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Wind Power for the North Wind Power for the North ShoreShore

Sponsored by HealthLink Sponsored by HealthLink Thru funding provided by the Thru funding provided by the

Massachusetts Technology Massachusetts Technology Collaborative (MTC)Collaborative (MTC)

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How many people here use How many people here use Electricity?Electricity?

Are any of you living off the “grid”?Are any of you living off the “grid”? Then we are all part of the problem Then we are all part of the problem

and can be part of the solutions!and can be part of the solutions! Every time you plug in & turn Every time you plug in & turn

on, you are accessing on, you are accessing energy- but at what costs?energy- but at what costs?

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A Matter of BalanceA Matter of Balance Energy UseEnergy Use CommunityCommunity

HealthHealth EnvironmentalEnvironmental Human RightsHuman Rights Global Global

RepercussionsRepercussions

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Energy UseEnergy Use Where does your Where does your

power come from?power come from?

How does that How does that power use impact power use impact your environment?your environment?

How much of your How much of your power comes from power comes from each of the each of the following?following?OilOilCoalCoalNatural GasNatural GasNuclearNuclearRenewablesRenewables

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Where do your get your energy?Where do your get your energy?

Mass Electric Disclosure Label

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US Energy FactsUS Energy Facts

US Power Sources

US consumes 26% of World BTU consumption

US causes 24% of CO2 emissions

Renewable Sources provide 4.5% of Energy World wide

Source:

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2004 U.S. Electricity Generation2004 U.S. Electricity Generation

UCSUSA: Source: UCSUSA: Source: EIA, 2004.EIA, 2004.

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What are the projected future What are the projected future power needs?power needs?

Is it going up or down?Is it going up or down?

How will that demand be met?How will that demand be met?

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What are the options to meet What are the options to meet that need?that need?

Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency New Power New Power

GenerationGeneration Power StationsPower Stations Distributed Distributed

GeneratorsGenerators Individual Home Individual Home

Power GenerationPower Generation

Limited Scope:Limited Scope: Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency Power Generation Power Generation

from Fossil Fuelsfrom Fossil Fuels NuclearNuclear

Are we ready to Are we ready to support?support?

Home GenerationHome Generation CostlyCostly

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How Much EE is Needed to Offset How Much EE is Needed to Offset Forecasted Load Growth in New England?Forecasted Load Growth in New England?

Existing and New EE Strategies Can Offset ISO Forecasted Energy Requirements (GWH) and Beyond

100,000

105,000

110,000

115,000

120,000

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

GW

h

ISO GWh Forecast (w/out DSM) 1.2% Avg. Annual Increase at

Actual Energy Requirement (2003)

Addt'l EE Can Offset Growth

Total Achievable Energy Savings Potential -1.38% Avg. Annual Reduction Total EE

Potential in 2013 Can Reduce

Energy Req. to 1993 Level

16,500 GWH _Savings

Source: NEEP

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What impacts does each other What impacts does each other option have?option have?

Fossil Fuels – Fossil Fuels – Mining, Delivery, Mining, Delivery, Air Emissions, Air Emissions, WasteWaste

Nuclear – Waste, Nuclear – Waste, SafetySafety

Hydro – limited Hydro – limited availabilityavailability

Global Warming And Toxic Waste

VS.

Renewables

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Burning Fossil Fuels

Air Pollution

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Asthma AttacksOther Respiratory

IllnessesPremature Death from

Lung and Heart Diseases

Heat-Related Deaths Infectious Diseases

Injuries from Extreme Weather Events

Allergies

Global Warming

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In case you have any doubts about In case you have any doubts about Climate Change…Climate Change…

Three warmest years on record have all occurred since 1998;

19 of the warmest 20 since 1980.

Fine particle pollution from power plants shortens the lives of 340 of Massachusetts’ residents each year. – per EPA

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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SPM 1a

Temperature trend for Earth over the past 140 years

Courtesy of NE Aquarium Global Warming Presentation

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SPM 1b

Temperature trend over the past 1000 years

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Source: Petit et al., 1999, Nature 399, p. 429-346.

Temperature trend over the past 420,000 years

Courtesy of NE Aquarium Global Warming Presentation

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Not much has changed…Not much has changed…

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What Difference Do the State What Difference Do the State and the Region Make?and the Region Make?

MA state-wide emissions are comparable to the MA state-wide emissions are comparable to the total emissions of whole countries (i.e. Portugal, total emissions of whole countries (i.e. Portugal, Egypt, Austria, or Greece).Egypt, Austria, or Greece).

If the New England/ Eastern CA Region was If the New England/ Eastern CA Region was classified as a country, it would be the 12classified as a country, it would be the 12thth largest largest emitter of GHG in the world. emitter of GHG in the world.

With Northeast = With Northeast = 3rd Largest World Economy with 3rd Largest World Economy with 14% of the US GHG Emissions and 3.2% of World GHG 14% of the US GHG Emissions and 3.2% of World GHG Emissions (Emissions ( Germany) Germany)

Courtesy of Sonia Hamel

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What are the alternatives?What are the alternatives?

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What is Renewable Energy: What is Renewable Energy: Sources for Sources for ElectricityElectricity

Sunlight: Sunlight: PV PV WindWind BiomassBiomass Landfill gasLandfill gas HydroHydro Ocean: Ocean:

WavesWaves Ocean currentsOcean currents TidesTides

Not renewable sources:

• Hydrogen -Storage-Use Nat.Gas off-site

• Fuel Cells -Premium power-Way of using H2

Renewable,but not for Electricity in MA:

• Solar Thermal• Geothermal

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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Where does Renewable Energy Where does Renewable Energy fit?fit?

What is the Country doing?What is the Country doing? What is the Region doing?What is the Region doing? What is the State doing?What is the State doing? What can be done on a local level?What can be done on a local level?

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Massachusetts Approach: Massachusetts Approach: Integrate Policies across ProgramsIntegrate Policies across Programs

Modernize the Power SystemModernize the Power System 4 Pollutant Regulations require 10% CO4 Pollutant Regulations require 10% CO2 2 reduction on reduction on

the 6 major power plants the 6 major power plants Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards: we have added Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards: we have added

100 MW new renewables in first year and will add 100 MW new renewables in first year and will add approx. 600 MW by 2009approx. 600 MW by 2009

Investing $17M in renewable energy for state facilitiesInvesting $17M in renewable energy for state facilities State investing $173M in renewable energy and over State investing $173M in renewable energy and over

$150M annually in energy efficiency$150M annually in energy efficiency Regional goal to reduce GHG from the Power Sector Regional goal to reduce GHG from the Power Sector

by 20% by 2025 (energy intensity target) by 20% by 2025 (energy intensity target)

Courtesy Sonia Hamel

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Massachusetts Requires Massachusetts Requires RenewablesRenewables

Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) Retail electricity sales must include new Retail electricity sales must include new

renewable powerrenewable power Jan 2003: 1% (450 million kWh)Jan 2003: 1% (450 million kWh) + ½ % /yr at least until 2009: 4% (1,986 GWh)+ ½ % /yr at least until 2009: 4% (1,986 GWh)

Increases value of wind electricity Increases value of wind electricity Utilities have to buy “green tags”Utilities have to buy “green tags”

““renewable energy credits” (REC’s) renewable energy credits” (REC’s) 14 states have an RPS14 states have an RPS

More in planningMore in planning

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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So why Wind?So why Wind? Biomass: not enough Biomass: not enough Hydro: sites are Hydro: sites are

takentaken Landfill: important, Landfill: important,

but limited sitesbut limited sites Ocean: Not yet Ocean: Not yet

feasible in MAfeasible in MA PV: 5-25 x cost of PV: 5-25 x cost of

windwind WindWind

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Quick Audience SurveyQuick Audience Survey What do you know What do you know

about wind turbines?about wind turbines? How many of you How many of you

have seen a wind have seen a wind turbine?turbine?

How many have How many have seen the Hull, MA seen the Hull, MA wind turbine?wind turbine?

How well informed How well informed do you feel about do you feel about the pros and cons of the pros and cons of wind turbines?wind turbines?

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Cost of all Renewables Cost of all Renewables is Fallingis Falling

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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Wind is Growing QuicklyWind is Growing Quickly32% per year* 32% per year*

Installed Capacity, end of 2003:Installed Capacity, end of 2003:1. Germany: 14,609 MW1. Germany: 14,609 MW2. U.S.: 6,374 MW2. U.S.: 6,374 MW3. Spain: 6,202 MW3. Spain: 6,202 MW4. Denmark: 3,110 MW4. Denmark: 3,110 MW5. India: 2,110 MW5. India: 2,110 MW

*5-year average*5-year average

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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WIND ENERGYThe world's fastest

growing source of energy  A clean and renewable source

of electric power

There are over 40,000 Wind turbines worldwide with over 15,000 in the United States alone – and growing daily

TOTAL INSTALLED U.S. WIND ENERGY CAPACITY as of Jan 22, 2004 was 6,374 MW

Courtesy Bob Tina

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Wind Power Today: Wind Power Today: ScaleScale

““Small” Wind Small” Wind 1-30 kW1-30 kW Net-meteredNet-metered

Sized for the loadSized for the load MediumMedium

Usually matched to a large loadUsually matched to a large load Large Large

660 kW – 2 MW +660 kW – 2 MW + Grid- connectedGrid- connected

Normally Normally notnot sized to a load sized to a load

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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How much is 1 MW ?An average U.S. household uses about 10,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity each year.

enough to power more than

A 1.8-MW turbine can produce more than 5.2 million kWh in a year or —

500 households

Courtesy Bob Tina

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Wind Power Today: Wind Power Today: Scale - HeightScale - Height

Hub height : 160’ - 260’Hub height : 160’ - 260’

Blade tip : 240’ - 390’Blade tip : 240’ - 390’

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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Wind Power Today: Wind Power Today: How it worksHow it works

Wind turns bladesWind turns blades Blades turn generatorBlades turn generator Generator converts Generator converts

rotational energy to rotational energy to electricityelectricity

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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Benefits of Wind for you and Benefits of Wind for you and your townyour town

Let’s talk $$$Let’s talk $$$ PollutionPollution HealthHealth SecuritySecurity

“Wind Power can Fund Schools”

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Community Wind: Community Wind: Economics SummaryEconomics Summary

Revenue SourceRevenue Source Pay-backPay-back

Three “income streams”Three “income streams” Sell kWhSell kWh Sell REC’sSell REC’s Tax credit Tax credit

or REPI - Renewable Energy Production or REPI - Renewable Energy Production IncentiveIncentive

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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EconomicsEconomics - -How do you make money with How do you make money with

electricity?electricity? Example: a Vestas V47, 6.8 m/sExample: a Vestas V47, 6.8 m/s

Then pay for maintenance, operation & insurance - and Then pay for maintenance, operation & insurance - and equipmentequipment

If cost was $770,000 If cost was $770,000 about 5-7 years simple payback about 5-7 years simple payback

1. Make energy1. Make energy 1,600,000 1,600,000 kWh/year kWh/year

2. Sell the energy2. Sell the energy Per your Power Purchase Agreement Per your Power Purchase Agreement (PPA): (PPA):

44 ¢/kWh ¢/kWh

3. Sell your REC's (Massachusetts RPS):3. Sell your REC's (Massachusetts RPS): 2.52.5 ¢/kWh ¢/kWh

4. Federal tax credit4. Federal tax credit 1.81.8 ¢/kWh ¢/kWh

Gross income per kWh Gross income per kWh 8.3 8.3 ¢/kWh ¢/kWh

Gross annual income Gross annual income $ 132,800 $ 132,800 $/Year$/Year

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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Describing Energy: Describing Energy: Marginal Emissions RateMarginal Emissions Rate

another “unit of energy”another “unit of energy” New England Power PoolNew England Power Pool

(NEPOOL / ISO)(NEPOOL / ISO) Annual marginal average, 2002 Annual marginal average, 2002

SOSO22:: 3.27 lbs/MWh3.27 lbs/MWh NONOxx:: 1.12 lbs/MWh1.12 lbs/MWh COCO22:: 1337.8 lbs/MWh1337.8 lbs/MWh

E.g. Hull, 660 kW @ 28% CFE.g. Hull, 660 kW @ 28% CF SOSO22: : 5,300 lbs 5,300 lbs NONOxx: : 1,800 lbs 1,800 lbs COCO22: : 1,100 tons.1,100 tons.

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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Emissions Associated With Fossil Fuels

Wind has Wind has 00 Emissions Emissions

Courtesy Bob Tina

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Same Picture - With and Without Same Picture - With and Without

Pollution

Courtesy Bob Tina

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Health EffectsHealth Effects

Harvard School of Public Health Study of Brayton Harvard School of Public Health Study of Brayton Point and Salem Harbor Plants, 2000Point and Salem Harbor Plants, 2000New Massachusetts Power Plant Air Pollution Regulations New Massachusetts Power Plant Air Pollution Regulations would decrease Mortality & Morbidity by…would decrease Mortality & Morbidity by…

* Assumes Plant does all reductions on site vs. trading offsets* Assumes Plant does all reductions on site vs. trading offsets

Salem Now

Savings *Every Year delay Costs!

Once Changes are in Place

Premature Deaths per Year

33 23 10

Emergency Room Visits & Hospital Admissions per Year

420 + 32 300 + 22 120+9

Asthma Attacks per Year

2,200 1,600 600

NOTE: THIS SLIDE WILL BE MODIFED TO REFLECT EXPECTED HEALTH BENEFITS OF A TYPICAL WIND TURBINE

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SecuritySecurity Begin to reduce foreign dependenciesBegin to reduce foreign dependencies No risk during “transportation” of No risk during “transportation” of

“fuel”“fuel” No waste that can be dangerousNo waste that can be dangerous Not an attractive target – Not an attractive target –

wouldn’t take power off line, wouldn’t take power off line, wouldn’t have any additional wouldn’t have any additional

repercussions. repercussions.

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Impacts of Wind PowerImpacts of Wind PowerAvoided ImpactsAvoided Impacts

EnvironmentalEnvironmental HealthHealth Security Security

Sources: Armed escorts of LNG tanker into Boston harbor: Globe. Asthma inhaler: Sierra Club. Oiled water fowl: Anchorage Daily News.

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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The other side of the balanceThe other side of the balance Impacts of Wind:Impacts of Wind:

ViewView BirdsBirds NoiseNoise Eco-DisturbanceEco-Disturbance Ice ShedIce Shed OtherOther

What are your What are your concerns about Wind concerns about Wind turbines?turbines?ViewViewBirdsBirdsNoiseNoiseInstallationInstallationOtherOther

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ViewView Daytime:Daytime:

Change of ViewChange of View Historical ViewHistorical View Shadow FlickerShadow Flicker

Nightime:Nightime: FAA required FAA required

LightingLighting

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BirdsBirds How many birds How many birds

are killed from are killed from current power current power generation generation methods?methods?

Other “Accepted” Other “Accepted” practicespractices

Wind turbinesWind turbinesAs many as half a million birds died in the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

What causes the least amount of bird deaths?

A. Vehicles

B. Wind turbines

C. Power lines

D. Buildings and windows

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Annual Human-induced Annual Human-induced Avian DeathsAvian Deaths

UCSUSA: Source: NWCC, 2001

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Views can be simulated prior to Views can be simulated prior to installationinstallation

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Impacts of Wind Power:Impacts of Wind Power:Property ValuesProperty Values

In-depth studyIn-depth study ““The Effect of Wind Development on Local The Effect of Wind Development on Local

Property Values”Property Values” 25,000 property transactions25,000 property transactions

In view shed of wind projectsIn view shed of wind projects Compared to similar sitesCompared to similar sites

No evidence of reduced valueNo evidence of reduced value full report: www.repp.orgfull report: www.repp.org

(http://www.repp.org/articles/static/1/binaries/wind_online_final.pdf)

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Eco-DisturbanceEco-Disturbance During During

Construction & Construction & InstallationInstallation Habitat disturbanceHabitat disturbance Debris/Risk of SpillsDebris/Risk of Spills

During OperationDuring Operation Habitat modificationHabitat modification

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NoiseNoise Typical wind Typical wind

turbines are 55dB.turbines are 55dB.

How loud do you think this would be in your neighborhood?

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Impacts of Wind Power:Impacts of Wind Power:NoiseNoise

Modern turbines are Modern turbines are relatively quietrelatively quiet

Rule of thumb – stay Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height about 3x hub-height away from housesaway from houses

Go to Hull or Searsburg & listen!

Note: Searsburg turbines are older & a bit louder than many modern turbines

Courtesy of Sally Wright - MREL

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Ice ShedIce Shed This is typically a This is typically a

ridge-top ridge-top phenomenon.phenomenon.

You’d have to have You’d have to have the right conditions,the right conditions,

Then be in the exact Then be in the exact right spot- when right spot- when someone was trying someone was trying to clear itto clear it

And have the pieces And have the pieces stay togetherstay together

Heavy ice accretion on a 300 kW wind turbine rotor, from Morgan, Bossanyi, Seifert

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Do the pros outweigh the cons?Do the pros outweigh the cons?

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How to find a site?How to find a site?Location, Location, LocationLocation, Location, Location

Wind ResourceWind Resource Use / SellUse / Sell SpaceSpace Ambient NoiseAmbient Noise Environment Environment

FactorsFactors

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Wind Power Generation OptionsWind Power Generation Options

UseUse to offset to offset power needs at a power needs at a specific facilityspecific facility Significantly Significantly

increases payback increases payback since you are since you are seeing a savings of seeing a savings of ___/kWh versus ___/kWh versus selling it to the grid selling it to the grid at ____/kWhat ____/kWh

Sell:Sell: Generate Generate power to the grid power to the grid Available to towns Available to towns

that have a municipal that have a municipal light department:light department:

MarbleheadMarblehead IpswichIpswich PeabodyPeabody

Large scale Large scale production can make production can make this more economicalthis more economical

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What’s the next step?What’s the next step? Form Renewable Energy CommitteeForm Renewable Energy Committee Brainstorm LocationsBrainstorm Locations Zoning BylawsZoning Bylaws Payback AnalysisPayback Analysis ““Met” TowerMet” Tower Pre-Permit StudiesPre-Permit Studies PermitsPermits FundingFunding

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Tour a Wind FacilityTour a Wind Facility

HullHull Any timeAny time

SearsburgSearsburg Seasonal tours Seasonal tours

VERA:VERA:http://www.northeastwind.com/http://www.northeastwind.com/

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For More InformationFor More Information HealthLink HealthLink www.healthlink.orgwww.healthlink.org MTC MTC www.mtpc.orgwww.mtpc.org MAPC MAPC www.mapc.orgwww.mapc.org Renewable Energy Research LabRenewable Energy Research Lab

www.ceere.org/rerlwww.ceere.org/rerl// www.windpower.orgwww.windpower.org AWEA: AWEA: www.awea.orgwww.awea.org Wind Power America: Wind Power America:

www.windpoweringamerica.govwww.windpoweringamerica.gov Utility Wind Interest Group : Utility Wind Interest Group : www.uwig.orgwww.uwig.org Homepower Web : Homepower Web : www.homepower.comwww.homepower.com