wind technology historical drive trains conversion devices configurations (hawt, vawt...
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Wind TechnologyHistorical
Drive TrainsConversion Devices
Configurations (HAWT, VAWT)Rotor Design
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW
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Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941~700 hrs
Gedser24 m, 250 kW1957-1967
© Risø National Laboratory
Tvind54 m, 2 MW1978-Present
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Growian100 m, 3 MW,
1981~400 hrs
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Large Turbine Manufacturers• Vestas (DK)• Bonus-Siemans• NEG-Micon (DK)• Enercon (D)• GE Wind (D-US)• Gamesa (ES)• Mitsubishi (JP)
• Nordex (DK)• Ecotecnia (ES)• DeWind (D)• Suzlon (India)• Lagerwey (NL)• RePower (D)• Fuhrländer (D)
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Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW
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© Bonus
Ecotecnia 1.6 MW
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Direct-Drive Wind Turbines• Enercon (D)• Lagerwey (NL)• Jeumont-Industrie (F)
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Lagerwey Direct-Drive
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© Lagerwey
Jeumont-IndustrieDirect Drive• Discoid
French Nuclear Submarines
• 50 Units Built
J48 © Jeumont-Industrie
Configuration: Axis of Rotation
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HAWT VAWT
Wind Energy Conversion Devices
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• Drag DevicesHAWT (Seldom)VAWT (Often)
First Choice of “Inventors”
• Lift DevicesHAWT (Dominant)VAWT (Rare)
VAWT Configurations
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Persian Panemone
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Savonius or “S” Rotors
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VAWTs Darrieus4 Blades
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VAWTs Darrieus3 Blades
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VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades
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DAF-IndalAtlantic Wind Test Site, PEI
VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades
DAF-Indal, Kortright Cente, Ontario
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VAWTs DarrieusBi-Blade
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GiromillArticulating Straight Blade VAWT
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Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)
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Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)
• High Hype• Complex• Costly• DOE
Boondoggle
Variable Geometry VAWT (Musgrove)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © PI Specialists
We Know What Works . . .and What Doesn’t
Eole, Cap Chat
© Vortec
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HAWT Configurations
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Blade Number
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• 1 Blade• 2 Blades• 3 Blades• Multiblade
Farm Windmill
• No BladesNo, Really
One-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Lightweight• Only One Blade• Small Gearbox• High RPM• Noisy• Complex Rotor• Odd
Two Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Lighter than Three• Static Balance• Dynamic Imbalance in Yaw• Teetering Hub• Pitch-Coupled Teetering• Higher RPM than Three• Noisier than Three• Visual Imbalance
Two-Blade Turbines
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Two-Blade Turbines
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Two Blade Turbines
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Two-Blade Turbines
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Three Blades
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• Dynamic Balance in Yaw
• Complicates Erection• Visually Balanced• Lower RPM• Bigger Gearbox• Can Use Simple Hub
Wood Blades
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Composite Wood Blades
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Metal Blades
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• Aluminum• Steel
Blade Shape
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• Taper• Twist• Glauert Formula
Shark Fin Shape
Blade Taper
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Blade Color
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• White• Gray• Black
Ducted Turbines
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© Vortec
Coning-Positive
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Coning-Negative
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© Nordex
RePower, Husum, Germany
OrientationVAWTS Omnidirectional
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Orientation of HAWTSTracks
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OrientationFan Tails
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OrientationYaw Motors
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© DeWind
OrientationPassive Yaw-Tail Vanes
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OrientationPassive Yaw-Tail Vanes
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OrientationPassive-Downwind
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No Aerodynamic Rotor Controls• Mechanical Brakes
Tacke• Flutter
SWP Air• Electro-Dynamic
SWP SkystreamPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
Overspeed ControlsFurling-Vertical
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Rotor ControlsFurling-Horizontal
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Rotor ControlsAir Brakes
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OverspeedControls
Variable Pitch
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• Pitch-to-Feather
Tip Brakes (Plates)
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Overspeed ControlsPitching Blade Tips
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Overspeed ControlsSpoilers
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Airfoils
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• Single Surface• Constant Planform• Tip Shape• Tip Speed Ratio• Stall Control
Single Surface
Airfoils
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AirfoilsConstant Planform
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Airfoils
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© Vestas
AirfoilsBlade Tips
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