Wind turbine electric generation simulation and optimizations

by

Koldo Sasal Diaz De Cerio

A dissertation submitted to the

Institute for Arts, Science and Technology

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering (Honours)

in

Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies

May 2012

Supervised by: Dr. Y. Hu

~1~ 

Name: Koldo Sasal Supervisors Name: DR Yanting hu

Project Title: Wind turbine electric generation simulation and optimizations

Start Date: 4/11/2011

AIM: The main aim of this first report is to explain how a wind turbine works

collecting information from different ways as internet, books and my own

investigation with some technicians of my town.

OBJECTIVES:

Make a simulation with ANSYS of a flow through a wind turbine

The simulation have to be with ice on the blades and without ice.

To do a analize of the results of the simulation

Presentation Date: 4/5/2012

 

INDEX

Introduction, types of renewable energies Page 2

About wind power Page 23

About software ANSYS Page 35

Climate study in Scotland Page38

Simulation Page 40

Investigation about Ice in the blades Page 53

Conclusion Page 54

References Page 55

~2~ 

Introduction

Types of renewable energy

There are many types of renewable energy, some in full operation,

other developing and even some that are still theoretical phase.

The classification here is not exhaustive but representative of all energies that

have been used in our society, especially in the field of architecture.

This is a classification with respect to energy sources:

Originating in the Sun, Moon and Earth.

Solar

Wind

Hydraulics

Tidal

Geothermal

Organic

Biomass

biological

 

Figure

Sola

Sola

This

heati

redir

Curre

T

th

Orig

e 1: solar pane

r panels

r energy is

energy is

ing of the h

rected by m

ently the u

Thermal (s

hese syste

For dire

This is e

creating

And the

of heat r

example

rays from

ginatin

els

s used by th

being used

home (thro

mirrors) and

se of this e

olar), is on

ms are:

ect heating

essential to

reflective

use of ma

rays (infrar

e glass is u

m the heate

g in th

So

he Sun as

d since the

ough prope

d even for t

energy has

ne of the ol

g (window w

o optimize t

walls, mirro

terials that

red) and its

used in gree

ed objects

~3~

e Sun,

olar Ene

Energy So

early days

r orientatio

the genera

s focused o

ldest in the

wells, gree

the solar ra

ors or lens

t permit the

s insulation

enhouses

avoiding t

, Moon

ergy

ource Direc

s of human

on), natural

ation of hea

on the follow

eir use with

enhouses, s

adiation thr

ses.

e passage,

n to prevent

because it

he loss by

n and E

ct.

nity from its

l lighting (d

at by lense

wing syste

h wind and

solar ovens

rough prop

recruitmen

t heat loss

t avoids the

radiation.

Earth

s use as dir

direct or

s.

ems for use

biomass. W

s, ...)

per orientat

nt and rete

of livestoc

e loss of inf

rect

e:

Within

tion,

ention

ck. For

frared

 

This sys

Figure 2: g

Deferred

chimney

The key

material

medium

Among t

Solid

use i

comp

syste

used

Gels

abso

used

geoth

Fluid

evap

trans

colle

stem has be

greenhouse th

d by heati

ys ...)

in these s

s to store a

.

the elemen

d materials

s getting g

position an

em is the T

d to conditio

s are amon

orbing and

d in conjunc

hermal or w

ds from wa

poration an

sfer energy

ctors, vacu

een used f

hat use direct h

ng (solar t

ystems is t

an amount

nts that are

s (walls, flo

greater effe

nd design o

Trombe wa

on the hou

g the most

releasing t

ction with o

wind direct

ater at vario

d freeze (a

y from colle

uum, ...).

~4~

for home h

heating from t

thermal, Tr

the therma

t of energy

e often use

oors ...) is t

ects at lowe

of different

ll that used

se.

t widely us

the stored e

other renew

tly.

ous compo

ammonia, l

ection point

eating, coo

the sun

rombe wall

al inertia wh

and subse

d to get tha

the most w

er cost. Thi

elements.

d to heat a

ed therma

energy at a

wable ener

ounds to av

ithium brom

t to the pla

oking, fire,

s, walls, flo

hich is the

equently re

at moment

widely used

is is critica

A special t

greenhous

l gels are c

a given tem

rgy system

void proble

mide). The

ce of use (

etc..

oors, solar

ability of a

eturning it to

tum we hav

d and by pr

l orientatio

type of this

se wall is th

capable of

mperature.

s such as

ms of

ey are used

(flat therma

ll

o the

ve:

roper

on,

s

hen

Often

d to

al

 

P

v

F

Gase

gene

syste

other

the a

Photovolta

arious syst

Figure 3: photo

Photov

the con

materia

the mat

motoriz

on the s

Among

D

T

m

T

s

a

es such as

erates an u

em. This ef

r forms of e

air flow.

aic (solar)

tems, amo

ovoltaic panels

voltaic pan

version of

als with diffe

terial used

ed tracking

solar cell its

the differe

Doped silic

There are th

monocrysta

To increase

ilicon atom

s impuritie

s air throug

pward mov

ffect is ach

energy suc

is transform

ong them a

s installed in a

nels, panel

sunlight in

erent energ

efficiency

g systems

self using m

ent materia

con is the m

hree types

alline, polyc

e the voltag

ms by atoms

s. Depend

~5~

gh the heat

vement wh

hieved throu

ch as geoth

ming the su

re:

a roof

s that use

to electricit

gy efficienc

can be imp

and a grea

mirrors or l

ls used can

most comm

according

crystalline a

ge is doped

s of other e

ing on the

ing decrea

hich is prim

ugh solar c

hermal or b

un's energ

the photoe

ty), these c

cy and prod

proved by a

ater surface

lenses.

n be found

monly used

to their cry

and amorp

d silicon wh

elements. T

type of imp

ases its wei

marily used

chimneys.

biomass fo

y into elect

electric effe

can be of d

duction cos

a constant

e concentr

d:

d with a yie

ystallization

phous.

hich is to re

To these la

purity dope

ight thereb

as ventilat

Can also u

r condition

tricity throu

ect (which

different

st. Regard

orientation

ation of su

eld around

n

eplace som

atter are kn

e with whic

by

tion

use

ing

ugh

allows

less of

n with

nlight

12%.

me

nown

ch the

~6~ 

semiconductor pure or intrinsic semiconductor are two kinds of the N

type and P-type

Currently, as of June 2009, in the European Union will get a low cost

panel (1 € / watt) with an efficiency of over 16% Crystal Clear Project.

Organic polymers, this technology is under enfoldment but has

great potential because of its low price. Different teams and

universities who are working in their development, Lee Kwang-hee at

the Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju, Somenath Mitra at

the New Jersey Institute of Technology

GaInP2/GaAs/Ge efficiency is 29.9% using a system called Next

Triple Junction (XTJ) developed by Boeing-Spectrolab. This same

company claims to have obtained a new solar panel with 41.7%

efficiency at a cost of 3 € / watt but have not yet revealed the

materials used.

Alloys InN, InGaN Nitrites group III study by the Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratories.

Zinc-Manganese-Tellurium combined with atoms of oxygen, this

system can be wound to get up to 45% efficiency. Kin Man Yu and

Wladek Walukiewicz at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories.

Cadmium telluride can achieve yields of 12% for 1 € / Watt

developed by the company Abound Solar. This company does not

sell to individuals.

Titanium dioxide also known DSSC (Dye Sensitized Solar Cells)

also known as DSC or DYSC, can be described as a kind of "artificial

photosynthesis", in which an electrolyte, a layer of titanium dioxide

 

E

c

Figure

L

lig

m

p

g

A

Electric the

omplemen

e 4: Solar term

Solar th

the sola

turn gen

Wind-so

as a win

first by

the pres

Lighting (s

ght source

match, inclu

igment and

lass. Instru

And various

ermal syst

ntary system

mal power plan

hermal pow

ar rays to a

nerates ele

olar tower,

nd generat

heating the

ssure differ

solar) is the

e and contr

uding their

d a rutheni

uctions to b

s different c

tems, therm

ms genera

t

wer plant, a

a point whe

ectricity.

is to accel

tor. How to

e volume o

rence due

e most wid

ibute to a g

therapeuti

~7~

um, are pla

build it you

combinatio

mal system

te electricit

are large ar

ere the hea

lerate as m

o speed up

of air will pa

to height.

espread an

great savin

c effects.

aced inside

rself.

ons ...

ms consist

ty. They ar

reas of mir

at a fluid mo

much as po

the air usi

ass through

nd used. T

ng light give

e a sandwi

of solar thr

re of differe

rors (helios

oving a tur

ossible the

ng two sys

h the tower

The use of s

es us a qua

ich

rough

ent types:

stats) that

bine which

air to pass

stems toget

r and the o

sunlight as

ality hard to

orient

h in

s it off

ther,

other

s a

o

 

Figure

Figure

Wind

is pro

the s

This

syste

adva

ener

have

D

c

c

la

e 5: Room ligh

e 6: Production

d energy is

oduced by

sun, which

energy like

ems curren

antage to s

rgy and mu

e two large

Direct wind

lean the sp

onduction,

and.

ted from solar

n of wind energ

s used by th

the therma

h could so

e solar has

ntly used do

olar energy

uch of our e

groups de

d, very wid

paces (by i

...). Also t

r light. Free en

Wi

rgy

he wind as

al gradient

omewhat cl

s been use

o not vary,

y is its high

energy con

epending o

ely used in

mproving v

traditionally

~8~

nergy.

ind Ene

s a Source

t generated

lassifiable

ed since the

at least in

her perform

nversion sy

n their use

n architectu

ventilation

y been use

ergy

of Energy.

d on our pla

as indirect

e beginning

n concept, o

mance, sinc

ystems are

e:

ure for both

by evapora

ed for the th

. The wind

anet due to

solar ener

g of time so

of the ancie

ce this ene

kinetic. In

h the therm

ation, conv

hrust of shi

itself

o heating fr

rgy.

o that the

ents. An

ergy is kine

particular w

mal conditio

vection,

ips at sea a

rom

etic

we

oning,

and on

 

Fi

W

ty

a

Fi

Its m

impre

(from

Figure

igure 7: The p

Wind throu

ypes whose

a usable (fo

igure 8: Windm

main drawba

essive diffe

m total calm

e 9: River dam

power that mak

ugh interm

e function

or power ge

mills. The pow

ack is the l

erences in

m hurricane

m

kes move this

mediate sys

was to tran

eneration, t

wer obtained in

lack of con

wind spee

es), which r

Hy

~9~

boat is wind p

stems, usu

nsform the

to draw wa

n that case com

nsistency in

ed itself eve

requires th

ydropow

power. Direct w

ually by mi

kinetic ene

ater from w

mes from inter

n the wind

en in the sa

he creation

wer

wind.

ills of all

ergy of win

wells, ...)

rmediate syste

and some

ame seaso

of system

nd energy i

ems, the windm

on

n

mills.

 

The

its al

This

the n

Figure

Ther

D

lo

U

e

u

Fi

E

o

c

la

o

hydraulic e

titude.

goes back

nineteenth

e 10: Canal loc

re are seve

Direct use

oads and s

Use mecha

energy store

sed. From

igure 11: Millw

Electricity

of falling wa

onstruction

arge turbine

of large sum

energy is b

k a long wh

century be

ck

eral ways to

by commu

ships.

anic, was w

ed in wate

the old mi

wheel. This is a

generatio

ater to drive

n of reservo

es and equ

ms of mone

based on th

hile was wit

egan to tak

o use this e

unicating ve

widely used

r for conve

lls operate

a mechanical m

n, widely u

e a hydrau

oirs, dams

uipment to

ey, so it is n

~10~

he energy p

th the Indu

ke a great im

energy but

essels or lo

d in the ind

ersion into k

ed hydraulic

method to obta

used today

lic generat

, diversion

generate e

not compe

potential of

ustrial Revo

mportance

t we can cla

ocks to rais

dustrial rev

kinetic ene

c machines

ain power from

, using the

tors. Its dev

channels,

electricity.

titive in reg

f the water

olution and

e.

assify acco

se or lower

olution. Us

ergy and th

s hydraulic

m the river´s flo

potential e

velopment

and the in

This entail

gions wher

r due to

especially

ording to us

r heavy

se the pote

us can be

c devices.

ow

energy

requires th

nstallation o

s the inves

re coal and

y in

se:

ential

he

of

stment

d

 

o

m

Im

a

a

Figure

energy

The

harn

Figure

are a l

Ther

oldes

oil are chea

maintenanc

mportantly,

and agricult

a sharp cuto

e 12: Electrical

y that Las Veg

sea has be

ess its pow

e 13: Power of

lot of mass in

re are diffe

st used, wa

ap. Howeve

ce are requ

, the need

tural societ

off could ge

l power station

gas needs

een the foc

wer.

f the sea. The

movement.

rent types

aves and e

er, the weig

uired after r

for environ

ties that de

enerate a l

n in Hudson riv

Tid

cus of som

sea and the o

of energy t

even the th

~11~

ght of envir

running foc

nmental im

epend on th

lot of dama

ver, in Nevada

dal Ene

e of the ea

oceans has a lo

that can be

ermal grad

ronmental

cus attentio

pact studie

he normal f

age.

a (US). This po

ergy 

arliest civiliz

ot of potential

e obtained

dient in oce

concerns a

on on this e

es of both t

flow of the

ower station gi

zations tha

energy kept in

from Sea

ean waters

and low

energy sou

the wildlife

river and t

ives all the ele

at soon beg

nside because

tides, one

.

urce.

, flora

that

ectrical

gan to

e there

of the

 

T

o

to

Fi

W

y

u

a

F

Tidal energ

of day, mov

o use this f

igure 14: Mach

The dir

can rais

variety o

platform

The gen

free into

Wave energ

ear, makin

sed are ba

and tides. T

Figure 15: wav

gy, is base

ving in that

feature:

hine that obtai

rect use th

se large ob

of jobs from

ms.

neration of

o the sea.

gy, waves

ng them ve

ased on the

There are m

ve colector of

d on the di

transition

ins energy from

at joining t

bjects and w

m refloating

f electricity

in some se

ry attractiv

e rhythmic

many types

energy

~12~

ifference in

a huge am

m the tidal.

the tide ow

weight. Thi

g of ships t

using turb

eas is a co

ve for use a

movement

s with differ

n height of

mount of wa

wn buoyanc

is principle

to load ship

ines, whet

onstant, es

as a Source

t of the sea

rent efficien

the sea at

ater. We ca

cy capacity

e has been

ps or other

her include

pecially at

e of Energy

a driven ma

ncies.

different ti

an find two

y of the bod

used for a

r objects on

ed in a dam

certain tim

y. All syste

ainly by wi

mes

ways

dies

a

n

m or

mes of

ems

nd

 

O

d

th

o

Fi

Ocean The

ifference b

his differen

of 20 ° C. T

igure 16: Proto

Open c

pressur

Closed

propane

steam d

the fluid

perform

differen

make a

depths

ermal Ener

between su

nce varies b

here are tw

otype of ocean

circuit whic

re and so m

loop fluid

e) which ev

drives a tur

d is again r

mance on a

ce in temp

n extra cha

to the cond

rgy, is conv

urface wate

between 20

wo systems

n thermal ener

ch directly

moving a tu

with a low

vaporate o

rbine, is co

ready for ev

7% due to

perature be

arge of ene

densate flu

~13~

verted into

er and wate

0 and 24 °

s:

rgy plant

use the se

urbine.

w boiling tem

n contact w

ondensed w

vaporation

o the low te

etween the

ergy used f

uids.

useful ene

er that is 10

C, is suffic

ea water ev

mperature

with hot wa

with cold wa

. The fund

emperature

cold and h

for pumpin

ergy the te

00 m deep

cient for its

vaporating

(ammonia

ater from th

ater from t

amental pr

e of the hot

hot. It is als

ng cold wat

mperature

p. In the tro

s use a diffe

the water a

, Freon,

he surface.

he depths

roblem is it

t and little

so necessa

ter from the

opics

erence

at low

. This

and

ts poor

ary to

e

 

Figure

can us

This

intern

are d

rock

hand

Thus

ener

Ener

D

ra

s

ti

p

h

e 17: Geyser. T

se.

is the ene

nal heat pr

deep under

trapping w

d from the h

s we can o

rgy uptake:

rgy captur

Direct use

ange from

anitary, Sp

me growth

pasteurizati

ousing am

The movemen

rgy from th

roduced by

rground are

water and s

high therm

bserve the

red by geo

of geothe

10 ° to 130

pa, crops in

h of fish and

on of milk

mong others

Geoth

nt of the groun

he earth, an

y our own p

eas with la

steam at hig

mal inertia w

e following c

othermal f

rmal wate

0 ° C and u

n greenhou

d crustacea

or even to

s.

~14~

hermal

d behind us m

nd this can

planet (usu

ayers and la

gh tempera

which has t

classificatio

ields

er, the temp

used direct

uses during

ans, for va

implemen

Energy

makes a lot of h

n be classif

ually throug

ayers of po

ature and p

the ground

on with res

perature of

tly for appli

g the snow

arious indus

t whole dis

y

heat, and this

fied into tw

gh geotherm

orous rock 

pressure),

.

spect to the

f these wat

cations su

wfall, to redu

strial uses

strict heatin

heat is energy

o groups, t

mal reserv

impermea

and on the

e shape of

ters are in

ch as, that

uce the

such as

ng and indi

y that we

the

oirs

ble

e other

said

the

t of

vidual

 

Fi

G

b

e

b

d

Fi

igure 18: Warm

Geotherma

by geotherm

electricity. T

be reheated

epending o

igure 19: Elec

Reserv

piped d

turbine

Hot wa

"flash".

the prod

of wate

drives t

m thermal lake

al electrici

mal energy

The conden

d, keeping

on the tem

tricity producti

ve "dry" va

irectly into

generator.

ter tank, p

Water betw

duction we

r immediat

he turbines

e. Example of

ty in geoth

y provide th

nsed water

the pressu

mperature ri

ion in geotherm

apor produ

a steam p

produces m

ween 130 °

ell where, th

tely becom

s.

~15~

direct use of g

hermal res

he force tha

r is used su

ure of the re

ise:

mal reservoir

uces steam

plant "dry" t

mostly hot w

° and 330 °

hrough the

mes steam i

geothermal en

servoirs, h

at spins the

ubsequent

eserve. Th

m but very li

that provide

water is us

° C is brou

pressure o

in a "separ

nergy.

here the ste

e turbines t

ly injected

ere are thr

ittle water.

es the forc

ed in a cen

ght to the s

of the deep

rator". The

eam produ

to produce

into the we

ree types

The steam

ce to rotate

ntral

surface thr

p reservoir

steam the

uced

e

ell to

m is

the

rough

, part

n

 

Ener

U

th

u

o

p

5

Fi

U

e

w

e

p

Book te

heat to

electrici

passes

liquid w

binary li

the turb

reintrod

rgy collect

Use of clos

he heat of t

se in heat

of a geothe

pool of abou

50W.

igure 20: Use

Use of clos

energy main

warm. Can

exchangers

precondition

emperatur

quickly pro

ity in a pow

through a

which boils a

iquid turns

bine. The va

duced into t

ted by con

sed system

the earth it

pumps. Ha

rmal reserv

ut 150m an

of closed syst

sed system

nly by ther

be used fo

s, ...) and o

ning of the

res betwee

oduce enou

wer "binary

heat excha

at lower te

to vapor, t

apor is the

the cycle. I

nduction

ms of deep

tself. Later

as the adva

voir. For us

nd that for

tems of deep v

ms or ope

mal inertia

or capturing

open system

air itself).

~16~

en 110 °C

ugh steam

y". In a bina

anger whe

mperature

that as the

en reconden

In this clos

p vertical

this heate

antage of n

se in a hom

every mete

vertical pipes.

n pipes at

owns the

g both clos

ms through

and 160° C

but can be

ary system

re heat is t

s than wat

water vap

nsed and b

ed cycle, n

pipes for h

d liquid is u

not being n

me would b

er of depth

t shallow d

land and c

sed system

h the air (fo

C does not

e used to p

the geothe

transferred

ter. When h

por is expan

become liq

no air emis

heating the

used for di

necessary t

be necessa

h is obtaine

depths, the

can be used

s (heat pu

or condition

t have eno

produce

ermal wate

d to a secon

heated, the

nded by m

uid is

sions.

e liquid thro

rect heatin

to the exist

ary to creat

ed an avera

ese system

d both to c

mps, heat

ning or

ough

er

nd

e

oving

ough

ng or

tence

te a

age of

ms use

cool to

 

The

the y

intere

Figure

Biom

origin

Depe

Biom

direc

type

adva

is the

main adva

year withou

esting to b

e 21: Lava in H

mass energ

n, including

ending on

mass comb

ct combust

of applicat

anced in hig

e large volu

antage of ge

ut seasona

e able to p

Hawaii. Examp

gy is also d

g materials

n the use a

ustion untr

ion of biom

tion is one

gher efficie

ume neede

eothermal

l variations

predict syst

ple of the big h

O

B

efined as t

s processin

and origin

reated dom

mass (wood

that has b

ency furnac

ed to meet

~17~

energy is t

s depend o

tem behavi

heat inside the

Organ

Biomas

the set of o

ng from nat

of biomass

mestic and

d, pineappl

een used t

ce. The fun

energy ne

the consta

on somethin

ior.

earth.

ic

ss

organic ma

tural or arti

s can be d

industrial a

le, olive pit

traditionally

ndamental

eeds.

nt tempera

ng that ma

tter of vege

ificial.

istinguishe

application

ts, almond

y. Although

problem of

ature throug

akes it extre

etable or a

ed:

s that run o

shells, ...).

h it is now w

f this type

ghout

emely

animal

on

. This

well

of fuel

 

Figure

times.

B

fu

th

e 22: Wood bu

Biomass co

uels with h

hat make it

Pellets

a binde

lower vo

pneuma

The pel

but also

great po

crops th

There a

biomass

though

urning. Biomas

ombustion

igher energ

t susceptib

is a solid f

r. As virtue

olume and

atic system

lets are us

o being inve

otential of o

his use.

are currentl

s) with high

prices of th

ss burning. Hum

n treated b

gy content

ble to use in

fuel pellets

es versus u

can be tra

m.

sually done

estigated i

our country

ly burning

h yields an

hese facilit

~18~

mans obtain h

by various

, lower sto

n different f

s made by p

untreated b

ansported i

e with the w

n Spain by

y at this res

boilers or m

nd automat

ties remain

hot and energy

treatments

rage volum

fields:

pressing o

biomass ha

n tanker an

waste of pru

y the use of

sort, and e

mixed pelle

tion at the s

n high.

y from the fire

s is possibl

me or differ

ne's acting

as a higher

nd transfer

uning, fellin

f arable CE

even the cre

ets (pellets

same level

since prehisto

le to obtain

rent proper

g wood lign

r calorific va

r deposits b

ng or carpe

ENER to us

eation of e

and other

l as gas or

oric

n new

rties

nin as

alue,

by

entry

se the

energy

r

diesel

 

Figure 23:

Biofuel

degree

reflects

B

m

o

t

p

B

d

o

r

: Pellets. They

ls are an a

of uneven

two entire

Bioethano

manufactur

of high octa

raditional c

performanc

Biodiesel,

diesel. The

of common

rapeseed.

y has big heate

alternative t

developm

ly different

ol, its main

re of ETBE

ane that is

crops such

ce in ethyl a

its main ap

e technolog

n varieties o

~19~

er power in sm

to traditiona

ent in diffe

t lines, the

application

E (ethyl tert

incorporat

h as cereal,

alcohol.

pplication i

gies for pro

of conventi

mall size

al fuels in t

erent count

bioethanol

ns are aime

tiary butyl e

ted in the g

, corn and

s directed

ducing bio

ional speci

the transpo

ries. Unde

l and biodie

ed at repla

ether, oxyg

gasoline). o

beets, whi

to the repl

diesel, now

ies such as

ort area, w

r this head

esel.

cing gasol

genated ad

obtained fro

ch have hi

acement o

w leave the

s sunflowe

ith a

ding

ine or

dditive

om

gh

of

e use

r and

 

The bio

biodegr

allows f

the prod

Figure 25:

Bio-Syn

produce

and oxy

atmosp

water va

The ma

electrici

Figure 24: Pic

ogas is pro

radable wa

for direct us

duction of e

: Tank of prod

ngas is a s

ed by a gas

ygen at hig

here). The

apor.

ain use is g

ity and hea

cture of new b

oduced by t

aste using a

se in coge

electricity.

uction of bioga

synthesis g

sification p

gh tempera

e combustio

given powe

at from)

~20~

iofuels.

the action

anaerobic f

neration in

as.

gas (mixtur

process (rea

ture and p

on of this g

r generatio

of a certain

fermentatio

nstallations

re of carbo

action of b

ressure in

gas genera

on in cogen

n type of b

on process

use comb

n monoxid

iomass-pe

a reducing

tes carbon

neration pla

acteria on

ses. This al

ined cycle

e and hydr

ellets, with s

g

n dioxide an

ants (use o

lso

for

rogen)

steam

nd

of

 

Biolo

since

A cla

P

to

m

Figure 26

The con

CO2 em

environ

renewa

ogical ener

e the begin

assification

Plant is the

o save ene

many utilitie

6: Machine of

ncept of bio

missions eq

mental imp

ble energy

rgy, which d

nning of tim

may be pr

e use of livi

ergy or gen

es but the m

Bio-syngas pr

omass sho

quivalent to

pacts of the

y obtained f

Biolo

directly pro

me but not t

referentiall

ng plant el

erate the e

most used

~21~

roduction.

ould not be

o a fossil fu

e exploitati

from this e

ogical E

oduce the e

the sole cla

y the sourc

ements for

energy nee

are divided

included p

uel, in addi

ion of peat

energy sour

Energy

elements o

assified as

ce of this e

r carrying o

eded to per

d into two m

peat, that fo

tion, given

, cannot be

rce .

of life, has b

a renewab

energy:

out tasks th

rform them

main branc

or purpose

the

e considere

been availa

ble energy

hat allow u

m. There are

ches:

es of

ed

able

.

s

e

 

A

h

d

v

Lush g

the atm

architec

in home

Figure 27:

Algae a

digestio

of hydro

purificat

Figure 28:

Animal, at t

ousework

ifferent rele

arious sub

Figure 29: An

reen mass

osphere by

cture for bo

es with woo

: Lush green m

and microo

on of organ

ogen and o

tion.

: Algae that pr

this point b

or agricultu

evance tak

bstances, tu

nimal traction.

s that abso

y evaporat

oth urban p

odland, pe

mass.

organisms

nic waste co

other gases

roduces bioene

becomes re

ural. Curre

king other u

umors and

That kind of en

~22~

orbs the ex

tion and its

plans with p

rgolas, etc

s, many ty

omposting

s used in o

ergy

elevant ani

ently the req

uses as the

diseases,

nergy humans

xcess of so

s shadow. W

parks, gard

c..

pes able to

and bioga

other energ

imal work b

quirements

e use of an

therapy, e

s are using sin

lar radiatio

Widely use

dens, stree

o perform m

as generati

gy systems

both for tra

s of our soc

nimals in th

etc.

nce centuries.

on and coo

ed in

et trees, etc

many tasks

ng, genera

, water

ansport or d

ciety are ve

he detectio

l

c., As

s like

ation

doing

ery

n of

~23~ 

Humans as part of living beings on this planet is vital we integrate and interact with

the natural world around us both to raise awareness of its existence and for

our own survival.

About wind power

Definition:

Wind energy is the energy from wind, the kinetic energy generated by the

effect of air currents, and is transformed into other useful forms for human

activities.

Today, wind energy is mainly used to produce electricity through wind turbines. In

late 2007, worldwide capacity of wind generators was 94.1 gigawatts. In

2009, wind generated about 2% of global electricity consumption, equivalent

to the total electricity demand in Italy, the seventh largest economy in the world. In

Spain the wind energy produced 11% of electricity consumption in April 2008. And

13.8% in 2009. In the early hours of Sunday 8 November 2009, over 50% of

electricity generated in Spain mills wind, and the record-breaking total

production, with 11,546 megawatts.

Wind energy is an abundant, renewable, clean and helps reduce

emissions of greenhouse gases from power plants by replacing fossil fuel-based,

which makes it a kind of green energy. However, the main drawback is

its intermittency.

 

How

Figure

Wind

press

press

Wind

radia

the a

neigh

Cont

expa

from

air.

To ta

and s

entity

in his

maxi

whic

(10 k

25 m

Wind

wind

w to prod

e 30: Wind farm

d energy is

sure into a

sure gradie

ds are gene

ation, betwe

air masses

hboring are

tinents abs

ands, and is

the seas,

ake advant

seasonal w

y of the bu

storical dat

imum wind

h depends

km / h) and

m / s (90 km

d energy is

energy int

duce an

m

s related to

adjacent are

ent.

erated bec

een 1 and

over the o

eas located

sorb a mino

s therefore

oceans an

tage of win

winds, the v

rsts in sho

ta with a m

d speed. To

s on the win

d 4 m / s (1

m / h) speed

s used thro

to usable m

nd get en

the movem

eas of low

cause of the

2% of ene

oceans, sea

d on the co

or amount o

e lighter an

nd large lak

nd energy is

variation of

rt periods o

minimum of

o use wind

nd turbine

4, 4 km / h

d call "cut-

ugh the us

mechanica

~24~

nergy fro

ment of air

pressure,

e uneven h

ergy from th

as and lake

ontinental m

of sunlight

d rises. Th

kes is set in

s importan

f wind spee

of time, an

20 years.

power, yo

to be used

h) speed ca

-out speed"

se of wind m

l energy of

om the w

masses m

with speed

heating of t

he sun is c

es remain

masses.

, so that th

he cooler a

n motion to

t to know t

ed with hei

d maximum

It is also im

u need it re

d but usuall

all "cut-in s

".

machines (

f rotation, e

wind:

move from a

ds proportio

the earth's

onverted in

cold in rela

he air is on

ir and heav

o fill the voi

the diurnal

ight above

m values o

mportant to

eaches a m

ly begin be

peed", and

(or aero-) a

either to dir

areas of hi

onal to the

surface by

nto wind. B

ation to

the ground

vier than co

id left by th

and noctu

the ground

occurred

o know the

minimum s

etween 3 m

d not excee

able to tran

rectly actua

gh air

y solar

By day,

d

omes

he hot

rnal

d, the

peed

m / s

eding

nsform

ate the

 

oper

conv

conn

It is n

prop

gene

conc

A mi

actio

can b

gene

the w

mills

Figure

Hist

Wind

as a

as w

sail o

eight

powe

rating mach

version sys

nection to t

now primar

eller throug

erator that

centrations

ll is a mach

on of the wi

be connect

erate electr

windmill. W

have a rem

e 31: Scheme

tory:

d energy is

driving for

we observe.

or machine

ties of last

er grows in

hines, as fo

stem (comp

he network

rily used to

gh a mech

produces e

known as

hine that co

ind on a slo

ted to vario

ricity. When

When used

mote sourc

of the product

s not new, i

rce there si

. It originat

ery has ope

century wh

nexorably f

or the prod

prising an e

k) is known

o move turb

anical syst

electricity. T

wind farms

onverts win

oping blade

ous types o

n the shaft

to produce

ce.

tion of electrica

is one of th

ince ancien

tes from the

erated the

hen this typ

rom XXI ce

~25~

duction of e

electric gen

n as wind tu

bines. In th

tem rotates

To be insta

s.

nd into usa

es attache

of machine

t is connect

e electricity

al energy from

he oldest e

nt times an

e sun. Thu

mill to mov

pe of clean

entury, in s

electricity. I

nerator con

urbines.

hese wind e

s the rotor

aller profita

able energy

d to a com

ery to grind

ted to a loa

y is called w

m the wind pow

nergy with

nd in all tim

us, it has m

ve their bla

n energy su

some count

n the latter

ntrol system

energy and

of a gener

able, tend t

y, which co

mmon axis.

grain, pum

ad such as

wind turbin

wer

thermal en

mes has bee

moved to bo

des. But it

uffered a re

tries than i

r case, the

ms and

d drives a

ator, usual

to cluster a

omes from

The rotary

mp water o

s a pump, c

e generato

nergy. The

en used as

oats power

was not un

eal boost. W

n others, b

lly a

at

the

y axis

or

called

or. The

e wind

s such,

red by

ntil the

Wind

but

 

certa

in Eu

favor

amon

exce

The

The

the f

Afgh

made

to gr

Figure

In Eu

In Eu

and s

towe

wind

cons

of the

ainly in Spa

urope or th

rable cond

ng those w

eptional.

first mills

earliest ref

irst century

anistan, in

e rectangu

rind wheat

e 32: Old mill

urope

urope the f

spread acr

ers, which w

. The towe

sisted of a s

e mill and

ain there is

e United S

itions of wi

who can po

ference we

y CE. The f

the seven

ulares.8 ap

or removin

first windm

ross the co

were rotate

er mill was

stone towe

machinery

s a high gro

States to wo

ind there, e

oint to the G

e have is a

first mills w

nth century

paratus 6 t

ng water.

ills appeare

ontinent. Th

ed by hand

developed

er topped b

y top of it. T

~26~

owth, one o

orldwide. It

especially i

Gulf of Cad

windmill th

were built fo

. These we

to 8 mill ca

ed in the tw

hey were w

d around a

d in France

by a woode

These first

of the first c

ts growth in

in Andalus

diz, as the w

hat was us

or practica

ere mills ve

andles cove

welfth cent

wooden stru

central pol

during the

en structure

units had a

countries b

n wind farm

ia occupie

wind resou

ed to powe

l use in Sis

ertical shaft

ered with c

tury in Fran

uctures, kn

le to lift the

e fourteenth

e supported

a number o

behind Ger

ms is due to

s a leading

urce is

er an organ

stan,

ft with blade

cloths were

nce and En

nown as mi

eir blades in

h century.

d rotating s

of common

rmany

o the

g place

n in

es

e used

ngland

ill

nto the

It

shaft

n

 

chara

from

beam

trans

the s

Euro

wind

exam

Pum

In the

meta

area

mills

wate

Figure

Mod

Mode

evolv

acteristics.

four to eig

ms were co

smitting sha

structure. T

ope to grind

mills in the

mple, in the

mping Wind

e U.S., the

al candle w

s of North

contribute

er needs of

e 33: Pumping

ern turbin

ern turbine

ve.

. From the

ght blades,

overed with

aft, through

The horizon

d wheat fro

e adventure

e Netherlan

dmills

e developm

was the ma

America, o

ed to the ex

f the steam

Windmill

nes

es were dev

top of the

with a leng

h cloth or w

h a system

ntal axis wi

om the 118

es of Don Q

nds.

ment of pum

in factor th

otherwise i

xpansion o

m locomotiv

veloped in

~27~

mill stood a

gth betwee

wood. The e

m of gears,

indmills we

0s onward

Quixote. Th

mping wind

hat allowed

mpossible

f the railwa

ves.

early 1980

a horizonta

en 3 and 9

energy gen

machinery

ere used ex

ds. Just rem

here are st

mills, recog

agriculture

without ea

ay around t

0, although

al axis. Thi

meters. Th

nerated by

y mill locate

xtensively i

member the

till mills tha

gnizable by

e and lives

asy access

the world, s

h the desig

s axis dep

he wooden

the rotatio

ed at the ba

in Western

e now famo

at class, for

y their man

stock over v

to water. T

supplying t

ns continu

arting

n

on

ase of

n

ous

r

ny

vast

The

the

e to

 

Figure

Use

The w

wind

were

then

to ma

Cos

The

calcu

inclu

The

70%

insta

e 34: Modern w

e of wind

wind energ

turbines K

e small by t

, the size o

any places

st of win

unit cost o

ulation. For

de:

initial cost

. The avera

alled capac

wind turbines

d energy

gy industry

Kuriant man

today's sta

of the turbin

s.

d energ

f energy pr

r evaluatio

or initial in

age cost o

city and var

y

y in modern

nufacturers

ndards, wi

nes has gro

y

roduced in

n should ta

vestment,

f a wind fa

riable depe

~28~

n times beg

s, Vestas,

th capaciti

own enorm

wind powe

ake into ac

the cost of

rm is today

ending on t

gan in 1979

Nordtank,

es from 20

mously, and

er follows a

ccount vario

f wind affec

y about 1,2

the technol

9 with mas

and Bonus

0 to 30 kW

d productio

a fairly com

ous factors

cts approx

200 Euros

logy and th

ss productio

s. Those tu

each. Sinc

on has exp

mplex

s, among w

imately 60

per kW of

he brand th

on of

urbines

ce

anded

which

to

hat will

 

be in

magn

Shou

amor

The f

The

The

insta

chara

uses

98%

over

In Au

U $ S

Figure

each y

nstalled ("d

nets "...;

uld be cons

rtization of

financial co

operation a

overall ene

allation. Thi

acteristics

s the "powe

guarantee

20 years h

ugust 2011

S65 the MW

e 35: World tot

year in a logar

irect drive"

sidered the

f this cost;

osts;

and mainte

ergy produ

is is define

at the site

er curve" ce

ed by manu

has come t

tenders in

Wh.

tal Installed Ca

rithmic function

", "synchro

e life of the

enance cos

ced in a pe

ed in terms

has been

ertified by e

ufacturer. F

to respect

n Brazil and

apacity (MW).

n

~29~

nous", "asy

facility (ap

sts (variabl

eriod of one

of the cha

located. Th

each manu

For some o

99% of the

d Uruguay

This picture s

ynchronou

pproximate

le between

e year, ie t

racteristics

his calculat

ufacturer a

of the mach

e power cu

to purchas

show us that th

us", "genera

ely 20 years

n 1 and 3%

the so-calle

s of wind tu

tion is quite

nd usually

hines have

rves.

se 20 had

he wind turbine

ators perm

s) and the

% of investm

ed factor p

urbine and

e simple si

between 9

e been arou

lower costs

e production in

manent

ment);

lant

wind

ince it

95-

und for

s than

ncreased

~30~ 

Wind power in the UK

The small wind could generate electricity cheaper than the network in some rural

areas in the UK, according to research by the Carbon Trust. According to the

report, mini wind turbines could generate 1.5 terawatt hours (TWh) per year in the

UK, 0.4% of total consumption in the country, preventing the emission of 0.6 million

tones of CO2.

The UK ended 2008 with 4,015 MW installed with a token presence in its electricity

production, yet it is one of the countries of the world's most wind power capacity is

planned. The UK already has granted concessions to achieve the 32,000 MW wind

farms on its shores:

Dogger Bank, 9000 MW North Sea Forewind * (SSE Renewable, RWE Npower

Renewable, StatoilHydro & Statkraft)

Norfolk Bank, 7,200 MW; North Sea * Iberdrola Renewable (Scottish Power) &

Vattenfall

Irish Sea, 4,100 MW; Irish Sea; Centric

Hornsea, 4,000 MW North Sea * Mainstream Renewable, Siemens & Hochtief

Construction

Forth estuary, 3,400 MW; Scotland SeaGreen * (SSE Renewable and Fluor)

Bristol Channel, 1,500 MW South West Coast, RWE Npower Renewable

Moray Firth, 1,300 MW; Scotland * EDP Renewable & SeaEnergy

Isle of Wight (West), 900 MW, South Enerco New Energy

Hastings, 600 MW, South E.On Climate & Renewable

According to the British administration "offshore wind industry is a key route in the

UK towards a low CO2 emissions and should assume a value of about 75,000

million pounds (84,000 million) and sustain about 70,000 jobs until 2020. "

~31~ 

Advantages of wind energy

It is a type of renewable energy as it has its origin in atmospheric processes due to

the energy that reaches Earth from the Sun

It is a clean energy, producing no atmospheric emissions or polluting waste.

It does not require combustion to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), so it does not

contribute to the greenhouse effect and climate change.

Can be installed in areas unsuitable for other purposes, such as in desert areas

near the coast, steep slopes and arid for cultivation.

Can coexist with other land uses, such as grassland for livestock use or low

growing crops like wheat, corn, potatoes, beets, etc..

Create a high number of jobs in assembly plants and installation areas.

Installation is quick, between 4 months and 9 months

Inclusion in an inter-linked system allows, when wind conditions are suitable, save

fuel in power stations and / or water in the reservoirs of hydroelectric plants.

Their combined use with other types of energy, usually solar, housing permits self-

feeding, thus ending the need to connect to grids, autonomy can be achieved over

the 82 hours without power from either of the 2 systems.

The current situation can cover the energy demand in Spain by 30% due to

multiple location of wind farms on the territory, offsetting the low production of a

lack of wind production with high wind areas. Systems can stabilize power system

waveform produced in power generation by solving the problems that had the wind

as energy producers at the beginning of installation.

Possibility to build wind farms at sea, where the wind is stronger, more consistent

and the social impact is less, but increase the cost of installation and

maintenance. Offshore parks are a reality in the countries of northern Europe,

where wind power is becoming a very important factor.

~32~ 

Disadvantages of wind power

Technical aspects

Due to the lack of security in the presence of wind, wind can not be used as the

sole source of electrical energy. Therefore, to save the "valleys" in the production

of wind energy is indispensable support of conventional energy (coal or combined

cycle, for example, and more recently, clean coal). However, when they support

wind power, coal plants can not function at its best, which is situated about 90%

power. They need to stay well below this percentage, to substantially raise

production by the time they loosen the wind.Therefore, in the "backup" power

plants consume more fuel per kWh produced. Also, by raising and lowering its

output every time you change the wind speed, wears out the machinery. This

problem goes back to Spain to try to solve through an interconnection with France

to use the system to allow European and wind variability mattress.

In addition, variability in wind energy production has two important consequences:

To evacuate electricity from each wind farm (which are usually located well in

natural sections) is necessary to construct high voltage lines that are capable of

driving up electricity that is able to produce the installation. However, the average

driving voltage to be much lower. This means putting cables 4 times thicker, and

often taller towers to accommodate peak wind correctly.

It is necessary to meet the wind dips "instantly" (increasing the production of

thermal power plants), because it is so produced, and widespread power outages

do occur by low voltage. This problem could be solved through storage devices

power. But the electricity produced can not be stored: is instantly consumed or lost.

In addition, other problems are:

Technically, one of the major drawbacks of wind turbines is called voltage sag. In

view of these phenomena, the protections of the wind turbine with squirrel cage

motors are disconnected from the network to avoid being damaged and, therefore,

cause further disruptions in the network, in this case, lack of supply. This problem

is solved either by changing the electrical switchgear wind turbines, which is quite

costly, or through the use of synchronous motors is much easier but make sure the

~33~ 

network you are connecting is strong and stable .

One of the major drawbacks of this type of generation, is the intrinsic difficulty of

providing for the generation ahead. Since power systems are operated by

calculating the generation with a day in advance in view of expected consumption,

the randomness of wind poses serious problems. Recent advances in wind

forecasting has greatly improved the situation, but still a problem. Similarly, groups

of wind generation cannot be used as a swing knot.

Besides the obvious need for minimum speed in the wind to move the blades,

there is also an upper limit: a machine may be generating at full power, but if the

wind increases just enough to exceed the specifications of the wind turbine is must

disconnect the circuit of the network or to change the inclination of the blades to

stop rotating, since wind speeds with the structure can be damaged by the efforts

that appear on the shaft. The immediate consequence is an obvious decline in

electricity production, despite having plenty of wind, and another factor of

uncertainty when it comes to having energy in the consumer grid.

Although these problems seem only to wind power, are common to all natural

energies:

A solar panel will only produce power when there is enough sunlight.

A hydroelectric plant dam will only occur while the water conditions and rainfall

permit the release of water.

A tidal power can only occur while the water activity permits.

Enviromental aspects

Usually combined with power plants, leading to the existence of critics who do not

really save too much carbon dioxide emissions. However, one must bear in mind

that any form of energy production has the potential to cope with the demand and

production based on renewable energy is cleaner, so its contribution to the

electricity grid is clearly positive.

There are wind farms in Spain in protected areas as SPAs (Special Protection Area

for Birds) and SCI (Site of Community Importance) of the Natura 2000 network,

~34~ 

which is a contradiction. While the possible inclusion of some of these wind farms

in protected areas SPAs and SCIs have a reduced impact due to use natural

resources, when human expansion invades these areas, thereby altering them

without producing any good.

At the beginning of installation, the sites selected for it coincided with the routes of

migratory birds, or areas where birds take advantage of slope winds, making

conflicting wind turbines with birds and bats. Fortunately mortality levels are very

low compared to other causes such abuses (see chart). Although some

independent experts say the mortality is high. Currently the environmental impact

studies required for the recognition of the wind farm plan takes into consideration

the ornithological situation in the area. Furthermore, since wind turbines are of low

current rotational speed, the problem of collision with the birds are being reduced.

The landscape impact is an important note because of the horizontal arrangement

of the elements that compose it and the appearance of a vertical element such as

wind turbine. Produce the so-called disco effect: This effect appears when the sun

is behind the mill and the shadows of the blades regularly projecting over the

gardens and windows, flashing so that people called this phenomenon "disco

effect" . This, together with noise, can lead people to a high stress level, with

consideration for purposes of health. However, the improved design of wind

turbines has allowed it to reduce the noise produced.

The opening track operators and the presence of wind farms makes the human

presence is constant in previously little-traveled places. This also affects wildlife.

  

 

ANS

proce

the p

proce

of dy

of he

elect

simu

a wh

chem

Fea

Integ

Allow

leavi

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pre-process

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ynamic and

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Abo

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Figure

ociation of

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uctures (bo

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the use of

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36: Hub analis

different te

Besides it

~35~

e softw

y tools calle

meshing),

sor are prov

mechanica

oth for linea

and proble

these tools

ructures pro

in civil and

sed by ANSYS

echnologie

ts integratio

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ed module

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al problems

ar problems

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NSYS

s: pre-

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~36~ 

the most advanced CAD software. Finally, the integration system can easily be

included in documentation systems of each company.

Modular

ANSYS allows customers to install a single application for solving a specific

problem. As the user advances in the solution, this may require more

complex analysis, until the validation process. The

different modules allow ANSYS to solve the problems in parts.

Extensible

ANSYS offers "vertical applications" or more specific adaptations as required by

the customer. These adaptations can automate processes that normally takes a

client to more complex applications that are tailored to specific industries.

Disadvantages

Most of the errors and weaknesses of ANSYS, rather than relying on the program

itself, are based on the finite element used by the program for analysis.

The solution given by the program is a complex mixture of discrete

calculations. And efforts, temperatures and other properties represent continuous

parameters. That said, the results obtained from ANSYS are

approximations that depend on the number of elements used.

The geometry of the object to be analyzed, can cause errors in the

solution because if the mesh made not maintain certain

predetermined range parameters such as angles of the edges, and size

relationships in the edges, the method can fail at a point which affects

the convergence of the system.

The density of elements used must be entered manually. This means the user

must run consecutively ANSYS increasing the number of elements

used to achieve convergence to vary less than the stopping criterion used. This

generates large computational cost and time by the user.

Due to the use of a discrete range as regards the properties of matter, it

~37~ 

should increase the number of points in the meshing of the object at the points at

which the gradient of the analyzed property is too large for more accurate results.

The element type as well as some properties are entered manually by the

user. Which generates human-like errors in the use of ANSYS, sometimes the

program does not display an alert on the ranges normally used.

 

Typical process of performing a calculation

Pre-processing

Establishment of the model, we construct the geometry of the problem,

creating lines, areas or volumes. On this model will be established element

mesh. This part of the pre-process is optional, since the location of the elements

of the mesh can come from other design applications.

Defines the materials to be used based on their constant. Every element must be

assigned a particular material.

Mesh generation, performing a discrete approximation problem based on points or

nodes. These nodes are connected to form finite elements that together form

the bulk material. The Maya may be generated manually or using automated

tools or controlled mesh.

Process

Application of loads, boundary conditions are applied at the nodes and

elements can handle values of strength, traction, displacement, time or rotación.7

Obtaining the solution, which is obtained when all the values of the problem are

known.

Post-processing

Visualization of results, for example as a drawing of the deformed geometry of the

problem.

List of results, just as data in a table.

 

Figure

 

Stud

The

sea.

The

the r

very

to ma

wind

can b

 

 

 

 

 

e 37: Image of

y of the wi

town chose

It is near t

annual ave

range of wo

windy day

ake resista

turbine be

break the m

Cli

f the Wick cast

nd made in

en I Wick i

he sea.

erage of th

orking of a

ys the mach

ance. This

ecause it m

machine.

mate S

tle

n the year

n the north

e wind say

wind mach

hine will ha

is normal b

makes a lot

~38~

Study in

     

2011.

h-east of Sc

ys us that w

hine is betw

ave to stop

because so

of vibratio

n Scotl

  

Figure 38:

cotland. Hi

we can inst

ween 6 Km

putting is

o many win

ns in the s

land

Wick in the m

is high is 3

tall a wind

m/h and 90

blades to c

nd is dange

tructure an

map

36 meters u

turbine bec

Km/h. Som

cut the win

erous for th

nd that vibr

up the

cause

me

d, not

he

rations

~39~ 

Month  Monthly average (Km/h)

Maximum monthly

(Km/h) Minimum temperature (°c)

January  16.38 74.08 -4.6

February  25.29 118.34 -2.2

March  20.15 96.49 -2.9

April  16.75 87.04 0.3

May  21.05 88.9 0

June  16.62 59.45 2.7

July  15.55 64.82 2.7

August  18.38 107.23 4.6

September  19.1 81.3 4.9

October  23.65 103.53 1.9

November  24.56 131.31 1.1

December  26.55 135.2 -3.1

           

Average  20.03  95.64  ‐0.11 

Table 1: Study of the weather in Wick

 

 

~40~ 

Simulation

The simulation has two parts:

1. Simulation of the wind turbine without ice in the blades with the tipical wind

in Wick (20Km/h)

2. Simulation of the wind turbine with ice in the blades with the tipical wind in

Wick (20Km/h)

Material Information:

The blade of the wind turbines are made of diferents materials, but I have choose the Fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin because is very resitent and very light.

Is mass density is 2200 N·s²/mm³ and is Dynamic Viscosity is 17.4 N*s/mm²

[Customer Defined] (Part1) -Fluid 3-D

Material Model Fluid

Material Source Fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin

Material Source File

Date Last Updated 2012/04/02-14:46:42

Material Description Customer defined material properties

Mass Density 2200 N·s²/mm/mm³

Dynamic Viscosity 17.4 N*s/mm² Table 2: Parametres of the material used to made the blades of the wind turbine

 

Air –

Mate

Mate

Date

Mate

Mass

Dyna

Table

First

top p

dates

Figure

The

wind

–Fluid 3-D

rial Model

rial Source

Last Updat

rial Descrip

s Density

amic Viscos

3: Parametres

we start d

part becaus

s.

e 39: Windturb

design tha

turbines th

D

Fluid

Autod

ed 2004/

ption 68 F,

1.207

sity 1.799

s of the air use

esigning th

se all the to

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at I have ma

hat are wo

desk Simula

/09/30-16:00

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619155367

531653411

ed in the simul

he form of t

ower are ve

Solid works

ade of the

rking all ar

~41~

ation Materi

0:00

92e-012 N·s

56e-011 N*

lation

the wind tu

ery similar

wind turbin

round the w

ial Library

s²/mm/mm³

*s/mm²

urbine (for

and it doe

ne is based

world.

our study w

esn´t give u

d in the for

we only ne

us significa

rm that has

eed the

nt

s the

 

Now

of the

Figure

Now

the secon

e piece.

e 40 :Windturb

we put the

d step afte

bine meshed

e charge of

er the desig

f the wind o

~42~

gn in Solid

on the blad

works of th

des, the for

he wind tur

rce that the

rbine is the

e blades su

e mesh

upport.

 

Figure

We h

attac

e 41: Flow deta

have the re

ck face tha

ail of the wind

esults of the

n in the ba

turbine

e flow rate

ack face

~43~

, we can see that theere are morre charge i

n the

 

Figure

Here

turbu

and d

Now

study

As a

bette

and m

e 42: Detail of

e there are

ulence that

different sp

we are go

y only of th

lways, the

er than the

more flexib

the turbulence

a detail of

t we have i

peeds in th

oing to see

he blade.

first step is

triangle m

ble with the

e in the end of

the flow ra

n that part

hat part sho

in more de

s mesh the

esh. That k

e curves su

~44~

f the blade

ate on the t

of the blad

ow us the t

etail the flu

e piece. I u

kind of mes

urfaces.

tail of the b

de. Differen

turbulence.

uent in de b

se the squ

sh is bette

blade. Here

nt direction

.

blade, we a

uare mesh

r because

e we can s

ns of the w

are going to

because is

is more ex

ee the

ind

o do a

s

xactly

 

Figure

And

Figure

e 43: Picture o

now we ar

e 44: Picture o

f the mesh bla

re going to

f the mesh bla

ade front view

put the ch

ade

~45~

arge of thee wind in thhe attack fa

ace.

 

The

after

kinet

Figure

In the

that w

aero

result show

r that the ot

tic energy o

e 45: Direction

e following

we have d

dynamic o

w us that th

ther faces

of the wind

and quantity o

g picture we

ifferent par

f the blade

he velocity

of the blad

d goes to d

of the wind in

e have the

rts with mo

e.

~46~

of the wind

de stops the

e wind turb

the attack sec

flow rate a

ore flow tha

d is very h

e wind, tha

bine.

ction of the bla

all along th

an others. T

igh in the a

at is the mo

ade

e blade an

That is bec

attack face

oment that

nd we can s

cause of th

e and

the

see

e

 

Figure

Here

Figure

e 46: Flow rate

e we have a

e 47: Flow rate

e of the wind th

a detail of t

e through the a

hrough the bla

the flow ra

attack face of t

~47~

ade surface

te in the at

the blade

ttack face oof the blad

e

 

Now

of the

more

Figure

In the

along

wind

does

we have t

e blade is t

e displacem

e 48: Stress ra

e picture o

g the face,

to the tail,

sn’t have p

he stress o

the zone w

ment and m

ange of the bla

of the press

but in the

, making th

ressure for

of the blade

with more s

more vibrat

de

sure on the

tail is less.

hat pressur

rce, only ta

~48~

e with the w

stress beca

tions.

e blade we

. This is all

re on the fa

angential ve

wind charg

ause that zo

can see th

the face o

ace, and w

elocity.

ge. We can

one is alwa

hat the pres

of the blade

hen de air

n see that t

ays the par

ssure in co

e diverts th

is near the

he tail

rt with

onstant

he

e tail, it

 

Figure

The

typic

the ic

blade

The f

de bl

e 49: Fluid pres

second pa

cal tempera

ced surface

e.

first step is

lades diffe

ssure along th

art of the an

ature of Wic

e, we are g

s design th

rent.

he blade

nalysis is to

ck, so we m

going to ma

e wind turb

~49~

o put norm

meet ice in

ake the att

bine in solid

al wind fro

n the blade

tack face ir

d works. In

m Wick, bu

s. As we c

rregular to

n that case

ut with the

an´t design

simulate a

, we must

n all

n iced

make

 

Figure

Figure

e 50: Wind turb

e 51: Detail of

bine with ice in

the blade with

n the blades

h ice

~50~

 

Here

The

Figure

In tha

iced

have

e we see th

second ste

e 52: Windturb

at picture w

blades. Th

e ice in the

he detail of

ep is to me

bine with ice in

we can see

he direction

blade the

the irregul

esh the win

the blades me

e the direct

n of the flow

efficiency d

~51~

lar surface

dturbine.

eshed

tion of the f

w rate is de

decreases

in the atta

flow rate in

eviated out

a lot.

ack face of

n the wind t

tside the b

the blade.

turbine wit

lade, so if w

h the

we

 

Figuree 53: Detail of the flow rate inn the blade wi

~52~

ith ice

 

Ther

with

freez

the b

of the

detec

the w

a inte

from

incre

ice b

a pum

beca

Figure

Inve

re are a dis

the blades

ze and cau

blades is af

e wind. Th

cted the pr

wind turbine

ernal resist

the electri

eases the p

blades. This

mp to bring

ause it is m

e 54: Iced blad

estigat

sadvantage

s, and that

se ice. The

ffected. Po

is is seen i

roblem at lo

e and remo

tance, the

city produc

production

s solution i

g water to t

more expen

des. This pictur

tion abo

e, being in

low tempe

e ice sticks

oor aerodyn

in the effici

ow energy

ove the ice

electrical e

ced by the

of the elec

s more exp

the blades

sive.

re shows how

~53~

out the

an area of

ratures cau

s to the bla

namics doe

iency of wi

production

e. Other so

energy to g

wind turbin

ctricity. This

pensive, si

, and a hea

w the ice can af

e ice in

f bad weath

use the wa

des and m

es not take

nd turbines

n. The che

lution is to

get warm th

ne. There

s solution i

ince you ne

ater. The la

ffect to the aer

the bla

her, we hav

ater to the a

makes the a

e advantag

s. Compan

apest solut

get warm

he resistan

is another

s projectin

eed an ext

atter solutio

rodynamic of t

ades

ve a proble

atmospher

aerodynam

e of the ful

nies curren

tion is to st

the blades

nces could

r solution th

g hot wate

ernal wate

on is rarely

the windturbine

em

re to

mic of

ll force

tly

top

s with

come

hat

er to

er tank,

y used

es.

~54~ 

Conclusion

In this project I have investigated the practical renewable energies, and wind power

in special. There are a lot of problems to get energy from the earth, because

actually we found petrol in the deep of the sea, and is very difficult to obtain this. If

renewable energies wants to substitute the fossil fuels, we can obtain that energies

from all the places in the earth, as the fossil fuels are obtained. So, if we must put

our renewable energies stations in difficult places, with bad weather, we must solve

that engineering problem. In that project we study one of these problems, the ice in

the wind turbines blades. With this study I try to help the renewable energies to

substitute the fossil fuels all around the world.

The conclusion of that project is that the analysis without ice in the blades

compared with the analysis with ice in the blades show us that the efficiency of the

wind turbine ,and then the production of electricity, is much better when there are

no ice in the blades. Knowing that we must fight with the ice in the blades and we

must put it out of our wind turbines that are in cold zones of the planet.

Pd. In the end of the project, I couldn´t use the program fluent in the computers of

Glyndwr, so, as good engineer I searched other solution. That solution was a finite

elements program similar than ANSYS. The name of this element finite program is

Autodesck simulation multiphisics. This program is from the company that

develops Autocad.

~55~ 

References

Internet Pages:

http://www.ibea.es/eco-02-tipos.htm

www.worldscibooks.com

www.clima.tiempo.com.

Books:

Erich Hau. Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics. Birkhäuser, 2006

Robert Gasch, J. Twele. Wind Power Plants: Fundamentals, Design, Construction and Operation. Solarpraxis AG, 2002. Olimpo Anaya-Lara, Nick Jenkins, Janaka Ekanayake, Phill Cartwright. Wind

Energy Generation: Modelling and Control. John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Godfrey Boyle, Open University. Renewable Energy. Oxford University Press,

2004 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett, Janet Ramage, Open University. Energy Systems

and Sustainability. Oxford University Press. 2003. Bryan J. Mac Donald. Practical Stress Analysis With Finite Elements. Alexandre Ern,Jean-Luc Guermond. Theory and Practice of Finite Elements.

Wind turbine electric generation simulation and optimizations

ITI Mecanica.

Supervisor: Pablo Sanchis

Koldo Sasal Diaz de Cerio.

Introduction

• This project is about a simulation of a wind turbine under different environmental conditions.

Project´s Objectives

• Climate study of a bad weather place

• Simulation With a finite elements software

• Simulation has to be with iced blades and normal blades

• Discussion of the results and possible solution of the problems

Climate study in Wick

The bad weather town chosen is Wick.

Wick is perfect for my wind turbine, because the winter months are very hard, and the annual wind average is high

Description of the simulation

First step in the simulation, is design the wind turbine. In that case is made with solid works

MeshingSecond step Is meshing the wind turbine with a finite elements program

Wind forcesThird step is to put the wind forces on the wind turbine. The forces have to be the same as in a normal windy day in Wick

Detail of the end of the blade. Turbulences in that zone

Flow rate throw the blade

The colours show the flow rate through the blade. In the red zones there are a lot o air mass flowing.

Iced blade

Is very difficult to make an iced surface with a cad software, so I have made a rough surface in the attack face to simulate the ice.

Blade design

This is the iced  blade designed in solid works. The form is very similar to a iced surface

Iced blade meshed

As the other wind turbine  this one has to be meshed with the finite elements software.

Flow rate of the iced blade

In the iced blade there are less flow rate than the normal blade, so, we lost efficiency

Results

We have a problem when is winter and the blades is ice, because we lost efficiency and it means money

Solutions of the problems

• 1: Stop the machine and put out the blades

• 2: Install a pump and a heater and throw hot water to the blades to quit the ice (expensive)

• 3: Resistances that get the blades hotter and convert the ice in water

Conclusion

• The best solution for the iced blades is the resistances inside the blades, using the electrical power from the wind turbine production.

• Before spend a lot of money making a wind farm only looking for hard annual wind average we have to think how it can be more effective.

Thanks for your attention

I hope you enjoyed

Any question?