wind & solar power: natural energy sources 9/18/15 emily sautter wind program manager green...
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Wind & Solar Power: Natural Energy Sources
9/18/15Emily Sautter
Wind Program Manager Green Energy Ohio
Timber Road II Wind Farm, Paulding & Van Wert Counties
Wyandot Solar Farm 12 MW
Green Energy OhioState-wide non-profit organization dedicated to
promoting environmentally & economically sustainable energy policies & practices
• Education & Outreach
• Annual Green Energy Tour
• GEO News Magazine
• Solar Thermal Rebate Program
• Wind Program– Wind monitoring & economic feasibility studies / consultation
– Public wind database (data & reports) – wind monitoring sites throughout Ohio
• www.greenenergyohio.org
Governor’s Residence Solar PV array
Wind Monitoring Equipment & Temporary MET Tower
NRG Anemometer
NRG Wind Vane
NRG Temp. Sensor
NRG Data Logger60 m MET tower
Monitoring Ohio Wind Fee For Service Projects
• NASA Plum Brook Station – Erie Co.
• Toledo Zoo
• Baughman Tile Co. – Paulding Co.
• Parker Hannifin Corp. – Preble Co.
• Crown Equipment Corp. – Auglaize
Wind Energy Services Crew
Parker Hannifin & GEO Personnel – Lewisburg, OH
Baughman Tile Co. Paulding, OH
Ohio Anemometer Loan Program
• Kenston Local Schools – Geauga Co.
• Archbold Area Schools – Fulton Co.
• Pettisville Local Schools – Fulton Co.
• Cuyahoga County Fairgrounds – Cuyahoga Co.Kenston – 750 kW
Cuyahoga County Fairgrounds –
500 kW
Archbold - 750 kW
GEO Wind Monitoring Locations/GEO Public Wind Database
Economic Feasibility Studies for Wind Projects
Scope of Work = Obtain FAA approval; identify zoning/permitting and
utility interconnection requirements Preliminary wind resource evaluation including access
to wind data from our database Site visit & research Analysis of on-site utility bills Identify wind turbine options Calculate energy production estimates Financial analysis Report preparation
Indiana Brown Bat
Advantages of Wind Energy
1. Environmental benefits / sustainable resource
2. Hedge against long-term price volatility
of other fuels (i.e., coal, natural gas)
3. Energy security
4. Economic development benefits– Creates jobs– Lease & royalty payments to landowners– Tax payments to the local government
Advantages of Wind Energy
5. Can be cheaper than conventional sources of electricity
6. Educational Tool
7. Marketing Tool
Northwind 100 at Byers Mazda in ColumbusCincinnati Zoo Solar Canopy
Utility Scale Wind Development• Wind Speed is #1• Preferred sites are large farm fields and areas
open to SW prevailing winds.• Close Proximity to Electric Transmission
Infrastructure• Factors that could eliminate a site include:
– Other Tall Structures– Woodlots– Wildlife Habitat– Wetlands
Utility Scale Wind Development
• Turbines placed in rowsperpendicular to theprevailing wind direction– 2 to 4 rotor diameters apart in the perpendicular– 7 to 10 rotor diameters parallel to wind direction
• Construction Area – 10 Open Acres
• Operational Area (Footprint) – 2 Open Acres
Utility Scale Wind Development
• OPSB minimum setbacks (before HB 483)– from property line = 1.1 times the total height
of the turbine structure• Example: turbine total height of 476 feet = setback
of 523.6 feet
– from residences = 1,125 feet
Visual Impacts• Tall Objects 300’ to hub,
450’ to tip
• “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”
• Existing objects on skyline– Cell towers, billboards, water
towers, utility lines
• Painted gray/off-white or other colors to blend in with surroundings
• Careful siting to minimize visual concerns
Source: NREL
Shadow Flicker
• OPSB limits exposure to 30 hours per year
• Solutions: appropriate turbine siting, setbacks, trees to intercept shadow, neighbor payments, curtail turbines (30/8760 = 0.3%)
Source: AWEA
• Occurs when rotating blades come between the viewer & the sun, causing a moving shadow
• Effect can be easily predicted to determine location & duration
• Effect is generally short-lived (i.e., a few hours over a year’s time).
Sound
Ice & Blade Shedding
• OPSB requires ice detection software • Safety features preventing blade shedding:
– two independent braking systems– a pitch control system– lightning protection system– automatic turbine shut down at excess vibration– automatic turbine shut down at excessive wind
speeds
Property Value Impacts
Wildlife Impacts• Wind turbines do affect birds
and bats– Collisions– Barotraumas– Habitat disruption &
abandonment– Turbines do not have
population-level impacts on most bird species
– More research needed on bats
Indiana Brown Bat. Source: ODNR
Bald Eagle. Source: www.wfae.org
Source: Erickson et al. 2005. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report.
Sources of Bird Mortality in U.S.
Environmental Considerations• Contact USFWS,
ODNR & local avian groups– Endangered/
threatened species in vicinity?
• Survey Effort Required by ODNR
• Proper siting is principal mitigation strategy
Public Engagement• Public has a role in ensuring wise wind
siting decisions in their community
• Engage public early & often
• Include broad representation of stakeholder groups
• Communicate the benefits of the project to the public
• Present credible, clear information centered on scientific basis
Utility Scale Wind Development in Ohio
• 55 turbines (99 MW) on-line at Timber Road II Wind Farm (2011)
• 152 turbines (304 MW) on-line at Blue Creek Wind Farm (2012)
• 1,401 MW certified by OPSB• 452 MW pending certification by
OPSB
Blue Creek Wind Farm
Utility-Scale Wind Development in Ohio
Economic Benefits of Two Ohio Wind Farms
• Approx. $775 million investment• 495 jobs at peak of construction• 30 new permanent jobs• 40 NW Ohio vendors/suppliers involved in the projects• $21.3 million spent on local contracts• $2.5 million in combined annual landowner payments• $3.6 million in annual tax payments• $145,000 in local contributions• $325,000 to Vantage Career Center over 20 years
Ohio & the Wind Turbine Supply Chain
• 62 Ohio businesses are active in the wind power supply chain (AWEA)– #1 in the nation
• Ohio has more facilities producing products for the wind energy industry than any other state
• 5,000-6,000 jobs in 2011 (4th in the nation; AWEA)• 2,000-3,000 jobs in 2012 (12th in the nation;
AWEA)• 1,000-2,000 jobs in 2013 and 2014
Getting the Energy to the Grid
• PJM 2013 study– Adding renewable energy to the system Lowers:
• Fuel costs• Variable Operations and Maintenance costs• Average Locational Marginal Prices
– 30% wind and solar energy would cause no reliability problems
• With adequate transmission expansion, and 1,500 MW in additional regulation reserves, the system would not have any significant reliability issues (due to organized markets, regional infrastructure planning processes, and large geographic footprint
Distributed Wind Energy• Cooper Farms (Van Wert,
Ohio)– 4.5 MW (three 1.5 MW
Goldwind turbines) – Came online in 2012– Provide 75% of the
company’s power needs
• Whirlpool/Ball (Findlay, Ohio)– 5 Wind turbines (3 for Ball, 2 for
Whirlpool– 22% of factories' electricity
consumption– $18 million project
Cooper Farms – 1.5 MW Goldwind Cooper Farms – 1.5 MW Goldwind
Solar PV in Ohio
• The majority of the solar PV capacity is in systems ≥100 kW– 121 Solar PV
Systems (≥100 kW)
– 100.62 MW of Solar PV capacity (≥100 kW)
Regional Breakdown of Ohio Solar PV Systems ≥100 kW
Number of Installations
≥100 kW
Capacity of Installations
≥100 kW (MW)Northeast 29 14.32Northwest 32 56.17Central 15 9.58Southwest 41 19.92Southeast 4 0.63State Total
121 100.62
• According to the PUCO list of Certified Renewable Energy Facilities Ohio has:
– 1,592 Solar PV Systems– 120.7 MW of Solar PV capacity– Sites include Ohio airports, factories, municipal and investor-owned utilities,
commercial buildings, zoos, schools, universities, and other locations
Largest Solar PV Arrays in SW Ohio
• Cincinnati Zoo– 1.56 MW– 17th largest array in Ohio (as of May 2015)
• IKEA – 1.03 MW– 22nd largest array in Ohio (as of May 2015)
• Cedarville University– 2.154 MW– 10th largest array in Ohio (as of May 2015)
• Springfield Solar– 1.7692 MW– 16th largest array in Ohio (as of May 2015)
Springfield (Assurant Specialty Property) PV Array
Residential PV in Ohio
Residential PV in Ohio
Residential PV in Ohio
Renewable Portfolio Standard/S.B. 221• Ohio utilities must provide 25% of retail electricity supply from
alternative energy resources by 2025
• 12.5% generated by advanced energy sources: clean coal, advanced nuclear power, CHP, fuel cells
• 12.5% must be generated from renewable energy resources: PV, solar thermal, wind, geothermal, biomass, landfill gas, fuel cells, hydroelectric
• At least 50% of renewable energy requirement must be met by in-state facilities
• Solar carve out of 0.5%; Yearly benchmarks
• Utilities must implement energy efficiency and peak demand reduction programs; cumulative energy savings of 22% by 2025
Renewable Energy Credits (REC)
• Tradable, non-tangible energy commodity
• 1 REC is proof of 1 MWh of renewable energy generation
• Can be sold to aggregators, renewable energy installers, or directly to the electric utilities
• Selling your RECs Removes the “renewable” attribute of your power, turning the power you produce with your system into “brown” power
Policy Changes• Senate Bill 310
– Freezes renewable and energy efficiency standards at 2014 levels
– Study committee tasked with evaluating the costs and benefits of current standards. Report due in September
– Removed the in-state requirement
• House Bill 483– Increased the setbacks for utility-scale wind turbines
from the nearest property line to 1,125 feet
