wind turbine from wikipedia (a better copy)

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Wind Turb ine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article discusses wind ‐ powered electrical generators. See windmill for wind ‐ powered

machinery used to grind grain or pump water.

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain

or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump.

Contents

• 1 History

• 2 Resources

• 3 Types

o 3.1 Horizontal axis

o 3.2 Vertical axis design

3.2.1 Subtypes

• 4 Turbine design and construction

• 5 Unconventional

wind

turbines

• 6 Small wind turbines

• 7 Record‐holding turbines

o 7.1 Largest capacity

o 7.2 Largest swept area

o 7.3 Tallest

o 7.4 Largest vertical‐axis

o 7.5 Most southerly

o 7.6 Most productive

o 7.7 Highest‐situated

o 7.8 Gallery of record‐holders

• 8 See also

• 9 References

• 10 Further reading

• 11 External links Offshore wind farm using 5MW turbines

R REpower M5 in the North Sea off Belgium



History

James Blyth's electricity generating wind turbine photographed in 1891

Windmills were used in Persia (present-day Iran) as early as 200 B.C.[1] The windwheel of Heronof Alexandria marks one of the first known instances of wind powering a machine in history. [2][3] However, the first practical windmills were built in Sistan, a region between Afghanistan and Iran,from the 7th century. These "Panemone" were vertical axle windmills, which had long verticaldriveshafts with rectangular blades.[4] Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or clothmaterial, these windmills were used to grind corn or draw up water, and were used in thegristmilling and sugarcane industries.[5]

Windmills first appeared in Europe during the middle ages The first historical records for their usein England date to the 11th or 12th centuries and there are reports of German crusaders takingtheir windmill-making skills to Syria around 1190. [6] By the 14th century, Dutch windmills werein use to drain areas of the Rhine delta.

The first automatically operated wind turbine, built in Cleveland in 1887 by Charles F. Brush. It was 60 feet

(18 m) tall, weighed 4 tons (3.6 metric tonnes) and powered a 12kW generator.[7]

The first electricity generating wind turbine, was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887by Scottish academic, James Blyth to light his holiday home in Marykirk, Scotland.[8] Somemonths later American inventor Charles F Brush built the first automatically operated wind



turbine for electricity production in Cleveland, Ohio.[8] Although Blyth's turbine was considereduneconomical in the United Kingdom[8] electricity generation by wind turbines was more costeffective in countries with widely scattered populations.[6] In Denmark by 1900, there were about2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combinedpeak power of about 30 MW. The largest machines were on 24-metre (79 ft) towers with four-

bladed 23-metre (75 ft) diameter rotors. By 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric generatorsoperating in the US from 5 kW to 25 kW. Around the time of World War I, American windmillmakers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water-pumping.[9] By the1930s, windmills for electricity were common on farms, mostly in the United States wheredistribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, high-tensile steel was cheap, andwindmills were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers.

A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931.This was a 100 kW generator on a 30-metre (98 ft) tower, connected to the local 6.3 kVdistribution system. It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 per cent, not muchdifferent from current wind machines.[10] In the fall of 1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine

was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont. The Smith-Putnam wind turbine only ran for 1,100hours before suffering a critical failure. The unit was not repaired because of shortage of materialsduring the war.

The first utility grid-connected wind turbine to operate in the U.K. was built by John Brown &Company in 1951 in the Orkney Islands.[8][11] It had an 18-metre (59 ft) diameter, three-bladedrotor and a rated output of 100 kW.[citation needed ]

Resources Wind power

A quantitative measure of the wind energy available at any location is called the Wind PowerDensity (WPD) It is a calculation of the mean annual power available per square meter of sweptarea of a turbine, and is tabulated for different heights above ground. Calculation of wind powerdensity includes the effect of wind velocity and air density. Color-coded maps are prepared for aparticular area described, for example, as "Mean Annual Power Density at 50 Meters." In theUnited States, the results of the above calculation are included in an index developed by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab and referred to as "NREL CLASS." The larger the WPDcalculation, the higher it is rated by class. Classes range from Class 1 (200 watts/square meter orless at 50 meters altitude) to Class 7 (800 to 2000 watts/square meter). Commercial wind farmsgenerally are sited in Class 3 or higher areas, although isolated points in an otherwise Class 1 areamay be practical to exploit.[12]

Types

Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both olderand more common.[13]



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Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at thetop of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple windvane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have agearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to

drive an electrical generator.[14]

Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually positioned upwind of itssupporting tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into thetower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of thetower and are sometimes tilted forward into the wind a small amount.

Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence (mast wake), because theydon't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and because in highwinds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their windresistance. Since cyclical (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead to fatigue failures, most HAWTs

are of upwind design.

Modern wind turbines

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Subtypes

Darrieus wind turbine of 30 m in the Magdalen Islands

Darrieus wind turbine

"Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after the French inventor, Georges

Darrieus.[17] They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclical stress on the

tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also generally require some external power

source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning, because the starting torque is very low.

The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades which results in a higher solidity for

the rotor. Solidity is measured by blade area divided by the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type

turbines are not held up by guy‐wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top

bearing.

Giromill

A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The cycloturbine

variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self ‐starting.[18] The advantages of

variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed

ratio; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a

lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be

used.

Savonius wind

turbine

These are drag‐type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in anemometers, Flettner

vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some high‐reliability low‐efficiency power

turbines. They are always self ‐starting if there are at least three scoops. They sometimes have

long helical scoops to give a smooth torque.



Turbine design and construction

Components of a horizontal ‐axis wind turbine

Wind turbines are designed to exploit the wind energy that exists at a location. Aerodynamicmodeling is used to determine the optimum tower height, control systems, number of blades andblade shape.

Wind turbines convert wind energy to electricity for distribution. Conventional horizontal axisturbines can be divided into three components.

• The rotor component, which is approximately 20% of the wind turbine cost, includes the blades

for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy.

• The generator component, which is approximately 34% of the wind turbine cost, includes the

electrical generator, the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox (e.g. planetary gearbox[19],

adjustable‐speed drive [20] or continuously variable transmission[21]) component for converting the

low speed incoming rotation to high speed rotation suitable for generating electricity.

• The structural support component, which is approximately 15% of the wind turbine cost, includes

the tower

and

rotor

yaw

mechanism.[22]

A 1.5 MW wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower 80 meters high.The rotor assembly (blades and hub) weighs 48,000 pounds (22,000 kg). The nacelle, whichcontains the generator component, weighs 115,000 pounds (52,000 kg). The concrete base for thetower is constructed using 58,000 pounds (26,000 kg) of reinforcing steel and contains 250 cubicyards of concrete. The base is 50 feet (15 m) in diameter and 8 feet (2.4 m) thick near thecenter.[23]

Unconventional wind turbines

One E-66 wind turbine at Windpark Holtriem, Germany, carries an observation deck, open forvisitors. Another turbine of the same type, with an observation deck, is located in Swaffham,England. Airborne wind turbines have been investigated many times but have yet to producesignificant energy. Conceptually, wind turbines may also be used in conjunction with a largevertical solar updraft tower to extract the energy due to air heated by the sun.

Wind turbines which utilise the Magnus effect have been developed.[2]



Small wind turbines

Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty-watt generator for boat or caravan use. Small unitsoften have direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings anduse a vane to point into the wind.

Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flapsand are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for largewind turbines are being researched.

Record-holding turbines

Largest capacity

The Enercon E-126 has a rated capacity of 7.58 MW [24] , has an overall height of 198 m (650 ft), adiameter of 126 m (413 ft), and is the world's largest-capacity wind turbine since its introduction

in 2007. [25]

At least four companies are working on the development of a 10MW turbine:

• American Superconductor[26]

• Wind Power Ltd are developing a 10 MW VAWT, the Aerogenerator X[27]

• Clipper Windpower are developing the Britannia 10 MW HAWT[26][27][28]

• Sway AS announced the proposed development of a prototype 10 MW wind turbine with a height

of 162.5 m (533 ft) and a rotor diameter of 145 m (475 ft).[27][28][29]

Largest swept area

The turbine with the largest swept area is a prototype installed by Gamesa at Jaulín, Zaragoza,Spain in 2009. The G10X – 4.5 MW has a rotor diameter of 128m. [30]

Tallest

The tallest wind turbine is Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow. Its axis is 160 meters above groundand its rotor tips can reach a height of 205 meters. It is the only wind turbine taller than 200 metersin the world.[31]

Largest vertical

-axis

Le Nordais wind farm in Cap-Chat, Quebec has a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) named Éole,which is the world's largest at 110 m.[32] It has a nameplate capacity of 3.8MW.[33]



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Green energHigh altitudeHybrid poweList of wind tList of wind tMaglev windMicrogeneraRam air turbRenewable eThomas O. PTurbine

Windpump

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Wind turbin

ences

^ "Part 1 —

2008‐07‐31. ^ A.G. Drach^ Dietrich LoVol. 77, Issu^ Ahmad Y H

Cambridge U

^ Donald RoMay 1991, p^

a

b Mortho

century: ecoBasingstoke, ^ A Wind Enhttp://www.

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tledge Hill, ". 64‐69. (cf. Dst, Poul Erik;omics, policHampshire: rgy Pioneer: windpower.

tal

sociation

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ss. ISBN

0‐52

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lamic Techno the Medievhanical Engiersen, Per (2ging electric3‐79248‐3. ind Industr. Retrieved

om/wind/ea

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hle", Archiv logy: An illusal Near East"eering) 002). Wind eity industry . Association.008‐12‐28.

ly.html. Retr

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ieved

hichte,

, p. 54.

erican,

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8. ^

a

b

c

d "James Blyth". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press.

http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/dnb/100957.html. Retrieved 2009‐10‐09.

9. ^ Quirky old‐style contraptions make water from wind on the mesas of West Texas

10. ^ Alan Wyatt: Electric Power: Challenges and Choices. Book Press Ltd., Toronto 1986, ISBN 0‐

920650‐00‐7

11. ^ Anon. "Costa Head Experimental Wind Turbine". orkney Sustainable Energy Website. Orkney

Sustainable Energy Ltd. http://www.orkneywind.co.uk/costa.html. Retrieved 19 December 2010.

12. ^ http://www.nrel.gov/gis/wind.html Dynamic Maps, GIS Data and Tools

13. ^ "Wind Energy Basics". American Wind Energy Association.

http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_basics.html. Retrieved 2009‐09‐24.[dead link ]

14. ^ http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/comp/index.htm Wind turbine components

retrieved November 8, 2008

15. ^ 1.5 MW Wind Turbine Technical Specifications

16. ^ Size specifications of common industrial wind turbines

17. ^ http://www.symscape.com/blog/vertical_axis_wind_turbine

18. ^ http://www.awea.org/faq/vawt.html

19. ^ Hansen Industrial Transmissions W4

20. ^ Adjustable

speed

drive

used

on

wind

turbines

21. ^ Continuously variable transmission for wind turbines

22. ^ "Wind Turbine Design Cost and Scaling Model," Technical Report NREL/TP‐500‐40566,

December, 2006, page 35,36. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40566.pdf

23. ^ [1]

24. ^ http://www.enercon.de/p/downloads/EN_Produktuebersicht_0710.pdf

25. ^ "New Record: World’s Largest Wind Turbine (7+ Megawatts) — MetaEfficient Reviews".

MetaEfficient.com. 2008‐02‐03. http://www.metaefficient.com/news/new‐record‐worlds‐largest‐

wind‐turbine‐7‐megawatts.html. Retrieved 2010‐04‐17.

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a

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http://eetweb.com/wind/wind‐turbines‐go‐supersized‐20091001/. Retrieved 2010‐07‐26.

27. ^

a

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(2010‐

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http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62S2ZP20100329. Retrieved 2010‐07‐26.

29. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j‐BZEK4lR‐ _hxsz2hQ ‐92_c0oSHQ

Retrieved 2010‐02‐13

30. ^ "Gamesa Presents G10X‐4.5 MW Wind Turbine Prototype". http://www.renewable‐energy‐

sources.com/2009/06/29/gamesa‐presents‐g10x‐4‐5‐mw‐wind‐turbine‐prototype/. Retrieved

2010‐07‐26.

31. ^ "FL 2500 Noch mehr Wirtschaftlichkeit" (in German). Fuhrlaender AG.

http://fuhrlaender.de/produkte/index_de.php?produkt_gesucht=1&produkt_name=FL+2500.

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http://www.industcards.com/wind‐canada.htm. Retrieved 2010‐08‐24.

34. ^ Antarctica New Zealand

35. ^ New Zealand Wind Energy Association

36. ^ Bill Spindler, The first Pole wind turbine.



37. 38.

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