faster than oceans”.
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At the DEFICIT REGION:Lack of insolation: “continents cool faster than oceans”.
At Planetary Front 45-60 lat (Low Pressure):
Low pressure is intensified over the oceans (warm/hot)
Continent cool
Ocean warm
L L L
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At the Poles 90 lat (High Pressure):
High Pressure is intensified over continents.
Ocean Warm
continent cold
HH H
At the DEFICIT REGION:Lack of insolation: “continents cool faster than oceans”.
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90°N
90°S
CO
NTIN
EN
T
CO
NTIN
EN
T
OC
EA
N
p. 46
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
Surplus
35°S
35°N
SURPLUS/DEFICIT
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
35°S
35°N
SURPLUS/DEFICIT
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
35°S
35°N
?
PRESSUREBELTS
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
LOW
35°S
35°N?
?
PRESSUREBELTS
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
35°S
35°N
?
?
PRESSUREBELTS
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
35°S
35°N
?
?
PRESSUREBELTS
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
35°S
35°N
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
LOW
35°S
35°N
? ??
OCEAN/LAND
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
?
?
?
??
?HIGH
HIGH
OCEAN/LAND
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
??
??
?
?
OCEAN/LAND
![Page 61: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
?
??
??
?
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
OCEAN/LAND
![Page 62: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusD
eficitD
eficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGHOCEAN/LAND
![Page 63: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGHPRESSUREGRADIENT
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
CORIOLISEFFECT
![Page 66: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHNorthernSub-TropicalAnticyclone
![Page 67: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
PRESSUREGRADIENT
![Page 68: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
CORIOLISEFFECT
![Page 69: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGHSouthernSub-TropicalAnticyclone
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
PRESSUREGRADIENT
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
CORIOLISEFFECT
![Page 72: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOW
![Page 73: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOW
PRESSUREGRADIENT
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOW
CORIOLISEFFECT
![Page 75: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOW
LOW
LOWHIGHLOWLOW
35°N
35°S
Winds blowing represent the advection of energy in the form of Sensible Heat from the zone of Surplus to the zone of Deficit.
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Winds blowing consistently inone direction exert friction on the surface of the oceans and move waters in the same direction.
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux towards the poles.Warm Surface Ocean Currents
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux) towards the poles.Warm Surface Ocean Currents
![Page 79: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator.Cold Surface Ocean Currents
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator.Cold Surface Ocean Currents
![Page 81: WIND AND OCEAN CIRCULATION Continent/ Ocean contrasts Land/Sea Breeze Wind Circulation Ocean Currents](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ea95503460f94bad332/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
East Coast of continents 20-40°Warm Surface Ocean Currents
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
West Coast of continents 20-40°Cold Surface Ocean Currents
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
East Coast of continents 50-70°Cold Surface Ocean Currents
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0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
West Coast of continents 50-70°Warm Surface Ocean Currents
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REALITY!
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ATLANTIC
0°
23.5°
23.5°
EASTCOAST
WESTCOAST
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Europe
Africa
Antarctica
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ATLANTIC
0°
23.5°
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
EASTCOAST
WESTCOAST
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Published by AAAS
K. L. Law et al., Science 329, 1185-1188 (2010)
Fig. 1 Distribution of plastic marine debris collected in 6136 surface plankton net tows on annually repeated cruise tracks from 1986 to 2008 in the western North
Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea
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Published by AAAS
K. L. Law et al., Science 329, 1185-1188 (2010)
Fig. 2 Average plastic concentration (color shading, units of pieces km-2) computed in 0.5{degrees} bins and smoothed with a 700-km width Gaussian filter
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ATLANTIC
0°
EASTCOAST
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
WESTCOAST
BrazilianCurrent
BenguelaCurrent
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ATLANTIC
0°
EASTCOAST
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
WESTCOAST
BrazilianCurrent
BenguelaCurrent
Labrador/GreenlandCurrent
North AtlanticDrift
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ATLANTIC
0°
EASTCOAST
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
WESTCOAST
BrazilianCurrent
BenguelaCurrent
Labrador/Greenland
Current
North AtlanticDrift
West Wind DriftAt these latitudes there is no continent to contrast so winds circle globe
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PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Asia
Australia
Antarctica
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PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
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PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
East Australian
Current
Chile/PeruHumboltCurrent
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PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
East Australia
nCurrent
Chile/PeruHumboltCurrent
BeringCurrent
AlaskanCurrent
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PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
East Australia
nCurrent
Chile/PeruHumboltCurrent
BeringCurrent
AlaskanCurrent
West Wind Drift
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INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Asia
Australia
Antarctica
Africa
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INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Agulhas/ Mozambiqu
eCurrent
WesternAustralianCurrent
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INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Agulhas/ Mozambiqu
eCurrent
WesternAustralianCurrent
West Wind Drift
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INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Agulhas/ Mozambiq
ueCurrent
WesternAustralianCurrent
West Wind Drift
Too small an ocean basin north of the Equator to establish pattern. Currents driven by seasonal winds
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ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
H H HAustralia
Antarctica
AfricaSouth
America
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ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
H H H
Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones
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ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
L
H H H
L L L
Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones
Mid-Latitude Lows
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ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
L
H H H
L L L
Southern Sub-tropical Anticylcones
Mid-Latitude LowsWest Wind
Drift
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1. Winds moving westward
- warm Equatorial currents
0°
60°
40°
20°
N
60°
40°
20°
S
SURFACE OCEAN CURRENTS
Cold v.s. warm currents
2. Winds moving eastward
- cold currents from the poles
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Given the strengthening of Anti-cyclones (H) over the oceans at 30° lat.,
- they control global circulation
- feeding trades easterlies toward Equator
- westerlies toward higher latitudes.
Eastern side of anti-cyclonic cell “sends” cold and dry air to west coasts of continents: Dry Coasts.
Western side of anti-cyclonic cell “sends” warm and wet air to east coasts of continents: Wet Coasts.
Global Wind Circulation
IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE OCEAN CURRENTS
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0°
50°
50°
Sub-Tropical High Pressure Cells
30°
30°
30°
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At Local level:
They regulate air temperature on land.
e.g. San Francisco Bay Area cold surface currents cools weather even in the summer.
IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE OCEAN CURRENTS
At Global level:
Exchange of heat between low- and high-latitudes.
Weather pattern:
p. 47
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Big 8
p. 47
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• Why did Columbus sail the ocean blue?
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1492 – Columbus sailed the ocean blue!!just to follow the ocean current !!
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Slave trade route
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SEASONAL SHIFTSInter-Tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ)The zone where northeast and southeast trades meet, usually vicinity of the equator.
Features: instability; rising air, low pressure conditions.
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June 21: northward up to 25°N. December 21: southward up to 20°S.
ITCZ Annual Shifts:
p. 48-49
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NH: two high pressure centers: Pacific & Atlantic
SH: four high pressure centers: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian oceans. Also over Australia: land cools faster than ocean (SH-winter, ).
June 21: ITCZ over northern Africa, Pakistan, south- Asia.
23.5N
p. 48
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NH: High pressure over continents strengthened (cold fronts).
SH: 3 large high pressure centers: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Oceans.
December 21: ITCZ over Australia, southern Africa and South America
23.5S
p. 49