windows 10: the personal trainer, 2nd edition: your...
TRANSCRIPT
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AcknowledgmentsTomyreaders—ThePersonalTrainerseriesismyfirstsoloventureaftermorethan20yearsasaprofessionalauthorwithMicrosoft,O’Reilly,Macmillan,McGrawHill,andothertoppublishers.Thankyouforbeingtherewithmeandcomingalongfortheride!
ToeveryoneI’veworkedwithatMicrosoft—yoursupportofmybooksforthepastmanyyearshasmeantagreatdeal.It’sbeenwonderfultohearfromsomanyemployeeswhousemybookasindustrybenchmarksandtoprovideguidancefortheirowntrainingandfortrainingothers.
Tomyfamily—you’vebeentherewithmeformanybooks,manymillionsofwords,andmanythousandsofpagesshe’sbeenthere,providingsupportandencouragement.Thankyou!
SpecialthankstoTomandEdatL&L;Rachelle,LisaandMarieatAndover.AlsoaspecialthankstomysonWillforhisextensivecontributions.
—WilliamR.Stanek
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Windows10:ThePersonalTrainer
2ndEdition
YourpersonalizedguidetoWindows10fromoneoftheworld’sforemostWindowsexperts!
WilliamR.Stanek
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Windows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEdition
Copyright©2016WilliamR.Stanek
PublishedbyStanek&Associates,POBox362,EastOlympia,WA,98540-0362,www.williamrstanek.com.
Copyright©2016WilliamR.Stanek.Seattle,Washington.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbySections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisherRequeststothepublisherforpermissionshouldbesenttotheaddresslistedpreviously.
Stanek&AssociatesisatrademarkofStanek&Associatesand/oritsaffiliates.Allothermarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.Noassociationwithanyrealcompany,organization,personorothernamedelementisintendedorshouldbeinferredthroughuseofcompanynames,websiteaddressesorscreens.
Thisbookexpressestheviewsandopinionsoftheauthor.Theinformationcontainedinthisbookisprovidedwithoutanyexpress,statutoryorimpliedwarranties.
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LIMITOFLIABILITY/DISCLAIMEROFWARRANTY:THEPUBLISHERANDTHEAUTHORMAKENOREPRESENTATIONSORWARRANTIESWITHRESPECTTOTHEACCURACYORCOMPLETENESSOFTHECONTENTSOFTHISWORKANDSPECIFICALLYDISCLAIMALLWARRANTIES,INCLUDINGWITHOUTLIMITATIONWARRANTIESOFFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.NOWARRANTYMAYBECREATEDOREXTENDDBYSALESORPROMOTIONALMATERIALS.THEADVICEANDDISCUSSIONINTHISBOOKMAYNOTBESUITABLEFOREVERYSITUATION.THISWORKISSOLDWITHTHEUNDERSTANDINGTHTATTHEPUBLISHERISNOTENGAGEDINRENDERINGPROFESSIONALSERVICESANDTHATSHOULDPROFESSIONALASSISTANCEBEREQUIREDTHESERVICESOFACOMPETENTPROFESSIONALSHOULDBESOUGHT.NEITHERTHEPUBLISHERS,AUTHORS,RESELLERSNORDISTRIBUTORSSHALLBEHELDLIABLEFORANYDAMAGESCAUSEDORALLEGEDTOBECAUSEEITHERDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYHEREFROM.THEREFERENCEOFANORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEASASOURCEOFFURTHERINFORMATIONDOESNOTMEANTHATTHEPUBLISHERORTHEAUTHORENDORSESTHEINFORMATIONTHEORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEMAYPROVIDEORTHERECOMMENDATIONSITMAYMAKE.FURTHER,READERSSHOULDBEAWARETHATWEBSITESLISTEDINTHISBOOKMAYNOTBEAVAILABLEORMAYHAVECHANGEDSINCETHISWORKWASWRITTEN.
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Stanek&Associatespublishesinavarietyofformats,includingprint,electronicandbyprint-on-demand.Somematerialsincludedwithstandardprinteditionsmaynotbeincludedinelectronicorprint-on-demandeditionsorviceversa.
CountryofFirstPublication:UnitedStatesofAmerica.
CoverDesign:CreativeDesignsLtd.EditorialDevelopment:AndoverPublishingSolutionsTechnicalReview:L<echnicalContentServices
Youcanprovidefeedbackrelatedtothisbookbyemailingtheauthoratwilliamstanek@aol.com.Pleaseusethenameofthebookasthesubjectline.
Version:2.0.0.5b
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ContentsataGlanceIntroduction
Chapter1.GettingtoKnowWindows10
Chapter2.CustomizingtheWindows10Interface
Chapter3.PersonalizingtheAppearanceofWindows10
Chapter4.CustomizingBoot,Startup,andPowerOptions
Chapter5.Organizing,Searching,andIndexing
Chapter6.ManagingYourApps
Chapter7.TrackingSystemPerformanceandHealth
Chapter8.AnalyzingandLoggingPerformance
Chapter9.OptimizingPerformanceTipsandTechniques
OptimizingPerformance:FinalTune-upSuggestions
AbouttheAuthor
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TableofContentsIntroduction
What’sThisBookAbout?
WhatDoINeedtoKnow?
HowIsThisBookOrganized?
CanIUsePrint&DigitalEditionsTogether?
WhatConventionsAreUsedinThisBook?
HowCanIGetSupportforThisBook?
WhatOtherResourcesAreAvailable?
Chapter1.GettingtoKnowWindows10
UsingTouchscreens
InstallationNotes
GettingSignedIn
LocalAccounts,DomainAccounts,MicrosoftAccounts,OhMy!
LocalandDomainAccounts
AccessingBusinessNetworks
GettingAroundtheNewDesktops
Cortana&Search
TaskView&ChangingDesktops
GettingAroundtheNewStartMenu
EnteringandExitingTabletMode
CustomizingUserAccounts
ChangingAccountPictures
ChangingAccountTypes
ChangingandRecoveringYourPassword
Chapter2.CustomizingtheWindows10Interface
BoostingYourDesktopIQ
OptimizingInterfacePerformance
MasteringDesktopEssentials
StretchingtheDesktop
ReadytoDitchSnap?
MakingtheStartMenuWorkforYou
PinningAppsandUsingFull-ScreenMode
CreatingSections
ResizingandReorganizingTiles
CustomizingtheMostUsedandRecentlyAddedLists
MakingtheTaskbarDance
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PuttingtheTaskbarWhereYouWantIt
CustomizingTaskbarAppearance
PinningProgramstotheTaskbar
UsingFlipViewsandJumpLists
Chapter3.PersonalizingtheAppearanceofWindows10
CustomizingBasicInterfaces
PersonalizingControlPanel
Fine-TuningControlPrompts
CreatinganAlternateControlPanelView
CreatingaDedicatedAdministratorCommandPrompt
OptimizingBackgrounds,ThemesandMore
CustomizingandCreatingYourOwnDesktopBackgrounds
UsingPicturesforBackgrounds
UsingSolidColorsforBackgrounds
UsingSlideshowBackgrounds
CustomizingtheLockScreen
UsingPicturesontheLockScreen
UsingSlideshowsontheLockScreen
ConfiguringNotificationsontheLockScreen
SelectingandTuningThemes
ChoosingaTheme
SettingtheAccentColor
ConfiguringScreenTimeoutandScreenSavers
ConfiguringWhentheScreenTurnsOff
ConfiguringaScreenSaver
ConfiguringandCreatingYourSystemSounds
CustomizingYourMousePointers
SavingYourCustomThemesandCreatingThemePacks
CustomizingYourDisplays
AdjustingDisplaySizeandOrientation
ManagingMonitorandGraphicsCardProperties
CalibratingColorandUsingColorProfiles
Chapter4.CustomizingBoot,Startup,andPowerOptions
CustomizingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterface
GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sFirmwareInterface
AccessingandSettingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterface
TrackingandConfiguringPowerOnandResume
GettingFirmwareandPowerManagementInformation
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CustomizingStartupandBootConfiguration
Fine-TuningStartupandRecoverySettings
ChangingYourComputer’sBootConfiguration
UsingtheSelectiveandDiagnosticStartupModes
ChangingtheWayYourComputerBoots
DisablingStartupApplicationsandServicesforTroubleshooting
CustomizingBootConfigurationwiththeBCDEditor
WorkingwithAutomaticRecoveryMode
PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBoot
ResolvingRestartorShutdownIssues
RecoveringfromaFailedResume
ForcingYourComputertoShutDown
RepairingaComputertoEnableStartup
Chapter5.Organizing,Searching,andIndexing
ExploringYourComputerinNewWays
SoLongLibraries,HelloQuickAccess
AddressBarTipsandTechniques
KeyboardTipsandTechniquesforFileExplorer
CustomizingFileExplorer
Fine-TuningViews&Details
CustomizingFolderOptions
SearchingandIndexingYourComputer
WindowsSearchEssentials
UnderstandingLocalizedSearches
Fine-TuningWindowsSearch
CustomizingSearchOptions
PerformingAdvancedSearcheswithFilters
SearchingbyKindorTypeofFile
SearchingUsingDate-RelatedFilters
SearchingUsingSize-RelatedFilters
SavingYourSearches
IndexingYourComputer
CustomizingIndexedLocations
IncludingorExcludingFilesbyType
ResolvingIndexingProblems
Chapter6.ManagingYourApps
WorkingwithDesktopApps
ZeroinginonApps
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Getting,InstallingandRunningApps
ConnectingYourAccounttotheStore
FindingandInstallingYourApps
InstallingDesktopPrograms
CompliantversusLegacyApplications
SettingRunLevelsforApplications
ApplicationSetupandCompatibility
MakingProgramsAvailable
ResolvingCompatibilityIssues
ManagingDesktopProgramsandFeatures
AddingandRemovingWindowsFeatures
DesignatingDefaultPrograms
ConfiguringAutoPlayOptions
WorkingwiththeCommandPath
WorkingwithFileExtensionsandAssociations
Managing,Repairing,andUninstallingDesktopPrograms
ManagingCurrentlyRunningApps,ProgramsandProcesses
Chapter7.TrackingSystemPerformanceandHealth
GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sHardware
CheckingCurrentPerformanceLevels
TrackingApplicationsandProcesses
TrackingPerformanceandResourceUsage
EventLoggingandViewing
DiggingintotheEventLogs
ResolvingPerformanceIssueswiththeLogs
Chapter8.AnalyzingandLoggingPerformance
ResolvingFailuresandReliabilityIssues
CheckingforProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformance
AnalyzingReliabilityIssuesThatAreAffectingPerformance
DiagnosingandResolvingProblemswithTroubleshooters
ExaminingResourceUsageinDetail
RecordingandAnalyzingPerformanceData
LoggingPerformanceData
ChoosingCounterstoMonitor
IdentifyingPerformanceBottlenecks
Chapter9.OptimizingPerformanceTipsandTechniques
OptimizingPowerManagementSettingsforPerformance
SelectingandUsingPowerPlans
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CreatingandOptimizingPowerPlans
ResolvingPowerProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformance
MaintainingPerformancewithUpdates
Fine-tuningAutomaticUpdates
ResolvingUpdateProblems
OptimizingPerformance:FinalTune-upSuggestions
DisablingUnnecessaryServicesandFeatures
Fine-TuningVirtualMemory
Fine-TuningDataExecutionPrevention
EnhancingPerformancewithReadyBoost
CleaningUpYourDiskDrives
AutomatingMaintenance
WhyAutomatedMaintenanceBreaks
OptimizingtheMaintenanceWindow
RunningMaintenanceManually
AbouttheAuthor
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IntroductionWindows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEditionisarevisededitionoftheauthoritativequickreferenceguidetoWindows10writtenbyWilliamStanekandisdesignedtobeakeyresourceyouturntowheneveryouhavequestionsaboutWindows10.Tothisend,thebookzeroesinonthekeyaspectsofWindows10thatyou’llusethemost.
WhenyoustartworkingwithWindows10,you’llseeatoncethatthisoperatingsystemisvisuallydifferentfromearlierreleasesofWindows.Whatwon’tbereadilyapparent,however,isjusthowdifferent—andthat’sbecausemanyofthemostsignificantchangestotheoperatingsystemareunderthesurface.Thesechangesaffecttheunderlyingarchitecture,notjusttheinterfaces—andtheyweresomeofthehardestformetoresearchandwriteabout.
Insidethisbook’spages,you’llfindcomprehensiveoverviews,step-by-stepprocedures,frequentlyusedtasks,documentedexamples,andmuchmore.Oneofthegoalsistokeepthecontentsoconcisethatthebookremainscompactandeasytonavigatewhileatthesametimeensuringthatthebookispackedwithasmuchinformationaspossible—makingitavaluableresource.
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What’sThisBookAbout?Windows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEditioncoversalleditionsofWindows10.Inthisbook,Iteachyouhowfeatureswork,whytheyworkthewaytheydo,andhowtocustomizethemtomeetyourneeds.Ialsoofferspecificexamplesofhowcertainfeaturescanmeetyourneeds,andhowyoucanuseotherfeaturestotroubleshootandresolveissuesyoumighthave.Inaddition,thisbookprovidestips,bestpractices,andexamplesofhowtofine-tuneallmajoraspectsofWindows10.Thisbookwon’tjustteachyouhowtoconfigureWindows10;itwillteachyouhowtosqueezeeverylastbitofpoweroutofitandmakethemostofthefeaturesandoptionsitincludes.
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WhatDoINeedtoKnow?ThisbookisdesignedasaguidetowhatyouneedtoknowtogetthemostoutofWindows10.Togetpracticalandusefulinformationintoyourhandswithouttheclutterofatonofbackgroundmaterial,Ihadtoassumeseveralthings.Ifyouarereadingthisbook,IhopethatyouhavebasicnetworkingskillsandabasicunderstandingofWindowsoperatingsystems.IalsoassumethatyouarefairlyfamiliarwithWindowscommandsandproceduresaswellastheWindowsuserinterface.
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HowIsThisBookOrganized?Makingthisbookeasytofollowandunderstandwasmynumberonegoal!Ireallywantanyone,skilllevelorworkscheduleaside,tobeabletolearnhowtouseWindows10effectively.
Tomakethebookeasytouse,I’vedivideditintochaptersthattakeaprogressivelydeeperlookatWindows10.AnyonewhowantstolearnhowtouseWindows10anditstoolseffectivelyshouldreadthisbook.Becausetheapproachusedinthisbookisideallysuitedtoreadersofallskilllevels,youdonothavetobeacomputerexperttounderstandandusetheconceptsexaminedinthisbook.
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CanIUsePrint&DigitalEditionsTogether?Printeditionsofthisbookincludeanindexandsomeotherelementsnotavailableinthedigitaledition.Updatestothisbookareavailableonline.Visithttp://www.williamrstanek.com/windows10/togetanyupdates.Thiscontentisavailabletoallreaders.
Digitaleditionsofthisbookareavailableatallmajorretailers,atlibrariesuponrequestandwithmanysubscriptionservices.Ifyouhaveadigitaleditionofthisbookthatyoudownloadedelsewhere,suchasafilesharingsite,youshouldknowthattheauthordoesn’treceiveanyroyaltiesorincomefromsuchdownloads.Alreadydownloadedthisbookorothers?DonateheretoensureWilliamcankeepwritingthebooksyouneed:
https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=CPSBGLZ35AB26
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WhatConventionsAreUsedinThisBook?I’veusedavarietyofelementstohelpkeepthetextclearandeasytofollow.You’llfindcodetermsandlistingsinmonospacetype,exceptwhenItellyoutoactuallytypeacommand.Inthatcase,thecommandappearsinboldtype.WhenIintroduceanddefineanewterm,Iputitinitalics.
Thisbookalsosidebarelementsthatprovideadditionaldetailsonpointsthatneedemphasis,including:
Notes
CautionsandTroubleshooting
Tips
ProTipsandRealWorldadvice
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HowCanIGetSupportforThisBook?Everyefforthasbeenmadetoensuretheaccuracyofthecontentsofthisbook.Ascorrectionsarereceivedorchangesaremade,theywillbeaddedtotheonlinepageforthebookavailableat:
http://www.williamrstanek.com/windows10/
Ifyouhavecomments,questions,orideasregardingthebook,orquestionsthatarenotansweredbyvisitingthesiteabove,sendthemviae-mailto:
Otherwaystoreachtheauthor:
Facebook:http://www.facebook.com/William.Stanek.Author
Twitter:http://twitter.com/williamstanek
It’simportanttokeepinmindthatMicrosoftsoftwareproductsupportisnotoffered.IfyouhavequestionsaboutMicrosoftsoftwareorneedproductsupport,pleasecontactMicrosoft.
MicrosoftalsoofferssoftwareproductsupportthroughtheMicrosoftKnowledgeBaseat:
http://support.microsoft.com/
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WhatOtherResourcesAreAvailable?Althoughsomebooksareofferedasall-in-oneguides,there’ssimplynowayonebookcandoitall.Thisbookisintendedtobeusedasaconciseandeasy-to-useresource.ItcoverseverythingyouneedtoperformcoretasksforWindows10,butitisbynomeansexhaustive.
Asyouencounternewtopics,takethetimetopracticewhatyou’velearnedandreadabout.Seekadditionalinformationasnecessarytogetthepracticalexperienceandknowledgethatyouneed.
ItrulyhopeyoufindthatWindows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEditionhelpsyouuseWindows10successfullyandeffectively.
Thankyou,
WilliamR.Stanek
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Chapter1.GettingtoKnowWindows10ReadytokickthetiresandgettoknowWindows10?Windows10isn’tlegacyWindows.IthasanallnewlookandaninterfacethathassomefeaturesofWindows7,somefeaturesofWindows8andmanynewoptions.Somuchhaschanged,infact,thatfromlogintologout,you’llberequiredtoworkinnewwaystogettasksdone.Don’tworrythough,step-by-stepinthischapter,I’llteachyoutheabout:
InputoptionsThenewloginscreenThenewstartmenuThenewdesktopMore
Ifyoudon’tneedhelpwiththebasics,jumpaheadtoChapters2and3,whereI’llteachyouallaboutcustomizingandpersonalizingWindows10.
Note Windows10runsontablets,desktops,laptops,smartphonesandothertypesofcomputingdevices.RatherthanmentioningallofthesetypesofdeviceseachtimeItalkabouttheoperatingsystem,I’llsimplysayyourcomputer,yourdeviceorImayrefertoyourWindows10device.WhenIdothis,I’mtalkingaboutallofthevarioustypesofdevicesWindows10runson.
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UsingTouchscreensWindows10supportstwoprimaryinputtypes:
KeyboardandmouseTouchscreen
Whilethekeyboardandmousearestandard,atouchscreenallowsyoutomanipulateon-screenelementsinnewways.Youcan:
Tap Touchanon-screenelementwithyourfinger.Atapordouble-tapofelementsonthescreengenerallyistheequivalentofamouseclickordouble-click.Pressandhold Pressyourfingerdownonanon-screenelementandleaveitthereforafewseconds.Pressingandholdingelementsonthescreengenerallyistheequivalentofaright-click.Pan(slidetoscroll) Touchanddragacrossthescreenwithoneortwofingers.Panningshowsanotherpartofawindowthathasscrollbars.Alsoreferredtoasslidingtoscroll.Pinch Touchanitemwithtwoormorefingersandthenmovethefingerstowardeachother.Pinchingshowslessinformation.Rotate Touchtwopointsonthescreenandthentwist.Rotatingturnsanitemonscreeninaclockwiseorcounter-clockwisedirection.Slideinfromedge Startingfromtheedgeofthescreen,slideacrossthescreenwithoutliftingyourfinger.Slidinginfromtheleftedgeshowsopenappsandallowsyoutoswitchbetweenthemeasily.Slidinginfromthetoporbottomedgeshowscommandsfortheactiveelement.Stretch Touchanitemwithtwoormorefingersandthenmovethefingersawayfromeachother.Stretchingshowsmoreinformation.Swipetoselect Slideanitemashortdistanceintheoppositedirectioncomparedtohowthepagescrolls.Swipinginthiswayselectstheitemandalsomaybringuprelatedcommands.Ifpressandholddoesn’tdisplaycommandsandoptionsforanitem,tryusingswipetoselectinstead.
Keepinmindthatthroughoutthisguide,whereIhaveusedclick,right-clickanddouble-click,youcanalsousetouchequivalents,tap,pressandhold,anddoubletap.Also,whenyourWindows10devicedoesn’thaveaphysicalkeyboard,youareabletoentertextbyusingtheonscreenkeyboard.Ifadevicehasnophysicalkeyboard,simplytouchaninputareaonthescreen,suchastheSearchbox,todisplaytheonscreenkeyboard.
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InstallationNotesInstallingandsettingupWindows10isabreeze.Justfollowtheprompts.Duringsetup,youcreateauseraccountforadministrationofthecomputer.Bydefault,thisaccountiscreatedasanInternet-connectedlocalaccountsyncedtoaMicrosoftaccount.Youdon’thavetoacceptthisoptionandcaninsteadcreateastandardlocalaccountthatyoucanlaterchoosetoconnecttoaMicrosoftaccount.Connectingyouraccountsyncssettings,documents,appsandmoreacrossyourdevices.
TheonlyissueIhadwithsetupwasthatthenetworkconnectionwascreatedwiththePublicprofileandthere’snodirectwaytochangethistoaPrivateprofile.ThisisimportantbecauseWindowsFirewallisenabledbydefaultandplacesmorerestrictionsonthePublicconnectionthanaPrivateconnection.Theserestrictionsmadeitimpossibletoconnectthecomputertoadomain.ThefixwastoruntheNetworkAdaptertroubleshooter,whichdetectedthatthenetworkconnectionwassettoPublicandallowedmetosetthenetworkconnectiontoPrivate.
YoualsocouldusePowerShelltomakethischange.Thedefaultaliasforthefirstnetworkconnectiononadevicetypicallyis“Ethernet”.Ifso,youcanuseanPowerShell(Admin)windowandthefollowingcodetochangethe“Ethernet”connectionfrompublictoprivate:Get-NetConnectionProfile-InterfaceAlias“Ethernet”|Set-NetConnectionProfile-NetworkCategoryPrivate
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GettingSignedInWindows10hasanewsign-inprocessthatworkswithtouchscreensaswellasakeyboardandmouse.WhenyoustartorwakeWindows10,you’llseeapreviewscreen.Withatouchscreen,swipeuptorevealtheloginscreen.Withakeyboardandmouse,simplypressakeyonthekeyboardorclickamousebuttontorevealtheloginscreen.
Bydefault,loginisalwaysrequiredwhenyoustartorwakeyourWindows10device.Thewayloginworksdependsonwhetheryourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork.Forcomputersthataren’tjoinedtoabusinessnetwork,youhavemanyloginoptions,including:
Password Apasswordisamixofupperandlowercaseletters,numbersandspecialcharacters,usually8ormorecharactersinlength.Tologinwithapassword,clickyourusernameontheloginscreen,typeyourpasswordandthenpressEnteronthekeyboardorclickthesign-inbutton(whichshowsaright-facingarrow).Pin Apinisasequenceof4ormorenumbers.Tologinwithapin,clickyourusernameontheloginscreen,typeyourpinandthenpressEnteronthekeyboardorclickthesign-inbutton(whichshowsaright-facingarrow).Picturepassword Apicturepasswordisauniqueseriesofmovementsonapreviously-selectedphoto,suchasalinedrawnbetweentwoflowersandacircledrawnaroundaspecificflower.Tologinwithapicturepassword,clickyourusernameontheloginscreenandthenusethetouchinterfacetomaketherequiredmovements.
Tip Ifyou’rehavingtroublelogginginusingapasswordorpin,clicktherevealicon(whichhasasymbolrepresentinganeye)todisplaytheexacttextyoutyped.
Usernameandpasswordarethedefaultlogintechnique.Youcanaddapin,picturepasswordorbothusingSettings.AsdiscussedinChapter3,SettingsisgraduallyreplacingControlPanelasthegotoresourceformostconfigurationoptions.InChapter3,you’lllearntechniquesforworkingwithControlPanelandSettingsaswellasotherinterfaceelementsthatcanhelpyoupersonalizeWindows10.
Inbusinessnetworks,thedomainsettingscontrolwhetheryoucanusepinsandpicturepasswords.Inadomain,ifyourusernameisn’tdisplayedontheloginscreen,clickOtherUser,typeyourusername,typeyourpasswordandthenpressEnteronthekeyboardorclickthesign-inbutton.
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LocalAccounts,DomainAccounts,MicrosoftAccounts,OhMy!Windows10supports:
LocalaccountsDomainaccounts
Theaccounttypesavailabledependonwhetheryourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork.Ifyourcomputerisn’tpartofabusinessnetwork,yourcomputerhasonlylocalaccounts.Asthedesignatorimplies,localaccountsarecreatedonyourcomputer.Otherwise,ifyourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork,yourcomputerhasbothlocalaccountsanddomainaccounts.
RealWorld Domainaccountsexistonthebusinessnetwork,aspartofeitheranActiveDirectorydomainoranAzure-basedActiveDirectorydomain.Thedifferencebetweenthetwohastodowithwhetheryourorganizationhostsitsownservers.Ifyourorganizationhostsitsownservers,youconnecttoabusinessnetworkthatispartofastandardActiveDirectorydomain.Ifyourorganizationdoesn’thostitsownservers,youconnecttoabusinessnetworkthatisservicedviaInternet-hostedserversthatarepartofanAzureADdomain.
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LocalandDomainAccountsLocalaccountsanddomainaccountscanbeInternet-connectedtosyncsettings,documentsandpurchasesacrossdevices.TwotypesofInternet-connectedaccountsaresupported:
MicrosoftaccountsSchoolorworkaccounts
YoucanconnectMicrosoftaccountsandschoolorworkaccountstobothlocalanddomainaccountstogettheInternet-connectedbenefitsofsyncingsettings,documents,purchasesandmore.Withanon-businesscomputerordevice,yousimplyusetheMicrosoftaccountforfirstsignintocreatealocalaccountthatusesMicrosoftaccountforlogin.YoualsocanaddaccountsusingtheMicrosoftaccountinformationtocreateadditionallocalaccountsthatuseMicrosoftaccountsforlogin.Fromthenon,thelocalaccountsandtheMicrosoftaccountsaresyncedandyouloginusingtheMicrosoftaccount.
Withanon-businesscomputerordevice,youcanaddaschoolorworkaccountaswelltogettheInternet-connectedbenefitsofsyncingsettings,documentsandmorewithOffice365orotherMicrosoftbusinessservices.Here,youuseSettingstoconnecttotheaccount.Thereafter,wheneveryouloginwithyourlocalaccountorMicrosoftaccount,youreceivetheadditionalconnectedbenefitsofthebusinessservice.
Note DeterminingwhetheryouareusingalocalaccountoraMicrosoftaccountiseasy.Localaccountsuseanamestring,suchasTedGorSaraH.Microsoftaccountsuseemailaddresses,[email protected].
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AccessingBusinessNetworksWhenyourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork,youcanloginusingalocalaccountoradomainaccount,eitherofwhichcanbeconnectedtoaMicrosoftaccount,aschoolorworkaccountorboth.Asbefore,whenyouconnectalocalaccounttoaMicrosoftaccount,settings,documents,purchasesandmorearesyncedacrossdevices.WhenyouaddaschoolorworkaccounttoalocalaccountoraMicrosoftaccount,theaccountssimilarlybecomeconnectedandsynced.
WhenyouconnectaMicrosoftaccountoraschoolorworkaccounttoadomainaccount,theaccountsaresyncedbutyoucontinuetologinusingthedomainaccount.SwitchingbetweenlocalaccountsanddomainaccountsrequiresusingtheOtherAccountoptionontheloginscreen.
OntheOtherAccountsscreen,youspecifytheaccountnametouseinNode\nameformatwhereNodeisthelocationforloginandnameistheusername.TheNodecanbeadomainname,thenameofthedevice,or“.”whichreferstothelocaldevice.Forexample,ifyouwanttologintotheImaginedLandsdomainasWilliamS,you’dspecifytheaccountnameasimaginedlands\williams.IfthelocaldeviceisnamedComputer14andyouwanttologinasTedG,youcanspecifytheaccountnameaseitherComputer14\TedGor.\TedG.
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GettingAroundtheNewDesktopsNo,that’snotatypointheheading.WithWindows10,youcanhavemanydesktopsandeachdesktopisitsownvirtualspacethatcanspanmultipledisplays.ThismeansthedayswhenWindowswasfixedwithasingledesktoparegone—finally!
Figure1-1showsadesktopwiththedefaultconfiguration.Asyoucanseefromthefigure,Microsoftrevisedandrefinedthetaskbar.TheStartbuttonopenstheStartMenu.Foreaseofreference,ImaysometimesrefertothisbuttonsimplyasStart,asinclickStarttoopentheStartmenu.
Figure1-1Usethedesktoptoorganizeyourwork.
WhileclickingStartopenstheStartMenu,right-clickingStartdisplaystheshortcutmenushowninFigure1-2.Clickanyoftheoptionsontheshortcutmenutoopentherelatedtool.ClickShutDownOrSignOuttodisplayadditionaloptionsforshuttingdownthecomputer,enteringsleepmodeandsigningout.
Tip Anevenquickerwaytologout?PressWindowslogokey+L.
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Figure1-2Getquickaccesstocommonlyusedoptionsandfeatures.
Tip YoucanalsodisplaytheshortcutmenubypressingtheWindowslogokey+X.
Inthedefaultconfiguration,theshortcutmenuhasoptionsforopeningtheCommandPromptasastandarduserorasanadministrator.YoucanmodifyStartMenupropertiestoreplacethesemenuitemswithoptionsforworkingwithWindowsPowerShellbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaonthetaskbarandthenselectProperties.2.InthePropertiesdialogbox,selecttheNavigationtab.3.OntheNavigationtab,selecttheReplaceCommandPromptwithWindowsPowerShell…optionandthenclickOK.
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Cortana&SearchTheSearchboxallowsyoutoquicklyandeasilysearchSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,appsandtheweb.Tousethesearchfeature,simplystarttypingwhentheStartmenuisopenorclickintheSearchboxandthenstarttyping.
AsFigure1-3shows,thefirsttimeyouusesearch,you’llhavetheoptionofconfiguringCortanaasyourvirtualassistant.IfyouwanttosetupCortana,clickNextandfollowtheprompts.Otherwise,clickNotInterestedandproceedwithyoursearch.
Note Ifyoudon’tconfigureCortanaandwanttousethisfeaturelater,simplyclickintheSearchbox,clicktheGearicontoaccessSearchSettingsandthensetCortanaCanGiveYouSuggestions…toOnbyclickingit.ThiswilltakeyoubacktothepromptshowninFigure1-3,allowingyoutoconfigureCortana.
Figure1-3UseCortanatoassistyouandprovidehelpfulreminders.
WhetheryouuseCortanaornot,searchwithWindows10ismuchmoreintelligentthanwithWindows8.Windows8wasamess,oftenshowingwebresultswhenyoureallyonlywantedresultsfromthelocalcomputerandnotbeingclearaboutwhereresultswerecomingfrom.Windows10fixesthis(mostly).InFigure1-4,Ientered“display”asmysearch.Here,thestandardsearchresultsshowrelatedutilitiesfirst,settingsnextandthenappsintheMicrosoftStore.Ifyousubsequentlywantedtosearchyourpersonaldocuments,you’dthenclickMyStuff.OrifyouwantedtosearchtheWebinstead,you’dthenclickWeb.
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Figure1-4Getsmarter,bettersearchresultswithWindows10.
Althoughonlineandwebresultsareincludedbydefaultinsearchresults,youcaneasilychangethisoptionsothatresultsonlycomefromSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,andapps.SimplyclickintheSearchbox,clicktheGearicontoaccessSearchSettingsandthensetSearchOnline…toOffbyclickingit.
Asyoumightexpect,therearemanymoreoptionsforsearchandmanypowerfulparametersyoucanusetotailoryoursearches.TheseoptionsandmorearediscussedinChapter5“Organizing,Searching,andIndexing.”Chapter5alsotellsyouhowtofixsearchwhenthingsgowrong.
RealWorld ThefirsttimeyousigninWindowswillprepareyourdesktopandthere’llbeaslightdelaybeforeyoucanstartworking.Onceyoucanaccessthedesktop,WindowskeepsworkinginthebackgroundtosetupyourenvironmentandpartofthisprocessincludescreatingthesearchindexesforSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,andapps.
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Asthegraphicshows,whiletheindexesarebeingcreated,youwon’tgettheexpectedsearchresultsandWindowswilldisplayamessageaboutgettingsearchready.
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TaskView&ChangingDesktopsClicktheTaskViewbuttontodisplaytheTaskViewpanelorpresstheWindowslogokey+Tab.AsFigure1-5shows,theTaskViewpanelshowsapreviewofeachdesktopandallowsyoutoeasilyadd,removeorswitchbetweendesktops.Withthispanelopen,youcan:
AddadesktopsimplybyclickingtheNewDesktopoption.Althoughyoucanhavemanydesktops,thedesktopspaceismoremanageablewhenyouhavefewerdesktops.Switchbetweendesktopssimplybyclickingthedesktopyouwanttoopen.Deleteadesktopsimplybyright-clickingitandthenselectingtheDeletebutton(anXintheupperrightcornerofthedesktoppreview).
Figure1-5UsetheTaskViewpaneltoswitchbetweenandmanageyourdesktops.
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GettingAroundtheNewStartMenuTheStartMenuinWindows10combinesthebestfeaturesoftheStartMenuusedinWindows7withthebestfeaturesoftheStartmenuusedinWindows8.AsFigure1-6shows,theStartMenufeaturestwocolumnsofoptions.Inthefirstcolumn,youhavequickaccesstothemostusedapps.
Figure1-6UsetheStartMenutoaccessyourappsandoptions.
Tip “LifeataGlance”and“PlayandExplore”areeditableheadingsforthetwoprimarytileregions.Tochangetheseheadings,simplyclicktheheadingtoenableediting,maketheappropriatechangesandthenclicksomewhereelseontheStartmenu.Forexample,youcandelete“LifeataGlance”andenter“NowPlaying”astheheading.
IntheupperleftcorneroftheStartmenu,theusernameforthecurrentlyloggedonuserisdisplayed.Clickthenametodisplayanoptionsmenuthatallowsyoutochangeaccountsettings,locktheaccountorsignout.
InthelowerleftcorneroftheStartmenu,you’llfindadditionaloptions,including
FileExplorer OpensFileExplorer,whichreplacesWindowsExplorerastheutilityforexploringyourcomputer.YoucanopenFileExplorerquicklybypressingWindowslogokey+E.Settings OpenstheSettingspanel.SettingsreplacesControlPanelformanagingmostconfigurationsettings.OpenSettingsquicklybypressingWindowslogokey+I.
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Power Displaysthepoweroptions.
Tip Bydefault,FileExploreropenswithQuickAccessselectedinthemainpane.Ifyou’dratherhaveFileExploreropenwithThisPCselected,clickOptionsontheViewtoolbarandthenselectChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.Next,intheFolderOptionsdialogbox,selectThisPCastheoptionfortheOpenFileExplorerTolist.
Theavailablepoweroptionsdependonhowyouareloggedin.Whenyouareloggedindirectly,youcanselect:
Restart ShutsdownandthenrestartsthecomputerSleep Putsthecomputerinsleepmode,ifpossiblegiventhesystemconfigurationandstate.ShutDown Shutsdownthecomputer.
Note Ifyouwanttolockthecomputerorlogoutinstead,clickStart,clickyourusernameontheStartmenuandthenclickLockorSignOutasappropriate.
Ifyouareloggedinremotely,suchaswhenyouareaccessingahomecomputerfromwork,youonlyhavetheoptiontodisconnect.Keepinmindyourcomputer’spowerconfigurationdetermineshowsleepmodeworks.Whenworkingwithsleepmode,itisimportanttorememberthatthecomputerisstilldrawingpowerandthatyoushouldneveropenthecaseorbackcoverwhenaWindows10deviceisinthesleepstate.Alwayspoweroffthedevicebeforepokingaroundinsidethecover.
Inthelowerleftcorner,you’llalsofindtheAllAppsbuttonwhichdisplaystheAllAppslist.AsshowninFigure1-7,theAllAppslistcontainsa0-9A-Zlistofavailableapps.Whenshown,thelistreplacestheitemsinthefirstcolumn,allowingyoutoclickanyentrytoopentherelatedapportoclickBacktogobacktothestandardview.Slideorscrolltoseetheentirelist.
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Figure1-7UsetheAllAppslisttofindappsyouwanttoopen.
ThesecondcolumnontheStartmenushowstilesforappspinnedtoStart.AnyapponthecomputercanhaveatileontheStartmenu.Clickingatilerunstheapp.Whenyouright-clickatile,youdisplayconfigurationoptions.AsshowninFigure1-8,youcanusetheseoptionsto:
UnpintheappfromStartChangethesizeofthetileontheStartmenuTurnlivetilesonoroffPintheapptothetaskbar
Figure1-8Usetheoptionstomanagethetile.
Althoughthepreviousexamples,showthetileswiththelivefeatureturnedoff,justaboutanytilecanhaveitslivefeaturedturnedon,whichthendisplayscurrentinformationfromtheapp,suchasthecurrentweatherfortheWeatherapp,thecurrentnewsheadingfortheNewsapporastockmarketreportfortheStockapp.
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EnteringandExitingTabletModeWhenyou’reusingWindows10onatabletPC,tabletmodeusuallyiswhatyouwanttouse.However,tabletmodechangesthewayWindowsworksandyoumayeitherloveorhateit.
Intabletmode,theStartMenuisreplacedwithaStartscreen,asshowninFigure1-9.ThestandardStartscreenoptionsinclude:
Optionsbutton Shownintheupperleftcorner,youmustclickthisbuttontodisplaytheStartoptionspanel(orwhenworkingwithStart,byswipinginfromtheleft).Powerbutton Providesaccesstopoweroptions,whichcaninclude:sleep,shutdownandrestart.Appsbutton DisplaystheAllAppslist,whichyoucanusetostartprogramsnotshownontheStartscreen.Startbutton SwitchesbetweenStartandthedesktop.
Figure1-9AccessingStartintabletmode.
WhenyouclickanapponStart,theappopensonthedesktopinfull-screenmode.TheTaskViewbuttonprovidesonewaytoswitchbetweenapps.ClicktheTaskViewbuttontoseeapreviewofopenappsandthenclicktheappyouwanttoopen.
InTabletmode,appiconsonthetaskbararehiddenbydefault.Thismeansyouwon’tseeanyitemspinnedtothetaskbaroriconsforopenwindowsorrunningapps.
AllofthesesnapbehaviorsareconfigurableandcontrolledwithSystemSettingsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickTabletMode.3.Inthemainpane,usetheseoptionstomanagethewaytabletmodeworks:
Ifyoudon’twanttousetabletmode,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheMakeWindowsMoreTouch-Friendly…optiontotheOffposition.IfyouwantWindows10togotothedesktopinsteadofStartwhenyoulogin,setWhenISignIntoGoToTheDesktop.
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Ifyouwantaccesstopinneditems,openwindowsandrunningappsviathetaskbar,youcandisablebysettingHideAppIcons…totheOffpositionbyclickingit.
Tip Notusedtotoggleswitches?ToggleshaveOn/Offpositions.YouchangethepositionfromOntoOfforOfftoOnsimplybyclickingthetoggle.
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CustomizingUserAccountsUseraccountshavemanyproperties,includingapassword,apicture,anaccountname,andanaccounttypedesignation.Youcanmanagethepropertiesforlocalaccounts,aslongasyouhaveanadministratoraccountortheusernameandpasswordofanadministratoraccount.
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ChangingAccountPicturesYouraccountpictureisdisplayedonthelogonscreenandontheStartmenu.Whenyouuseapicture,Windows10automaticallyoptimizesthepictureandsavestheoptimizedcopyaspartofyourpersonalContactentryinWindowsContacts.Althoughitmayseemstrangetosavethepictureaspartofyourpersonal.contactfile,doingsoisaquickandeasyshortcutfortheoperatingsystem.Mostpicturesareoptimizedtoafilesizeof50KBorless—evenhigh-resolutionpictures.
Tochangeyouraccountpicture,followthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.Next,inSettings,clickAccounts.2.AsFigure1-10shows,yourcurrentaccountpicture(ifany)isshown.ClickBrowse.3.UsetheOpendialogboxtochoosethepictureyouwanttouse.Thepicturemustbeinastandardpictureformat,suchasBMP,GIF,JPEG,PNG,DIB,orTIFF.
Note Ifyourcomputerhasacamera,youalsocancreateapicture.ClickCameraandfollowtheprompts.
Figure1-10Choosingapictureforyouruseraccount
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ChangingAccountTypesUseraccountsareeitherstandarduseraccountswithlimitedprivilegesoradministratoruseraccountswithfullprivileges.Asasafetyprecaution,youmightwanttouseastandardaccountforwebbrowsingandotheronlineactivitiesandtheadministratoraccountonlywhenyouneedtomanageormaintainyourcomputer.
It’scommonforcomputerstohavemultipleusers,resultinginseveraluseraccountscreatedonit,andatleastoneofthesemustbeanadministratoraccount.Ifyouareloggedonwithastandarduseraccount,youcanchangetheaccounttypetoAdministrator.Ifyouareloggedonwithanadministratoraccount,youcanchangetheaccounttypetoStandardUser(aslongasit’snotthelastadministratoraccountonthecomputer).
RealWorld Ideally,youshouldcreateatleasttwoadministratoraccountsonyourcomputer—withpasswords.Ifyouforgetthepasswordforoneaccount,youcansimplylogonwiththeotheraccountandusetheUserAccountsoptionsinControlPaneltochangeyourpassword.Butonlydothisifyou’vetrulylostyourpassword.Why?Whenyouchangeanaccountpasswordviaanotheraccount,you’llloseallEFS-encryptedfiles,personalcertificates,andstoredpasswordsforbothwebsitesandnetworkresources.
Youcanchangetheaccounttypebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeUserAccountsintheSearchboxandpressEnter.ThisopenstheUserAccountspageinControlPanel.2.ClickManageUserAccounts.Ifyouareloggedonasastandarduser,providetheaccountnameandpasswordofanadministratorwhenpromptedandthenclickYes.3.IntheUserAccountsdialog,double-clicktheaccountyouwanttomodify.4.InthePropertiesdialogboxfortheuser,ontheGroupMembershiptab,selecteitherStandardUserorAdministratorandthenclickOK.
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ChangingandRecoveringYourPasswordPeriodically,youshouldchangeyouraccountpasswordorPIN.Thismakesitmoredifficultforsomeonetogainaccesstoyourcomputer.Youcanchangethestandardpassword,PINorpicturepasswordassociatedwithyouruseraccountbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.Next,inSettings,clickAccounts.2.OntheAccountspage,clickSign-InOptionsintheleftpane.3.UnderPassword,PINorPicture,clickChangeandthenfollowtheprompts.
IfyouareusingaMicrosoftaccountandyou’velostorforgottenyourpassword,youcanrecoverandresetyourpasswordbyfollowingthesesteps:
1. Usinganothercomputer,openabrowserwindowandaccesshttps://account.live.com/password/reset.
2. Specifywhyyoucan’tloginasIForgotMyPassword,clickNextandthenfollowtheprompts.
Ifyouareusingalocalaccountandyou’velostorforgottenyourpassword,youcanuseanotheraccounttorecover(butonlyifyoufollowedmyearlieradviceaboutcreatinganotheradministratoraccount).Todoso,followthesesteps:
1.TypeUserAccountsintheSearchboxandpressEnter.ThisopenstheUserAccountspageinControlPanel.2.ClickManageUserAccounts.Ifyouareloggedonasastandarduser,providetheaccountnameandpasswordofanadministratorwhenpromptedandthenclickYes.3.IntheUserAccountsdialog,clicktheaccountyouwanttomodifyandthenclickResetPassword.4.Afteryouenterandthenconfirmthenewpassword,clickOK.You’llthenbeabletologinusingthispassword.
Note Whenyouchangeanaccountpasswordviaanotheraccount,you’llloseallEFS-encryptedfiles,personalcertificates,andstoredpasswordsforbothwebsitesandnetworkresources.
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Chapter2.CustomizingtheWindows10InterfaceWindows10ismorecustomizablethananyearlierreleaseoftheMicrosoftWindowsoperatingsystem.Powerfulfeaturesandoptionscombinedwithtraditionalfavoritesallowyoutoworkinnewways.Youcanperformtasksmoreefficiently,andyoucanoptimizeandcustomizetheoperatingsysteminmanyways.
TeachingyouhowtomakeWindows10workthewayyouwantittoiswhatthisbookisallabout.Ifyouweremovingintoahouse,apartment,ordormroom,youwouldwanttomakethespaceyourown.Wedothesamewithjustabouteverythinginourlives,yetsurprisinglyfewpeopletakethetimetomaketheirvirtualspacetheirown,whichcanmakeusingacomputerafrustratingexperience.
OneofthewaystomakeWindows10yourownistocustomizetheinterface.Inanyoperatingsystem,theinterfaceiseverythingthatconnectsyoutoyourcomputeranditsbasicelements,includingthedesktop,themenusystem,andthetaskbar.Thewaythesebasicelementslookdependsonappearancesettings.Thewaytheybehavedependsoncustomizationsettingssavedintheuserprofileassociatedwithaparticularuseraccount.Becauseyouruseraccountanditsassociatedprofileareseparatefromtheprofilesassociatedwithotheruseraccountsonacomputer,youcancustomizetheinterfacewithoutaffectingotherusers,andyourpreferredsettingswillberememberedandrestoredeachtimeyoulogon.
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BoostingYourDesktopIQThedesktopiswhatyouseeafteryoustartyourcomputerandlogon.It’syourvirtualworkspace,andyoumustmasterittobeginusingyourcomputerfasterandsmarter.IfyouskippedChapter1becauseyoualreadyknowthebasics,youmaywanttotakeapeekat“GettingAroundtheNewDesktops”inChapter1anywayasthiswillteachyouhowtocreatenewdesktopsandnavigatebetweenthem.
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OptimizingInterfacePerformanceWindows10supportsvisualeffectsanimations,fadesandtranslucentselectionrectangles.TheWindows10desktopwiththesefeaturesenabledispretty,butlikeanycosmetic,theirvaluedependsonmanyfactors.
Onolderorlesspowerfuldevices,youwillwanttouselessoftheprettystuff;usingfewersystemresourcesmakesWindowsmoreresponsive.ThesameislikelytobetrueforthatnewnetbookortabletPCyoujustbought.
Youcanoptimizethedesktopforthewayyouwanttoworkbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.(YoucangettothesamedialogboxthroughControlPanelaswell.ClickSystemAndSecurityandthenclickSystem.Intheleftpane,clickAdvancedSystemSettings.)
Tip AlthoughtherearemanyshortcutsyoucanusetoaccessthevarioustabsandoptionsoftheSystemPropertiesdialogbox,youneednotknoworrememberthemall.Instead,pickonetechniqueyoulike,putittomemory,anduseit.ThetechniqueIlikemostistheonementionedinthisstep.IftheAdvancedtabisn’ttheoneIwanttoworkwithafterI’veopenedthedialogbox,IsimplyclickthetabIwanttouse,ratherthantryingtorememberthatSystemPropertiesComputerNameopenstheComputerNametab,SystemPropertiesHardwareopenstheHardwaretab,SystemPropertiesProtectionopenstheSystemProtectiontab,andSystemPropertiesRemoteopenstheRemotetab.
RealWorld Ifcommandmemorizationisn’tyourthingbutyou’dstilllikeaquickandeasywaytoaccessSystemProperties,trythis:TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox.Right-clickSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheresults,andthenclickOpenFileLocation.InFileExplorer,right-clickSystemPropertiesAdvancedandthenselectPinToTaskbar.NowtheSystemProperties|AdvancedTabshortcutisavailableonthetaskbar.Wheneveryouwanttoaccessit,simplyclicktherelatedicononthetaskbar.
2.InthePerformancesection,clickSettingstoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox,showninFigure2-1.Youcannow:
SelectAdjustForBestPerformancetogetridofalltheprettystuff,orselectAdjustForBestAppearancetoenablealltheprettystuff.Selectorclearindividualvisualeffects.
3.SaveyourchangesbyclickingOKtwicetoclosebothdialogboxes.
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Figure2-1Configuringvisualeffectstooptimizethedesktopforthewayyouwanttouseit.
Thevisualadd-onsthathavethebiggesteffectonperformanceinclude:
AnimateControlsAndElementsInsideWindows Controlstheslow-fadeeffectonbuttonsandtabsindialogboxes.Whenoff,buttonsglowandtabsopenwithoutanimation.AnimateWindowsWhenMinimizingAndMaximizing Determineswhethersqueezingorstretchinganimationisusedwhenminimizingormaximizingwindows.Whenoff,Windowspopintoposition.AnimationsIntheTaskbar Controlsanimationsassociatedwithjumplists,thumbnailpreviews,andslidingtaskbarbuttons.Whenoff,noanimationsareused.FadeOrSlideMenusIntoView Controlswhethermenusfadeorslideintoview.Whenoff,menussnapopenwithoutdelay.FadeOrSlideToolTipsIntoView Controlswhethertooltipsfadeorslideintoview.Whenoff,tooltipssnapopenwithoutdelay.FadeOutMenuItemsAfterClicking Controlswhethermenuitemsfadeoutafterclicking.Whenoff,theitemselectedopenswithoutdelay.SlideOpenComboBoxes Controlstheanimationsassociatedwithdrop-downlistboxes.Whenoff,drop-downlistssnapopen.
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MasteringDesktopEssentialsLikearealworkspace,thedesktopcangetcluttered.Programsthatyourunandfoldersthatyouopenappearonthedesktopinseparatewindows,andalltheseopenwindowscanquicklymakeitdifficulttogettothedesktopitself.Toquicklydeclutter,youcanrearrangeopenprogramandfolderwindowsbyright-clickinganemptyareaofthetaskbarandthenclickingoneofthefollowingviewingoptions:
CascadeWindows Arrangestheopenwindowssothattheyoverlap,withthetitlebarremainingvisible.ShowWindowsStacked Resizestheopenwindowsandarrangesthemontopofeachother,inoneormorecolumns.ShowWindowsSidebySide Resizestheopenwindowsandstacksthemsidebyside.
Togettothedesktopwithoutdecluttering,usethesmall,blankbuttononthefarrightofthetaskbar.ThisbuttoniscalledtheShowDesktopbutton.YoucantemporarilyhideallopenwindowsbyclickingtheShowDesktopbutton.Clickthebuttonagaintounhidethewindowsandrestorethemtotheirpreviousstate.Alternatively,right-clickthetaskbarandselectShowTheDesktoporShowOpenWindowsasappropriate.
Tip AnotherwaytohideorshowopenwindowsistopresstheWindowslogokey+D.
TheTaskViewisalsohandyforworkingwiththedesktop.AsItoldyouearlier,youuseTaskViewtoadd,removeandswitchbetweendesktops.WhenyouclicktheTaskViewbutton,youseeapreviewofeachopenwindowontheactivedesktop,asshowninFigure2-2.
IntheTaskViewpreviewmode,youcan:
Bringanywindowtothefrontsimplybyclickingonit.Closeanywindowbyhoveringoveritandthenclickingtheclosebuttonintheupperrightcornerofthewindow.
Note Youhoverbymovingthemousepointeroverascreenelement.Ifyoumusthoverandclick,youmovethemouseovertheelementandthenclickthebuttonoroption.Withatouchscreen,yousimplyneedtotaptheelementandthentapthebuttonoroption.
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Figure2-2TheTaskViewshowsapreviewofwindowsopenontheactivedesktop.
Youcanstorefiles,folders,andshortcutsonthedesktopforquickandeasyaccess.AnyfileorfolderthatyoudragfromaFileExplorerwindowtothedesktopstaysonthedesktop.Ratherthanplacingfilesorfoldersonthedesktop,youcanaddashortcuttoafileorfoldertothedesktopbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClicktheFileExplorericononthetaskbartouseFileExplorertolocatethefileorfolderthatyouwanttoaddtothedesktop.2.Right-clickthefileorfolder.Ontheshortcutmenu,pointtoSendTo,andthenclickDesktop(CreateShortcut).
Youcanalsoaddsystemiconstothedesktop.Bydefault,theonlysystemicononthedesktopistheRecycleBin.Youcanaddorremovesystemiconsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanemptyareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.2.IntheleftpaneofthePersonalizationwindow,clickThemesandtheninthemainpaneunderRelatedSettings,clickDesktopIconSettings.ThisopenstheDesktopIconSettingsdialogbox,asshowninFigure2-3.3.AddorremoveiconsbyselectingorclearingtheirrelatedcheckboxesandthenclickingOKtosaveyourchanges.
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Figure2-3Addorremovedesktopicons.
Someofthedesktopiconscanberenamedbyright-clickingtheicon,clickingRename,typingthedesiredname,andthenpressingEnter.Forexample,youcouldrenameRecycleBinasTrashBarrelbyright-clickingRecycleBin,clickingRename,typingTrashBarrel,andthenpressingEnter.
Ifyounolongerwantaniconorshortcutonthedesktop,right-clickit,andthenclickDelete.Whenprompted,confirmtheactionbyclickingYes.Eachiconhasspecialoptionsanduses:
Accessingcomputersanddevicesonyournetwork Double-clickingtheNetworkiconopensawindowwhereyoucanaccessthecomputersanddevicesonyournetwork.AccessingControlPanel Double-clickingtheControlPaneliconopenstheControlPanel,whichprovidesaccesstosystemconfigurationandmanagementtools.Accessingharddisksanddevices Double-clickingtheThisPCiconopensawindowfromwhichyoucanaccessharddiskdrivesanddeviceswithremovablestorage.AccessingtheSystempageinControlPanel Right-clickingtheThisPCiconandclickingPropertiesdisplaystheSystempageinControlPanel.AccessingFileExplorer Double-clickingthefoldericonfortheuser’sfilesopensyouruserprofilefolderinFileExplorer.Connectingtonetworkdrives Right-clickingtheThisPCicon(ortheNetworkicon)andselectingMapNetworkDriveallowsyoutoconnecttosharednetworkfolders.Managingyourcomputer Right-clickingtheThisPCiconandclickingManage
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openstheComputerManagementconsole.Removingdeleteditems Right-clickingtheRecycleBiniconandclickingEmptyRecycleBinpermanentlyremovesallitemsintheRecycleBin.Restoringdeleteditems Double-clickingtheRecycleBiniconopenstheRecycleBin,whichyoucanusetovieworrestoredeleteditems.
Nowthatyouknowhowtoadditemstothedesktop,trythis:
1.CreateacustomShowDesktopbuttonthatyoucanplaceanywhereonthedesktop,openNotepad.exe,typethecommandsbelow,andthensavethefileonthedesktopasShow.scf.
[Shell]Command=2IconFile=Explorer.exe,3[Taskbar]Command=ToggleDesktop
2.Nowdouble-clicktherelatedicontodisplayorhidewindowsontheactivedesktop.
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StretchingtheDesktopIncreasingly,desktopPCsandlaptopssupportmultipledisplaydevices,allowingyoutoaddamonitortoincreaseyourdesktopspace.Notonlyisthisarelativelyinexpensivewaytomakeyourcomputermoreuseful,itcanalsoboostyourproductivity.
Here’sanexample:Youconnecttwomonitorstoyourcomputer,oraddamonitorasanadditionaloutputforyourlaptop.Byplacingthescreenssidebysideandenablingmultipledisplays,youeffectivelystretchyourdesktopspaceandmakeitpossibletoviewprogramsandfilesopenonbothscreensatthesametime.Thisallowsyoutohavemultiplewindowsopenallthetime—someonyourprimaryscreenandsomeonyoursecondaryscreen.
AsWindows10supportsmultipledesktops,eachofthesemultipledesktopswouldalsothenstretchacrossthemultipledisplays.Here,thedesktopsprovidethevirtualspaceandthedisplaysprovidethephysicalspace.
Typically,ifacomputersupportsmultipledisplays,ithasmultipledisplayadapterconnectors.Forexample,ifadesktopPChasthreedisplayadapterconnectors(twodigitalandoneanalog),itlikelysupportsatleasttwomonitors;ifalaptophasadditionaldisplayadapterconnectors(digitaloranalog),itlikelysupportsatleasttwomonitors.
Youcanconfirmthenumberofsupporteddisplaysbycheckingthetechnicalspecificationsforyourdisplayadapteronthemanufacturer’swebsite.Todeterminethetypeofdisplayadapteronyourcomputer,right-clickanemptyareaofthedesktop,andthenclickScreenResolution.OntheScreenResolutionpage,clicktheAdvancedSettingslink.Theadaptertypelistedforyourdisplayadaptershowsthemanufacturernameandmodelinformation,suchasNVIDIAGeForceGTX980.
Gettingacomputerthatsupportsmultiplemonitorstostretchthedesktopacrosstwomonitorsisbesthandledasfollows:
1.Withthecomputershutdown(andnotinthesleeporhibernatestate),connectthemonitorstothecomputer,andthenturnonthemonitors.2.Next,startyourcomputerandlogon.
Troubleshooting Thelogonscreenshouldappearononeofthemonitors(althoughnotnecessarilyontheonedirectlyinfrontofyou).Ifthelogonscreendoesn’tappear,turnoffbothmonitorsinturn,andthenturnthemonitorsbackon.Ifamonitorhasmultiplemodes,suchasanaloganddigital,waitforthemonitortoswitchtotheappropriatemodeormanuallyconfigurethemodebyusingthemonitor’sconfigurationsettings.Youmayneedtowigglethemouseorpresskeysonthekeyboardtogetthemonitortosensetheappropriatemode.
3.Right-clickanopenareaonthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettingstoopentheDisplaypageinSettings,asshowninFigure2-4.
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Figure2-4Identifyandorientthedisplays
4.ClickDetecttohaveWindowsdisplaytheidentitynumberofeachmonitor.Withtwomonitors,thedisplaysarenumbered1and2.Bydefault,Display1alwaysincludestheStartmenu,taskbar,andnotificationtray,butyoucanchangethisasdiscussedinthe“MakingtheTaskbarDance”section,laterinthischapter.5.Confirmthedisplayorder.Windowsdoesn’tknowhowyou’veplacedthemonitorsonyourdesktop.Instead,itassumesthattheprimarydisplaydeviceisthefirstoneconnectedandthesecondarydisplaydeviceisthesecondoneconnected.Italsoassumesthattheseconddisplayistotherightofthefirstdisplay,whichallowsyoutomovethemousepointertotherighttogofromthedesktoponthefirstdisplaytothedesktopstretchedtotheseconddisplay.6.Youcantellwindowshowyourmonitorsareorientedinseveralways.IfDisplay2isontheleftsideofDisplay1,clicktherepresentationoftheDisplay2desktopontheScreenResolutionpage,dragittotheleftpasttheDisplay1desktop,releasethemousebutton,andthenclickApply.TheorientationshouldnowshowDisplay1ontheleftandDisplay2ontheright;youcanconfirmproperconfigurationbyclickingtheIdentifybutton.Toreversethisprocedure,performthesamesteps,butdragtorightinsteadoftotheleft.
RealWorld Ifyouidentifyandorientthedisplaysincorrectly,movingfromthedesktopononemonitortothestretcheddesktopontheothermonitorwon’tbelogical.Forexample,ifDisplay2isphysicallylocatedtotherightofDisplay1,butyou’veincorrectlyconfiguredthedisplays,youmaynotbeabletoaccessthestretcheddesktoponDisplay2bymovingthepointertotheright.Instead,youmayneedtomovethepointertotheleft,pasttheedgeofDisplay1’sdesktop,andviceversa.
Afteryou’veconnectedanadditionalmonitorandorienteditproperly,workingwithmultiplemonitorsisfairlystraightforward.Whenyoustretchthedesktopacrosstwodisplays,theresolutionsettingofbothdisplaysdetermineshowlargethedesktopis.If
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Display1’sresolutionis1920x1080andDisplay2’sresolutionis1920x1080,theeffectiveresolutionis3840x1080.
Whenyoumaximizewindows,theyfilltheircurrentdisplayfromedgetoedge.Youcanclickonwindowsanddragthemfromthedesktopononedisplaytothestretcheddesktoponanotherdisplay.Afteryouclickanddragawindow,sizeitasappropriateforthewayyouwanttouseit.Formanyprograms,Windowsrememberswhereyou’vepositionedawindowwhenyoucloseit;thenexttimeyouopenthewindow,itappearspositionedontheappropriatedisplay,asyoulastworkedwithit.However,someprogramswon’trememberyourpreferredmonitor,eitherbydesignorbecausetheprogramisn’tappropriateformultipledisplays.
Anywallpaperyou’veselectedasthebackgroundforyourdesktopwillappearonallyourdisplays.WhetheryouchooseapicturepositionofFill,Fit,Stretch,orCenter,youseeaduplicateofthebackgroundoneachdisplay.
Ifyouwantdifferentpicturestoappearoneachdisplay,youmustcreatepicturesattheappropriateresolution,storetheminanappropriatefolder(suchasasubfolderofC:\Windows\Web\Wallpaper),selectthemasyourdesktopbackground,andusetheSpanorTileoptionoftheChooseAFitlist.Forexample,ifDisplay1’sresolutionis1920x1080andDisplay2’sresolutionis1920x1080,usinganartprogramsuchasPhotoshop,youcouldcombinetwo1920x1080imagestocreateone3840x1080image.Youwouldthenstorethisimageinanappropriatefolderandselectitasyourtiledorspannedwallpaper.
ThestandardscreensaversthatcomewithWindowsalsostretchacrossyourdisplaysautomatically.There’snoneedtodoanythingspecialtomakethishappen.
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ReadytoDitchSnap?Theoretically,youusesnaptoarrangewindowssidebyside.Hereishowsnapissupposedtowork:
1.Ifyouwanttwowindowstoappearsidebysideonthedesktop,youdragthetitlebarofthefirstwindowtotheleftorrightsideofthescreenuntilanoutlineoftheexpandedwindowappears,thenreleasethemousetoexpandthewindow.2.Afterward,youdragthetitlebarofthesecondwindowtotheoppositesideofthescreenuntilanoutlineoftheexpandedwindowappears,thenreleasethemousetoexpandthesecondwindow.3.Toreturnthewindowtoitsoriginalsize,yousimplydragthetitlebarawayfromthetopofthedesktopandthenrelease.
Personallythough,snapisalwaysdoingwhatIdon’twantittowhenIusethattechnique.TheonlytechniquethatactuallyworksreliablyformeiswhenIsnapwindowsusingthekeyboard.Tosnaptheactivewindowtothesideofthedesktopusingthekeyboard,presseitherWindowslogokey+LeftArroworWindowslogokey+RightArrow.Afteryoudothis,you’llbeinTaskViewandcansnapthesecondwindowtotheoppositesideofthescreensimplybyclickingit.
Foreasyreference,thekeyboardshortcutsforsnapareasfollows:
Windowskey+LeftArroworRightArrow Togglesthescreensnappositionoftheapp.Snapsplitsthescreen,soiftheappisbeingdisplayednormally,Windowskey+LeftArrowsnapsittotheleftandWindowskey+RightArrowsnapsittotheright.Windowskey+UpArrow DisplaystheappinFullScreenmode.Windowskey+DownArrow ExitsFullScreenmodeandreturnstheapptoitsoriginalwindowstate.
AllofthesesnapbehaviorsareconfigurableandcontrolledwithSystemSettingsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickMultitasking.3.Inthemainpane,underSnap,usetheseoptionstomanagethewaysnapworks:
Ifyoudon’twanttousesnap,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheArrangeWindowsAutomatically…optiontotheOffposition.Ifyoudon’twanttousesnaptodisplaytwowindowssidebyside,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheWhenISnapMoreThanOneWindow…optiontotheOffposition.Ifyoudon’twantsnaptoshowwhatwindowyoucansnapnextafteryousnapawindow,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheWhenISnapAWindow,Show…optiontotheOffposition.
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MakingtheStartMenuWorkforYouTheStartbuttonprovidesaccesstoyourcomputer’smenusystem.YouopentheStartmenusimplybyclickingtheStartbutton.YoualsocandisplaytheStartmenubypressingtheWindowslogokeyonyourkeyboard,orbypressingControl+Esc.
Asyouprobablyknow,theStartmenuallowsyoutorunapps,openfolders,searchyourcomputer,gethelp,andmore.WhatyoumaynotknowishowtocustomizetheStartmenusothatitworksthewayyouwantitto.
Tip UseSearchtoquicklyrunanyinstalledprogram,systemutilityorgettosystemsettings.Simplytypetheprogram,utilityoroptionnameintheSearchbox.Resultsforprograms,systemutilitiesandsystemsettingsaredisplayedbeforeothertypesofsearchresults.
Bydefault,theStartmenulookssimilartotheexampleshowninFigure2-5.Here,youhavetwocolumnsofentries,withsettingsandoptionsontheleftandappsontheright.Inthelowerleftcorner,notethefollowingoptions:
FileExplorerSettingsAllApps
Figure2-5MakethemostofStartbycustomizingit.
FileExplorerandSettingsaretwoofmanyoptionsthatcanappearinthisareaofthemenu.Whiletheseoptionsareenabledbydefault,manyotheroptions,includingthoseforDocuments,Downloads,MusicandPictures,aredisabledbydefault.Tocontrolwhichoftheseoptionsaredisplayed,followthesesteps:
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1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickPersonalization.2.OnthePersonalizationpage,selectStartintheleftcolumn.3.Inthemainpane,clicktheChooseWhichFoldersAppearonStartlink.ThisopenstheChooseWhichFolderspage,asshowninFigure2-6.4.EnableordisablespecificoptionsbyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.Forexample,iftheMusicswitchisoff,clickthetoggleunderMusictosettheswitchtotheOnposition.
Figure2-6EnableordisablefoldersontheStartmenu
KeepinmindthatAllAppsisn’tanoptionyoucanturnonoroff.IfyouclickAllAppswhenyouareworkingwithStart,youseeascrollablelistofalltheappsinstalledonthedeviceintheleftmostcolumnoftheStartmenu.
Scrollthroughthelistandyou’llseefoldersthatstorelistsofrelatedtools,includingfoldersforWindowsAccessories,WindowsAdministrativeTools,WindowsSystemandmore.Clickthefoldertoexpandorhideitscontents.
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PinningAppsandUsingFull-ScreenModeYoucanpinanapptoStartbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OntheStartmenu,clicktheAllAppsoption,andthenlocatetheappinthelist.2.Right-clicktheappinthelistandselectPinToStart.
RealWorld Sometimestheprogramyouwanttopinisnotreadilyaccessedinthemenusystem.Inthiscase,locatetheapplication’sexecutablefile(.exe)inFileExplorer.Right-clickthefile,andthenclickPinToStart.
Bydefault,asshowninFigure2-7,appsyoupinareaddedtoathirdsectionunderthe“LifeAtaGlance”and“PlayAndExplore”sections.YoucancustomizetheappslistsbypinningitemstotheStartmenu,resizingStart,creatingnewsectionsandmore.Thefirstcustomizationtrickyouneedtolearnistheartofcreatingsections.
AsanalternativetousingthepopupStartmenu,youcanuseStartinfull-screenmode,whichissimilartotheStartscreeninWindows8.Infull-screenmode,itemsinthelefthandcolumnarehiddenuntilyouclickoneoftheavailablebuttons.Specifically,youmustclickthebuttonintheupperleftcornertoviewthestandardsidebaranditsoptions.
Toenableordisablefull-screenmodeforStart,followthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickPersonalization.2.OnthePersonalizationpage,selectStartintheleftcolumn.3.Enableordisablefull-screenmodebyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.
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Figure2-7PinappstotheStartmenuforquickaccess.
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CreatingSectionsAsmentionedpreviously,whenyoupinappstoStart,theyareaddedtoanewsectionbydefault.Windows10willinfactletyoucreatemanynewsections.Youcreateanewsectionsimplybydraggingatileintoanemptyarea.Whenyoudragthetiletoanewarea,Windowswillhighlighttheareatoletyouknowyouanewsectionwillbecreated.
Aswiththedefaultsections,eachnewsectioncanbenamed.Tonameasection,completethesesteps:
1.MovethemousecursoroveranemptyareaabovethetilesinthesectiontodisplaytheNameGroupoptionandthenclick.(Withatouchscreen,simplytapthisarea)2.Thecursorchangestoaninsertionpoint.TypethedesiredheadingandthenpressEnterorclickelsewhere.
Ifyouwantanappyou’vepinnedtoappearinoneofthetwostandardsections,simplyclickanddragtheapptiletothesectionyouwantittobein.Windows10willresizethesectionautomaticallytoaccommodatetheadditionorremovaloftiles.Youcanusethesameclickanddragtechniquetomovetilesfromonesectiontoanother.
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ResizingandReorganizingTilesOftenafteryoumovetilesaround,you’llwanttooptimizethetilesize.Toresizeatile,right-clickit,pointtoResizeandthenselectthedesiredsize.Standardtilescanbesettosmallormediumsize.Tilescapableofdisplayinglivecontents,livetiles,canbeset:
Small—70x70pixels,foursmalltilesfillthesamespaceasonemedium.Medium—150x150pixels,thestandardtilesizeWide—310x150pixels,atilethatistwomediumtileswide.Large—310x310pixels,onelargetilefillsthesamespaceasfourmediums.
SeeFigure2-8forexamples.Thedefaulttilesizeismedium,whichisstandardblocksize.
Figure2-8SizetilestopersonalizetheavailablespaceontheStartmenu.
WhileyouareaddingtilesandmovingthemaroundStart,youmaywanttoresizethemenu.TochangethedefaultheightofStart,clickanddragthetopedge.Draguptoincreasetheheight;dragdowntodecreasetheheight.TochangethedefaultwidthofStart,clickanddragtherightedge.Dragrighttoincreasethewidth;draglefttodecreasethewidth.
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CustomizingtheMostUsedandRecentlyAddedListsOntheStartmenu,themostusedandrecentlyaddedappsarelistedintheupperleft.Youcanremoveaprogramfromthemostusedlistbyright-clickingitandthenclickingDon’tShowInThisList.However,thiswon’tpreventtheprogramfrombeingaddedtothelistinthefuture.
Youcanturnthemostusedandrecentlyaddedlistsonoroffbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickPersonalization.OnthePersonalizationpage,selectStartintheleftcolumn.ThisdisplaysthePersonalizationpageshowninFigure2-9.3.EnableordisabletheShowMostUsedAppslistbyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.4.EnableordisabletheShowRecentlyAddedAppslistbyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.
Figure2-9UsePersonalizationsettingstocustomizestart.
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MakingtheTaskbarDanceYouusethetaskbartomanageyourappsandopenwindows.Thetaskbardisplaysbuttonsforpinnedandopenitemsthatallowyoutoquicklyaccessitemsyou’veopenedandstartapplications.
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PuttingtheTaskbarWhereYouWantItBydefault,thetaskbarisalwaysdisplayedalongthebottomofthedesktoponyourprimarymonitor.Ifyouwanttomovethetaskbartoanotherlocation,firstmakesureit’snotlocked.Todothis,right-clickthetaskbartodisplaythetaskbaroptionsshowninFigure2-10.
Figure2-10UsetheTaskbaroptionstocontrolbasicsettings.
Note Ifyou’reusingWindows10onatabletPC,see“EnteringandExitingTabletMode”inChapter1fordetailsonchangethewaythetaskbarworksintabletmode.
AcheckmarkbesidetheLockTheTaskbaroptionindicatesthetaskbarislockedandcan’tbemoved.Tounlockthetaskbar,right-clickitandcleartheLockTheTaskbaroptionbyclickingit(whichshouldremovethecheckmark).
Afteryouunlockthetaskbar,youcanpositionitwhereveryouwantbyclickingonitanddragging.Youcan:
Dragthetaskbartotheleftorrighttodockitontheleftorrightsideoftheprimarydesktop.Draguptodockthetaskbartothetopoftheprimarydesktop.Dockthetaskbartoalocationonanothermonitor.Simplydragthetaskbartothedesiredleft,right,top,orbottomlocationonthestretcheddesktop.
Afteryoupositionthetaskbarwhereyouwantit,youshouldlockitinposition.Todothis,right-clickanopenareaofthetaskbar,andthenselecttheLockTheTaskbaroption.Acheckmarkindicatesthatitislocked.
RealWorld Onstretcheddesktops,youcreateadesktopthatstretchesacrossmultipledisplays,suchaswhenyourcomputerhastwomonitors,andthe
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taskbaronlyappearsonyourprimarymonitor.Ifyou’dlikethetaskbartoappearontheprimarymonitorandsecondarymonitors,followthesesteps:
1. ClickStartandthenclickSettings.
2. IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickMultitasking.
3. Inthemainpane,underVirtualDesktops,selectAllDesktopsastheoptionforOnTheTaskbar,Show…
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CustomizingTaskbarAppearanceYoucancustomizethetaskbarinseveralotherways.Thefirst,byright-clickingitandusingtheoptionsavailable,including:
ShowTaskViewButton ControlsthedisplayoftheTaskViewbutton.Ifyouclearthisoption,you’llhidetheTaskViewbuttonandwon’tbeabletouseTaskVieworadd,removeorswitchbetweendesktops.Toolbars Controlsthedisplayofthetoolbarsthatcanbeaddedtothetaskbar.ThestandardtoolbarsareAddress,LinksandDesktop.YoualsocanselectNewToolbartochooseafoldertoaddasatoolbar.
YoucancustomizeotheraspectsofthetaskbarbyusingtheTaskbarAndStartMenuPropertiesdialogbox,showninFigure2-11.Toaccessthisdialogbox,right-clickanopenareaofthetaskbar,andthenclickProperties.SelectorclearoptionsasdesiredandclickOKtosaveyourchanges.
Theavailableoptionsinclude:
LockTheTaskbar Locksthetaskbarinplacetopreventaccidentalmovingorresizing.Youmustclearthisoptiontomoveorresizethetaskbar.Auto-HideTheTaskbar Hidesthetaskbarwhenyouaren’tusingitanddisplaysthetaskbaronlywhenyoumovethecursoroverit.Ifyouclearthisoption,thetaskbarisalwaysdisplayed(althoughnotalwaysontop),whichyoumayprefer,especiallyifyoumovethetaskbararoundastretcheddesktop.
Tip Ifthetaskbarishiddenandyouforgetwhereitisdocked,youcanquicklydisplaythetaskbarandStartmenubypressingtheWindowslogokey.
UseSmallTaskbarButtons Reducesthesizeoftaskbarbuttons,allowingmorebuttonstofitonthetaskbar.OnmydesktopPC,Ipreferlargeicons,whichmakesthemeasiertoclick,butonmytabletPC,Iprefersmalliconssotheytakeuplessscreenspace.
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Figure2-11UsethePropertiesdialogboxtocustomizethetaskbarappearance.
TaskbarLocationOnScreen Setstherelativelocationofthetaskbaronthecurrentlytargeteddisplay.Aswediscussedpreviously,youcanmovethetaskbarmanuallyaswellwhenitisunlocked.TaskbarButtons Specifieswhethertaskbarbuttonsarealwayscombined,combinedonlywhenthetaskbarisfull,ornevercombined.
Seethenextsectionformoreinformationoncombiningbuttonsandusingrelatedoptions.
Note Typically,you’llwanttocombinesimilaritemstoreducetaskbarclutter.Ratherthandisplayingabuttonforeachprogram,thetaskbargroupssimilarbuttonsbydefault.Groupingbuttonssavesroomonthetaskbarandhelpsreducethelikelihoodthatyou’llneedtoexpandthetaskbartofindthebuttonsforopenprograms.
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PinningProgramstotheTaskbarYoucanpinitemsthatyouworkwithfrequentlytothetaskbar.Pinninganitemtothetaskbarcreatesashortcutthatallowsyoutoquicklyopenaprogram,folder,orrelatedwindow.
Pinningitemsiseasy.Ifyouknowthenameoftheprogramyouwanttopintothetaskbar,starttypingtheprogramnameintotheSearchbox.Whenyouseetheprogramintheresultslist,right-clickit,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.Fromthispointon,wheneveryouwanttoaccesstheprogram,simplyclicktherelatedicononthetaskbar.
AnotherwaytofinditemstopinistoaccesstheStartmenu,andthenclicktheAllAppsbutton.Whenyoufindtheprogramyouwanttopin,right-clicktheprogram’smenuitem,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.
Toremoveapinnedprogramfromthetaskbar,right-clickitsicon,andthenclickUnpinThisProgramFromTheTaskbar.Thisremovestheprogram’sbuttonfromthetaskbar.
Youcansettheorderofbuttonsforallopenedandpinnedprograms.Todothis,clickthebuttononthetaskbaranddragitleftorrighttothedesiredposition.
Whenbuttonsarecombinedonthetaskbar,clickinganitemwithmultiplewindowsdisplaysathumbnailwitharepresentationofeachopenwindow.Youcanhoveroverawindowtopeekatitonthedesktop(aslongastheappropriateAerofeaturesareenabled)orclickawindowthatyouwanttoworkwithtoopenit.Forexample,ifyouopenthreedifferentfoldersinFileExplorer,theseitemsaregroupedtogetherinonetaskbarbutton.Hoveringoverthetaskbarbuttondisplaysathumbnailwithanentryforeachwindow,allowingyoutoselectthegroupedwindowtoopenbyclickingit.
Taskbarbuttonsmakeiteasytoclosewindowsaswell.Tocloseawindow,whethergroupedornot,movethepointerovertherelatedtaskbarbutton.Whenthethumbnailappears,movethemousepointertotheright,andthenclicktheclosebuttonforthewindowyouwanttoclose.
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UsingFlipViewsandJumpListsFlipviewsandjumplistsaresomeofthemostpowerfulfeaturesofWindows10.Why?Theyallowyoutoquicklygettoitemsthatyouwanttoworkwith.
DisplaythestandardflipviewbypressingAlt+Tab.AsshowninFigure2-12,theflipviewcontainslivethumbnailsofallopenwindows,whicharecontinuouslyupdatedtoreflecttheircurrentstate.Youcanworkwithaflipviewinavarietyofways.Hereareafewtechniques:
PressAlt+Tab,andthenholdAlttokeeptheflipviewopen.PressTabwhileyouholdtheAltkeytocyclethroughthewindows.ReleasetheAltkeytobringthecurrentlyselectedwindowtothefront.Selectawindowandbringittothefrontbyclickingit.
Figure2-12Usingtheflipview.
Bydefault,flipviewshowswindowsareopenonlyontheactivedesktop.Ifyou’relikemeanduseseveraldesktopsallthetime,youmaywantflipviewtoshowwindowsthatareopenonanydesktop.Toconfigurethisoption,followthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickMultitasking.3.Inthemainpane,underVirtualDesktops,selectAllDesktopsastheoptionforPressingAlt+TabShowsWindowsThatAreOpenOn.
Ifyouthinkflipviewsarecool,waituntilyoutryjumplists.Jumplistsaredisplayedafterashortdelaywheneveryouright-clickanitemthathasbeenpinnedtothetaskbar.Whenaprogram’sjumplistisdisplayed,youcanselectafiletoopenortasktoperformsimplybyclickingit.
Mostapplicationsdisplayrecentlyuseditemsorfrequentlyuseditems.Someapplicationshaveenhancedjumpliststhatalsoprovidequickaccesstotasksthatyoucanperformwiththeapplication.
Windows10alsoallowsyoutopinitemstoaprogram’sjumplist.Todothis,draganitemassociatedwithaprogramtotheprogram’sbuttonpinnedonthetaskbarandreleasewhenthePinTooptionappears.Considerthefollowingreal-worldscenario:
YouwanttopinMicrosoftWordtothetaskbarandpinimportantdocumentstoitsjumplist.TopinWordtothetaskbar,youaccesstheStartmenu,typeWord.exeintheSearchbox,right-clickWord.exeintheresults,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.AfterpinningWordtothetaskbar,youwanttoaddimportantdocumentstoitsjump
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list.YouopenFileExplorer,locatethefirstdocument,dragthedocumentfilefromtheExplorerwindowtotheWordbuttononthetaskbar.WhenthePinToWordoptionappears,youreleasethemousebuttontoaddthefirstdocumenttothejumplist.Yourepeatthisprocesstobuildyourlist.
Otherwaystousejumplistsincludethefollowing:
SimplyopenFileExplorerandlocateandthendraganimportantfolderfromthiswindowtothepinnedFileExploreronthetaskbar.WhenthePinToFileExploreroptionappears,releasethemousebuttontoaddthefoldertothejumplist.Repeatthisprocesstobuildyourlist.IfyoupinControlPaneltothetaskbar,youcanaddfrequentlyusedtaskstoitsjumplist.TopinControlPaneltothetaskbar,accesstheStartmenu,typeControlPanelintheSearchbox,right-clickControlPanelintheresults,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.Afteryou’vepinnedControlPaneltothetaskbar,simplyopenControlPanel,locateanimportanttask,andthendragtheaddresslinkforthetasktothepinnedControlPanelonthetaskbar.WhenthePinToControlPaneloptionappears,releasethemousebuttontoaddthetasktothejumplist.Repeatthisprocesstobuildyourlist.
RealWorld Sometimes,you’llwanttorunprogramspinnedtothetaskbarwithadministratorprivileges.Todothis,right-clicktheshortcutonthetaskbartodisplaytheoptionsmenufortheprogramandthenintheoptionslist,right-clicktheprogramname.Ifyoucanruntheprogramwithadministratorprivileges,thesecondoptionsmenuwillhaveaRunAsAdministratoroptionwhichyoucanselect.
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Chapter3.PersonalizingtheAppearanceofWindows10
YoucanmakeWindows10yoursbypersonalizingitsappearance.Fromfine-tuningyourwindowcolorstochoosingyourdesktopbackgrounds,screensavers,sounds,mousepointers,themes,anddisplaysettings,youcanpersonalizeWindows10inmanyways.Navigatingthismazeofoptionscanbetricky,however,especiallywhenyouwanttoachieverobustperformancewhilemaintainingadesiredlookandfeel.
Manyfactorscanaffectyourcomputer’sappearanceandperformance,includinghardwarecomponentsandaccountcontrols.Youachieveabalancebetweenappearanceandperformancebymakingtrade-offswhenapplyingpersonalizationsettings,yetpersonalizationsettingslargelydeterminethequalityofyourexperience.
Ofthemanyinterconnectedappearanceandperformancefeatures,youhavethemostcontroloverthefollowing:
BasicinterfacesandaccountcontrolsDesktopthemes,screensavers,andbackgroundsPersonalaccountsettings
Inthischapter,you’lllearnhowtofine-tunethesefeatureswhilemaintainingthebalancebetweenappearanceandperformance.
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CustomizingBasicInterfacesWindowshasmanycustomizableinterfacefeatures.Youcancustomizeyourcomputer’scontrolpanels,prompts,andmore.Thissectionshowsyouhow.
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PersonalizingControlPanelControlPanelprovidesquickaccesstoimportantsystemutilitiesandtasks.YoucandisplaytheControlPanelfromanyFileExplorerviewbyclickingtheleftmostarrowbuttonontheAddressbarandthenclickingControlPanel(seeFigure3-1).
Figure3-1UsingtheaddressbarinFileExplorerselectControlpanelasthelocation.
Tip DidyouknowthatControlPanelissimplyaFileExplorerviewpanel?ThisPC,Network,Librariesandotherviewpanelsareaccessibleaswellusingtheaddressbar,andwhenyouareworkingwithanyoftheseviews,youcanswitchtootherviewsusingtheaddressbar.
WhenyouareworkingwithControlPanel,ControlPanelhasseveraldifferentviewsavailable.YoucanchangeviewsinControlPanelbyusingtheoptionsontheViewBylist.Categoryview,accessedbyclickingCategoryintheViewBylist,showssystemutilitiesbycategory,utilityname,andkeytasks.AllControlPanelItemsview,accessedbyclickingLargeIconsorSmallIconsintheViewBylist,listsallitemsintheControlPanelalphabeticallybyname.
InCategoryview,allutilitiesandtasksareaccessedwithasingleclick,aswithoptionsandprogramsontheStartmenu.Youmightwanttoconfigureyourcomputertousethemoreefficientsingle-clickoptiontoopendocuments,picturesandotheritemsaswell.Configuringsingle-clickopenonallitemsmayalsohelpyouavoidconfusionastowhetheryouneedtoclickordouble-clicksomething.
Whenyouhavesingle-clickopenconfigured,pointingtoanitemselectsitandclickingopensit.Toconfiguresingle-clickopen,followthesesteps:
1.InControlPanel,clickAppearanceAndPersonalization.2.UnderFileExplorerOptions,clickSpecifySingle-OrDouble-ClickToOpen.3.IntheFileExplorerOptionsdialogbox,ontheGeneraltab,selectSingle-ClickToOpenAnItem(PointToSelect),andthenclickOK.
Witheverythingsettoopenwithoneclick,youmightfindthatworkingwithControlPanelandFileExplorerismuchmoreintuitive.
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Fine-TuningControlPromptsInChapter1,Iintroducedyoutolocalanddomainuseraccounts,bothofwhichcanbeInternetconnected.Whenyouareworkingwithlocaluseraccounts,theaccountcaneitherbeastandarduseraccountoranadministratoraccount.
Standarduserscanperformanygeneralcomputingtasks,suchasstartingprograms,openingdocuments,andcreatingfolders,aswellasanysupporttasksthatdonotaffectotherusersorthesecurityofthecomputer.Administrators,ontheotherhand,havecompleteaccesstothecomputerandcanmakechangesthataffectotherusersandthesecurityofthecomputer.
InWindows10,regardlessofwhetheryouareloggedonasastandarduseroranadministrator,youseeaUserAccountControl(UAC)promptbydefaultwhenprogramstrytomakechangestoyourcomputerandwhenyoutrytoruncertainprivilegedapplications.UACisacollectionoffeaturesdesignedtohelpprotectyourcomputerfrommaliciousprogramsbyimprovingsecurity.
Generally,whenyouareloggedonasastandarduser,youarepromptedtoprovideadministratorcredentials.Onmostpersonalorsmallofficecomputers,eachlocalcomputeradministratoraccountislistedbynameontheprompt,andyoumustclickanaccount,typetheaccount’spassword,andthenclickOKtoproceed.Ifyoulogontoadomain,thepromptshowsthelogondomainandprovidesusernameandpasswordboxes.Inthiscase,youmustenterthenameofanadministratoraccount,typetheaccount’spassword,andthenclickOKtoproceed.
Whenyouareloggedonwithanadministratoraccount,youarepromptedforconsenttocontinue.Theconsentpromptworksthesameregardlessofwhetheryouareconnectedtoadomain,andyoumustsimplyclickOKtoproceed.
Theprocessofgettingapproval,priortorunninganapplicationinadministratormodeandperformingactionsthatchangesystem-widesettings,isknownaselevation.Elevationenhancessecuritybyprovidingnotificationwhenyouareabouttoperformanactionthatcouldaffectsystemsettings,suchasinstallinganapplication,andeliminatingtheabilityformaliciousprogramstoinvokeadministratorprivilegeswithoutyourknowledgeandconsent.
Windows10performsseveraltasksbeforeelevatingtheprivilegesanddisplayingtheUACprompt,butthereisjustonethatyouneedtoknowabout:Windowsswitchestoasecure,isolateddesktopbeforedisplayingtheconsentprompt,whichpreventsotherprocessesorapplicationsfromprovidingtherequiredpermissionsorconsent.
Note Onlythepromptitselfrunsonthesecuredesktop.Allotherrunningprogramsandprocessescontinuetorunontheinteractiveuserdesktop.
Elevation,consentprompts,andthesecuredesktoparethekeyaspectsofUACthataffectyouandhowyouuseyourcomputer.Toreducethenumberofpromptsyousee,UACcandifferentiatebetweenchangestoWindowssettingsandchangestotheoperatingsystemmadebyprogramsanddevices.Mostofthetime,forexample,you’llonlywanttoknow
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whenprogramsaretryingtoinstallthemselvesormakechangestotheoperatingsystem;youwon’twanttobepromptedeverytimeyoutrytochangeWindowssettings.YoualsocanconfigureUACsothatthesecuredesktopisnotused.
RealWorld UACcanpreventyoufrominstallingcertaintypesofprogramsonyourcomputer.Sometimesyoucangetaroundthisbyright-clickingtheprogram’s.exeorotherinstallerfileandselectingRunAsAdministrator.Keepinmind,however,thataftertheprogramisinstalled,itmightneedtoalwaysrunwithadministratorprivileges.Insteadofright-clickingtheprogramandselectingRunAsAdministratoreverytimeyouwanttouseit,makethechangepermanentbyright-clickingtheprogram’sshortcutorinstalled.exefileandselectingProperties.OntheCompatibilitytab,intheSettingssection,selectRunThisProgramAsAnAdministrator,andthenclickOK.
Tofine-tuneUAC,followthesesteps:
1.InControlPanelwithCategoryview,clicktheReviewYourComputer’sStatuslinkunderSystemAndSecurity.2.Intheleftpane,clickChangeUserAccountControlSettings.
Tip Alternatively,typewscui.cplintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.InActionCenter,clickChangeUserAccountControlSettings.
3.OntheUserAccountControlSettingspage,showninFigure3-2,usetheslidertochoosewhentobenotifiedaboutchangestothecomputer,andthenclickOKtosaveyoursettings.Theavailableoptionsare:
AlwaysNotifyMeWhen AlwaysnotifiesyouwhenprogramstrytoinstallsoftwareormakechangestothecomputerandwhenyouchangeWindowssettings.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifyourcomputerrequiresthehighestsecuritypossibleandyoufrequentlyinstallsoftwareandvisitunfamiliarwebsites.NotifyMeOnlyWhenAppsTryToMakeChangesToMyComputer(Default) NotifiesyouonlywhenprogramstrytomakechangestothecomputerbutnotwhenyouchangeWindowssettings.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifyourcomputerrequireshighsecuritybutyouwanttoreducethenumberofnotificationprompts.NotifyMeOnlyWhenAppsTryToMakeChangesToMyComputer(DoNotDimMyDesktop) WorksthesameasDefaultbutalsopreventsUACfromswitchingtothesecuredesktop.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifyouworkinatrustedenvironmentwithfamiliarapplicationsandyoudonotvisitunfamiliarwebsites.Youmayalsowanttousethisoptionifittakesalongtimeforyourcomputertoswitchtothesecuredesktop.NeverNotifyMeWhen TurnsoffallUACnotificationprompts.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifsecurityisnotapriorityandyouworkinatrustedenvironment.Ifyouselectthisoption,youmustrestartyourcomputerforthischangetotakeeffect.
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Figure3-2OptimizeUACforthewayyouwork.
Note DependingonthecurrentconfigurationofUAC,youmaybepromptedforpermissionsorconsent.Inadomain,youmightnotbeabletomanageUACbyusingthistechnique,althoughyoumaybeabletoconfigureindividualUACfeaturesinLocalSecurityPolicy,accessiblefromtheAllApps\WindowsAdministrativeToolsmenu.WhenyouareworkingwithLocalSecurityPolicy,expandLocalPoliciesunderSecuritySettings,andthenclickSecurityOptions.NextscrolluntilyouseetheUACpolicies.
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CreatinganAlternateControlPanelViewYoumayhaveheardaboutanalternateviewforControlPanelthatI’vebeencallingtheUltimateControlPanel.TocreateanalternateviewforControlPanel,yousimplyopenFileExplorerandcreateanewfolder,preferablyonthedesktop.Givethefolderanynameyoulike,followedbyaperiodandthegloballyuniqueidentifier(GUID)forthealternateControlPanelview.
TheGUIDis:{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}.Forexample,youcouldnameyourfolder:MyStuff.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}
OrViewPanel.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}
OrJustCool.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}
UltimateControlPanelisshowninFigure3-3.Remember,it’stheGUID,notthetextstring,thatdoesthemagic.TheGUIDisaregisteredvalueintheoperatingsystem,anditidentifiesthealternateControlPanelview.Whenyoucreateandnamethefolderinthisway,you’llhaveanUltimateControlPanelthathelpsyouquicklyperformcommontasks,byallowingeasynavigationofmanyControlPaneloptions.
Figure3-3UseUltimateControlPaneltoaccesslistsofsettingsgroupedbycategory.
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CreatingaDedicatedAdministratorCommandPromptYouusethecommandprompttoaccesstheWindows10command-lineinterface.Ifyou’reaseasonedcomputerpro,youknowthis,andyoualsoknowthatyoumustelevatethecommandprompttoperformanyadministratortasks.Normally,youdothisbyaccessingCommandPromptbyright-clickingtheWindowslogo,andthenclickingCommandPrompt(Admin).YoualsocandothisbyaccessingtheStartscreen,typingcmd.exe,right-clickingCommandPromptintheresultslist,andclickingRunAsAdministrator.Theresultisthesameeitherway:acommandpromptthatallowsyoutoruntasksthatrequireadministratorprivileges.
IfyoupinnedCommandPrompttothetaskbar,gettinganadministratorcommandpromptisabitmoredifficult.Moredifficult,really?Yes,really.Toelevate,youmustright-clickthepinnedCommandPrompt,right-clickCommandPromptagaininthejumplist,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.
Youmaybewonderingifthereisaworkaround,andthereis.Cmd.exeisstoredinthe%WinDir%\System32folder,where%WinDir%isanenvironmentvariablethatpointstothebaseinstallationfolderforWindowssuchasC:\Windows.Afteryoulocatethefile,createacopybyright-clickingCmd.exeandclickingCopy,andthenpastethecopytoanotherfolderbyaccessingthefolder,right-clicking,andthenclickingPaste.It’sagoodideatopastethecopyintooneofyourpersonalfolders,suchasDocuments.
Next,right-clickthecopyofCmd.exeandclickProperties.OntheCompatibilitytab,intheSettingssection,selectRunThisProgramAsAnAdministrator,andthenclickOK.Finally,right-clickthecopyofCmd.exeagainandclickPinToStartMenuorPinToTaskbar.NowthepinnedcopyofCmd.exewillalwaysrunwithadministratorprivileges.
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OptimizingBackgrounds,ThemesandMoreYoucanaccesspersonalizationsettingsatanytimebyusingthePersonalizationpageinSettings.Toaccessthispage,simplyright-clickonthedesktopandclickPersonalize.Personalizationsettingscontrolthebackgroundsusedonthedesktopandlockscreen,thewindowcolors,thethemesandmore.BeforeyouworkwithWindows10backgroundsandthemes,it’simportanttonotethatbydefaultWindows10automaticallypicksanaccentcolorforgraphicsandwindowedgesfromthebackground.Althoughthiscanbeabeautifuleffect,itcanalsoberatherjarringifyouhavedifferentbackgroundsondifferentdesktopsorrapidlyshiftthroughbackgroundsusingtheslideshowoption.Don’tworry,youcanturnthisfeatureoffandI’llshowyouhow.
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CustomizingandCreatingYourOwnDesktopBackgroundsIfyoureallywanttoexpressyourtrueself,thedesktopbackgroundcanhelpyoudoit.TheWindowsdesktopcandisplayasolidbackgroundcolororapictureasitswallpaper.Windows10providesastartersetofbackgroundimagesthatyoucanuseaswallpaper.
ToaccesstheBackgroundpage,showninFigure3-4,simplyright-clickonthedesktopandclickPersonalize.
Figure3-4Customizingthedesktopbackground.
Thedefaultwallpaperimagesarestoredinsubfoldersofthe%WinDir%\Web\Wallpaperfolder,where%WinDir%isanenvironmentvariablethatpointstothebaseinstallationfolderforWindowssuchasC:\Windows.Forthemostpart,theseimagesaresizedforeitherwidescreenviewingat1920x1200,buttheremayalsobeimagessizedforwidescreenviewingonstretcheddesktopsat3840x1200.Ifyouselectanimageatoneofthesesizesandyourcomputermonitorhasadifferentdisplayresolutionsize,Windowsresizestheimageautomaticallyeverytimetheimageisused.
Note Thebestpicturesforstretcheddesktopsarepanoramas,aspanoramasareverywide,andwhenyouareworkingwithbackgroundsandthemes,you’llfindbackgroundsandthemesdesignedforstretcheddesktopsareoftenreferredtoaspanoramicbackgroundsorpanoramicthemes.
Tip Toremovetheoverheadassociatedwithbackgroundresizing,youcansizeyourbackgroundimagessothattheyarethesamesizeasyourpreferreddisplayresolution.Ifyoudothis,however,makesurethatyousavethere-sizedimagestoanewlocationandthenchoosethisnewlocation.Don’toverwritetheexistingimages.
Youcanalsocreatebackgroundimagestouseaswallpaper.Todoso,simplycreateappropriatelysizedimagesas.bmp,.gif,.jpg,.jpg,.jpeg,.dib,.png,.tif,or.tifffiles,andthenaddthesefilestotheappropriatesubfoldersofthe%WinDir%\Web\Wallpaperfolder.Ifyoudonothaveaccesstothatfolder,orifyouwouldprefertonotmakechangestothat
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folder,youcanalsousepicturesfromyourPicturesLibraryorelsewhere.
Note Youshouldoptimizeeverybackgroundimageyouuse.Ifyoudon’tdothis,youriskaffectingyourcomputer’sperformancebecauseWindowswillneedtoresizetheimageeverytimeitisused.
Windows10allowsyoutousethreedifferenttypesofbackgrounds:
PicturesSolidColorsSlideshows
UsingPicturesforBackgrounds
Youcansetthepicturebackgroundforthedesktopbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Intheleftcolumn,Backgroundisselectedbydefault,asshownpreviouslyinFigure3-4.2.OntheBackgroundlist,choosePicture.Next,clickthepictureyouwanttouse,orclickBrowsetoselectapictureinanotherlocation,suchasyourpersonalDocumentsorPicturesfolder.3.Whenyouareusingabackgroundimage,youmustalsousetheChooseAFitoptiontoselectadisplayoptionforthebackground.Thepositioningoptionsare:
Fill Fillsthedesktopbackgroundwiththeimage.Generally,thefillisaccomplishedbyzoomingin,whichmayresultinthesidesoftheimagebeingcropped.Fit Fitstheimagetothedesktopbackground.Becausecurrentproportionsaremaintainedinmostcases,thisisagoodoptionforphotosandlargeimagesthatyouwanttoseewithoutstretchingorexpanding.Stretch Stretchestheimagetofillthedesktopbackground.Theproportionsaremaintainedascloselyaspossible,andthentheheightisstretchedtofillanyremaininggaps.Tile Repeatstheimagesothatitcoverstheentirescreen.Thisisagoodoptionforsmallimagesandicons(andalsotogetasingleimagetofilltwoscreens,asdiscussedinChapter2,“CustomizingtheWindows10Interface”).Center Centerstheimageonthedesktopbackground.Anyareathattheimagedoesn’tfillusesthecurrentdesktopbackgroundcolor.ClickChangeBackgroundColortosetthebackgroundcolorfortheareatheimagedoesn’tfill.Span Allowstheimagetofillastretcheddesktopbyspanningthespacefromonedesktoptotheother.
UsingSolidColorsforBackgrounds
Youcansetasolidcolorforthedesktopbackgroundbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Intheleftcolumn,Backgroundisselectedbydefault,asshownpreviouslyinFigure3-4.
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2.OntheBackgroundlist,chooseSolidColor.3.UnderBackgroundColors,clickthebackgroundcolorthatyouwanttouse.
UsingSlideshowBackgrounds
Withaslideshow,thebackgroundimagechangesautomaticallybasedonaspecificschedule,suchasevery30minutesordaily.Beforeyoucanuseaslideshow,however,youneedtocreateapicturealbumcontainingthepicturesyouwanttodisplayinthebackground.
ThedefaultpicturealbumisthePictureslibraryinyourpersonalfolders.Aspicturesinyourlibrarylikelyaren’tsizedoroptimizedforthedesktop,displayingtheimagesmayberatherinefficientintermsofsystemresourceusage.Ifyouwanttoreduceresourceusage,youshouldoptimizethesizeofimagesandthencopythesetoanewfolderthatyouthenuseasyourphotoalbum.
Tip Theoptimumsizeofimagesforyourdevicedependsonthedisplaysettings.Tocheckthedisplaysettingsforyoudevice,clickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.WithDisplayselectedintheleftpane,scrolldowninthemainpaneandthenselectAdvancedDisplaySettings.UnderResolution,you’llseethecurrentresolutionforthedevice’sdisplay,suchas1280x1024or1920x1200.Ifyou’vestretchedthedesktoponyourdeviceandwanttocreateastretchedbackground,thebackgroundsizeshouldbe2timesthewidthofthedisplay.Thus,ifthedisplayis1920pixelswide,theimageshouldbe3840pixelswide.
Youconfiguretheslideshowforthebackgroundbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Intheleftcolumn,Backgroundisselectedbydefault.2.OntheBackgroundlist,chooseSlideshow,asshowninFigure3-5.3.Bydefault,yourPictureslibraryisusedasthesourcealbumfortheslideshow.Touseadifferentsource,clickBrowsetoselectapictureinanotherlocation,suchasyourpersonalDocumentsorPicturesfolder.
Tip Ifyouhaveadministratoraccesstothedevice,youcansetoneoftheWindowswallpaperfoldersasthesource.ClickBrowse,navigatetothebasefolderforwallpaper,suchasC:\Windows\Webandthenchoosethefoldertouse.
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Figure3-5Creatingachangeschedule.
4.UsetheChangePictureEverylisttospecifyhowoftenpicturesshouldberotated,suchasevery30minutes,everyhour,every6hoursoreveryday.5.Youmustalsoselectadisplayoptionforthebackground.Thepositioningoptionsare:
Center Centerstheimageonthedesktopbackground.Anyareathattheimagedoesn’tfillusesthecurrentdesktopbackgroundcolor.ClickChangeBackgroundColortosetthebackgroundcolorfortheareatheimagedoesn’tfill.Fill Fillsthedesktopbackgroundwiththeimage.Generally,thefillisaccomplishedbyzoomingin,whichmayresultinthesidesoftheimagebeingcropped.Fit Fitstheimagetothedesktopbackground.Becausecurrentproportionsaremaintainedinmostcases,thisisagoodoptionforphotosandlargeimagesthatyouwanttoseewithoutstretchingorexpanding.Stretch Stretchestheimagetofillthedesktopbackground.Theproportionsaremaintainedascloselyaspossible,andthentheheightisstretchedtofillanyremaininggaps.Tile Repeatstheimagesothatitcoverstheentirescreen.Thisisagoodoptionforsmallimagesandicons(andalsotogetasingleimagetofilltwoscreens,asdiscussedinChapter2,“CustomizingtheWindows10Interface”).Span Allowstheimagetofillastretcheddesktopbyspanningthespacefromonedesktoptotheother.
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CustomizingtheLockScreenLikethedesktop,thelockscreencanhaveapictureorslideshowbackground.Windows10providesastartersetofbackgroundimagesforthelockscreen.Thedefaultlockscreenimagesarestoredinsubfoldersofthe%WinDir%\Web\Screenfolder,where%WinDir%isanenvironmentvariablethatpointstothebaseinstallationfolderforWindowssuchasC:\Windows.
Forthemostpart,thedefaultimagesaresizedforeitherwidescreenviewingat1920x1200,buttheremayalsobeimagessizedforwidescreenviewingonstretcheddesktopsat3840x1200orlarger.Ifyouselectanimageatoneofthesesizesandyourcomputermonitorhasadifferentdisplayresolutionsize,Windowsresizestheimageautomaticallyeverytimetheimageisused.
ToaccesstheLockScreenpage,showninFigure3-6,simplyright-clickonthedesktopandclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.
Figure3-6Customizingthelockscreen.
Justasyoucancreatebackgroundimagestouseaswallpaper,youcancreatebackgroundimagesforthelockscreen.Todoso,simplycreateappropriatelysizedimagesas.bmp,.gif,.jpg,.jpg,.jpeg,.dib,.png,.tif,or.tifffiles,andthenaddthesefilestothe%WinDir%\Web\Screenfolder.Ifyoudonothaveaccesstothatfolder,orifyouwouldprefertonotmakechangestothatfolder,youcanalsousepicturesfromyourPicturesLibraryorelsewhere.
Windows10allowsyoutousetwodifferenttypesofbackgroundsonthelockscreen:
PicturesSlideshows
Youalsocanspecifyappsthatcandisplaytheirstatusonthelockscreen,suchasAlarms&Clock,Mail,WeatherandCalendar.
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UsingPicturesontheLockScreen
Youcansetthepictureforthelockscreenbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.OntheBackgroundlist,choosePicture.Next,clickthepictureyouwanttouse,orclickBrowsetoselectapictureinanotherlocation,suchasyourpersonalDocumentsorPicturesfolder.
Bydefault,thepicturefillsthescreen.Generally,thefillisaccomplishedbyzoomingin.Ifyouwantthepicturetofillastretcheddesktopbyspanningthespacefromonedesktoptotheother,you’llneedtocreateapicturethatis2timesthewidthofthedisplay.Thus,ifthedisplayis1920pixelswide,theimageshouldbe3840pixelswide.
UsingSlideshowsontheLockScreen
Withaslideshow,theimageonthelockscreenchangesautomaticallyeveryfewminutes.Beforeyoucanuseaslideshow,however,youneedtocreateapicturealbumcontainingthepicturesyouwanttodisplayinthebackground.
ThedefaultpicturealbumisthePictureslibraryinyourpersonalfolders.Aspicturesinyourlibrarylikelyaren’tsizedoroptimizedforthelockscreen,onlypicturesthatfitthescreenaredisplayedbydefault.Alsobydefault,whenyouareusingWindowsonadesktoporlaptopcomputer,Windowsshowsthelockscreenwhenthecomputerisinactiveratherthanturningoffthescreen.
Tip Theoptimumsizeofimagesforyourdevicedependsonthedisplaysettings.Tocheckthedisplaysettingsforyoudevice,clickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.WithDisplayselectedintheleftpane,scrolldowninthemainpaneandthenselectAdvancedDisplaySettings.UnderResolution,you’llseethecurrentresolutionforthedevice’sdisplay,suchas1280x1024or1920x1200.Ifyou’vestretchedthedesktoponyourdeviceandwanttocreateastretchedbackground,thebackgroundsizeshouldbe2timesthewidthofthedisplay.Thus,ifthedisplayis1920pixelswide,theimageshouldbe3840pixelswide.
Youconfiguretheslideshowforthelockscreenbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.OntheBackgroundlist,chooseSlideshow.Bydefault,yourPictureslibraryisusedasthesourcealbumfortheslideshow.Youcannowaddandremovesourcealbums.Ifyoudon’twantthePictureslibrarytobeusedasasourcealbum(perhapsduetoitcontainingembarrassingphotos),clickPicturesunderChooseAlbums…andthenclickRemove.3.Thephotosineachselectedalbumwillbeusedintheslideshow.Touse
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addasourcealbum,clickAddAFolderandthenselectthesourcefolder.Touseremoveasourcealbum,clickthefolderunderChooseAlbums…andthenselectRemove.
Whileyou’reworkingwithslideshowsonthelockscreen,youmaywanttoconfigureadvancedsettingstooptimizethewaytheslideshowswork.Ifso,clicktheAdvancedSlideshowSettingslinkandthenusetheseoptionsforoptimization:
IncludeCameraRollFolders… Bydefault,thisoptionisOffandcamerarollfoldersfromyourPictureslibraryandOneDrivearen’tincludedinslideshows.Ifyouwantthesefoldersincludedautomatically,clicktherelatedtoggletoswitchittotheOnposition.UseOnlyPicturesThatFitMyScreen Bydefault,thisoptionisOnandonlypicturesthataresizedappropriatelyaredisplayedonthelockscreen.Ifyouwanttoincludeimagesregardlessofwhethertheyaresizedappropriately,clicktherelatedtoggletoswitchittotheOffposition.WhenMyPCIsInactive,ShowLockScreen Bydefault,thisoptionfordesktopandlaptopcomputersisOn.Thismeansthelockscreenisdisplayedwhenthecomputerisinactiveinsteadofturningoffthedisplay.Ifyouwantthedisplaytoturnoff,clicktherelatedtoggletoswitchittotheOffposition.
Bydefault,thescreendoesn’tturnoffwhiletheslideshowisplaying.Tochangethisbehavior,clicktheTurnOffScreenAfter…listandthenchooseaspecificturnofftime,suchasafter30minutesorafter1hour.
ConfiguringNotificationsontheLockScreen
Gettingnotificationsonthelockscreenishandysothatyoudon’thavetologintogetinformationyoumaybelookingfor,suchaswhetheryouhavenewmessages,whattheweatherislikeorwhatthestockmarketisdoing.Appsthatcanruninthebackgroundandshownotificationsonthelockscreeninclude:
Alarms&ClocksCalendarMailPeopleStoreWeatherXbox
Whilealloftheseappscandisplayshortnotifications,referredtoasquickstatuses,onlyafewappscandisplaylonger,detailedstatusupdates,whichfortheout-of-the-boxapps,includesWeather,CalendarandXbox.
Youcanspecifyappsthatcandisplaystatusupdatesonthelockscreenbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldown,untilyouseethestatussettingsshownin
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Figure3-7.
Figure3-7Specifyappsthatcandisplaystatusupdatesonthelockscreen.
3.Youcanconfigureoneapptoshowdetailedstatusupdatesonthelockscreen.ClickChooseAnAppToShowDetailedStatusandthenselectoneoftheavailableapps.Ifyoudon’twantanyapptoshowadetailedstatus,selectNone.4.UsingtheChooseAppsToShowQuickStatusoptions,youcanconfigureuptosevenappstoshowquickstatusupdatesonthelockscreen.Clickoneoftheavailableslotsandthenselectanapptodisplayupdatesinthisslow.Ifyoudon’twantanyapptoshowaquickstatusinaparticularslot,selectNone.
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SelectingandTuningThemesDesktopthemesarecombinationsofthevisualandaudioelementsthatsettheappearanceofmenus,icons,backgrounds,screensavers,systemsounds,andmousepointers.Wheneveryouswitchbetweenthemesormodifycertainaspectsofatheme,yousettheuserexperiencelevelandcolorschemeforyourcomputer.
ChoosingaTheme
Inadditiontoanycustomthemesyoucreate,severaldefaultthemesareavailable.Youcanapplyadefaultorsavedthemebycompletingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemes.2.InthemainpaneunderThemes,clicktheThemeSettingslink.ThisopensControlPanel,asshowninFigure3-8.3.UsetheThemelisttoselectthethemeyouwanttouse.IfyouwanttouseasavedthemefromtheMicrosoftwebsite,clickGetMoreThemesOnlineandselectthethemeorthemestodownloadandinstall.
Figure3-8Choosethethemetouseorgetathemeonline.
Asyou’veseen,youcanswitchtoanyavailablethemebysimplyselectingitonthePersonalizationpageinControlPanel.TheHighContrastthemesarespecialthemesthatallowyoutoforegotheprettystufftoimproveperformanceandreadability.HighContrastthemesuseonlythemostbasicelementsandaredesignedforpeoplewithvisiondisabilities.
Withallotherthemes,Windowsautomaticallyadjuststheaccentcolorforgraphicsandwindowedgesbasedonthecolorsusedinthebackgroundimage.TheaccentcolorcanalsobeextendedtoStart,thetaskbar,windowlinksandmore.
SettingtheAccentColor
Youcancustomizethewayaccentcolorsareusedbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickColorsintheleftcolumn.2.TopickanaccentcolorratherthanhaveWindowspickthecolor,set
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AutomaticallyPickAnAccentColor…toOff.AsshowninFigure3-9,youcanthenchoosetheaccentcolor.Simplyclickthecolortouse.3.ToextendtheaccentcolortoStart,thetaskbar,windowlinksandmore,scrolldownandthensetShowColorOnStart…toOn.
Figure3-9Choosetheaccentcolortouse.
RealWorld Bydefault,Start,taskbarandactioncenterhavetransparentbackgrounds,meaningyoucanseewhat’sopenbehindthem.Personally,Idon’tlikethiseffectandalwaysdisableitsothatthesescreenelementshaveasolidbackground.Disablingthisfeaturehasanaddedbenefit:Itreducesresourceusageandcanactuallymakeyourcomputerslightlymoreresponsive.Todisabletransparentbackgrounds,setMakeStart,Taskbar…toOff.ThisoptionsisalsoontheColorspanelunderSettings>Personalization.Ifyourdevicehasanolderprocessorordoesn’thavealotofphysicalmemory,youalsowanttousethestandardWindowsthemeratherthananyofthefancythemes.
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ConfiguringScreenTimeoutandScreenSaversYoualsocanexpressyourselfbyusingscreensavers.Screensaverscanbeconfiguredtoturnonwhenacomputerhasbeenidleforaspecifiedperiod.Screensaverswereoriginallydesignedtopreventimageburn-inbydisplayingacontinuallychangingimage.Withtoday’smonitors,burn-inisnotreallyaproblem,butscreensaversstuckstillaroundbecausetheyofferedtheabilitytopassword-lockyourcomputerautomaticallywhenthescreensaverturnedon.
BeginningwithWindows8,Microsoftseparatedthelockingfunctionalityfromthescreensaverfunctionality,creatingatruelockscreen.BecauseofthisWindows10doesn’tuseascreensaverbydefaultandyouonlyneedtoconfigureoneifyoulikethefeature.Insteadofusingascreensaver,Windows10displaysthelockscreenuntilthedisplayisturnedoff,whichhappensautomaticallybasedonthesettingsintheactivepowerplan.Forexample,thedefaultpowerplan,calledBalanced,tellsWindows10toturnoffthedisplayafter10minuteswhenthecomputerispluggedinorafter5minuteswhenrunningonbattery.Thesedefaultsettingsdodependonthetypeofdevice,suchaswhetheryouareworkingwithaSurfacetabletoradesktopcomputer.
ConfiguringWhentheScreenTurnsOff
Youcansetthescreentimeoutvaluebyperformingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandclicktheScreenTimeoutSettingslink.3.UsetheselectionlistprovidedundertheScreenheadingtospecifywhenthescreenshouldturnoff,suchasafter15minutesofinactivity.Ifyouareworkingwithadevicethathasabattery,you’llhavetwoselectionlists,oneforwhenthedeviceispluggedinandtheotherforwhenthedeviceisrunningonbattery.4.Optionally,usetheselectionlistsundertheSleepheadingtospecifywhenthedeviceshouldentersleepmode,suchasafter30minutesofinactivity.Again,ifyouareworkingwithadevicethathasabattery,you’llhavetwoselectionlists,oneforwhenthedeviceispluggedinandtheotherforwhenthedeviceisrunningonbattery.
RealWorld Keepinmind,Windows10performsmanyhousekeepingtasksinthebackgroundwhenyourcomputerisidle,suchascreatingindexes,defragmentingharddisks,creatingwholecomputerbackups,andsettingsystemrestorepoints.Thus,youwanttoconsidercarefullywhentohavethedeviceentersleepmode.Waittoolongandyou’llusepower.WaitnotlongenoughandWindowsmayhavetorunhousekeepingtaskswhenyou’retryingtowork.
ConfiguringaScreenSaver
IfyouwantWindowstouseascreensaver,youcanconfigureonebyfollowingthese
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steps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandclicktheScreenSaverSettingslinktoopentheScreenSaverSettingsdialogbox.3.UsetheScreenSaverlist,showninFigure3-10,toselectascreensaver.Althoughyoucaninstalladditionalscreensavers,thestandardoptionsareasfollows:
Figure3-10Choosingascreensaver
(None) Turnsoffthescreensaver.3DText Displaysthesystemtimeorcustomtextasa3Dmessageagainstablackbackground.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\SsText3d.scr)Blank Displaysablankscreen(ablackbackgroundwithnotextorimages).(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Scrnsave.scr)Bubbles Displaysmulticoloredbubblesfloatingacrossyourdesktopwhiletheopenwindowsanddocumentsonthedesktopremainvisible.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Bubbles.scr)Mystify Displaysarcingbandsoflinesinvariousgeometricpatternsagainstablackbackground.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Mystify.scr)Photos Displaysphotosandvideosfromaselectedfolderasaslideshow.Makesureyouknowwhatimageswillbeshownbeforeyousetthisuptoavoidpotentialembarrassment.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\PhotoScreensaver.scr)Ribbons Displaysribbonsofvariousthicknessesandchanginglinesagainstablackbackground.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Ribbons.scr)
4.Password-protectthescreensaverbyselectingOnResume,Display
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LogonScreen.Clearthisoptiononlyifyoudonotwanttousepasswordprotection.5.UsetheWaitcontroltospecifyhowlongthecomputermustbeidlebeforethescreensaverisactivated.Athome,areasonablevalueisbetween10and15minutes.Attheoffice,youmightwanttosetthistobetween5and7minutes.Inmanyoffices,theWaitsettingissetbycorporatepolicyandcannotbechanged.6.ClickOK.
ThePhotosand3DTextscreensavershaveadditionaloptions(aswilljustaboutanycustomscreensaversyouinstall).ThePhotosscreensaverdisplaysaslideshowofphotos,suchasyourportfolioorfamilypictures.
TocustomizethePhotosscreensaver,followthesesteps:
1.IntheScreenSaverSettingsdialogbox,selectPhotos,andthenclickSettingstodisplaythePhotosScreenSaverdialogboxshowninFigure3-11.2.Bydefault,thisscreensaverdisplaystheimagesinyourPictureslibrary,whichisacombinationofyourMyPicturesfolderandthePublicPicturesfolder.Tousephotosfromadifferentfolder,clickBrowse,andthenselectthefolderyouwanttouse.3.UseSlideShowSpeedlisttosetthespeedoftheslideshow.TheoptionsareSlow,Medium,andFast.
Figure3-11Fine-tuningthephotosscreensaver
4.Photosaredisplayedinalphanumericorderbydefault.Ifyouwanttoshufflethephotosanddisplaytheminrandomorder,selecttheShufflePicturescheckbox.5.ClickSave,andthenclickOK.
Tocustomizethe3DTextscreensaver,followthesesteps:
1.IntheScreenSaverSettingsdialogbox,select3DText,andthenclickSettingstodisplaythe3DTextSettingsdialogboxshowninFigure3-12.2.Displaythecurrenttimeoracustommessageas3Dtext.Todisplaythecurrenttimeas3Dtext,selectTime.Todisplayacustommessageas3Dtext,selectCustomTextandtypeyourmessage.
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Figure3-12Fine-tuningthe3Dtextscreensaver
3.ClickChooseFont,andthenusetheFontdialogboxtosetthefontforthe3Dtext.ThedefaultfontisTahoma.4.UsetheResolutionslidertocontrolthedisplayresolutionofthetextandtheSizeslidertocontrolthesizeofthetext.Thehighertheresolutionandlargerthetext,themoreprocessingpowerrequiredtodrawandmovethemessage.5.UsetheRotationSpeedslidertocontrolthespeedatwhichthetextmovesandrotatesonthescreen.Thefastertherotation,themoreprocessingpowerrequiredtodrawandmovethemessage.6.UsetheRotationTypelisttoselectthetypeofrotationtouse,suchastumbleorspin.SettherotationtypetoNonetoturnoffrotationandreducetheamountofprocessingpowerrequiredtodrawandmovethemessage.7.UsetheSurfaceStyleoptionstoconfigurethewaythe3Dtextlooks.Forexample,SolidColordisplaysthetextinasolidcolor.ClickCustomColorandthenclickChooseColortodisplaytheColordialogbox.Choosethecolortouse,andclickthenOK.8.ClickOKtwicetosaveyoursettings.
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ConfiguringandCreatingYourSystemSoundsAsoundschemeisasetofsoundsthatyouusetogether.Windows10playssoundsinresponsetoawidevarietyofevents,suchaswhenyoulogon,whenyouopenorcloseprograms,andwhenyoulogoff.Programsyouinstallcanhavetheirownsoundsaswell.Youmanageallofthesesoundscollectivelybyusingsoundschemes.
Tip Wantyourcomputertoplayasnippetfromaparticularsongwhenyoulogonorlogoff?Youcandothis!Whenyou’reconfiguringsoundsforyourcomputer,WindowsLogonandWindowsLogoffarelistedunderprogramevents.Simplyuseanysoundeditortocreatea.wavsnippetfromtheoriginalsongfilesandconfiguretheresulting.wavfilesforeachrelatedeventintheProgramEventslist.
Youcanconfigureyoursystemtouseanexistingsoundschemebycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemesintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,clicktheAdvancedSoundSettingslinktodisplaytheSounddialogboxwiththeSoundstabselected,asshowninFigure3-13.
Figure3-13Selectingyoursystemsounds
3.UsetheSoundSchemelisttochoosethesoundschemetouse.Windows10hastwostandardsoundschemes:
NoSounds,whichturnsoffallprogramsoundsexcepttheWindowsStartupsound
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playedwhenyoulogon.WindowsDefault,whichisconfiguredtousethestandardWindowssounds.
Note OthersoundschemesavailabletypicallydependontheeditionofWindows10installedonyourdevice,thedevicemanufacturer,andtheextrasyou’veinstalled.SomeoftheavailablesoundschemesyoumightseeincludeAfternoon,Calligraphy,Characters,Cityscape,Delta,Festival,Garden,Heritage,Landscape,Quirky,Raga,Savanna,andSonata.
4.IntheProgramEventslist,soundsareorganizedaccordingtotheprogramtowhichtheyrelateandtherelatedeventthattriggersthesound.Topreviewasoundforaparticularevent,selecttheeventintheprogramlistandthenclickTest.5.Tochangethesoundforanevent,selecttheeventintheProgramEventslistandthenusetheSoundslisttochooseanavailablesound.YoucanalsoclickBrowsetoselectothersoundsavailableonthesystem.ThesoundfilesmustbeinMicrosoft.wavformat.6.Ifyouchangedthedefaultsoundsforaschemeandwanttosavethechanges,clickSaveAs,typeanamefortheschemeinthefieldprovided,andthenclickOK.7.SaveyoursoundsettingsbyclickingOK.
Tip WanttoaccesstheSounddialogboxdirectly?IntheSearchbox,typeMmsys.cpl,andthenpressEnter.
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CustomizingYourMousePointersApointerschemeisasetofmousepointersthatyouusetogether.ThethreetypesofmousepointersyouseethemostaretheNormalSelectpointer,theTextSelectpointer,andtheLinkSelectpointer.Youcanconfiguretheappearanceoftheseandothertypesofmousepointersandmanagethemcollectivelybyusingpointerschemes.
Theavailablepointerschemesinclude:
(None) Thisdoesn’tturnmousepointersoff.Instead,itusesnondescriptpointers.WindowsBlack Invertsthepointercolorssothatblackbackgroundsareusedinsteadofwhitebackgrounds.Alsocomesinlargeandextra-largeoptions.WindowsStandard ThestandardpointersusedwithWindowsStandardsettings.Alsocomesinlargeandextra-largeoptions.Magnified Givesthestandardpointersaboldedgesotheyareeasiertosee.WindowsInverted Invertsthepointercolorssothatblackbackgroundsareusedandgivesthemboldedgessotheyareeasiertosee.Alsocomesinlargeandextra-largeoptions.
Youcanconfigureyoursystemtouseanexistingpointerschemebycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemesintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,clicktheMousePointerSettingslinktodisplaytheMousePropertiesdialogboxwiththePointerstabselected,asshowninFigure3-14.
Note Dropshadowsforpointersaredisabledbydefault,whichisgenerallyagoodthingasitmakesthepointerlookcleareronthescreen.Ifyoulikethedropshadoweffect,however,youcanenablethembyselectingEnablePointerShadow.
3.UsetheSchemelisttochoosethepointerschemetouse.4.IntheCustomizelist,pointersareorganizedaccordingtotheirtype.Tochangeapointer,selectthepointerandthenclickBrowse.ThisopenstheBrowsedialogboxwiththeCursorsfolderselected.Choosethecursorpointertouse,andthenclickOpen.5.Ifyouchangedthedefaultpointersforaschemeandwanttosavethechanges,clickSaveAs,typeanamefortheschemeinthefieldprovided,andthenclickOK.6.SaveyourpointersettingsbyclickingOK.
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Figure3-14Selectingyourmousepointers
Tip Tomanagemousesettingsaswellaspointers,IntheSearchbox,typeMain.cpl,andthenpressEnter.Youcannowconfiguremousebuttons,pointers,scrolling,andmore.
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SavingYourCustomThemesandCreatingThemePacksSofaryouhavetunedandtweakedwindowcolors,backgrounds,sounds,pointers,andscreensavers.Nowyou’llwanttosaveyoursettingsasaunifiedthemesoyoucanbesurethatyoucanuseitagainandagain.Todothis,followthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemes.2.InthemainpaneunderThemes,clicktheThemeSettingslink.ThisopensControlPanel.3.OnthePersonalizationpage,undertheMyThemesheading,you’llseeUnsavedTheme.Right-clickthistheme,andthenclickSaveTheme.OrsimplyclicktheSaveThemelinkwiththisthemeselected.4.IntheSaveThemeAsdialogbox,enteranameforyourcustomthemeandthenclickSave.Themedefinitionfilesendwiththe.themefileextension.5.Unlessdeletedinthefuture,thecustomthemewillappearasaMyThemesoption.You’llthenbeabletoloadthethemesimplybyclickingit.
Athemeyousaveinthiswaywillonlybeavailabletoyou.That’sbecausethethemeissavedinyouruserprofile(%UserProfile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Themes).Ifyouwanttobeabletoshareathemewithothers,youmustcreateathemepackbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemes.2.InthemainpaneunderThemes,clicktheThemeSettingslink.ThisopensControlPanel.3.OnthePersonalizationpage,undertheMyThemesheading,you’llseeUnsavedTheme.Right-clickthistheme,andthenclickSaveThemeForSharing.4.IntheSaveThemePackAsdialogbox,enteranameforyourcustomthemepackandthenclickSave.Themepackdefinitionfilesendwiththe.themepackfileextensionandaresavedinyourDocumentsfolderbydefault.Savedthemepackscanbeseveralmegabytesinsize.5.Copythethemepacktoafolderaccessibletothepersonyouaresharingwith.Havethepersondouble-clickthethemepackfiletoloaditasathemeandsaveittohisorherownMyThemeslist.
Tip Youmightbewonderinghowyoudeleteacustomthemethatyounolongerwant.Well,todothis,selectadifferenttheme,right-clickthethemeyounolongerwantintheMyThemeslist,andthenclickDeleteTheme.
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CustomizingYourDisplaysInChapter2,youlearnedhowtoconfiguremultipledisplays.Nowlet’stakeacloserlookatcustomizingdisplaysettings.
AdjustingDisplaySizeandOrientation
Withsomedevices,youmaywanttochangethedisplaysizeoftext,appsandotherscreenelementstomakethemlargerorsmaller.Sometimes,youmaywanteachofyourmonitorstohaveadifferentorientation.Forexample,youmaywantyourprimarymonitortoshowlandscapeviewwhileusingportraitviewonyoursecondarymonitor.Portraitviewdoesmakereadingandeditingdocumentseasier,butisn’tnecessarilyagoodchoiceotherwise.
Youcanadjustsizeandorientationbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.UsetheChange…slidertomodifythesizeofscreenelements.Thedefaultsizeis100%.Youcanincreasesizebyslidingtotherightanddecreasesizebyslidingtotheleft.3.Optionally,usetheOrientationlisttospecifyanalternateorientationforamonitor,suchasportrait.Thedefaultorientationislandscape.4.ClickApply.
Windows10automaticallyoptimizesdisplaysettingsforeachofyourmonitorsbyselectingascreenresolution,refreshrate,andcolorbitnessthatseemmostappropriatebasedonitstesting.Normally,thesettingsWindowsselectsworkwell,buttheymightnotbetheoptimalsettingsforyourdevice.
Youcanadjustdisplaysettingsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ClicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.UsetheResolutionlisttosetthedisplaysize,suchas1920×1200pixels.5.ScrolldownandclickDisplayAdapterProperties.Setthecolorqualityorrefreshrateusingoneofthefollowingoptions:
OntheAdaptertab,clickListAllModes.TheListAllModesdialogboxshowsthecolorqualitiesandrefreshratessupportedbytheselectedmonitor.ClickOK.OntheMonitortab,usetheScreenRefreshRatelisttosetthedesiredrefreshrate.Ifdifferentcolorbitnessisavailable,usetheColorslisttoselectacolorquality,suchasTrueColor(32bit).
6.ClickOKtosaveyoursettings.
AsdiscussedinChapter2,ifmultiplemonitorsareconnectedtoyourcomputer,youcandesignateonemonitorastheprimaryandtheotherasthesecondarymonitor.Youcanalso
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extendthedesktopontoyoursecondmonitor.Afteryou’veconfiguredyourmonitors,you’llfindthatpressingtheWindowslogokey+Pisaconvenientwaytoquicklychangethemonitorconfiguration.AfterpressingtheWindowslogkey+P,youcan:
SelectPCScreenOnlytouseonlythemaincomputermonitororthebuilt-inscreenonalaptop.SelectDuplicatetodisplaythemaincomputermonitororthebuilt-inscreenonalaptoponasecondmonitor.SelectExtendtoextendthedisplayacrosstwomonitors.SelectSecondScreenOnlytodisplayonlyonanexternalmonitororprojector.
ManagingMonitorandGraphicsCardProperties
IfthemonitororgraphicscardshowninthedisplayPropertiesdialogboxdoesnotmatchtheoneyouareusing,youshouldvisityourcomputer,monitor,orgraphicscardmanufacturer’swebsiteandobtaintheproperdriver.Typically,youcandothisbyaccessingthemanufacturer’ssupportpageandenteringthemodelofyourcomputer,monitor,orgraphicscard.
Mostmanufacturersmaintaindriversforseveralyearsandprovideupdatesforthesedriversastheybecomeavailable.Typically,theupdateisdeliveredinazippedfilecontainingthedriversyouneedandanexecutableinstaller.ToextractthefilesfromaZIP,right-clickthe.zipfileandthenclickExtractAll.Afteryouselectadestinationfolder,clickExtract.
Youinstallmonitordrivesandgraphicscarddriversusingseparateprocedures.Tospecifythemonitordrivertouse,followthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.ClickDisplayAdapterProperties.OntheMonitortab,clickProperties.5.OntheDrivertab,clickUpdateDrivertostarttheUpdateDriverSoftwarewizard.ClickBrowseMyComputerForDriverSoftware.6.SelectasearchlocationbyclickingBrowse,usingtheBrowseForFolderdialogboxtoselectthestartfolderforthesearch,andthenclickingOK.Windows10searchesallsubfoldersoftheselectedfolderautomatically,andyoucanselectthedriverootpath,suchasC,tosearchanentiredrive.7.ClickNext.ClickClosewhenthedriverinstallationiscompleted.
Typically,graphicsdriversareinstalledusinganexecutableinstaller.Runtheinstallerandrebootiftheinstallerasksyoutodoso.Otherwise,manuallyspecifythegraphicscarddrivertousebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.
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2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.ClickDisplayAdapterProperties.OntheAdaptertab,clickProperties.5.OntheDrivertab,clickUpdateDrivertostarttheUpdateDriverSoftwarewizard.ClickBrowseMyComputerForDriverSoftware.6.SelectasearchlocationbyclickingBrowse,usingtheBrowseForFolderdialogboxtoselectthestartfolderforthesearch,andthenclickingOK.Windows10searchesallsubfoldersoftheselectedfolderautomatically,andyoucanselectthedriverootpath,suchasC,tosearchanentiredrive.7.ClickNext.ClickClosewhenthedriverinstallationiscompleted.
CalibratingColorandUsingColorProfiles
Colorcalibrationallowsyoutoimprovethewaycolorisusedonyourdisplayandtomakesurethatcolorsaredisplayedasaccuratelyaspossible.Tocalibratethecolor,followthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.UnderRelatedSettings,clickColorCalibrationtostarttheDisplayColorCalibrationwizardandthenfollowtheprompts.
Colorprofilesallowyoutogettruercolorsforspecificuses.Forexample,youmayneedtomoreaccuratelymatchon-screencolorstoprintcolors,andacolorprofiledesignedforthispurposecanhelpyoudothat.Afteryouobtainthecolorprofile,youmustinstallitoneachmonitorseparatelybyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.ClickDisplayAdapterProperties.OntheColorManagementtab,clickColorManagement.5.IntheColorManagementdialogbox,selecttheAllProfilestabtogetinformationaboutcurrentlyinstalledcolorprofiles.ClickAdd.6.IntheInstallProfiledialogbox,findthecolorprofileyouwanttouseandthenclickAdd.7.IntheColorManagementdialogbox,selecttheDevicestab.Clickthenewprofile,andthenclickSetAsDefaultProfile.
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Tip WanttogettotheColorManagementdialogboxdirectly?IntheSearchbox,typeColorcpl.exe,andthenpressEnter.Whenyouaccesscolormanagementinthisway,besuretousetheDevicelisttochoosethedisplayyouwanttoworkwith.
RealWorld Ifyoudon’thaveacolorprofileandstillwouldlikethebenefitsofone,usetheDisplayColorCalibrationtooltofine-tunedisplaycolorstoyourliking.
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Chapter4.CustomizingBoot,Startup,andPowerOptions
Ifyoureallywanttoknowhowacarworks,youneedtoopenthehoodandtakealookatthepartsthatmakeitgo.Thesameistrueforadesktopcomputer.Openthecaseofadesktopcomputerandyou’llseetheactualpartsthatmakeyourcomputergo:drivesandcontrollers,centralprocessingunits,memorymodules,andmore,allconnectedviawiresorcircuitrytothecomputer’smotherboard.
Butattachingamyriadofdeviceswithwiresandcircuitrytoamotherboardisn’twhatmakesthemworktogether.Whatmakesthemworktogetherisyourcomputer’sfirmwareinterface,whichactsastheintermediaryamongdevices,theirinternalcode,ifpresent,andhigher-levelprocesses.
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CustomizingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterfaceThewayafirmwareinterfaceoperatesandthetasksitperformsdependonthetypeoffirmwareinterfaceandthetypeofcentralprocessingunit(CPU).MostcomputersbuilttodayhaveCPUswith64-bitinstructionsetsandUnifiedExtensibleFirmwareInterface(UEFI)forfirmware.
UEFIcanbewrappedaroundeitherBIOSorEFI.Forourpurposes,acomputerthatusesUEFIwrappedaroundBIOSisBIOS-based,asisacomputerthatusesBIOSbyitself,andacomputerthatusesUEFIwrappedaroundEFIisEFI-based.
Caution Onlychangefirmwareinterfacesettingswhenyoufullyunderstandthepossiblerepercussionsofdoingso.Improperlyconfiguringacomputer’sfirmwareinterfacemaypreventitfrombootingandstaringtheoperatingsystem.Youshoulddocumenteverychangeyoumaketoyourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfaceinanotebook.Ifyougetintotrouble,youmaybeabletorestoreyourcomputer’sfactorydefaultsettingsbyusinganoptioninthefirmwareinterface.Keepinmind,however,thatthefactorydefaultsettingsmaynotbethesameasthesettingsconfiguredwhenyourcomputerwasdeliveredtoyou.
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GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sFirmwareInterfaceFirmwareinterfacesknowlittleabouttheoperatingsystemyourcomputerisrunning.Windows10initializesitselfbyloadingapre-operatingsystembootenvironmentpriortoloadingtheoperatingsystem.Thisbootenvironmenthelpsyourcomputervalidatetheintegrityofstartupprocessesandtheoperatingsystemitselfbeforeactuallyrunningtheoperatingsystem.
Thebootenvironmentalsoactsasanabstractionlayerbetweenthefirmwareinterfaceandtheoperatingsystem.Byabstractingtheunderlyinginterfaces,thebootenvironmentallowsWindows10toworkwithBIOS,EFI,andanyotherunderlyinginterfaceframeworkinthesameway.
Yourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfacemanagestheprebootdataflowbetweentheoperatingsystemandattacheddevices.Whenthefirmwareinterfaceinitializesyourcomputer,itfirstdetermineswhetherallattacheddevicesareavailableandfunctioning,andthenitactivatesallthehardwarerequiredbythecomputertoboot,including:
GraphicsandaudiocontrollersInternaldrivesandcontrollersInternalexpansioncardsMotherboardchipsetsorSystemonaChip(SoC)ProcessorsandprocessorcachesSystemmemory
RealWorld MostdevicesrunningWindows10haveeitheramotherboardchipsetoraSystemonaChip(SoC).Generally,desktopandlaptopcomputersrunningIntelorAMDX64-basedprocessorshavemotherboardchipsetsandSurfaceorothertabletshaveIntelAtomprocessors.AtomprocessorsreplacetheARMprocessorsthatwereusedpreviouslyfortablets.Ratherthanrefertobothtypesofchipsetshere,I’vegeneralizedandwillsimplyrefertomotherboardchipsets.
Afterthefirmwareinterfacecompletesthisprocess,ittransferscontrolofthecomputertotheoperatingsystem.Thefirmwareinterfaceimplementationdetermineswhathappensnext.WithBIOS-basedcomputers,WindowsBootManagerandWindowsBootLoaderareusedtobootintotheoperatingsystem.WindowsBootManagerinitializestheoperatingsystembystartingtheWindowsBootLoader,whichinturnstartstheoperatingsystemusinginformationinthebootconfigurationdata(BCD)store.
EntriesintheBCDstoreidentifythebootmanagertouseduringstartupandthespecificbootapplicationsavailableonyourcomputer.WindowsBootManagercontrolsthebootexperienceandletsyouchoosethebootapplicationtorun.Bootapplicationsloadaspecificoperatingsystemoroperatingsystemversion.Forexample,Windows10isloadedbyaWindowsBootLoaderapplication.
ThroughBCDparameters,youcanaddoptionsthatcontrolthewaytheoperatingsystemstarts,thewaycomputercomponentsareused,andthewayoperatingsystemfeaturesare
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used.
Note WithUEFI,UEFIbootservicesprovideanabstractionlayerwrappedaroundBIOSorEFI.AcomputerwithBIOSinitsunderlyingarchitectureusesaBIOS-basedapproachtobootingintotheoperatingsystem.AcomputerwithEFIinitsunderlyingarchitectureusesanEFI-basedapproachtobootingintotheoperatingsystem.
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AccessingandSettingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterfaceWhenyouturnonmostcomputers,youaccessthefirmwareinterfacebypressingthebuttonshownforSetupintheinitialdisplay.Forexample,youmightpressF2duringthefirstfewsecondsofstartuptoenterthefirmwareinterface.Firmwareinterfaceshavecontroloptionsthatallowyoutoadjustthefunctionalityofhardware.Youcanusethesecontrolstoperformbasictasks,including:
AccessingfirmwareeventlogsfortroubleshootinginformationAdjustingdisplaybrightness(onlaptopcomputers)AdjustingtheharddisknoiselevelAdjustingthenumberofcorestheprocessorusesandtheirspeedChangingthebootsequencefordevicesChangingthemotherboardclock’sdateandtimeObtainingconfigurationinformationformemory,processors,andmoreRestoringthefirmwareinterfacetoitsdefault(factory)configurationTurningonoroffmodularadd-ondevices
Whileyouareworkingwiththefirmwareinterface,youmayalsobeabletocreatesupervisor,user,andgeneralpasswordsthatarenotaccessiblefromtheoperatingsystem.Whenasupervisorpasswordisset,youmustprovidethepasswordbeforeyoucanmodifythefirmwareconfiguration.Whenauserpasswordisset,youmustenterthepasswordduringstartupbeforethecomputerwillloadtheoperatingsystem.Ifyouforgetthesepasswords,youmightnotbeabletooperatethecomputerorchangefirmwaresettingsuntilyoucleartheforgottenpasswords,whichgenerallyalsoclearsanycustomizationyouhavemadetothefirmwareinterface.
Thewaythefirmwareinterfaceworksdependsonthecomputeryouareworkingwith,thetypeoffirmwareinterface,andtheversionofthefirmwareinterface.Desktopcomputerstypicallyhavemorefirmwareconfigurationoptionsthanportablecomputersdo.
Mostfirmwareinterfaceshaveseveralmenupagesthatprovideinformationandcontrols.Twoimportantcontrolsyou’llseearenetworkbootandbootorder.Whennetworkbootingisenabled,thecomputerbootsfromthenetwork.Thisissomethingyoumightwantattheoffice,butyougenerallydon’twantthisenabledathome.Bootordersetsthepriorityorderforyourcomputer’sbootabledevices.Yourcomputertriestostarttheoperatingsystemusingthehighest-prioritydevicefirst.Ifthisfails,yourcomputertriesthedevicewiththesecond-highestpriority,andsoon.Generally,you’llwantyourcomputertolooktoitsprimaryremovablemediadevicefirst,anditsprimaryharddrivenext,beforelookingtootherbootabledevices.
Becauseconfiguringbootoptionsinfirmwareisn’tnecessarilyintuitive,I’llprovidetwoexamplesusingcomputersfromdifferentmanufacturers.OnaDelldesktopcomputerthatIhave,youmanagebootsettingsontheBootSequencesubmenuunderSysteminthefirmwareinterface.Thebootorderislistedasfollows(basedonthedevicepresentinmycomputer):
1.OnboardorUSBDVD-ROMDrive2.OnboardSATAHardDrive
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3.OnboardorUSBFloppyDrive(notpresent)4.OnboardIDEHardDrive(notpresent)5.Add-inHardDrive(notpresent)6.USBDevice(notpresent)7.Add-inHardDrive(notpresent)
Inthisexample,internaldevicesarelistedas“Onboard.”BecauseyougenerallywantthecomputertocheckitsprimaryDVD-ROMdriveforbootablemediafirstandthencheckitsprimaryharddrive,thecomputer’sprimaryDVD-ROMdrivehasthehighestbootorder,andthecomputer’sprimaryharddriveislistedwiththesecond-highestbootorder.
Severaloptionsareavailablefornavigatingthelist.YoucanusetheUpandDownarrowkeystoselectadevice,andthenpresstheUorDkeytomovethedeviceupordowninthebootorderlist.YoucanpresstheSpacebartoexcludeorincludeadevicefromthebootlist.PressDeletetopermanentlydeletethedeviceifitisnotphysicallypresentandyounolongerwantitinthelist.
Otherimportantmenusintheinterfaceincludethefollowing:
UnderDrivesinthefirmwareinterface,submenusallowyoutoenable,disable,andconfiguredrives.DisketteDriveconfiguresfloppydrives.Drive0:SATA-0enablesordisablesthisspecificdevice.Drive1:SATA-1enablesordisablesthisdevice.SATAOperationsetsthehardwareRAIDconfiguration.UnderOnboardDevices,youcanusetheoptionsontheUSBControllersubmenutoenableordisablebootingfromUSBstoragedevices.
Forcomparison,onanHPlaptopofmine,thebootsettingsarefoundontheBootOrderandBootOptionssubmenusonthefirmwareinterface’sSystemConfigurationpage.OntheBootOrdersubmenu,thebootorderislistedasfollows:
1.USBFloppy2.ATAPICD/DVDROMDrive3.NotebookHardDrive4.USBDisketteonKey5.USBHardDrive6.NetworkAdapter
Onthiscomputer,youusetheUpandDownarrowkeystoselectadevice,andthenpressF5orF6tomovethedeviceupordowninthelist.ThecomputerdistinguishesbetweenUSBflashkeys(referredtoasUSBdiskettesonkeys)andUSBdrives(referredtoasUSBharddrives).However,youwon’treallyseeadifferencebetweenthetwo.
TheBootOptionssubmenuhastheseoptions:
F10andF12Delay(sec) SpecifiestheamountoftimeyouhavetopressF10orF12beforestartupbegins.DVD-ROMBoot ControlswhetherDVD-ROMbootduringstartupisenabledordisabled.FloppyBoot Controlswhetherfloppybootduringstartupisenabledordisabled.
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InternalNetworkAdapterBoot Controlswhethernetworkbootduringstartupisenabledordisabled.
Here,themainoptionsfornavigatingthelistaretheUpandDownarrowkeys.Youusethesekeystoselectanoption,andthenpressEntertoviewandsettheoption.
EveryfirmwareinterfacehasanExitoption.TheExitpageallowsyoutoexitthefirmwareinterfaceandresumestartupofthecomputer.Payparticularattentiontotherelatedoptions.Generally,youcaneitherexitthefirmwareinterfaceanddiscardyourchanges,orexitthefirmwareinterfaceandsaveyourchanges.Saveonlywhenyouarecertainthatyou’vecorrectlymodifiedthefirmwareinterface.Incorrectlyconfiguringthefirmwareinterfacecanmakeyourcomputerunbootable.
Desktopcomputerscanhaveadizzyingarrayofoptionsandsuboptions.Andbecausetherearefewstandardsandconventionsamongfirmwareinterfacemanufacturers,firmwareinterfaceoptionswithsimilarpurposescanhaveverydifferentlabels.Readthedescriptionsoftheoptionstohelpyouasyoumaywanttocustomizetheseoptionsforthewayinwhichyouwantyourcomputertowork.
RealWorld Yourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfaceisupdatable,andyoumayneedtoupdatethefirmwaretoresolveproblemsorimproveefficiency.However,ifyouarenotexperiencingproblemsonacomputerandarenotawareofanyadditionalfunctionalityinthefirmwareinterfacethatyouneed,youmightnotneedtoupdateacomputertothelatestversionofthefirmwareinterface.Rememberthatanimproperupdatecanharmthecomputerandpreventitfromstarting.Thatsaid,whenyouaretryingtoinstallanewoperatingsystemonyourcomputerandyouaregettingastrangeerror,firmwaremaybetoblame.Forexample,whenIwastryingtoinstallWindows10,oneofmylaptopswasn’tabletofindthedriversforitsinternalcontrolsanddrives—evenwhenIprovidedthem—andsometimesalsogotamediaerror.WhenIupdatedthefirmwaretothelatestversiontheseproblemswentawayandIwasabletoinstallWindows10.
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TrackingandConfiguringPowerOnandResumeKnowingthesequenceofeventsforacoldstartofacomputerfrompoweronthroughlogoncanhelpyouunderstandexactlyhowyourcomputerworks.Whenyoupressthepowerbuttontoturnonyourcomputer,manyeventshappeninthebackground:
1.ThefirmwareinterfaceperformsaPowerOnSelfTest(POST)topreliminarilyconfigurethecomputerandthenperformssetuptoinitializethecomputer.
Note Acoldstartistheinitialpoweronofacomputer.Thesequenceofeventsvariesifthecomputerisresumingfromsleep,standby,orhibernation,aswellasifyouarestartinganoperatingsystemotherthanWindowsoraWindowsoperatingsystemotherthanWindows10,Windows10,orWindowsServer2012.
2.Thefirmwareinterfacepassescontroltotheoperatingsystemloader,whichinthiscaseisthebootmanager.Thebootmanagerstartsthebootloader.Thebootloaderusesthefirmwareinterface’sbootservicestocompleteoperatingsystembootandthenloadtheoperatingsystem.3.Theoperatingsystemloads,whichinvolvesthefollowing:
a.Loading(butnotrunning)theoperatingsystemkernel,Ntoskrnl.exe
b.Loading(butnotrunning)thehardwareabstractionlayer(HAL),Hal.dll
c.LoadingtheHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEMregistryhiveintomemory(from%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\System)
d.ScanningtheHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Serviceskeyfordevicedriversandthenloading(butnotinitializing)thedriversthatareconfiguredforthebootclassintomemory
Note Inthiscontext,driversarealsoservices.Thismeansthatbothdevicedriversandsystemservicesareprepared.
e.Enablingmemorypaging
4.Thebootloaderpassescontroltotheoperatingsystemkernel.ThekernelandtheHALinitializetheWindowsexecutive,whichinturnprocessestheconfigurationinformationstoredintheHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSethiveandthenstartsdevicedriversandsystemservices.5.ThekernelstartstheSessionManager(Smss.exe).Thesessionmanager:
a.Initializesthesystemenvironmentbycreatingsystemenvironmentvariables.
b.StartstheWin32subsystem(Csrss.exe).Here,Windowsswitchesthedisplayoutputfromtextmodetographicsmode.
c.StartstheWindowsLogonManager(Winlogon.exe),whichinturnstartstheServicesControlManager(Services.exe)andtheLocalSecurityAuthority
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(Lsass.exe)andwaitsforausertologon.
d.Createsanyadditionalpagingfilesthatarerequired.
e.Asnecessary,performsdelayedrenamingofin-usefilesthatwereupdatedintheprevioussession.
6.TheWindowsLogonManagerwaitsforausertologon.ThelogonuserinterfaceandthedefaultcredentialprovidercollecttheusernameandpasswordandpassthisinformationtotheLocalSecurityAuthorityforauthentication.7.TheWindowsLogonManagerrunsUserinit.exeandtheFileExplorershell.Userinit.exeinitializestheuserenvironmentbycreatinguserenvironmentvariables,runningstartupprograms,andperformingotheressentialtasks.
Knowingthiseventsequencecanhelpyouidentifythesourceofstartupproblems.Keepthefollowinginmind:
IfyourcomputerfailsduringthePowerOnSelfTest’spreliminaryconfiguration,thelikelycauseoftheproblemishardwarefailureoramissingdevice.Ifyourcomputerfailsduringthesetupinitialization,thelikelycauseoftheproblemisthefirmwareconfiguration,thedisksubsystem,orthefilesystem.Ifyourcomputerfailsduringthebootloaderprocess,BCDdata,improperOSselectionforloading,oraninvalidbootloaderarethelikelycauseoftheproblem.IfyourcomputerfailsduringkernelandHALinitialization,driverorserviceconfigurationorservicedependenciesarethelikelycauseoftheproblem.IfyourcomputerfailsbeforelogonandduringSessionManagersetup,thegraphicsdisplaymode,systemenvironment,orcomponentconfigurationarethelikelycauseoftheproblem.
Understandinghowyourcomputerresumesisequallyimportant.Duringaresumefromsleep,standby,orhibernation,yourcomputer’sadvancedpowersettingsdeterminehowthecomputerturnsitselfbackon.Acomputer’smotherboardchipset,firmware,andoperatingsystemmustsupporttheAdvancedConfigurationandPowerInterface(ACPI)versionthatimplementstheadvancedpowerstatefeatureyouaretryingtouse.ACPI-awarecomponentstrackthepowerstateofthecomputer.AnACPI-awareoperatingsystemcangeneratearequestthatthesystembeswitchedtoadifferentpowerstate,andthefirmwareinterfacerespondsbyenablingtherequestedpowerstate.
Therearesixdifferentpowerstates,rangingfromS0(completelypoweredonandfullyoperational)toS5(completelypoweredoff).Everythinginbetweenisasleepstate.S1,S2,andS3arelow-powerconsumptionstatesinwhichsomeorallcontextsaremaintainedinmemory.S4istheno-powerhibernatestateinwhichcontextdataiswrittentodisk.
Motherboardchipsetssupportspecificpowerstates.OnemotherboardmightsupporttheS0,S1,S4,andS5states,whereasanothermightsupporttheS0,S1,S3,S4,andS5states.Asacomputeruser,youdon’tneedtoknowtheexactspecificsofeachstate.Justrememberthis:
S0meansthecomputerison.S1,S2,andS3meanthecomputerisasleepstatebutstillusingsomepower.
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S4meansthecomputerishibernatingandnotusingpower.S5meansthecomputerisoff.
Yourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfacehasrelatedpowermanagementsettings.YoucanuseAfterPowerFailure,ACRecovery,orasimilarsettingtospecifywhatthecomputerdoesafterapowerfailure.Ifyouwantthecomputertoremainoffafterpowerisrestored,setthecomputertostayoff.Ifyouwantthecomputertogobacktothestateitwasinbeforepowerfailed,setthecomputertousethelaststate.Ifyouwantthecomputertoturnitselfonafterapowerfailure,setthecomputertopoweron.
AnotherpoweroptionyoumayseeisWakeOnLANFromS5orAutoPowerOn.Thistypeofoptiondeterminestheactiontakenwhenthesystempowerisoffandapowermanagementwakeeventoccurs.Ifyouconfigurethisoption,you’llbeabletospecifywhetherthecomputerstaysofforpowerson.
YoumayalsohavecontroloverwhetherS1orS3suspendmodeisused.Fromauserperspective,itreallydoesn’tmatterwhetherS1orS3isused.However,fromacomputerperspectiveitmattersalot,andyou’llonlywanttoswitchmodesifyouaretryingtocorrectaresumeproblem.Forexample,ifyourcomputerishavingproblemsresumingfromasleepstate,atroubleshootingoptionmayinvolvechangingthesuspendmode.
Ifyouencounterstartupproblemsjustpriortoorafterlogon,theissueisprobablyrelatedtoamisconfiguredserviceorstartupapplication.Totemporarilyresolvethissoyoucanlogon,youcandisableservicesandstartupapplications,asdiscussedlaterinthischapter.
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GettingFirmwareandPowerManagementInformationYoucanusethePowerCfgutilitytogetinformationaboutyourcomputer’sfirmwareandpowermanagementconfiguration.WhenyourunPowerCfgandcreateautilizationreport,theutilityperformsadetaileddiagnosticsofyoursystemthatanalyzesthecomputer’sconfigurationandidentifiesanypowerefficiencyissues.AsFigure4-1shows,thereportisgeneratedinHTMLanddisplayedusingawebbrowser,suchasMicrosoftEdge.Thereport:
Specifiesthetypeoffirmware,thefirmwaredateandversion.Identifiesservicesanddeviceswithpowermanagementissues,ifany.Specifieswhetheryourbatteryisfailingorbecominginefficient,ifapplicable.Identifiesthespecificsleepstatessupported.(ThesedetailsareintheInformationsection.)
Figure4-1Apowerefficiencydiagnosticsreport.
Youcangenerateareportforyourcomputerbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OpenaCommandPrompt(Admin)window.Onewaytodothisistoright-clickStartandthenselectCommandPrompt(Admin)ontheshortcutmenu.2.Changetothedocumentsfolderinyouruserprofilebyenteringthefollowingattheprompt:
cd%HomePath%\documents
3.RunPowercfgandgeneratethereportbyenteringthefollowingattheprompt:
PowerCfg/Energy
4.Wait1to2minutesfortheutilitytoperformtheanalysisandgeneratethereport.Thendisplaythereportinthedefaultbrowserbyenteringthefollowingattheprompt:
energy-report.html
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CustomizingStartupandBootConfigurationWindows10providestheStartupAndRecoverydialogbox,theSystemConfigurationutility,andtheBCDEditortohelpyoumodifythebootconfigurationandthestartupprocess.TheStartupAndRecoverydialogboxandtheSystemConfigurationutilityaretheeasiesttouse.Althoughacommand-lineprofessionalmaywanttotuneacomputerwiththeBCDEditor,youcanusetheothertoolstoperformessentiallythesametaskswithoutallthefuss.
ProTip Sometimesadevicemayfailtostartduetoissueswiththebootoptionsinfirmware.Ondeviceswithfirmwarebootoptionsthatareconfigurable,youcanaccessaBootOptionsmenubypressingadesignatedfunctionkey,suchasF8orF12duringstartupofthedevice.Somedevicesdisplayanoticeduringstartupregardingthekeytopress.However,increasingly,thismenuiseitherhiddenorcompletelyinaccessibleforalltypesofdevicesexceptfordesktopPCs.OndesktopPCs,theBootOptionsmenuandUEFI/BIOSfirmwarearewhereyougotodisableSecureBootandenableLegacyBoot,whichissomethingyoumayneedtodotoenableloadingadditionaloperatingsystems.
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Fine-TuningStartupandRecoverySettingsOneoftheeasiestwaystocontrolthewayyourcomputerstartsistoconfigurestartupoptionsbyusingtheStartupAndRecoverydialogbox.Therelatedoptionssetthedefaultoperatingsystem,howlongtodisplaythelistofavailableoperatingsystems,andhowlongtodisplayrecoveryoptionswhenneeded.Youcanoptimizethesesettingstospeedupthestartupprocessbyreducingwaittimeswhilealsoensuringthatyoucanaccessadvancedoptions,whichmaybenecessaryfortroubleshootingandrecovery.
Youaccessandconfigurestartupoptionsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.2.UnderStartupAndRecovery,clickSettingstodisplaytheStartupAndRecoverydialogbox,showninFigure4-2.3.Ifyourcomputerhasmultipleoperatingsystems,usetheDefaultOperatingSystemlisttospecifytheoperatingsystemthatyouwanttostartbydefault.4.SpecifythedisplayintervalfortheoperatingsystemlistbyselectingtheTimeToDisplayListOfOperatingSystemscheckboxandsettingthedesiredintervalinseconds.Tospeedupthestartupprocess,youmightuseavalueof5or10seconds.5.SpecifythedisplayintervalfortherecoveryoptionslistbyselectingtheTimeToDisplayRecoveryOptionsWhenNeededcheckboxandsettingthedesiredintervalinseconds.Again,tospeedupthestartupprocess,youmightuseavalueof5or10seconds.6.UnderSystemFailure,selectWriteAnEventToTheSystemLogifyouwanttorecordeventsrelatedtosystemfailure.Ifyouwantyourcomputertoautomaticallyrestartafterafailure,selectAutomaticallyRestart.7.SaveyoursettingsbyclickingOKtwice.
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Figure4-2Configuringstartupandrecoveryoptions
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ChangingYourComputer’sBootConfigurationAsyou’veseen,theStartupAndRecoverydialogboxmakesiteasytosetbasicstartupoptions.Toconfiguremoreadvancedoptionsandfine-tunethestartupprocess,youcanusetheSystemConfigurationutility(Msconfig.exe).Althoughyoutypicallyusethisutilityduringtroubleshooting,youalsocanusetheutilitytodigdowndeepintostartupprocessesandchangethewaystartupworks.
TheSystemConfigurationutilityisavailablebytypingmsconfig.exeintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.AsshowninFigure4-3,thisutilityhasthefollowingtabs:
General Allowsyoutoconfigurenormalstartup,diagnosticstartup,orselectivestartupBoot AllowsyoutocontrolthewaytoenablevariousSafeBootmodesandthewaythatindividualstartup-relatedprocessesworkServices AllowsyoutoenableordisablesystemservicesStartup AllowsyoutoenableordisablestartupprocessesTools Allowsyoutoaccessvarioussystemmanagementtools
Figure4-3Fine-tuningstartupwiththeSystemConfigurationutility
YoushouldknowseveralimportantthingsaboutusingtheSystemConfigurationutility:
IfyoumakechangesontheBoot,Services,orStartuptabs,theSelectiveStartupoptionandrelatedsuboptionsareautomaticallyselectedontheGeneraltab.Youshouldusuallyremoveyourselectiveordiagnosticoptionswhenyouarefinishedtroubleshootingyourcomputer’sproblem.Afteryourestartthecomputerandresolveanyproblems,accesstheSystemConfigurationutilityagain,restoretheoriginalsettings,andthenclickOK.Youmustspecificallyelecttomakechangespermanent.Otherwise,yourchangeswillbelostwhenyougobacktonormalstartup.
UsingtheSelectiveandDiagnosticStartupModes
Normalisthedefaultstartupmode.NormalstartupensuresthatWindows10loadsallsystemconfigurationfilesanddevicedriversandrunsallstartupapplicationsandenabledservices.Ifyourcomputerisn’tperformingproperlyorisgeneratingerrorsatstartup,you
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canusediagnosticorselectivestartuptotrytodeterminethecauseoftheproblem.
Youusediagnosticstartuptotroubleshootsystemproblems.Indiagnosticmode,yourcomputerloadsonlybasicdevicedriversandessentialservices.Whenyoustartthesystemindiagnosticmode,youcanmodifysystemsettingstoresolveconfigurationproblems.
Youuseselectivestartuptoidentifyproblemareasinyourcomputer’sconfiguration.Selectivestartupisamodifiedbootconfiguration.Here,yourcomputeronlyusesthesystemservicesandstartupitemsyouspecify,whichcanhelpyouidentifysettingsthatarecausingsystemproblemsandcorrectthemasnecessary.
Youcanenableanduseselectiveordiagnosticstartupbycompletingthesesteps:
1.TypemsconfigintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertodisplaytheSystemConfigurationutility.2.OntheGeneraltab,selecteitherDiagnosticStartuporSelectiveStartup.IfyouchooseSelectiveStartup,specifytheitemsthatyouwantyourcomputertouse.Yourchoicesare:
LoadSystemServices SetsthecomputertoloadWindowsservicesonstartup.Ifyouselectthisoption,usethesettingsontheServicestabtospecifywhichservicesarestarted.LoadStartupItems Setsthecomputertorunapplicationsdesignatedforstartupatboottime.Ifyouselectthisoption,youcanenableanddisablestartupapplicationsbyusingtheoptionsontheStartuptab.UseOriginalBootConfiguration Setsthecomputertoprocesstheoriginalbootconfigurationonstartupinsteadofoneyou’vecreatedbymodifyingthebootsettingswiththeSystemConfigurationutility.
3.Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickOK,andthenrebootyourcomputer.Ifyouhaveproblemsrebootingyourcomputer,restartthesysteminSafeModeandrepeatthisprocedure.SafeModeappearsautomaticallyasanoptionafterafailedboot.
ChangingtheWayYourComputerBoots
Windows10usestheWindowsBootManagerandabootapplicationtostarttheoperatingsystem.Fortroubleshooting,youcanusetheoptionsontheSystemConfigurationutility’sBoottabtocontrolthebootpartition,bootmethod,andbootoptionsusedbytheoperatingsystem.
Whenyourcomputerhasmultipleoperatingsystems,youcanspecifythatanoperatingsystemotherthanthecurrentoneshouldbeusedsimplybyclickingtherelatedoperatingsystementry.Whenworkingwithoperatingsystementries,youcanselectthefollowingoptions:
SetAsDefault Setsthecurrentlyselectedbootpartitionasthedefaultpartition.Thedefaultpartitionisselectedautomaticallyifyoudon’tchooseanotheroptionbeforethetimeoutinterval.Timeout Setstheamountoftimethecomputerwaitsbeforeusingthedefaultbootpartition.
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Delete Deletesanoperatingsystementry.Astheentrycannotbeeasilyre-created,onlydeleteanentryifabsolutelynecessary.
TheBoottabhasotheroptionsaswell,including:
AdvancedOptions Allowsyoutosetbootoptionsfornumberofprocessors,maximummemory,PCIlocking,anddebugging.SafeBoot SetsthecomputertostartinSafeMode,withadditionalflagsforminimal,network,andalternateshellminimalboots.AfteryousuccessfullybootyourcomputerinSafeMode,youcanmodifysettingstoresolveanyconfigurationproblems.NoGUIBoot SetsthecomputertoboottotheWindowsprompt,whichdoesn’tloadthegraphicalcomponentsoftheoperatingsystem.BootingtothepromptisusefulwhenyouarehavingproblemswiththevideoandgraphicalcomponentsofWindows10.BootLog Turnsonbootloggingsothatkeystartupeventsarewrittentoaneventlog.BaseVideo Forcesthecomputertousevideographicsadapter(VGA)displaysettings.Usethismodewhenyouaretryingtoresolvedisplaysettings,suchaswhenthedisplaymodeissettoasizethatthemonitorcannotdisplay.OSBootInformation StartsthecomputerusingverboseoutputsothatyoucanviewthedetailsofstartupactivitiespriortotheloadingofWindowsgraphicalcomponents.
AllchangesyoumakearestoredasmodifiedbootconfigurationdatabytheSystemConfigurationutility.AfteryoumakechangesandclickOK,youcanrestartthecomputertoapplythechangestemporarily.Togobacktoanormalstartupafteryou’vemadeandappliedchanges,youmuststarttheutility,selectNormalStartupontheGeneraltab,andthenclickOK.Youmustthenrestartthecomputersothatthenormalsettingsareused.
Tomakethestandardoradvancedbootoptionsyou’veselectedpermanent,youmustselecttheMakeAllBootSettingsPermanentcheckboxontheBoottabbeforeclickingOK.Inmostcases,youwon’twanttroubleshootingordebuggingoptionstobepermanent,sobesuretocleartheseoptionsfirst.
DisablingStartupApplicationsandServicesforTroubleshooting
Slowstartupanderrorsexperiencedduringstartupcansometimesberelatedtoapplicationsandservicesrunatstartup.YoumanagestartupappsusingTaskManagerandservicestartupusingSystemConfiguration.
Whenyoubelievethatanapplicationloadedatstartupiscausingproblemswithyourcomputer,youcandisabletheprogramfromstartingandrebootyourcomputer.Iftheproblemisnolongerpresent,youmighthaveidentifiedtheproblemandcanremedyitbypermanentlydisablingtheautomaticstartupoftheprogram.Iftheproblemstilloccurs,youcantrydisablingotherstartupapplicationstoseeifthisresolvestheproblem.
Youcandisablestartupapplicationsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OpenTaskManagerbyright-clickingtheStartbuttonandselectTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.Alternatively,presstheWindowslogokey+X
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andthenclickTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.2.OntheStartuptab,showninFigure4-4,allapplicationsthatrunautomaticallyatstartuparelistedbyname,commandpath,andregistrylocation.3.ClickanyapplicationthatyoudonotwanttoloadatstartuptoselectitandthenclickDisable.Makesureyouonlydisableprogramsthatyou’veidentifiedaspotentialproblems,anddosoonlyifyouknowhowtheyareusedbytheoperatingsystem.4.Youshouldrestartyourcomputertocheckthechanges.Repeatthisprocedureasnecessarytoidentifytheprogramcausingthesystemproblems.Ifyoucan’tidentifyanapplicationasthecauseoftheproblem,aWindowscomponent,service,ordevicedrivermightbecausingtheproblemyouareexperiencing.SomeprogramsandhousekeepingtasksaretriggeredbyScheduledJobs,andtheperiodictriggeringofthesescheduledjobsmightbethecauseoftheproblem.
Figure4-4Viewingstartupapplications
Ifdisablingastartupapplicationresolvestheproblem,youmaywanttocheckwiththeapplicationvendortoseeifanupdatedexecutableisavailable.Ifso,installtheupdate.
Youcantroubleshootproblemswithsystemservicesinasimilarway:
1.OpentheSystemConfigurationutility.TheServicestabdisplaysalistofallservicesinstalledonthecomputer,theoriginofeachservice,andthestateofeachservice,suchasRunningorStopped.2.Clearthecheckboxnexttoanyservicethatyoudonotwanttorunatstartup.Makesureyouonlydisablethoseservicesthatyou’veidentifiedaspotentialproblems,anddosoonlyifyouknowhowtheyareusedbytheoperatingsystem.3.ClickOK.Youshouldrestartthecomputertocheckthechanges,soifyouarepromptedtorestartthesystem,clickYes.Otherwise,restartthecomputermanually.Repeatthisprocedureasnecessarytoidentifytheservicecausingtheproblem.Ifyoucan’tidentifyaserviceasthecauseoftheproblem,aWindows
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component,startupapplication,ordevicedrivermightbecausingtheproblemyouareexperiencing.SomeprogramsandhousekeepingtasksaretriggeredbyScheduledJobs,andtheperiodictriggeringofthesescheduledjobsmightbethecauseoftheproblem.
Ifdisablingaserviceresolvestheproblem,youcanthenpermanentlydisabletheserviceusingtheServicesutilityorcheckwiththeservicevendortoseeifanupdatedexecutableisavailablefortheservice.
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CustomizingBootConfigurationwiththeBCDEditorTheBCDstorecontainsinformationrequiredbyyourcomputertolocateandloadtheoperatingsystem.ThereisasingleentryfortheWindowsBootManagerandoneWindowsBootLoaderentryforeachinstanceofWindowsinstalledonthecomputer.
WindowsBootManagerisitselfabootloaderapplication.Thereareotherbootloaderapplicationsaswell,including:
Bootsector TheWindowsBootSectorApplicationFwbootmgr TheFirmwareBootManagerNtldr ThebootloaderforlegacyoperatingsystemsOsloader ThebootloaderforWindowsoperatingsystemsResume TheWindowsResumeLoader
YouaccessandmanagetheBCDstorebyusingtheBCDEditor(Bcdedit.exe).TheBCDEditorisacommand-lineutilitythatrequiresadministratorprivilegestoperformmanagementtasks.YoucanusetheBCDEditortoviewtheentriesintheBCDstorebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.PresstheWindowslogokey+XandthenclickCommandPrompt(Admin)ontheshortcutmenu.2.ToviewtheentriesintheBCDstore,enterbcdeditatthecommandprompt.3.Toviewtheavailablecommands,enterbcdedit/?atthecommandprompt.
RealWorld TheBCDEditorisanadvancedcommand-linetoolforITprofessionals.IfyoumakeamistakewiththeBCDEditor,yourcomputercouldendupinanonbootablestate,andyouwouldneedtoinitiaterecovery.Becauseofthis,onlymakechangeswhenyouareabsolutelycertaintheywillwork.
WheneveryouworkwiththeBCDEditor,youworkwiththesystemBCDstore,whichcontainstheoperatingsystembootentriesandrelatedbootsettings.ReferencesintheBCDstorecanbespecifiedbygloballyuniqueidentifiers(GUIDs),suchas{8c4305c4-243b-11e5-a00b-c54f98ee3b3b},aswellasbywell-knownidentifiers,suchas{bootloadersettings}.
Alistofwell-knownidentifiersandtheirusagefollows.Bothwell-knownidentifiersandGUIDsareenclosedincurlybraces.GUIDshavedashesaswell.
{badmemory}ContainstheglobalRAMdefectlistthatcanbeinheritedbyanybootapplicationentry.
{bootloadersettings}ContainsthecollectionofglobalsettingsthatshouldbeinheritedbyallWindowsBootLoaderapplicationentries.
{bootmgr}IndicatestheWindowsBootManagerentry.
{current}Representsavirtualidentifierthatcorrespondstotheoperatingsystemboot
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entryfortheoperatingsystemthatiscurrentlyrunning.
{dbgsettings}Containstheglobaldebuggersettingsthatcanbeinheritedbyanybootapplicationentry.
{default}Representsavirtualidentifierthatcorrespondstothebootmanagerdefaultapplicationentry.
{emssettings}ContainstheglobalEmergencyManagementServicessettingsthatcanbeinheritedbyanybootapplicationentry.
{fwbootmgr}Indicatesthefirmwarebootmanagerentry.ThisentryisusedonEFIsystems.
{globalsettings}Containsthecollectionofglobalsettingsthatshouldbeinheritedbyallbootapplicationentries.
{hypervisorsettings}Containsthehypervisorsettingsthatcanbeinheritedbyanyoperatingsystemloaderentry.
{legacy}IndicatestheWindowsLegacyOSLoader(Ntldr)thatcanbeusedtostartWindowsoperatingsystemsearlierthanWindowsVista.
{memdiag}Indicatesthememorydiagnosticapplicationentry.
{ntldr}IndicatestheWindowsLegacyOSLoader(Ntldr)thatcanbeusedtostartoperatingsystemsearlierthanWindowsVista.
{ramdiskoptions}ContainstheadditionaloptionsrequiredbythebootmanagerforRAMdiskdevices.
{resumeloadersettings}ContainsthecollectionofglobalsettingsthatshouldbeinheritedbyallWindowsresume-from-hibernationapplicationentries.
TheBCDEditorprovidesseparatecommandsforcreating,copying,anddeletingentriesintheBCDstore.Youcanusethe/createcommandtocreateidentifier,application,andinheritentriesintheBCDstore.Thesyntaxis:bcdedit/createIdentifier/d“Description”
whereIdentifierisawell-knownidentifierfortheentryyouwanttocreate,suchas:bcdedit/create{ntldr}/d“Pre-WindowsVistaOSLoader”
Youcancreateentriesforspecificbootloaderapplicationsaswell,including:
Bootsector Setsthebootsectorforareal-modeapplicationOSLoader LoadsWindowsVistaorlaterResume ResumestheoperatingsystemfromhibernationStartup Identifiesareal-modeapplication
Thesyntaxforcreatingentriesforbootloadapplicationsis:bcdedit/create/applicationAppType/d“Description”
whereAppTypeisoneofthepreviouslylistedapplicationtypes,suchas:bcdedit/create/applicationosloader/d“Windows10EntEd”
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Youdeleteentriesinthesystemstorebyusingthe/deletecommandandthefollowingsyntax:bcdedit/deleteIdentifier
Ifyouaretryingtodeleteawell-knownidentifier,youmustusethe/fcommandtoforcedeletion,suchas:bcdedit/delete{ntldr}/f
The/cleanupoptionisimpliedbydefaultwheneveryoudeleteBCDentries.Thisoptioncleansupanyotherreferencestotheentrybeingdeletedtoensurethatthedatastoredoesn’thaveinvalidreferencestotheremovedidentifier.Entriesareremovedfromthedisplayorderaswell,andthiscouldresultinadifferentdefaultoperatingsystembeingset.Todeletetheentryandcleanupallotherreferencesexceptthedisplayorderentry,youcanusethe/nocleanupcommand.
OtherBCDeditorcommandsyoucanuseinclude:
/set Usedtosetadditionaloptionsandvaluesforentries/deletevalue Usedtodeleteadditionaloptionsandvaluesforentries/displayorder UsedtochangethedisplayorderofbootmanagersassociatedwithaparticularWindowsVistaorlaterinstallation/default Usedtochangethedefaultoperatingsystementry/timeout Usedtochangethetimeoutvalueassociatedwiththedefaultoperatingsystem/bootsequence Usedtoboottoaparticularoperatingsystemonetimeandthenreverttothedefaultbootorderafterward
Tolearnmoreaboutsubcommandsandhowtheyareused,typebcedit,typethesubcommandname,type/?andthenpressEnter.Forexample,tolearnhowtousethe/setsubcommand,enterbcdedit/set/?.
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WorkingwithAutomaticRecoveryModeYourcomputercanstartinsafeorautomaticrecoverymodeforavarietyofreasons.Generally,safemodeisusedwhenyouselectthisoptionaspartoftroubleshootingandautomaticrecoverymodeisusedwhenWindowshasdetectedaproblemduringapreviousfailedstart.Forexample,afterasuddenpowerloss,yourcomputermaybootintoautomaticrecoverymode.
Automaticrecoveryhasseveralstages.Duringtheinitialstage,yourdevicedisplaya“PreparingAutomaticRecovery”messagewhileenteringtheprebootenvironment.Duringthenextstage,yourdevicewilldisplaya“DiagnosingComputer”messagewhileloadingtherecoverymenusandperformingpreliminarychecks.
Next,yourcomputerwilldisplaytheAutomaticRepairwindow,asshowninFigure4-5.Here,ifyousimplyclickRestart,thecomputerwillexitAutomaticRecoverymodeandattemptanormalstartoftheoperatingsystem.
Figure4-5Restartorcontinuetomoreoptions.
RealWorld ThewindowyouseeactuallydependsonhowfarWindowsgetsintothestartupprocess.IfthedevicebootsbutWindowsfailstoload,you’llseeaRecoverywindowthatstatesthis.TheRecoverywindowoptionsaresimilartothoseshownandperformthesameactions.YoucanrestartorcontinuetotheChooseAnOptionwindow.
Generally,ifyoufindyourselfstaringunexpectedlyattheAutomaticRepairwindow,youshouldalwaystryarestarttoseeifthecomputerwillstartnormally.Iftherestartfails,however,you’llthenneedtocontinuethroughtherepairprocessbyclickingAdvancedOptions.
AsFigure4-6shows,theoptionsatthispointaren’treallyadvanced.Instead,Windowsisactuallygivingyoutwomorechancestoexittherepairandrecoveryprocess.IfyouclickContinue,thecomputerwillexitAutomaticRecoverymodeandattempttocontinueloadingtheoperatingsystem.IfyouclickTurnOffYourPC,thecomputerwillexitAutomaticRecoverymodeandshutdown,allowingyoutotrytorestartthecomputernormallylater.
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Figure4-6Exittherepairorcontinue.
TheonlyoptionthatletsyoucontinueintotherepairandrecoveryprocessisTroubleshoot.WhenyouclickTroubleshoot,youaccesstheTroubleshootwindow,showninFigure4-7.Atthispoint,you’vegonepastyourcomputer’ssandboxedsafetyzoneandentereddangerousterritory.
Figure4-7Completelyresetorcontinue.
ChooseResetThisPC,andyourcomputerwillstarttheresetprocesswhichre-installsWindowsandcompletelyresetsyourdevice.Allyouneedtodoisfollowtheprompts.Duringtheresetprocess,you’llbegiventheopportunitytospecifywhethertosavefilesinyourpersonalfoldersorremovethem.Allotherdatawillbelostifit’sstoredonthesamevolumeastheoperatingsystem.Forexample,ifWindowsisinstalledontheCdrive,completingthisprocesswilldestroyallotherdataontheCdrive.
ChooseAdvancedOptionstogettotheactualAdvancedOptionswindow,showninFigure4-8.
Figure4-8Completelyresetyourcomputerorcontinue.
Howyouusetheseoptionsdependsontheproblemyouareexperiencing.My
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recommendationisthefollowing:
1.Onyourfirstrepairattempt,selectStartupRepairtoforceWindowstoenterrepairmode.Inthismode,Windowswilltrytodetectissuesthatarecausingstartupproblems,suchasamissingbootfile.Windowswillthenattempttoanautomaticrepair.Iftherepairissuccessful,yourcomputerwillbootnormally.2.Ifautomaticrepairfails,youcannexttrytorepairtheissueyourselfbyusingtheStartupSettingsoptionasdiscussedin“PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBoot”orbyusingtheSystemRestoreoption.
Formostpeople,theSystemRestoreoptionmaybethebestchoice.Whileyouareworking,yourcomputerperiodicallycreatesrestorepointsthatsavethesystemconfiguration.Theserestorepointstypicallyarecreatedwhenyouinstallprogramsordriversbutalsowhenyoumakechangestotheoperatingsystemthatcanaffectthewaythecomputerworks.Totrytouseoneoftheserestorepointstorestoreyourcomputertoapreviousstate,selectSystemRestoreandfollowtheprompts.
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PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBootWindows10needsaccesstospecificsystemfilestostartproperly.Iftherequiredfilesaremissingorcorrupt,yourcomputerwon’tstartandyou’llneedtouseStartupRepairtotrytoresolveyourcomputer’sproblem.Mostofthetime,repairingadamagedormissingfilewillfixsuchanissue;sometimes,youmightneedtocontinuetroubleshootingtodiagnoseandresolveadeeperissue.
Usually,acomputerfailstostartbecausesomethinghaschangedandyourcomputerdoesn’tlikethechange.Forexample,youmighthaveinstalledanupdateforadevicedriverthatcausedasystem-wideconflictorfailedpartwaythrough.Oraprogramyouinstalledmighthavemodifiedthesystem’sconfigurationinsuchawaythatpreventsnormalstartup.Whateverthecauseoftheproblem,ifaStartupRepairdoesn’tfixthings,youcantrytoresolvetheproblemusingsafemode.
Insafemode,Windows10loadsonlybasicfiles,services,anddrivers,includingthoseforthemouse,monitor,keyboard,massstorage,andbasevideo.Themonitordriversetsthebasicsettingsandmodesforthecomputer’smonitor,andthebasevideodriversetsthebasicoptionsforthecomputer’sgraphicscard.
Becausesafemodeloadsalimitedsetofconfigurationinformation,itcanhelpyoutroubleshootproblems.Whenyouhavefinishedusingsafemode,besuretorestartthecomputerusinganormalstartup.Youwillthenbeabletousethecomputerasyounormallywould.
SeveralSafeModeoptionsareavailable.Theoptionyouusedependsonthetypeofproblemyou’reexperiencing.Themainoptionsare:
SafeMode Startsthecomputerwithonlybasicfiles,services,anddriversduringtheinitializationsequence.Thedriversloadedincludethoseforthemouse,monitor,keyboard,massstorage,andbasevideo.Nonetworkingservicesordriversarestarted.SafeModeWithNetworking Startsthecomputerwithbasicfiles,services,anddrivers,aswellasservicesanddriversneededtostartnetworking.SafeModeWithCommandPrompt Startsthecomputerwithbasicfiles,services,anddrivers,andthenstartsacommandpromptinsteadoftheWindows10graphicalinterface.Nonetworkingservicesordriversarestarted.StarttheExplorershellfromthecommand-lineinterfacebypressingCtrl+Shift+EsctoopenTaskManager,clickingFile,clickingNewTask(Run)toopentheCreateNewTaskdialogbox,typingexplorer.exe,andthenclickingOK.EnableBootLogging Turnsonbootloggingtocreatearecordofallstartupeventsinthelogfiles.EnableLowResolutionVideo Turnsonlow-resolutiondisplaymode,whichisusefulifthesystemdisplayissettoamodethatcan’tbeusedwiththecurrentmonitor.DisableAutomaticRestartOnSystemFailure PreventsWindowsfromrestartingafteracrash.Ifyoudon’tsetthisoption,Windowswillrestartautomaticallyafteracrash.DisableDriverSignatureEnforcement StartsthecomputerinSafeMode
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withoutenforcingdigitalsignaturepolicysettingsfordevicedrivers.Thiscantemporarilyresolveastartupproblemrelatedtoadevicedriverwithaninvalidormissingdigitalsignature.Afteryourcomputerisstarted,youcanresolvetheproblempermanentlybygettinganewdriverorchangingthedriversignatureenforcementsettings.DisableEarlyLaunchAnti-MalwareProtection StartsthecomputerinSafeModewithoutstartinganti-malwaresoftwarethatrunsaspartofthestartupbootstrap.Thiscantemporarilyresolveastartupproblemrelatedtoinvalidupdatesorchangestoyouranti-malwaresoftware.Afteryourcomputerisstarted,youcanresolvetheproblempermanentlybyupdating,reinstallingorremovingyouranti-malwaresoftware.
YoucanusetheSystemConfigurationutilitytostartacomputerinSafeModeasdiscussedpreviouslyinthischapterunder“ChangingtheWayYourComputerBoots.”Ifyourcomputerentersautomaticrecovery,youcanstartinSafeModebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Afteryourdeviceloadstherecoveryenvironment,clickAdvancedOptions.2.AttheChooseAnOptionprompt,clickTroubleshoot.Next,attheTroubleshootprompt,clickAdvancedOptions.3.TheAdvancedOptionswindowprovidesseveraltroubleshootingoptions,includingtheoptiontostartasystemrestoreoropenacommandpromptwindow.Tocontinue,clickStartupSettings.4.AsFigure4-9shows,theStartupSettingswindowgivesyouonelastchancetogobackwhilealsotellingyouwhat’sgoingtohappenwhenyouclickRestart.(Yes,allthesewindowsaredesignedtopreventyoufromaccidentallymakingchangesyou’llregret.)
Figure4-9LastchancetogobackbeforeyourestartinSafeMode.
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Figure4-10ChoosethestartupoptionforSafeMode.
5.ClickRestart.Next,you’llhavethestartupoptionsshowninFigure4-10.Useeitherthenumberkeysorthefunctionkeystoselectthemodeyouwanttouse.
IfaproblemreappearswhenyoustartinSafeMode,youcaneliminatethedefaultsettingsandbasicdevicedriversaspossiblecauses.Beginyourtroubleshootingbylookingatnewlyaddeddevicesorupdateddrivers.UseSafeModetoremovethedevices,reversetheupdates,orinstalldifferentversionsofdriversoftware.Restartyourcomputertotestyourchanges.
Ifyouarestillhavingaproblemstartingthesystemnormallyandsuspectthatproblemswithhardware,software,orsettingsaretoblame,gobacktoSafeModeandtryusingSystemRestoretoundopreviouschanges.
RealWorld SeveralofthedevicesIworkedwithinSafeModedidn’tfunctionproperlyandIcouldn’tgettotheStartmenuorSearchbox.Luckily,IhadpinnedCommandPrompttothetaskbarandwasabletouseanadministratorprompttogetmyworkdone,includingstartingMsconfig.exesoIcouldspecifytheNormalStartupoptionforwhenIrestarted.Ononedevice,however,eventaskbarfunctionalitywasgone.Togettoutilities,IpressedCtrl+Shift+EsctoopenTaskManagerandthenusedtheRunoptionontheFilemenutoruncommands.
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ResolvingRestartorShutdownIssuesNormally,youshutdownorrestartWindows10byclickingthePowerbuttonontheStartmenu,andthenclickingRestartorShutDownasappropriate.Sometimes,however,Windows10won’tresume,shutdown,orrestartnormally,andyoumusttrytoresolvetheproblem.
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RecoveringfromaFailedResumeWindows10createsasnapshotofthecurrentstateofthecomputerwheneveryourcomputerenterssleepmodeorhibernates.WindowsResumeLoaderhandlessleepandhibernateoperations.Withsleepmode,thissnapshotiscreatedinmemoryandthenreadfrommemorybytheresumeloaderwhenyouwakethecomputer.Withhibernatemode,thissnapshotiswrittentodiskandthenreadfromdiskbytheresumeloaderwhenyouwakethecomputer.ThesesnapshotsarewhatenabletheInstantOnandFastResumefeatures.
Yourcomputermayhaveaproblemresumingforanyofavarietyofreasonsthatmayincludeerrorsinthesnapshot,physicalerrorsinmemory,andphysicaldiskerrors.Whatevertheproblem,WindowsResumeLoaderpromptsyouwithawarningmessagesimilartothefollowing:WindowsResumeLoaderThelastattempttorestartthesystemfromitspreviouslocationfailed.Attempttorestartagain?
ContinuewithsystemrestartDeleterestorationdataandproceedtosystemboot.
Enter=choose
Theresumepromptgivesyoutwooptions.Youcantrytocontinuewithsystemrestart,oryoucandeleterestorationdataandproceedtosystemboot.IfyouselectContinueWithSystemRestart,WindowsResumeLoaderattemptstoreloadthesystemstateagain.IfyouselectDeleteRestorationDataAndProceedToSystemBoot,WindowsResumeLoaderdeletesthesavedstateofthecomputerandrestartsthecomputer.Althoughafullrestartwilltypicallyresolveanyproblem,you’llloseanyworkthatwasn’tsavedbeforethecomputerenteredsleeporhibernatemode.
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ForcingYourComputertoShutDownWhenthereareunsavedfiles,lockedprocesses,orboth,yourcomputerwillnotlogoffandshutdownimmediately.Instead,you’llseearelatedpromptlistingthefilesandprocessesthatarecausingtheproblem.Withunsavedfiles,you’llusuallywanttosavetheopenfilesandthenexittherelatedprogramsothatyoucanresumeloggingoffandshuttingdown.Withlockedprocesses,youcanwaitforWindowstoresolvetheproblem,eitherbygettingaresponsefromtheprogramthatallowsWindowstoclosetheprogramorbywaitinguntilthetimeoutperiodhaselapsedandlettingWindowsstoptheprogram,whichallowsyoutocontinuethroughthelogoffandshutdownprocessesautomatically.
That’sthewayWindowsshouldwork,butsometimesthingsgowrong.Youcanperformahardshutdownbypressingandholdingthedevice’spowerbuttonorbyunpluggingthedevice.Ifyourdevicehasaremovablebattery,suchaswhenyouareworkingwithalaptop,youcanremovethebatterytoforcethedevicetocompletelypowerdown.
Ifyouforcethecomputertoshutdown,thecomputermayenterAutomaticRecoverymodewhennextstarted.See“WorkingwithAutomaticRecoveryMode”forpointersonhowtoexitthismodeandcontinuewithnormalstartup.Afteryoustartyourcomputer,youmaywanttorunCheckDisk,asdiscussedinChapter9,tocheckforerrorsandproblemsthatmighthavebeencausedbythehardshutdown.
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RepairingaComputertoEnableStartupWindows10includestheStartupRepairtooltoautomaticallydetectcorruptedsystemfilesduringstartupandguideyouthroughautomatedormanualrecovery.TheStartupRepairtoolattemptstodeterminethecauseofthestartupfailurebyusingstartuplogsanderrorreports,andthenattemptstofixtheproblemautomatically.IftheStartupRepairtoolisunabletoresolvetheproblem,itrestoresyourcomputertothelastknownworkingstateandprovidesdiagnosticsinformationandsupportoptionsforfurthertroubleshooting.
EveryWindows10computerhasaWindowRecoveryEnvironment(WindowsRE)partitionbydefault.Thispartitioniscreatedautomaticallywhentheoperatingsystemisinstalled.Asaresult,ifyourcomputerfailstoshutdownproperly,theAutomaticRecoveryscreenisshownthenexttimeyoustartthecomputer.YoucanusetheAutomaticRecoveryprocesstoruntheStartupRepairtoolbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Afteryourdeviceloadstherecoveryenvironment,clickAdvancedOptions.2.AttheChooseAnOptionprompt,clickTroubleshoot.Next,attheTroubleshootprompt,clickAdvancedOptions.3.AttheAdvancedOptions,clicktheStartupRepairoption.
TheStartupRepairtoolchecksforproblemspreventingyourcomputerfromstarting.Ifproblemsarefound,thetooltriestorepairthemtoenablestartup.Theautomatedtroubleshootingandrepairprocesscantakeseveralminutes.Duringthefirstphaseoftherepair,youcanclickCanceltoexit.
IfStartupRepairissuccessful,yourcomputerwillstart.IfStartupRepairisunabletofindandcorrectproblems,you’llseeanoteaboutthisandwillbeabletosendmoreinformationabouttheproblemtoMicrosofttohelpfindsolutionsinthefuture.Afterselectingtheoptiontosendornotsendinformation,youreturntotheStartupRepairdialogbox.
Toaccessadvancedrepairoptions,clicktherelatedlinkandfollowthepromptstocontinuetroubleshooting.Otherwise,clickFinish.Youmaywanttodisconnectanyexternaldevicesthatyou’verecentlyconnectedtoyourcomputerandthentrytostartyourcomputeragain.Otherwise,askyournetworkadministratororyourcomputermanufacturerforhelp.
Corruptedsystemfilesaren’ttheonlytypesofproblemsthatcanpreventproperstartupoftheoperatingsystem.Manyothertypesofproblemscanoccur,butmostoftheseproblemsoccurbecausesomethingonthesystemhaschanged.OftenyoucanresolvestartupissuesusingSafeModetorecoverortroubleshootsystemproblems.WhenyouarefinishedusingSafeMode,besuretorestartthecomputerusinganormalstartup.Youwillthenbeabletousethecomputerasyounormallywould.See“PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBoot,”earlierinthischapter,formoreinformation.
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Chapter5.Organizing,Searching,andIndexing
Oneofyourcomputer’smostimportantfunctionsistomakeitpossibleforyoutocreateandstoreeverything—fromdocumentsandpicturestosongs,videos,andprogramdatafiles.Windows10givesyoumanyoptionsforhelpingyouorganize,searchfor,andindexthesefiles.Togetthemostoutoftheavailablefeatures,youneedtomasterFileExplorerandWindowsSearch.
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ExploringYourComputerinNewWaysTherearefewcomponentsoftheWindowsoperatingsystemthatyou’llspendmoretimeusingthanFileExplorer.Everytimeyoubrowsefilesandfoldersonyourcomputer,youuseFileExplorer—whetheryouspecificallyopenanExplorerwindoworyouusetheOpencommandinanapplication,suchasMicrosoftWord.ControlPanel,theComputerwindow,theNetworkwindow,andeventheRecycleBinaredifferentviewsforFileExplorer.
AsFigure5-1shows,FileExplorerhasanAddressbarforquicklynavigatingdisksandfolders,aSearchboxforfastsearches,andthefollowingviewpanes:
Navigation Helpsyouquicklyaccessfavorites,homegroups,yourcomputer,andyournetwork.DraganyfoldertoFavoritestoquicklycreateashortcuttoit;right-clickandselectRemovetodeleteafavorite.Contents Providesthemainworkingpaneandshowsthecontentsofyourselecteddriveorfolder.UsetheViewbuttonandViewoptionstocontrolwhetheritemdetails,lists,oriconsareshown.Details Showsinformationaboutaselecteditem.Thedetailsprovideddependontheitemselectedandaredifferentfordrives,folders,documents,songs,videos,andshortcuts.HideorshowtheDetailspanebyclickingOrganize,clickingLayout,andthenclickingPreviewPane.Preview Showsapreviewofyourselecteddocument,picture,song,video,orotherfiletype,aslongasapreviewcontrolisavailableandconfiguredforthatfiletype.UsetheShow/HidePreviewbuttontodisplayorhidethePreviewpane.
Figure5-1Exploringthedrives,folders,andfilesonyourcomputer.
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SoLongLibraries,HelloQuickAccessMicrosoftcontinuestode-emphasizetheideaof“library”folders.Librariesarepredefinedandprovideacombinedviewoffoldersrelatedtospecifictypesofmedia,suchasDocuments,MusicandPictures.Generally,inWindows10,theonlytimeyouworkwithlibrariesiswhenyouclickthePathSelectionListbuttoninFileExplorerandselectLibraries.Then,asshowninFigure5-2,FileExplorerspecificallystatesthateachitemlistedisalibrary.
Figure5-2Librariesprovidecombinedviewsoffolderscontainingsimilartypesofdata.
Whenyouareworkingwithalibrary,suchastheDocumentslibrary,youcanright-clickitandselectPropertiestogetadditionalinformationaboutwherethatlibrary’sdatacomesfrom(seeFigure5-3).Youcanthenusetheoptionsprovidedtoaddorremovefoldersfromthelibrary,andsetdefaultsavelocations.
Figure5-3UsethePropertiesdialogboxtomanagethelibrary.
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Becauselibrarydatacancomefrommultiplefolders,someusershavealwaysfoundlibrariesabitconfusing.ThisiswhyMicrosoftisde-emphasizingthefeatureinfavoroftheThisPCandQuickAccess,bothofwhichareavailableinFileExplorer.
WhenyouselectThisPCasalocationorThisPConthenavigationpane(seeFigure5-4),youhavefastaccesstoyourpersonalfolders,includingDocuments,Music,PicturesandVideos.
Figure5-4UseThisPCtoaccessdrivesandpersonalfolders.
WhenQuickAccessisexpandedonthenavigationpane(seeFigure5-5),youhavefastaccesstoanyfolderorfilepinnedtothispanel.Bydefault,Desktop,Downloads,DocumentsandPicturesarepinnedtoQuickAccess.
Figure5-5UseQuickAccesstoaccessfrequentlyusedfoldersandfiles.
WhileworkingwithFileExploreroranyofitsviews,youcanaddafolderorfiletoQuickAccessbyright-clickingitandselectingPinToQuickAccess.Toremoveapinnedfolderorfile,right-clickitontheQuickAccesspanelandthenselectUnpinFromQuickAccess.
WhenyouareworkingwithQuickAccess,youmayfindthatsomefoldersandfilesdon’thavepins.FoldersareaddedbyWindowswhenyouusethemfrequentlyandfilesareaddedwhenyou’verecentlyopenedthem.Becausetheseitemsaren’tactuallypinned,theywillberemovedautomaticallywhenyouusethemlessfrequently.
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Toensureafolderorfilestaysavailable,youcanright-clickitontheQuickAccesspanelandthenselectPinToQuickAccess.Toremoveanautomaticallyaddedfolderorfile,right-clickitontheQuickAccesspanelandthenselectRemoveFromQuickAccess.
Forprivacyreasons,youmaywanttocontrolwhetherfoldersandfilesareaddedtoQuickAccess.Todothis,followthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthetopoftheQuickAccesspanelandselectOptions.2.IntheFolderOptionsdialogbox,showninFigure5-6,you’llfindoptionsforcontrollingwhetherfoldersandfilesareaddedtoQuickAccess.UsethefollowingtechniquestomanageQuickAccessandthenclickOK:
CleartheShowFrequentlyUsedFolderscheckboxifyounolongerwantfrequentlyusedfolderstobeadded.CleartheShowRecentlyUsedFilescheckboxifyounolongerwantrecentlyusedfilestobeadded.ClicktheClearbuttontoclearthehistoryregardingfrequentlyusedfoldersandfiles.
Figure5-6ManageQuickAccessusingFolderOptions.
Tip Bydefault,FileExploreropenswithQuickAccessselectedinthemainpane.Ifyou’dratherhaveFileExploreropenwithThisPCselected,selectThisPContheOpenFileExplorerTolist.
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AddressBarTipsandTechniquesEveryviewofFileExplorer,whetherControlPanel,theComputerwindow,theNetworkwindow,orthebasicExplorerview,hasanAddressbarthatdisplaysyourcurrentlocationasaseriesoflinksseparatedbyclickableoptionsbuttons.
TheaddresspathincludesaLocationIndicatoricon,aPathSelectionlistbutton,LocationPathentries,andaPreviousLocationsbutton.LocationPathentriesallowyoutodeterminethecurrentlocation.IntheexampleshowninFigure5-1,thelocationis:
ThisPCPictures
ThisPCprovidesaccesstoyourpersonaldocuments.Althoughtherelatedfoldersarestoredinyourpersonalprofile,youaccessthemthroughtherelatedlibraries:Documents,Downloads,Music,Pictures,Videos,etc.
ConsiderthepathshowninFigure5-7:
ThisPCNewVolume(D:) � FamilyPhotos
Figure5-7ViewingtheFamilyPhotosfolder.
ThistellsyouthattheabsolutepathfollowedtogettothecurrentlocationisD:\FamilyPhotosonyourcomputer.
WhenyouareworkingwithnetworkpathsintheNetworkwindow,youhavequickaccesstonetworklocationsandsharedresources.ClicktheNetworkentryinthepathtodisplayalistofremotecomputersandnetworkresources,asshowninFigure5-8.Double-clickthenameofaremotecomputerornetworkresourcetolistitssharedresources,asshowninFigure5-9.
Figure5-8UsingNetworktoaccessothercomputers.
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Figure5-9Accessingsharedresourcesonothercomputers.
Youwon’talwaysseeafullpath,however.Manytimes,you’llseearelativeorabbreviatedpath,suchaswhenyoufollowashortcutorbrowsetoapaththatcannotbefullylisted.Arelativeorabbreviatedpathisindicatedbytheleft-pointingchevron(<<),asshowninthisexample:
«History � Availability � NewMaterials
ThistellsyouthattherelativeorabbreviatedpathofthecurrentlocationisHistory\Availability\NewMaterials.
Foreaseofreference,IrefertoExplorer’srelativeandabsolutepathsasnavigationpaths.Whenanavigationpathisbeingdisplayed,youcanalwaysdisplaytheactualsystempathbyclickingtheLocationIndictoriconoranemptyareaoftheaddresspath.Forexample,ifIclicktherelativepathlistedpreviously,mycomputershowsthesystempathasE:\History\Availability\NewMaterials.
Bydefault,thesystempathisselected,soyoucancopyitsimplybypressingCtrl+C.Todisplaythenavigationpathagain(insteadofthesystempath),pressEsc.
TotherightoftheLocationIndicatoriconisthePathSelectionlistbutton,whichprovidesaccesstotheavailablebaselocations.SelectingabaselocationallowsyoutoquicklyaccesskeyFileExplorerviewsandperformrelatedtasks.
ThefinalcontrolontheAddressbaristhePreviousLocationsbutton,whichprovidesalistoflocationsyou’veaccessedrecently.Thislocationlistcanincludefolderlocations,networkdrivelocations,andwebaddresses.YoucanjumptoarecentlyaccessedlocationquicklybyclickingthePreviousLocationsbuttonandthenclickingthedesiredlocation.
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KeyboardTipsandTechniquesforFileExplorerPuttingFileExplorertoworkforyourequiresmuchmorethansimplylearningtonavigatetheAddressbarlikeapro.Next,youneedtolearnaboutkeyboardshortcutsthatcanmakeyoureverydaycomputingtaskseasier.I’llgothroughtheshortcutsyou’relikelytofindthemosthelpful.Thesecrettoyoursuccessisinbeingevenmoreselective.Identifythetechniquesthatwillhelpyouthemostandcommitthosetechniquestomemory.
Note Generally,thekeyboardshortcutsinthissectionworkonlywhenthemainpaneistheselectedfocusforFileExplorer.Thismeansyoumustbeworkinginthemainpanefortheshortcuttowork.
Mostpeoplewho’veworkedwithWindowsforawhileknowthatyouright-clickanitemandselectPropertiestodisplaytheitem’sproperties.Therearetwootherwaystodothesamething:
HoldtheAltkeyandthendouble-clicktheitem.SelecttheitemandthenpressAlt+Enter.
InChapter2,IdiscussedcustomizingtheStartmenuandpinningprograms.AlthoughyounormallywantonlyprogramsontheStartmenu,youcanfoldersandfoldershortcutstotheStartmenuaswell.Youdothisbyright-clickingthefolderorfoldershortcut,andthenclickingPinToStartmenu.AhiddenoptiondisplayedwhenyouholdShiftbeforeright-clickingafileisCopyAsPath,whichisusedtocopythefullpathofthefiletotheclipboard.
Withfolders,holdingShiftbeforeright-clickingrevealsthreehiddenoptions:
CopyAsPath Copiesthefullpathofthefoldertotheclipboard.OpenCommandWindowsHere Opensacommandpromptwiththeinitialpathsettothefolderlocation.OpenInNewProcess Opensthefolderinaseparateprocess.Otherwise,bydefault,allExplorerwindowsruninthesameprocess.
FileExplorerhasseveralothershortcutsforworkingsmarterwithfoldersaswell.Whenafolderisselectedinthewindow:
PressAltandtheUpArrowkeytojumptotheparentfolderofthatfolder.PressEntertoviewthefolder’scontents.ThenyoucanusepressAltandtheLeftArrowkeytogoback.PressCtrl+Shift+EtoexpandthefoldertreesothattheselectedfolderisshownintheNavigationpane.
FileExplorerhasForwardandBackbuttonsaswellasaRecentPagesdrop-downlist.Thesebuttonsareeasyenoughtouse,butyoualsocanpressBackspacetogobackthroughtheRecentPageslist.Withinafolder,youcanpressaletterkeyorstringofcharacterstoquicklyjumptothefirstfileorfolderstartingwiththatletterorcharacterstring.Forexample,ifyoupressC,FileExplorerjumpstothefirstfileorfolderthatstartswithC.IfyoutypeChr,FileExplorerjumpstothefirstfileorfolderthatstartswithChr.
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Note FolderAndSearchOptionscanmodifythewayquickselectworks.Insteadofjumpingtothefileorfolderthatstartswiththelettersyoutype,youalsocanconfigureFileExplorertoenterthetextintheSearchboxandbeginasearchofthecurrentfolder.
ThePreviewpaneishandy,butitcantakeupalotofworkspace.YoucanquicklydisplayorhidethePreviewpanebypressingAlt+P.MypreferenceistonotusethePreviewpaneatall.Insteadofturningpreviewsonandoff,IholdCtrlandusethemousescrollbuttontocyclethroughtheviewsettings.Thatway,Icanquicklygofromadetailedlistingtoasmall,medium,orlargeiconlisting.
Ifyou’relikeme,youmayprefertheDetailspaneinsteadofthePreviewpane.TheDetailspaneprovidessummaryinformation,similartowhatyouseewhenyouright-clickafileorfolderandselectProperties.YoucanquicklydisplayorhidethePreviewpanebypressingAlt+Shift+P.
FileExplorerprovidesavarietyofwaystoworkwithfilesandfolders.YoucanpressCtrl+Shift+Ntocreateanewfolder.YoucanpressF2torenameacurrentlyselectedfileorfolder.WhileclickingafileorfolderandpressingDelmovesafiletotheRecycleBin,youcanpressShift+Deltopermanentlyremoveaselectedfileorfolder(bypassingtheRecycleBin).
HoldCtrlandclicktoselectmultiplefilesandfoldersordeselectfilesandfolderspreviouslyselectedonebyone.Ifyouwanttoselectarangeoffilesorfoldersinstead,clickthefirstitemtoselectit,holdShift,andthenclickthefinalitem.Nowallitemsintherange,fromthefirstitemtofinalitem,willbeselected.
Otherwaystoselectmultiplefilesinclude:
Usingselectionrectanglestoselectagroupoffiles.Simplyclickanemptyareanearthefirstfileanddragtodrawaselectionboxaroundallthefilesyouwanttoselect.UsingCtrlandthespacebartoselectindividualitems.WhileholdingCtrl,usetheUpandDownArrowkeystomovethroughalistofitemsandpressthespacebartoselectordeselectanitem.UsingShiftandthespacebartoselectarangeofitems.Here,findthefirstitemusingtheUpandDownArrowkeys.Next,holdShiftandusethearrowkeystoexpandyourselection.
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CustomizingFileExplorerFileExplorersettingscontrolmanyaspectsoftheWindowsoperatingsystem.EverythingfromwhetherhiddenfilesaredisplayedtowhetherasingleclickopensanitemandmanydozensofothercoreoptionsareconfiguredbymodifyingsettingsinFileExplorer.
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Fine-TuningViews&DetailsFileExplorerinWindows10ismuchsmarterthanFileExplorerinearlyreleasesofWindows:
Whenyouselectapicture,FileExploreraddsPictureToolstothetoolbar.
Whenyouselectmusic,FileExploreraddsMusicToolstothetoolbar.
Whenyouselectaprogram,FileExploreraddsApplicationToolstothetoolbar.
Whenyouselectavideo,FileExploreraddsVideoToolstothetoolbar.
Whichtoolsaredisplayeddependsonthetypeoffileselected.FileExplorerhasmanyviewsthatyoucanusetooptimizethewayfilesofvarioustypesarelisted.Viewsinclude:
Extralarge,large,mediumandsmalliconsTiles,list,contentordetails
Whenyouaremanagingfiles,themostusefulviewisDetails.TheDetailsviewlistscolumnsofinformationabouteachfileinaselectedfolder,suchasName,Type,SizeandDateCreated.
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Ifyouright-clickinthecolumnheadingarea,you’llseeanoptionmenuthatallowsyoutoeasilyaddrelatedcolumnsofinformation.
Ifyouright-clickinthecolumnheadingareaandthenselectMoreasanoption,you’llbeabletochoosefromawidevarietyofdetailstoaddtotheviewoftheselectedfolder.
Thedetailsprovidedinitiallydependontheviewtemplateselected.Ifyoufrequentlyworkwithspecificfolderscontainingmedia,youmaywanttocustomizethetemplateusedsothatadditionaldetailsaredisplayedbasedonthefolderandmediatypeyouareworkingwith.
FileExplorerhasviewtemplatesforeachbasicmediatypeaswellasatemplateforGeneralItems.Thetemplateassignedtoafolderdetermineswhichdetailsareshownwhenyouareworkingwithfiles.
ThedefaultviewformostfoldersisGeneralItems,whichusesatemplateforfolderscontainingmixedmedia.TheDocumentstemplateisabasictemplatethatdoesn’thaveanymediaextensions.Incontrast,theMusic,Pictures,andVideostemplateshavemediaextensionsthatallowyoutodisplaytailoredcolumnsofinformationindetailsview.
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WiththePicturestemplate,forexample,youcandisplayinformationaboutthedimensions,bitdepthandmore.Withmusic,youcandisplayinformationaboutthetracknumber,title,contributingartists,albumname,bitrate,lengthandmore.Similarinformationis,ofcourse,availableontheDetailspaneintherelatedPropertiesdialogbox.However,youcan’tseethisinformationformultiplefilesinoneplace.
Ifyouhavewritepermissionsonafolder,youcancustomizethefolder’sdefaultview.Youalsocanapplyafavoriteviewtoallfoldersofthattypeonthesystem.Thefolderviewsettingsthatyouuseareseenbyalluserswhoaccessthesystem,eitherlocallyorremotely.
Youcanconfigurecustomviewsforfoldersbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthefolderyouwanttocustomize,andthenselectProperties.2.ClicktheCustomizetab,showninFigure5-11.
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Figure5-11Optimizingdefaultviewsforfoldersusingtemplates
3.IntheOptimizeThisFolderForlist,choosethetemplateyouwanttouse,suchasPictures.Toapplytheviewtosubfoldersofthisfolder,chooseAlsoApplyThisTemplateToAllSubfolders.4.Customizethefolderpreview,andthenclickOKtosaveyoursettings.
Insteadofsettingfolderviewsonebyone,youcanapplyaview,suchasDetailsorLargeIcons,toallthefoldersofaparticulartypeorrestorethedefaultviewtothesefolders.Toapplyacustomviewtoallthefoldersofaparticulartype,completethefollowingsteps:
1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthefolderyouwanttoworkwithandthenselectProperties.InthePropertiesdialogbox,ensurethefoldertypeissetappropriatelyontheCustomizetabandthenclickOK.2.InFileExplorer,usetheoptionsintheViewlistoronViewmenutoconfigurethefolderviewthatyouwanttouse,suchasLargeIconsorDetails.3.OntheViewtoolbarinFileExplorer,clickOptions,andthenclickChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.4.IntheFolderOptionsdialogbox,selecttheViewtab.5.Dooneofthefollowing,andthenclickOK:
Toapplythecurrentfolderviewtoallfoldersofthistype,clickApplyToFolders.Torestoreallfoldersofthistypetotheirdefaultview,clickResetFolders.
Youalsomaywantallfoldersregardlessoftypetousethesamedefaultview.Youcandothisbyfollowingthesesteps:
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1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthefolderyouwanttoworkwith,andthenselectProperties.2.SelecttheCustomizetab.UnderOptimizeThisFolderFor,chooseGeneralItems.ClickOK.3.InFileExplorer,selectthefolder.UsetheoptionsintheViewlistorontheViewmenutoconfigurethefolderviewthatyouwanttouse,suchasLargeIcons.4.OntheViewtoolbarinFileExplorer,clickOptions,andthenclickChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.5.OntheViewtab,clickApplyToFolderstoapplythecurrentfolderviewtoallfoldersofthistype.Whenpromptedtoconfirm,clickYes.6.Repeatthisprocedurefourtimes,onceeachfortheDocuments,Pictures,Music,andVideostemplates.Instep2,chooseDocuments,Pictures,Music,orVideosasappropriate.
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CustomizingFolderOptionsYoucontrolthewayFileExplorerworksbyusingsettingsintheFolderOptionsdialogbox.AccessthisdialogboxinFileExplorerbyclickingOptionsontheViewtoolbar,andthenclickingChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.GeneraltabandViewtaboptionsareshowninFigure5-12.
Usethelistthatfollowstohelpyouunderstandhoweachoptionworks,andthenchoosetheconfigurationoptionthatisbestforthewayyouwantFileExplorertowork.
OpenEachFolderInTheSameWindow Whenselected,openssubfoldersthatyouaccessinthesamewindow.Otherwise,openssubfoldersthatyouaccessinanewwindow.
Single-ClickToOpenAnItem Whenselected,selectsanitemwhenyoupointtoitandopenstheitemwhenyouclickonce.Otherwise,selectsanitemwhenyouclickit;openstheitemwhenyoudouble-clickit.
Figure5-12OptimizingFileExplorersettingsforthewayyouwork
AlwaysShowIcons,NeverThumbnails Whenselected,doesnotcreatethumbnails.Instead,FileExplorershowsthestandardfileandfoldericons.Otherwise,showslargethumbnailimagesoftheactualcontentforpicturesandothertypesoffiles.Whenfoldershavemanypictures,showingthumbnailscanslowdownthedisplaybecauseFileExplorerhastocreatethethumbnailrepresentationofeachimage.
AlwaysShowMenus Whenselected,alwaysshowsthemenubar,providingquickaccesstothemenus.(YoucanalsotogglethisoptionbyclickingOrganize,pointingtoLayout,andthenselectingMenuBar.)Otherwise,hidesthemenubar;youmustelecttodisplayitbypressingtheAltkey.
DisplayFileIconOnThumbnails Whenselected,addsfileiconstothumbnailsitdisplays.Otherwise,displaysthumbnailswithoutfileicons.
DisplayFileSizeInformationInFolderTips Whenselected,displaysatooltipshowingthecreationdateandtime,thesizeofthefolder,andapartiallistoffileswhenyoumovethemousepointeroverafoldernameorfoldericon.Otherwise,displaysatooltipshowingthecreationdateandtimewhenyoumovethemousepointeroverafoldernameorfoldericon.
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DisplayTheFullPathInTheTitleBar WhenselectedandyoupressAlt+Tabtoaccesstheflipview,displaystheactualfilepathinsteadofthefoldernamewhenyoumovethemousepointeroveraFileExplorerwindow.Otherwise,whenyoupressAlt+Tabtoaccesstheflipview,displaysthefoldernamewhenyoumovethemousepointeroveraFileExplorerwindow.
HiddenFilesAndFolders WhenyouselecttherelatedShowoption,displayshiddenfiles,folders,ordrives.Otherwise,doesnotdisplayhiddenfiles,folders,ordrives.
HideEmptyDrives Whenselected,displaysinformationaboutemptydrivesintheThisPCwindow.Otherwise,doesnotdisplayinformationaboutemptydrivesintheComputerwindow.
HideExtensionsForKnownFileTypes Whenselected,doesnotdisplayfileextensionsforknownfiletypes.Otherwise,displaysfileextensionsforknownfiletypes.
HideFolderMergeConflicts Whenselected,mergeconflictsaren’tdisplayedforfolders.Otherwise,displaysmergeconflicts.
HideProtectedOperatingSystemFiles Whenselected,doesnotdisplayoperatingsystemfiles.Otherwise,displaysoperatingsystemfiles.Hiddenoperatingsystemfilesarealsoreferredtoassuperhiddenfiles.
LaunchFolderWindowsInASeparateProcess Whenselected,runsinaseparateprocesseachtimeitisopened.Otherwise,WindowsrunsallinstancesofFileExplorerinthesameprocess.
ProTip Althoughopeningfolderwindowsinaseparateprocessrequiresmorememoryandgenerallyslowsdowntheprocessofopeningnewwindows,italsomeansthateachinstanceisindependentoftheothers.Thus,ifoneinstancecrashesorhangs,itgenerallywillnotaffectotherinstancesofFileExplorer.Also,ifyouoftenperformlargefiletransfersusingFileExplorer,thesetransferswon’teffectotherFileExplorerwindows.Keepinmindthatalthoughusingthesameprocesssavesmemoryandgenerallyspeedsuptheprocessofopeningnewwindows,italsomeansthatallinstancesofFileExploreraredependentoneachother.Asaresult,ifoneinstancecrashes,theyallcrash,andifoneinstanceisinapendingorwaitstate,allinstancescouldbecomelocked.
RestorePreviousFolderWindowsAtLogon Whenselected,reopensfolderwindowsyouwereusinglasttimeyouloggedon.Otherwise,folderwindowsaren’treopened.
ShowDriveLetters Whenselected,displaysdrivelettersaspartoftheinformationontheLocationsbar.Otherwise,doesnotdisplaydrivelettersaspartoftheinformationontheLocationsbar.
ShowEncryptedOrCompressedNTFSFilesInColor Whenselected,listsencryptedfilesandcompressedfilesusingdifferentcolors.Normally,encryptedfilesaredisplayedwithgreentextandcompressedfilesaredisplayedwithbluetext.Otherwise,doesnotdistinguishamongencrypted,compressed,andnormalfiles.
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ShowPop-UpDescriptionForFolderAndDesktopItems Whenselected,showstooltipswithadditionalinformationaboutafileorfolderwhenyoumovethemouseoverthefileorfolder.Otherwise,doesnotshowtooltipswithadditionalinformationaboutafileorfolderwhenyoumovethemouseoverthefileorfolder.
ShowPreviewHandlersInPreviewPane WhenselectedandthePreviewpaneisvisible,displayspreviewsofselectedfilesandfolders.Otherwise,whenthePreviewpaneisvisible,previewsofselectedfilesandfoldersaren’tdisplayed.
UseCheckBoxesToSelectItems Whenselected,displayscheckboxesthatyoucanusetoselectfiles.Otherwise,allowsyoutoselectfiles,folders,andotheritemsusingonlythestandardselectiontechniquessuchasclick,Shift+Click,andCtrl+Click.
UseSharingWizard Whenselected,usestheFileSharingwizardforconfiguringfilesharing.Otherwise,usestheadvancedfilesharingoptions.
WhenTypingIntoAListView WhenyouselectAutomaticallyType…andareworkingwiththelistview,textyoutypeisenteredintotheSearchbox.Otherwise,whenyouareworkingwiththelistviewandpressaletterkey,thefirstfileorfolderwiththatletterisselected.
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SearchingandIndexingYourComputerYourcomputer’sdrivesprobablyhavehundredsorevenmanythousandsofdocuments,pictures,music,videos,andmore,storeduntilyouonedaywanttoaccessthem.Themoredigitalstuffyouhave,theharderitistofindwhatyou’relookingforrightnow.ThisiswheretheWindows10searchandindexingfeaturescomein.
RealWorld Yourdocs,pics,musicandallyourotherfilesareakeyreasontoownatablet,desktoporlaptopPC.Butjustbecauseyoustoreyourdatadoesn’tmeanthatstoreddatawillstayaroundforever.Everheardofbitrot?Bitrothappensoveraperiodofmonthsandyearswhendataonyourdrivesremainsstagnant.Ifyouwanttoprotectyourdataovertime,youneedtoeithermovethedataaroundormovethedatatonewdrives,withthelatterbeingpreferable.
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WindowsSearchEssentialsWhetheryouperformasearchusingtheSearchboxonthetoolbarortheSearchboxinFileExplorer,theWindowsSearchserviceperformsthesearch.ThewayWindowsSearchservicelooksforwhatyouaretryingtofinddependsonwhereyouaresearchingandhowyourdeviceisconfigured.
WhenyousearchusingtheSearchboxonthetaskbar,thesearchserviceworksasdiscussedin“Cortana&Search”inChapter1andcanincludesearchresultsfromSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,appsandtheweb.Incontrast,whenyousearchusingtheSearchboxinFileExploreroranyofitsrelatedviews,suchasControlPanelorThisPC,thecurrentlyselectedlocationsetsthebaselocationforthesearch.Forexample,ifthebaselocationisThisPC>Documents,asshowninFigure5-13,yoursearchwouldincluderesultsfromtheDocumentsfolderandtheWork,ReportsandSchoolsubfolders.
Figure5-13WorkingwithFileExplorer
Generally,youmustclickintheSearchboxpriortotypingyoursearchtext.Thismeansabasicsearchrequirestwosteps:
1.InanExplorerwindoworrelatedview,accessthestartlocationforyoursearch.2.ClickintheSearchbox,andthenenterthesearchtext.
Note TheWhenTypingIntoAListViewoptiondetermineswhetheryouhavetoclickintheSearchboxbeforeenteringsearchtext.Bydefault,youmustclickintheSearchbox,butifyouenableAutomaticallyTypeIntoTheSearchBox,anytextyoutypeintoalistviewisenteredautomaticallyintheSearchbox.
AgeneralsearchinvolvesWindowsSearchservicematchingthesearchtexttowordsthatappearinthetitleofanyfileorfilefolder,thepropertiesofanyindexedfileorfolder,andthecontentsofindexeddocumentsinthecurrentlyselectedfolderanditssubfolders.ResultsarereturnedtotheResultsPaneinFileExplorer,andtheAddressbarisupdatedtoreflectthatyouareviewingsearchresults.Althoughthesearchresultsthemselvesaredisplayedinthepreviouslyselectedviewstyle,youmaywanttoclickViewonthetoolbarandthenselectDetails.IntheDetailsview,theresultsarelistedbyname,datemodified,size,tagsandfolderpath.IfyouclickthePreviousLocationsbuttonontherightsideoftheaddresspath,you’llseetheactualsearchtextpassedtotheWindowsSearchservice.
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AftertheWindowsSearchservicecompletesasearchintheselectedlocation,itautomaticallybeginsanothersearchifyouenteradditionalsearchtextorifyouchangethesearchtext.YoucanstopasearchinprogressatanytimebyclickingtheClosebutton—theXontherightsideoftheSearchbox.YoucanrepeatasearchbyclickingtheRefreshbutton.
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UnderstandingLocalizedSearchesBydefault,onlyafewspecificlocationsonacomputerareindexed,includingpersonalprofilefolders,theWindowsfolderandtheStartmenu.TheautomaticindexingofselectedfilesandfoldersisakeyfeatureofWindows10thatimprovesthesearchresultsandhelpsspeedupthesearchprocess.
AlocalizedsearchinvolvesWindowsSearchservicecheckingaspecificlocation.WhenyouperformasearchinControlPanel,thesearchislocalizedtothenamesofrelatedutilitiesandtasks.WhenyouperformasearchintheNetworkwindow,thesearchislocalizedtothenamesandownershipinformationforcomputersanddeviceslistedtherein.
Similarly,searchesofDesktopandRecycleBinarelocalized.Forthedesktop,WindowsSearchservicematchesagainstfilenames,filetypeinformation,andfolderdetailsrelatedtoitemsstoredtherein.FortheRecycleBin,WindowsSearchservicematchesagainstitemnamesandoriginalfolderlocations.
AStartmenusearchismuchmorebroadthanyoumightthink.WindowsSearchservicelooksatthenamesofprograms,thenamesofutilities,andtasksinControlPanel,andthenlooksatinformationrelatedtoindexedfilesinotherlocations.
WheneveryousearchintheThisPCwindow,adrivefolder,oranysubfolderofadrive,youareperformingalocalizedsearchaswell.Ifthelocationyouaresearchingisindexed,WindowsSearchservicechecksitsindextotrytofindwhatyouarelookingfor,andthesearchprocessisusuallyfairlyquick.Ifthelocationyouaresearchingisn’tindexed,WindowsSearchservicewilltrytofindwhatyouarelookingforwithoutthebenefitofanindex,andthesearchprocesscanbefairlyslow.
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Fine-TuningWindowsSearchYoucanimproveyoursearchresultsbyusingtheadvancedsearchoptionsandfeaturesbuiltintoWindows10.Theseadditionaladvancedfeaturesincludesearchoptionsforfine-tuningthesearchresultsandadvancedfiltersthatallowyoutosearchinnewways,aswellasoptionsformanagingwhichfilesandfoldersareindexedandsavedsearchesthatallowyoutoeasilyrepeatcustomsearches.
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CustomizingSearchOptionsSearchoptionscontrolthewaytheWindowsSearchservicesearchesyourcomputer.Thesearchservicehasseveraldefaultbehaviors.Inindexedlocations,theWindowsSearchservicesearchesfilenamesandcontents.Thismeansthatitwilllookformatchestoyoursearchtextinfilenamesandfoldernames,filepropertiesandfolderproperties,andthetextualcontentsoffiles.Searchesalsoextendtopropertiesofzippedarchives,whicharecompressedarchivalfiles,suchas.ZIP,.CAB,.GZ,.TARand.TGZfiles.Thecontentsofzippedarchivesaren’tsearched,however.
Innonindexedlocations,theWindowsSearchservicesearchesfileandfoldernamesonly.Thismeansitwilllookformatchestoyoursearchtextonlyinfilenamesandfoldernames.Itwillnotlookformatchestoyoursearchtextinfileandfolderproperties,orinthetextualcontentsoffiles.
WindowsSearchservicedoesn’tusenaturallanguagesearches,butitdoessearchsubfoldersofaselectedlocationandallowspartialmatches.Disallowingnaturallanguagesearchesmeansyoucan’tenternaturallanguagequestionsaspartofyoursearch.Partialmatchingmeansthattheservicematchesyoursearchtexttopartofawordorphraseratherthantowholewordsonly.
Figure5-14Searchingyourdevicesforfilesandfolders
YoucancustomizethesearchoptionsbyusingtheoptionsontheSearchToolspanel,showninFigure5-14.TheSearchToolspanelisdisplayedwheneveryouareperformingasearch,soifyouhaven’tpreviouslyperformedasearch,thepanelishiddenuntilyouentersearchtext.Searchoptionsinclude:
CurrentFolder Limitsthesearchtothecurrentfolder.AllSubfolders Expandsthesearchtosubfoldersofthecurrentfolder(thedefault).DateModified Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtooneofthefollowingpresetdates:Today,Yesterday,ThisWeek,LastWeek,ThisMonth,LastMonth,ThisYearorLastYear.Forexample,ifyouaresearchingforafileyoucreatedthepreviousweek,you’dselectLastWeekasyourDateModifiedfilter.Kind Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothegeneralkindoffile,suchasallpictureorallvideofiles.Size Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtotheapproximatesizeofafile.Sizefiltershavespecificparameters,includingEmptyforfileshavingzerobytesandMediumfor100KBto1MB.
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Asyouselectsearchoptions,therelatedsearchparametersareaddedtothesearchtext.Forexample,ifyouselectthedatemodifiedasYesterdayandthenspecifythekindoffileasPicture,thesearchisupdatedtoincludetheseparametersandthematchingresultsarethendisplayed.
Althoughthedefaultbehaviorsworkwellformostpeople,theyarelimiting,youcanoptimizethewaysearchworksbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.InFileExplorer,clickFileonthemenubar,thenclickOptions.SelecttheSearchtabintheFolderOptionsdialogbox.2.UnderHowToSearch,usethefollowingoptiontoconfigurehowsearcheswork:
Don’tUseTheIndexWhenSearchingInFileFoldersForSystemFiles Whenselected,theWindowsSearchserviceignoresindexeswhensearchinginfilefoldersforsystemfiles.ThisforcestheWindowsSearchservicetoexaminethecurrentstateofsystemfiles,butitcanbeextremelyslow.Whennotselected,theWindowsSearchserviceusesindexestospeedupthesearchprocessifindexesareavailable.
3.UnderWhenSearchingNon-indexedLocations,specifywhethertheWindowsSearchserviceincludessystemlocations,compressedfiles,orbothwhensearchingnonindexedlocations.Ifyouoftenzipfilesandfolders,youarelikelytoimproveyoursearchresultsbyincludingcompressedfilesinsearches.4.UnderWhenSearchingNon-indexedLocations,specifywhethertheWindowsSearchserviceshouldalwayssearchfilenamesandcontents.5.ClickOKtosaveyoursearchoptions.
RealWorld Ifyoualwayswanttheservicetosearchcontents,youforcetheWindowsSearchservicetoignorewhetherafolderisindexedwhensearching.Thisdoesnotmeanthatindexeswon’tbeused,however.Whenindexesareavailable,theWindowsSearchservicewillusethem.Whenindexesaren’tavailable,theWindowsSearchservicewillnotbeabletouseindexestospeedupthesearchprocess,andthiscanresultinslowsearches.
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PerformingAdvancedSearcheswithFiltersSometimesyouwon’tbeabletousethestandardsearchoptionstofindwhatyouarelookingfor.Thedatemodifiedwon’talwaysfitneatlyapresentcategory;thefilewon’talwaysbeeasilyidentifiableasaspecifickindorrelativesize.Inthesecases,youcannarrowyourresultsbyenteringthesearchfiltersmanuallyintheSearchbox.
Eachsearchfilterbeginswithaparameternamethatbeginswithakeywordorkeywordphrasefollowedbyacolon.Theparameternameisfollowedbyaparametervalue,suchasaspecificrangeofdates.
Searchparametersyoumaywanttouseinclude:
Datecreated: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothedateonwhichfilesandfolderswerecreated.Youcanspecifyarangeofdates.Forexample,youcouldenterDatecreated:09/02/2015..12/31/2015tospecifythedateasbeingbetween09/02/2015and12/31/2015.Asetofpredefinedflagsalsocanbeusedtosetageneraltimeperiod,suchasDatecreated:YesterdayorDatecreated:EarlierThisWeek.Datemodified: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothedateonwhichfilesandfolderswerelastmodified.Youcanspecifyarangeofdates.Forexample,youcouldenterDatemodified:09/02/2015..12/31/2015tospecifythedateasbeingbetween09/02/2015and12/31/2015.Asetofpredefinedflagsalsocanbeusedtosetageneraltimeperiod,suchasDatemodified:YesterdayorDatemodified:EarlierThisWeek.Kind: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothegeneralkindoffile,suchasallpictureorvideofiles.Asetofpredefinedflagscanbeusedtosetthegeneralkind,butunlikeotherflagsthesemustbeseparatedfromthefilteridentifierwithanequalsign,suchasKind:=CalendarorKind:=Video.Type: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothefiletypelabelorfileextension.Forexample,youcouldusetype:“MP3FormatSound”ortype:mp3tosearchfor.mp3audiofiles.Owner: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtotheownerofthefile.Forexample,youcoulduseowner:tedgorowner:lisatosearchforfileswiththeseuserssetastheowner.Size: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtotheapproximatesizeofafile.Sizeflagshavespecificparameters,includingEmptyforfileshavingzerobytesandMediumfor100KBto1MB.Forexample,youcouldspecifythatyouaresearchingforafilebetween100KBand1MBbyusingthefilterSize:Medium.
Theavailablesearchfiltersarebasedonthenamesofindexablepropertiesassociatedwithfilesandfolders.ThebasicsyntaxforasearchfilterisPropertyName:wherePropertyNameisthepropertynameenteredwithoutspacesfollowedbyacolon.Forexample,withmusic,youcouldsearchforatitleofasongusingTitle:orthetitleofanalbumusingAlbum:.
Becausedocumentfiles,picturefiles,videofiles,musicfiles,andothertypesoffilesallhaveslightlydifferentlistsofindexableproperties,theyalsohaveslightlydifferentlistsofsearchfilters.Aquickwaytodiscovertheseistofollowthesesteps:
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1.OpenFileExplorer.IntheNavigationpane,yourusernameandthenclickMusic.2.Inthemainpane,you’llseesongslistedbyname,contributingartists,albums,tracknumber,title,andtypebydefault.Displayalistofrelatedheadingsbyright-clickinganopenareaofthecolumnheadings.3.Anyoftheheadingsshowncanbeusedinyoursearchesformusicfiles.Therelatedsearchfilteristheheadingnamewithoutspacesfollowedbyacolon.YoucanlearnaboutflagsandoptionsavailablewithafilterbysimplyenteringthefilterintheSearchbox.Forexample,tosearchonbitrate,youcouldusetheBitrate:filter.Ifyouenterbitrate:intheSearchbox,you’llseeflagsforvoiceandAMbroadcasts,FMbroadcasts,high-qualityaudio,andnear-CD-qualityaudio.4.Todiscoverpropertiesspecifictodocuments,pictures,andvideos,repeatthisprocess,selectingDocuments,Pictures,andVideosasappropriateinsteadofMusic.
Note Althoughyoucanuseanyfilterinanytypeoffolder,thedefaultfolderviewcontrolsthecolumnheadingsdisplayedbydefaultaswellastheheadingsthatarelistedwhenyouright-clickthecolumnheading.Asdiscussedearlierinthesection“Fine-TuningFolderViews&Details,”FileExploreridentifiesfoldersashavingmostlydocuments,mostlymusic,mostlypictures,ormostlyvideos,andthenusesatemplatetosettheirdefaultview.
Youcanusesearchfilterswithorwithoutkeywords.Ifyouwanttoperformafilteredsearchwithakeyword,clickinthesearchwindow,typethekeywordorphrase,andthenenterthefilter.Ifyouwanttobeginasearchwithoutakeyword,clickinthesearchwindowandthenenterthefilter.Justasyoucanusemultiplekeywords,youcanusemultiplefiltersinasinglesearch.Forexample,youcouldsearchusingthedatemodified,size,andkindfilters.Searchesthatcombinemultiplefiltersandaredifficulttore-createaretheonesyou’lllikelywanttosaveforlaterreuse.
WindowsSearchserviceallowsyoutoperformlogicalANDsearchesaswellaslogicalORandlogicalNOTsearches.AND(enteredinallcaps)actsasanoperatortomatchexactlytwoormorekeywordsseparatedbyANDoperators.OR(enteredinallcaps)actsasanoperatortomatchanyofthekeywordsseparatedbyORoperators.NOT(enteredinallcaps)actsasaselectiveoperatortomatchonekeywordbutnotanother.
YouuseANDtoperformcomplexsearchesthatmatchmultipleparameters.Iffilecontentsearchingisenabled,youcouldsearchforfilescontainingthekeywordChicagoandthekeywordMiamiusing:chicagoANDmiami
Here,onlyfilescontainingbothkeywordsarereturned.BecausethelogicalANDoperationisimpliedwheneveryouentermultiplekeywordsintheSearchbox,youalsocouldhavesimplyentered:chicagomiami
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YoucouldlimitthesearchtomatchingfilenamesbyusingtheName:filter,suchas:
name:betterANDname:food
Here,onlyfileswhosenameincludesbothbetterandfoodarereturned.LogicalORoperationscanbehandyaswell.Forexample,youcouldsearchforeitherbetterorfoodorbothbetterandfoodusing:Name:betterORName:food
Here,fileswhosenameincludeseitherbetterorfoodarereturned.Tolookforfileswhonameincludesbetterbutnotfood,youcouldusethesearchparameters:Name:betterNOTName:food
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SearchingbyKindorTypeofFileWhenyouareworkingwithlibrariesandcertainotherfolders,theKind:andType:filtersareimpliedwhenyouclickintheSearchbox.Thesefiltersarealsoavailablewhenyouareworkingwithotherfolders,butyoumustenterthefiltertousethem.Ineithercase,anyfilewithakindortypethatmatchesyourparametersisreturnedinthesearchresults.
Thekindsoffilesyoucansearchforinclude:
Calendar Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlycalendaritemsareincluded.Communication Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlycalendar,email,contact,andinstantmessageitemsareincluded.Contact Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlycontactitemsareincluded.Document Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlydocumentfilesareincluded.E-mail Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyemailmessagesareincluded.Feed FiltersthesearchresultssothatonlymessagesfromRSSfeedsareincluded.Folder Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyfoldersareincluded.Game Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlygamedataandothergamefilesareincluded.InstantMessage Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyinstantmessagesareincluded.Journal Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyjournalentriesareincluded.Link Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlylinksareincluded.Movie Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlymoviefilesareincluded.Music Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlymusicfilesareincluded.Note Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlynotefilesareincluded.Picture Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlypicturesareincluded.Playlist Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlytoplaylistsforyourmusicfiles.Program Filtersthesearchresultssothatprogramfilesareincluded.RecordedTV Filtersthesearchresultssothatrecordedtelevisionprogramsareincluded.SavedSearch Filtersthesearchresultssothatsavedsearchesareincluded.Task Filtersthesearchresultssothattasksareincluded.Video Filtersthesearchresultssothatvideofilesareincluded.WebHistory Filtersthesearchresultssothatitemsfromyourwebhistoryareincluded.Unknown Searchesforanykindoffile.Youdon’tneedtousethisfilterasitisimpliedwhenyoudon’tprovideaspecifickindfilter.
Whenperformingkindortypesearches,remembertoenteryoursearchkeywordorkeywordsfirstandtheneitherselecttherelatedoptionontheSearchpanelandchooseavalue,orenterKind:orType:followedbytheappropriateparametervalue.Forexample,ifyouknowthefileyouarelookingforisavideoandthefilenameincludesthekeyword“vacation,”youcouldsearchforitbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Typevacationkind:video,andthenpressEnter.
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TheType:filterallowsyoutosearchforaspecifictypeoffilebyitsfiletypelabelorfileextension.Forexample,ifyouknowthefileyouarelookingforisa.wmvfileandthefilenameincludesthekeyword“home,”youcouldsearchforitbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Typehometype:wmv,andthenpressEnter.
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SearchingUsingDate-RelatedFiltersWindowsSearchservicetracksavarietyofdate-relatedproperties,including:
DateAccessed Tracksthedateafilewaslastaccessed.DateArchived Tracksthedateafilewaslastarchived.DateLastSaved Tracksthedateafilewaslastsaved.DateCreated Tracksthedateafilewascreated.DateModified Tracksthedateafilewaslastmodified.DateSent Tracksthedateamessagewassent.DateTaken Tracksthedateapicturewastaken.
Generally,theyallworkinthesameway.Whenyouareworkingwithadatefilter,youcanselectaspecificdate,ageneraldate,orarangeofdatestosearch.Anyfilewithadatethatmatchesyourparametersisreturnedinthesearchresults.
Youselectspecificdatesbyusingthecalendarprovided,asshowninFigure5-15.Thecalendardisplaysthecurrentdayanddatebydefault.
Figure5-15Searchingusingdate-relatedfilters
Thecalendarhastheseveralviews:
Month Themonthviewisthedefault.Whileworkingwiththemonthview,youcanviewothermonthsinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofdates,suchasthe5ththroughthe25thdaysofthemonth.Year Theyearviewliststhemonthsinayear.Youcanaccesstheyearviewfromthemonthviewbyclickingthemonthandyearentryatthetopofthecalendar.Whileworkingwiththeyearview,youcanviewotheryearsinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofmonths,suchasFebruarythroughApril.Decade Thedecadeviewliststheyearsina10-yearperiod.Youcanaccessthedecadeviewfromthemonthviewbyclickingtwiceatthetopofthecalendar.While
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workingwiththedecadeview,youcanviewotherdecadesinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofyears,suchas2010to2012.Century Thecenturyviewliststhe10-yearperiodsinaparticularcentury.Youcanaccessthecenturyviewfromthemonthviewbyclickingthreetimesatthetopofthecalendar.Whileworkingwiththecenturyview,youcanviewothercenturiesinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofdecades,suchas2000–2009or2010–2019.
Thedate-relatedfiltersacceptabbreviatedentriesaswell.Usinganabbreviatedentry,youcandirectlyenterthedatetosearch.Thebasicsyntaxvariesbylocality.ForU.S.English,thesyntaxis:Mm/Dd/Yyyy
or:Mm/Dd/Yyyy..Mm/Dd/Yyyy
whereMmisaone-ortwo-digitvalueforthemonth,Ddisaone-ortwo-digitvalueforthedayofthemonth,andYyyyisafour-digitvaluefortheyear.Knowingthis,youcouldsearchforpicturestakenbetween1/1/2016and12/31/2016byfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Optionally,typeakeywordorphrasetosearchon.3.TypeDatetaken:1/1/2016..12/31/2016,andthenpressEntertobeginyoursearch.
Withdate-relatedfilters,youalsocanusethefollowingpredefinedflags:
Yesterday Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedyesterday.Earlierthisweek Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedearlierinthecurrentweek.Lastweek Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedinthepreviousweek.Earlierthismonth Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedearlierinthecurrentmonth.Earlierthisyear Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedearlierinthecurrentyear.Alongtimeago Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedpriortothecurrentyear.
Youcansearchusingthepredefinedflagsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Optionally,typeakeywordorphrasetosearchon.3.Typethedate-relatedfilteryouwanttouse,suchasDatetaken:.4.TypethepresetlabelorclickthepresetbuttonintheSearchpane,andthenpressEntertobeginyoursearch.
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WindowsSearchservicealsoallowsyoutouseoperators.Usetheequal(=)operatortogetanexactdatematch.Forexample,ifyouknowafilewascreatedon12/15/2015,youcanusethefilter:DateCreated:=12/15/2015
Youalsocanusethelessthan,greaterthan,lessthanorequalto,greaterthanorequalto,ornotequaltooperators:<,>,<=,>=,<>.Forexample,youcouldlookforfilesmodifiedafter01/01/2014byentering:DateModified:>01/01/2014
AsanalternativetotheMm/Dd/Yyyy..Mm/Dd/Yyyysyntax,youcouldcombine>and<searchesusingtheANDoperator.Forexample,youcouldlookforfilesmodifiedafter01/01/2014butbefore05/31/2014byentering:DateModified:>01/01/2014ANDDateModified:<05/31/2014
BecausetheANDisalwaysimplied,youalsocouldenter:DateModified:>01/01/2014DateModified:<05/31/2014
Oryoucouldenter:DateModified:(>01/01/2014<05/31/2014)
ThisfinalsyntaxisclosertotheoneWindowsSearchserviceactuallyusesinternally.
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SearchingUsingSize-RelatedFiltersWindowsSearchservicetracksavarietyofsize-relatedproperties,including:
Dimensions: Tracksthewidthandheightofpictures.Framewidth: Tracksthewidthofframesinavideo.Frameheight: Trackstheheightofframesinavideo.Length: Trackstherunningtimeofsongsandvideos.Size: Tracksthesizeofthefileasstoredontheharddisk.
WiththeDimensions:filter,youcansearchonthewidthandheightofpictures.Youcansearchusingexactdimensionsbyusinganequalsignandthedimensionsinquotes,suchasDimensions:“1920x1020”orDimensions:“2048x1536”.Thequotesandspacesarerequiredtogetamatch.Impliedintheseexamplesistheequal(=)operator,soyoualsocouldenterDimensions:=“1920x1020”orDimensions:=“2048x1536”.Youalsocanusethelessthan,greaterthan,lessthanorequalto,greaterthanorequalto,ornotequaltooperators:<,>,<=,>=,<>.
TheFramewidth:andFrameheight:filterscanhelpsearchvideos.Forexample,youcouldsearchforvideosthatare320x240byenteringthesearchparameters:framewidth:320frameheight:240
Again,theequal(=)operatorisimplied,soyoualsocouldenterFramewidth:=320Frameheight:=240.Tosearchforvideoswithhigherqualityandlargerframesizes,youcouldusethesearchparameters:framewidth:>320frameheight:>240
Anotherhandysize-relatedfilterisLength:,whichhasthefollowingflags:
VeryShort Forsongsandvideoslessthanaminute.Short Forsongsandvideosfrom1to5minutesinlength.Medium Forsongsandvideosfrom5to30minutesinlength.Long Forsongsandvideosfrom30to60minutesinlength.VeryLong Forsongsandvideoslongerthan60minutes.
Althoughyoucouldenternumericvaluesforlength,thesearchwon’tworkasyouexpect.Thisisbecausethelengthisexpressedinternallyinfractionalseconds;youcanseethisbyclickingtheLocationIndicatoriconintheaddresspath.
WiththeSize:filter,youcanspecifyanapproximatefilesize.Anyfilewithanfilesizeapproximatelymatchingyourparametersisreturnedinthesearchresults.Thesizeoptionsare:
Empty Allowsyoutosearchforemptyfiles.Tiny Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof0to10kilobytes.Small Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof10to100kilobytes.Medium Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof100kilobytesto1megabyte.Large Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof1megabyteto16megabytes.Huge Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof16megabytesto128megabytes.Gigantic Allowsyoutosearchforfilesover128megabytes.
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Thesizeflagsallowyoutoquicklyfindfilesthatmeetspecificsizecriteria.Forexample,ifyouknowthefileyouarelookingforismediuminsizeandhasthekeyword“staff”or“monthly,”youcouldsearchforitbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.TypestaffORmonthlysize:medium,andthenpressEnter.
TheSize:filteracceptsabbreviatedentriesaswell.Usinganabbreviatedentry,youcandirectlyenterthesizeparametersforthesearch.Thebasicsyntaxis:size:SmallestSize..LargestSize
whereSmallestSizeisthesmallestfilesizethatmeetsyourparametersandLargestSizeisthelargestfilesizethatmeetsyourparameters.Usekbtospecifyasizeinkilobytes,mbtospecifyasizeinmegabytes,andgbtospecifyasizeingigabytes.Thekb,mb,andgblabelsarerequired.Ifyoudon’tusetheappropriatelabel,WindowsSearchservicewon’treturntheexpectedresults.Here’sanexampleofhowyoucouldsearchforfilesbetween50KBand2MB:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Typesize:50kb..2mb,andthenpressEnter.
Youalsocanusetheoperatorsdiscussedpreviously,including<,>,<=,>=,and<>.Forexample,tosearchforfilessmallerthan900KBinsize,youwouldtypeSize:<900kbandpressEntertobeginyoursearch.Tosearchforfilesgreaterthan900KBinsize,youwouldtypeSize:>900kbandpressEntertobeginyoursearch.
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SavingYourSearchesYoucansaveanysearchyouperforminFileExplorer.Whenyousaveasearch,yoursearchcriteriaaresavedasasearchfoldersothatyoucanrapidlyperformanidenticalsearchinthefuture.
Youcancreateasearchfolderbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.PerformasearchinFileExplorer,andthenclickSaveSearchontheSearchpanel.2.IntheSaveAsdialogbox,acceptthedefaultnameandlocationforthesearchfolderorspecifyanewsavelocationandname.3.ClickSavetocreatethesearchfolder.Searchesaresavedwiththe.search-msfileextension.
Bydefault,savedsearchesarestoredintheSearchesfolderwithinyourpersonalfolders.Yourunasavedsearchatanytimebydouble-clickingitintheSearchesfolder.RecentsearchesarealsoavailableontheSearchpaneinFileExplorerwhenyouclicktheRecentSearchesoption.
SavedSearchesarerepresentedbyablueiconwithamagnifyingglassandarelistedwithSavedSearchasthetype.Whenyouopenordouble-clickthesavedsearch,theWindowsSearchserviceeitherretrievesthecachedresultsofyourprevioussearchorperformsanewsearchusingthesearchcriteria.Theresultisalistofmatchingfilesandfoldersthatappeartobeintheselectedfolder.Thesavedsearchdoesnotactuallycontainanyfilesorfolders,however.Asavedsearch’sonlycontentistheassociatedsearchstringandresultset.
Youcanworkwithsavedsearchinthesamewayyouworkwithfilesandfolders.Youcan:
UseCtrl+XtocutandCtrl+Vtopasteasavedsearchinanewlocation.UseCtrl+CtocopyandCtrl+Vtopastetocreatecopiesofsavedsearches.PressDeletetoremovesavedsearches.
Althoughyoucannoteditsavedsearchestoupdatethesearchcriteria,youcandeleteasavedsearch,configurethedesiredsearchcriteria,andthensavethenewsearchusingtheoldsavedsearchname.
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IndexingYourComputerYoutelltheWindowsSearchserviceaboutlocationsthatshouldbeindexedbydesignatingthemassearchedlocations.Afteryou’vedesignatedafolderasanindexedlocation,theWindowsSearchserviceisnotifiedthatitneedstoupdatetherelatedindexwheneveryoumodifythecontentsofthefolder.Youcanmanagetheindexingofyourcomputer’sfilesandfoldersbyaddingorremovingindexedlocations,specifyingfiletypestoexclude,andrebuildingindexesasnecessary.
ProTip It’simportanttopointoutthatencryptedfilesaren’tindexedbydefault.Thisisdesignedtoensurethatprotectedinformationisn’taccidentallymadeavailableordiscoverable.Althoughapoorsecuritypractice,thereisanadvancedoptionforindexingencryptedfiles.
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CustomizingIndexedLocationsTheWindowsSearchserviceindexesonlyafewlocationsbydefault.Theselocationsare:
Offlinefiles Allofflinefilefoldersareindexedforfastsearching.Startmenu Allmenuoptionsareindexedforfastsearching.Users Allpersonalfoldersofallusersofthecomputerareindexedforfastsearching.Windows Allsystemfilesareindexedforfastsearching.
Tip Thequickestwaytoensurethatafolderisindexedistoaddthefoldertooneofthefoldersinyourpersonalprofile,suchasDocumentsorPictures.Althoughapplicationdatafoldersarestoredwithinuserprofiles,thesefoldersareexcludedfromindexingbydefault.Becauseyoudon’twanttoindexfoldersorfilesassociatedwithapplicationdata,thisisthedesiredsettinginmostinstances.
TheIndexingOptionsdialogbox,showninFigure5-16,providesanoverviewofindexingonyourcomputer,whichincludesthetotalnumberofitemsindexedandthecurrentindexingstate.ThecurrentlyindexedlocationsarelistedunderIncludedLocations.
Figure5-16Settingindexingoptions
Youcanaddorremoveindexedlocationsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeIndexingOptions,andthenpressEnter.OrwhileworkingwiththeSearchToolsinFileExplorer,selectAdvancedOptionsandthenselectChangeIndexedLocations.2.SelectalocationandthenclickModify.IntheIndexedLocationsdialogbox,clickShowAllLocationstodisplayhiddenlocationsaswellasstandard
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locations.3.Usetheoptionsprovidedtoselectlocationstoindex,orclearcheckboxesforlocationsyounolongerwanttoindex.ClickOKtosaveyourchanges.
Thelocationsyoucanindexincludeofflinefilefolders,harddiskdrives,anddeviceswithremovablestorage.Ifanodecanbeexpanded,you’llseeanopentriangletotheleftofthelocationname.Clickthistoexpandthelocation.Forexample,youcouldexpandLocalDisk(C:)toselectafolderontheC:drive.
Note Somesystemfoldersareexcludedfromindexingandaredisplayeddimmedtopreventthemfrombeingselected.Ifyouenableindexingoftheentiresystemdrive,thesesystemfoldersareexcludedautomatically.Keepinmind,however,thatyouusuallydon’twanttoindexanentiredrive.Instead,expandthedrivelocationandselectindividualfoldersforindexing.
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IncludingorExcludingFilesbyTypeWindowsSearchservicecanbeconfiguredtoindexfileandfoldernames,fileandfolderproperties,andfileandfoldercontents.WindowsSearchservicedetermineswhichtypesoffilesandfolderstoindexaccordingtothefileextension.
TheWindowsSearchserviceusestheinformationthatitknowsaboutfiletypesandfileextensionstohelpitindexfilesmoreefficiently.Eachfileextensionhasafilefilterassociatedwithit,andthisfilterdeterminesexactlywhetherandhowfileswithaparticularextensionareindexed.Forfilesincludedintheindex,therearetwogeneralsettings:
IndexPropertiesOnly Ensuresthatonlythepropertiesofthefileareindexed.IndexPropertiesAndFileContents Ensuresthatthepropertiesofthefileareindexedandthatthecontentsofthefilecanbeindexedaswell,ifcontentindexingisenabled.
YoucanspecifyfiletypesthattheWindowsSearchserviceshouldincludeorexcludewhenindexingfilesbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeIndexingOptions,andthenpressEnter.OrwhileworkingwiththeSearchToolsinFileExplorer,selectAdvancedOptionsandthenselectChangeIndexedLocations.2.ClickAdvanced.OntheIndexSettingstab,selecttheIndexEncryptedFilescheckboxifyouwanttheWindowsSearchservicetoindexfilesthathavebeenencrypted.3.Ifyouwanttoimproveindexingofnon-Englishcharacters,selecttheTreatSimilarWordsWithDiacriticsAsDifferentWordscheckbox.Adiacriticisamarkaboveorbelowaletterthatindicatesachangeinthewayitispronouncedorstressed.
Note SelectingorclearingtheoptionsinStep2or3willcausetheWindowsSearchservicetocompletelyrebuildtheindexesonyourcomputer.
4.OntheFileTypestab,eachfileextensionandfilterassociationislisted.Ifafileextensionisselected,theWindowsSearchserviceincludesfilesofthistypewhenindexing.Ifafileextensionisnotselected,theWindowsSearchserviceexcludesfilesofthistypewhenindexing.Selectorclearfileextensionsasappropriate.
RealWorld Whenyouinstallnewapplications,thoseapplicationsmayregisternewfilterswiththeWindowsSearchserviceandconfigurerelatedfileextensionstousethesefilters.Ifafilterisn’tavailableandyouwanttoaddsupportforaparticularfileextension,typethefileextensioninthetextboxprovidedandthenclickAdd.
5.Tochangethewayfileswithaparticularextensionareindexed,selectthe
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fileextensionandthenclickeitherIndexPropertiesOnlyorIndexPropertiesAndFileContents.Onlychangethewayindexingworkswhenyouaresuretheindexingconfigurationyou’vechosenworks.Althoughyoucanalwaysstopindexingthecontentsofaparticularfiletype,you’llrarelywanttoindexthecontentsofafiletypethatisn’talreadybeingindexed.6.ClickOKtosaveyoursettings.
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ResolvingIndexingProblemsTheWindowsSearchservicemustberunningforyoutoperformsearches.Theservicemustalsoberunningtoindexfiles.Ifyoususpectthere’saproblemwithsearchingorindexing,youshouldcheckthestatusoftheWindowsSearchservice.Todothis,followthesesteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeViewLocalServices,andthenpressEnter.2.IntheServiceswindow,ensurethestatusoftheWindowsSearchserviceislistedasStarted.Iftheserviceisn’trunning,right-clickWindowsSearchandthenclickStart.Iftheserviceisrunningandyoususpectthere’saproblemwithindexing,right-clickandselectRestart.
Otherproblemsyoumayexperiencewithsearchingandindexinghavetodowithcorruptindexes,improperindexsettings,andtheindexlocationrunningoutofspace.Anindicatorofacorruptindexiswhenyoursearchesdonotreturntheexpectedresultsornewdocumentsarenotbeingindexedproperly.AnindicatorofimproperindexsettingsiswhenyoursearchesfailortheWindowsSearchservicegeneratesbadfileerrorsintheeventlogs.Anindicatoroftheindexlocationrunningoutofspaceiswhenindexingofnewdocumentsfailsandthereareout-of-disk-spacereportsintheeventlogsfortheWindowsSearchservice.
TheWindowsSearchservicedoesagoodjobofautomaticallycorrectingsomeproblemswithindexes.Forothertypesofproblems,you’llfinderrorreportsintheformofWindowseventsinthesystemeventlogs.Youcancorrectmostproblemswithsearchingandindexingbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeIndexingOptions,andthenpressEnter.OrwhileworkingwiththeSearchToolsinFileExplorer,selectAdvancedOptionsandthenselectChangeIndexedLocations.2.ClickAdvanced.Ifyoususpectyourcomputer’sindexesarecorrupt,clickRebuild.Windows10rebuildstheindexesonyourcomputerbystoppingtheWindowsSearchservice,clearingoutindexes,andthenstartingtheWindowsSearchservice.Indexesalsoarerebuiltautomaticallywheneveryourestartyourcomputer.3.Bydefault,theWindowsSearchservicecreatesindexesinthe%ProgramData%\Microsoftfolder.Iftherelateddriveislowonspaceorifyouwanttotrytobalancetheworkloadbyusingotherharddiskdrives,youmaywanttochangetheindexlocation.Todothis,clickSelectNewunderIndexLocation.IntheBrowseForFolderdialogbox,selectthediskdriveandfolderinwhichtheindexshouldbestored,andthenclickOK.ThenexttimeyourestartyourcomputerortheWindowsSearchservice,indexeswillbecreatedinthenewlocation.4.ClickOK.IntheIndexingOptionsdialogbox,youcantrackthestatusofreindexingfilesbywatchingthenumberofindexeditemsincrease.Theindexingstatusindicateswhetherindexingiscompleteorinprogress.
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Chapter6.ManagingYourApps
Windows10runstwodifferenttypesofsoftware:desktopprogramsanddesktopapps.Forgeneraldiscussioninthisbook,Irefertoprogramsandappsinterchangeably.However,inthischapter,Imustnowdistinguishbetweenthetwo:
DesktopprogramsaresoftwarethatyouinstallandconfigureusingmediaorWindowsInstaller.DesktopappsaresoftwarethatyoudownloadandinstallfromtheWindowsstore.
Iwilldiscussappsfirsttogiveacontextandthenfocusonprograms.
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WorkingwithDesktopAppsGenerally,youpurchaseappsintheWindowsstoreandinstallappsovertheInternet.However,appscanalsobedevelopedin-houseorbythird-partydevelopersanddeployedusingpolicysettings.Youmanageappsusingtechniquessimilartodesktopprograms.However,appshavemanydistinctcharacteristics.
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ZeroinginonAppsDesktopappsareautomaticallyaddedtoStartwhenyouinstallthemandwillhaveatile.Atilemakesiteasytoworkwiththeapp.Right-clickthetiletodisplaymanagementoptions.Managementoptionsdependonthetypeoftile.Livetilescanupdatetheircontents,andtheseupdatescanbeturnedonoroffbyright-clickingandselectingTurnLiveTileOnorTurnLiveTileOffasappropriate.AsdiscussedinChapter2under“MakingtheStartMenuWorkforYou,”tilescanbedisplayedinseveralsizes,andyoucanmakeatilesmallerorlargerasneeded.IfyounolongerwantatiletobedisplayedonStart,youcanright-clickthetileandchoosetheUnpinFromStartoption.
Ifyouunpinanapp,it’sstillaccessiblebyclickingtheAllAppsbutton.AllAppsistheWindows10equivalenttotheProgramsmenuinearlyreleaseofWindows.Incontrast,desktopprogramsmaynotbeaddedtoStartorAppsautomatically.Formoreinformation,seethe“MakingProgramsAvailable”sectionlaterinthischapter.
Windows10appswithlivetilesstartupdatingimmediatelyafterinstallation.Unlikeprogramswhereyoutypicallyhaveonlyoneforegroundprogram,multipleappscansharethescreenandremainintheforeground.Appscanopenotherappsandsharethescreenwiththem;oneappalsocanusemultiplemonitors.
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Getting,InstallingandRunningAppsOutofthebox,computersrunningWindows10caninstallonlytrustedapppackagesthatcomefromtheWindowsStore.YoucanaccesstheWindowsStore,showninFigure6-1,usingtheStoreoptionsonStartandthetoolbar.Ifyouareloggedontoyourdevicewithaconnectedaccount,you’llbeloggedintothestoreautomaticallyandcanbeginbrowsingforapps.Whileyoucandownloadanyfreeappwithouthavingtoprovidepaymentinformation,thefirsttimeyoupurchaseapaidapp,you’llneedtoprovidecompletedetailsforacredit,debitorothercard.
Figure6-1VisitingtheWindowsStore
ConnectingYourAccounttotheStore
Sometimesyou’llbeworkingwithalocalaccountordomainaccountthatisn’tconnectedtoaMicrosoftaccount.Forexample,youmayprefernothavingMicrosofttrackinformationaboutyoureveryonlineactivityandthereforeoptnottouseaconnectedaccount.Don’tworry,youcanstillgetappsfromtheWindowsStore.
IfyouneedtologinandhaveanOutlook.com,Hotmail,Live.com,MSNorothervalidaccountintheMicrosoftnetwork,followthesestepstogetconnectedtothestore:
1.ClickAccountOptionsonthetoolbarandthenclickSignIn.2.Whenpromptedtochooseanaccount,clickMicrosoftAccount.3.EntertheemailaddressandpasswordforyourMicrosoftaccountandthenclickSignIn.4.WhenpromptedforyourcurrentWindowspassword,asshowninFigure6-2,dooneofthefollowing:
ProvideyourpasswordandclickNexttoconnectyourcurrentaccounttotheMicrosoftaccountandthereafter,you’llneedtologintoyourWindowsdeviceusingtheMicrosoftaccountandpassword.Specifythatyoudon’twantswitchtoaMicrosoftaccountforloginbyclickingtheSignInToJustThisAppInsteadlink.ThisoptionensuresyourMicrosoftaccountis
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usedonlyforsigningintotheStore.
Figure6-2Connectingyouraccount
Ifyouneedtologinanddon’thaveanOutlook.com,Hotmail,Live.com,MSNorothervalidaccountintheMicrosoftnetwork,followthesestepstogetconnectedtothestore:
1.ClickAccountOptionsonthetoolbarandthenclickSignIn.2.Whenpromptedtochooseanaccount,clicktheCreateOnelink.3.Enteryourfirstandlastnameinthetextboxesprovided.4.Next,youarepromptedforanemailaddresstouseforaccessingMicrosoftnetworks.Thisemailaddresscanbeyourworkorhomeemailaddress,butshouldbeonethatonlyyouhaveaccesstoasitwillbetheaddressusedforrecoveringyouraccountandverifyingyouridentityifneeded.
Tip Ifyoudon’twanttoconnectanexistingemailaddressintotheMicrosoftnetwork,youcanclicktheGetANewEmailAddresslinkandthenenterauniqueidentifierforanewoutlook.comemailaddress.
5.Whetheryouenteredyouremailaddressorcreatedanewone,youmustnextenterapassword.ThispasswordisforaccessingtheMicrosoftnetworkandshouldnotbethesameoneyouuseforloginoremailaccess.6.UsetheselectionlistsprovidedtospecifyyourcountryoforiginandbirthdateandthenclickNext.7.Protectyouraccountbyenteringaphonenumberthatcanbeusedtovalidateyouraccount.OrclicktheAddAnAlternateEmailInsteadlinkandthenenteranalternateemailaddress.Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickNexttwice.8.WhenpromptedforyourcurrentWindowspassword,asshown
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previouslyinFigure6-2,dooneofthefollowing:
ProvideyourpasswordandclickNexttoconnectyourcurrentaccounttotheMicrosoftaccountandthereafter,you’llneedtologintoyourWindowsdeviceusingtheMicrosoftaccountandpassword.Specifythatyoudon’twantswitchtoaMicrosoftaccountforloginbyclickingtheSignInToJustThisAppInsteadlink.ThisoptionensuresyourMicrosoftaccountisusedonlyforsigningintotheStore.
FindingandInstallingYourApps
OnceyouaresignedintotheStore,youcangetandinstallapps.Browsethestoretofindapps.Getandinstallanapp,simplybyclickingit’spurchasebutton.Withfreeapps,yousimplyclicktheFreebutton.Thefirsttimeyoupurchaseapaidapp,however,you’llneedtoenterpaymentinformation.
AppsthatareintheprocessofbeingdownloadedandinstalledareshownontheDownloadsAndInstallspage,whichisaccessedbyclickingtheDownloadsoptiononthetoolbar.Ifthere’saproblemdownloadingandinstallinganapp,you’llseeanerror,asshowninFigure6-3.GetmoreinformationabouttheerrorbyclickingtheSeeDetailslink.TrytodownloadandinstalltheappagainbyclickingtheRetryoption.
Figure6-3Checkingthedownloadsandinstallsqueue.
Ifyou’vemadepreviouspurchasesonotherdevices,you’llfindthosepurchasesinyourmedialibrary.ClickAccountOptionsonthetoolbarandthenclickMyLibrary.Appsthatyou’vepurchasedbutaren’tyetinstalledhaveadownloadicon,asshowninFigure6-4.
Figure6-4Gettingdownloadsfromyourlibrary.
Bydefault,appsareupdatedautomaticallysoyoudon’thavetoworryaboutcheckingfor
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updatesandinstallingthem.Whilethisisusuallyagoodthing,youmaynotwantappstobeupdatedautomaticallyifyoufrequentlyusemorecostlymobiledatainsteadofwi-fi.Ifso,youcanspecifythatyoudon’twantappstobeupdatedautomaticallybyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickAccountOptionsandthenselectSettings.2.OntheSettingspage,setUpdateAppsAutomaticallytoOffbyclickingit.3.Ifyouturnoffautomaticupdates,you’llthenneedtomanuallycheckforupdatesperiodically,byclickingtheDownloadsoptionandthenclickingtheCheckForUpdatesbutton.
WhileyouareworkingwithSettings,youmayalsowanttospecifythattheWindowsStoreapponlyupdatesitslivetilewhenyouareconnectedtowi-fi.Todothis,settheOnlyUpdateTheTile…optiontoOff.
RealWorld WhenUpdateAppsAutomaticallyissettoOn,Windows10checksforupdatestoallinstalledappsdaily.Thedailycheckoccursevery20hours.Thus,iftheupdatecheckstartsat4:00PMtoday,it’llstartat12:00PMtomorrowand8:00AMthedayafter.Ifthistimeismissed,Windows10performsthecheckandanysubsequentupdatesassoonaspossibleafterthescheduledstartismissed.AlthoughthecheckandupdatesoccurregardlessofwhetherthecomputerisrunningonACpowerorbattery,Windows10won’tcheckforupdateswhenyouareusingmobiledataandwillinsteadwaituntilyouhaveawi-ficonnection.
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InstallingDesktopProgramsYouinstalldesktopappsviatheWindowsStore,asdiscussedintheprevioussection.Youinstallprogramsusingadownloadedinstallerorinstallationmedia.Partoftheinstallationprocessinvolvescheckingthecredentialsandpromptingforconsentiftheuserdoesn’thaveappropriateprivileges.Aspartofinstallingaprogram,youmightalsoneedtospecifywhetheryouwanttomaketheprogramonlyavailabletoyouortoallusersofthecomputer.
Witholderprograms,Windowsmightnotbeabletoproperlydeterminethepermissionsrequiredforinstallation.Solvethisproblembycancelingtheinstallationandthenre-runningthesetupprogramwithelevatedprivileges.Todothis,locatetheexecutablefilefortheinstaller.Right-clickthisfile,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.
Withadownloadedinstaller,youtypicallyneedtodouble-clickthefileyoudownloadedtobeginthesetupprocess.Next,youmaybepromptedtoconfirmthatyouwanttomakechangestoyourcomputer,asshowninFigure6-5.Ifso,clickYesandbeginthesetupprocess.Followthepromptstocompletetheinstallation.
Figure6-5Confirmthechangestoyourcomputer.
Notalldownloadedprogramsusedirectinstallation.Withsomedownloadedprograms,you’llbepromptedforafolderlocationwherethesetupfilescanbeextractedandstored.Afterward,you’llthenneedtoinitiatesetupbyrunningthesetupprogramfortheapplication.Typically,thisprogramisnamedSetup.exe.
Toinstallanapplicationusinginstallationmedia,youinsertthediscintheDVDdrive.Windowsshouldthencheckforanautorunfile,suchasAutorun.inf.Ifpresent,theautorunfilespecifiestheactionthattheoperatingsystemshouldtakeandmightalsodefineotherinstallationparameters.Autoruninturninvokesasetupprogram,suchasSetup.exe.
Iftheautorunprocessdoesn’tstartforsomereason,accesstheinstallationmediainFileExplorer,asshowninFigure6-6andthendouble-clickthesetupprogram.Next,youmaybepromptedtoconfirmthatyouwanttomakechangestoyourcomputer.Ifso,clickYestocontinueandbeginthesetupprocess.Followthepromptstocompletetheinstallation.
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Figure6-6Startsetupmanuallyifneeded.
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CompliantversusLegacyApplicationsThewaythatapplicationsareinstalledandrun,whereapplicationswritedata,andwhatpermissionsapplicationshaveiscontrolledbyUserAccountControl(UAC).ApplicationsusedwithWindows10aredividedintotwogeneralcategories.EithertheyareUAC-complaintorconsideredtobelegacyapplications.
CompliantapplicationsuseUACtoreducetheattacksurfaceoftheoperatingsystem.Thispreventsunauthorizedapplicationsfrominstallingorrunningwithouttheuser’sconsentandrestrictsthedefaultprivilegesgrantedtoapplications.Bothofwhichmakeitharderformalicioussoftwaretotakeoveracomputer.
ApplicationsthatrunonWindows10derivetheirsecuritycontextfromthecurrentuser’saccesstoken.Bydefault,UACturnsallusersintostandarduserseveniftheyareadministrators.Beforeanadministratorusercanuseadministratorprivileges,shemustconsenttotheelevation.Duringtheelevationprocess,anewaccesstokeniscreatedcontainingtheuser’sprivileges,andthisnewaccesstokenisusedtostarttheelevatedapplication.
Whetherapplicationsneedtorunwithstandardoradministratorprivilegesdependsontheactionstheapplicationperforms.Administratoruserapplicationsdifferfromstandarduserapplicationsbecausetheyrequireelevatedprivilegestorunandperformcoretasks.Oncestartedinelevatedmode,anapplicationwithauser’sadministratoraccesstokencanperformtasksthatrequireelevatedprivilegesandcanalsowritetosystemlocationsoftheregistryandthefilesystem.
Incontrast,standarduserapplicationsdon’trequireelevatedprivilegestorunortoperformcoretasks.Oncestartedinstandardusermode,anapplicationwithauser’sstandardaccesstokenmustrequestelevatedprivilegestoperformadministrationtasks.Forallothertasks,theapplicationrunsusingstandarduserprivilegesandcanonlywritedatatononsystemlocationsoftheregistryandthefilesystem.
ApplicationsnotwrittenforUACcompliancerunwithauser’sstandardaccesstokenbydefaultandmustuseaspecialcompatibilitymode.Thiscompatibilitymodeallowthenon-compliantapplicationtousevirtualizedviewsoffileandregistrylocations.Whenthenon-compliantapplicationattemptstowritetoasystemlocation,Windows10givestheapplicationaprivatecopyofthefileorregistryvalue.Anychangesarethenwrittentothisprivatecopy,andthisprivatecopyisthenstoredinyourprofiledata.Iftheapplicationattemptstoreadorwritetothissystemlocationagain,Windows10givestheapplicationtheprivatecopyfromyourprofiletoworkwith.FormoreinformationaboutUACandrelatedprompts,see“Fine-TuningControlPrompts”inChapter3.
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SettingRunLevelsforApplicationsGenerally,onlyapplicationsrunningwithanadministratoruseraccesstokenruninelevatedmode.Sometimes,however,you’llwantanapplicationrunningwithastandarduseraccesstokentobeinelevatedmode.Forexample,youmightwanttoopentheCommandPromptwindowinelevatedmodesothatyoucanperformadministrationtasks.
Therearetwobasicwaystosettherunlevelforapplications.Youcanrunanapplicationonceasanadministratororyoucanalwaysrunanapplicationasanadministrator.Torunanapplicationonceasanadministrator,right-clicktheapplication’smenuitemonStart,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.Orifanapplicationshortcutispinnedtothetaskbar,youmustright-clickthepinneditem,right-clicktheitemagaininthejumplist,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.
UACcontrolswhetheryoucanelevateapplicationsinthisway:
Ifyouareusinganadministratoruseraccountandpromptingforconsentisenabled,youarepromptedforconsentbeforetheapplicationiselevatedandruninadministratormode.Ifyouareusingastandarduseraccountandpromptingisenabled,youarepromptedforconsentbeforetheapplicationiselevatedandruninadministratormode.Ifyouareusingastandarduseraccountandpromptingisdisabled,theapplicationwillfailtorun.
Youalsocanmarkanapplicationsothatitalwaysrunswithadministratorprivileges,whichisusefulforresolvingcompatibilityissueswithlegacyapplicationsthatrequireadministratorprivileges.ThisapproachalsoisusefulforUAC-compliantapplicationsthatnormallyruninstandardmodebutthatyouusetoperformadministrationtasks.
Tomarkaprogramtoalwaysrunasanadministrator,followthesesteps:
1.Locatetheprogramshortcutbyright-clickingtheprogramonStartandselectingOpenFileLocation.ThisopensFileExplorerwiththe.exefilefortheprogramselected.2.Right-clicktheprogram’s.exefile,selectSendToandthenselectDesktop(CreateShortcut).3.Onthedesktop,right-clicktheshortcutandthenselectProperties.4.InthePropertiesdialogbox,ontheCompatibilitytab,selectRunThisProgramAsAnAdministratorandthenclickApply.
Theprogramwillnowalwaysrunwiththeaccesstokenforanadministratoruser.Keepinmindthatifyouareusingastandardaccountandpromptingisdisabled,theprogramwillfailtorun.Ifnotethatiftheoptionisdimmed(unavailable),theapplicationisblockedfromalwaysrunningatanelevatedlevel,theapplicationdoesnotrequireadministratorcredentialstorun,oryouarenotloggedonasanadministrator.
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ApplicationSetupandCompatibilityMostapplicationshaveasetupprogramthatusesInstallShield,orWindowsInstaller.Whenyoustartthesetupprogram,theinstallerhelpsyouthroughtheinstallationprocessandshouldalsomakeiteasiertouninstalltheprogramifnecessary.Witholderapplications,thesetupprogrammightuseanoutdatedversionofoneoftheseinstallers,whichmightmeantheuninstallprocesswon’tcompletelyuninstalltheprogram.
Regardlessofwhetheraprogramhasacurrentinstaller,youshouldconsiderthepossibilitythatyouwillneedtorecoveryourcomputerifsomethinggoeswrongwiththeinstallation.Tohelpensurethatyoucanrecoveryourcomputer,makesureSystemRestoreisenabledforthedriveonwhichyouareinstallingtheprogrambytypingSystemRestoreintheSearchboxandpressingEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxtotheSystemProtectiontab,asshowninFigure6-7.
Figure6-7ConfirmthatSystemRestoreisenabled.
WithSystemRestoreenabled,Windowsautomaticallycreatescheckpointbeforeinstallingtheprogram.Thenifaproblemoccurs,youcanusethischeckpointtorecoveryourcomputer.
Althoughtheinstallersformostcurrentprogramsautomaticallytriggerthecreationofarestorepointbeforemakinganychangestoacomputer,theinstallersforolderprogramsmightnot.Youcanmanuallycreatearestorepoint,byselectingthesystemdriveontheProtectionSettingspanelandthenclickingCreate.Then,ifyourunintoproblems,youcantrytouninstalltheprogramoruseSystemRestoretorecoverthecomputertothestateitwasinpriortoinstallingtheprogram.
Generally,Windows10checksforpotentialcompatibilityproblemsbeforeyouinstallapplications.Ifitdetectsaproblem,youmightseeaProgramCompatibilityAssistantdialogboxafteryoustartaprogram’sinstaller.Often,thisdialogboxcontainsinformation
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abouttheknowncompatibilityissueswiththeprogramandapossiblesolution.Withsomelegacyapplications,theProgramCompatibilityAssistantmightdisplayamessagethattheprogramisblockedduetocompatibilityissues.ProgramsgetblockedbecausetheycauseaknownstabilityissuewithWindows,andyoucan’tcreateanimmediateworkaroundtotheproblem.Youroptionswillbelimited.Generally,you’lleitherbeabletocheckforsolutionsonlineorcanceltheinstallation.Ifyoucheckforsolutionsonline,thetypicalsolutionrequiresyoutopurchaseacurrentversionoftheprogram.
Iftheinstallationcontinuesbutfailsforanyreasonbeforeitisfullycomplete(orfailstoproperlynotifytheoperatingsystemregardingcompletion),youwillalsoseetheProgramCompatibilityAssistantdialogbox.Inthiscase,iftheprograminstalledcorrectly,clickThisProgramInstalledCorrectly.Iftheprogramdidn’tinstallcorrectly,clickReinstallUsingRecommendedSettingstoallowtheProgramCompatibilityAssistanttoapplycompatibilityfixes,andthentryagaintoruntheinstaller.
Whenyoustartprograms,Windows10usestheProgramCompatibilityAssistanttoautomaticallymakechangesforknowncompatibilityissuesaswell.IftheProgramCompatibilityAssistantdetectsaknowncompatibilityissuewhenyourunanapplication,itnotifiesyouabouttheproblemandprovidespossiblesolutions.Youcantheneitheracceptthesolutionsoryoucanmanuallyconfigurecompatibilityasdiscussedin“ResolvingCompatibilityIssues”laterinthischapter.
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MakingProgramsAvailableAfterinstallation,mostdesktopprogramsshouldhaverelatedtilesontheStartmenuandrelatedoptionsontheAppslist.Thisoccursbecauseaprogram’sshortcutsareplacedintheappropriatesubfolderoftheStartMenu\Programsfolderforalluserssothatanyuserwhologsonhasaccesstothatprogram.Someprogramspromptyouduringinstallationtochoosewhetheryouwanttoinstalltheprogramforallusersoronlyforthecurrentlylogged-onuser.Otherprogramssimplyinstallthemselvesonlyforthecurrentuser.
Ifsetupinstallsaprogramsothatitisavailableonlytothecurrentlylogged-onuserandyouwantotheruserstohaveaccesstotheprogram,youneedtodooneofthefollowing:
Logontothecomputerwitheachuseraccountthatshouldhaveaccesstotheprogram,andthenrerunSetuptomaketheprogramavailabletotheseusers.ThenyoualsoneedtorunSetupagainwhenanewuseraccountisaddedtothecomputerandthatuserneedsaccesstotheprogram.Forprogramsthatdon’trequireper-usersettingstobeaddedtotheregistrybeforerunning,youcaninsomecasesmaketheprogramavailabletoallusersonacomputerbyaddingtheappropriateshortcutstotheStartMenu\Programsfolderforallusers.Simplycopyormovetheprogramshortcutsfromthecurrentlylogged-onuser’sprofiletotheStartMenu\Programsfolderforallusers.
Tomakeaprogramavailabletoallusersonacomputer,youcancopyormoveaprogram’sshortcutsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.InFileExplorer,makesureyoucanviewhiddenfilesandprotectedsystemfiles.ClickFileandthenclickChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.OntheViewtab,selectShowHiddenFiles,Folders,AndDrivesandcleartheHideProtectedOperatingSystemFilescheckbox.2.Accessthecurrentlylogged-onuser’sProgramsfolder.Thisisahiddenfolderunder%UserProfile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\StartMenu.3.IntheProgramsfolder,right-clickthefolderfortheprogramgrouportheshortcutyouwanttoworkwith,andthenclickCopyorCutontheshortcutmenu.4.Next,navigatetotheStartMenu\Programsfolderforallusers.Thishiddenfolderisunder%SystemDrive%\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows.5.IntheProgramsfolder,right-clickanopenspace,andthenclickPaste.Theprogramgrouporshortcutshouldnowbeavailabletoallusersofthecomputer.
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ResolvingCompatibilityIssuesTogetolderprogramstorun,youmightsometimesneedtoadjustcompatibilityoptions.Someprogramswon’tinstallorrunonWindows10eveniftheyworkonearlierreleasesofWindows.Asdiscussedpreviously,ifyoutrytoinstallaprogramthathasknowncompatibilityproblems,Windows10displaysawarningprompttellingyouaboutthecompatibilityissue.Generally,youshouldn’tcontinueinstallingorrunningaprogramwithknowncompatibilityproblems,unlessthereareknownfixesthatcanbeapplied.Thatsaid,ifaprogramwillnotinstallorrunproperly,youmaybeabletogettheprogramtorunbyadjustingitscompatibilitysettings.
YoucanmanagecompatibilitysettingsusingtheProgramCompatibilityWizard,oryoucanedittheprogram’scompatibilitysettingsdirectlybyusingtheprogram’sPropertiesdialogbox.Bothtechniquesworkthesameway.KeepinmindprogramsthatarepartofWindows10cannotberuninCompatibilitymode—theydon’tneedtobeandfortheseprogramstheCompatibilityoptionsarenotavailable.
TohaveWindows10trytoautomaticallydetectcompatibilityissuesusingtheProgramCompatibilityTroubleshooterWizardlocatetheprogramshortcutbyright-clickingtheprogramonStartandselectingOpenFileLocation.ThisopensFileExplorerwiththe.exefilefortheprogramselected.Next,right-clicktheprogramshortcut,andthenclickTroubleshootCompatibilitytostarttheProgramCompatibilityTroubleshooterWizard.
Thewizardtriestoautomaticallydetectcompatibilityissues.Ifissuesaredetected,thewizardappliesfixesandallowsyoutoruntheprogramwiththerecommendedfixes.Todothis,clickTryRecommendedSettingsandthenclickTestTheProgram.Afterrunningtheprogram,clickNext,andthendooneofthefollowing:
ClickYes,SaveTheseSettingsForThisProgramifthecompatibilitysettingsresolvedtheproblemandyouwanttokeepthesettings.ClickNo,TryAgainUsingDifferentSettingsifthecompatibilitysettingsdidn’tresolvetheproblemandyouwanttorepeatthisprocessfromthebeginning.ClickNo,ReportTheProblemToMicrosoftAndCheckOnlineForASolutionifthecompatibilitysettingsdidn’tresolvetheproblemandyou’dliketocheckforanonlinesolution.ClickCancelifyouwanttodiscardthecompatibilitysettingsandexitthewizard.
Ifaprogramyouhavealreadyinstalledwon’truncorrectly,youmightwanttoeditthecompatibilitysettingsdirectlyratherthanbyusingthewizard.Youcandothisbyfollowingthesesteps.
1.Locatetheprogramshortcutbyright-clickingtheprogramonStartandselectingOpenFileLocation.ThisopensFileExplorerwiththe.exefilefortheprogramselected.Next,right-clicktheprogramshortcut,andthenclickProperties.2.InthePropertiesdialogbox,clicktheCompatibilitytab.Anyoptionyouselectisappliedtothecurrentlylogged-onuserfortheprogramshortcut.Toapplythesettingtoallusersonthecomputerandregardlessofwhichshortcutisusedtostarttheprogram,clickChangeSettingForAllUserstoopentheCompatibility
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ForAllUserstab,andthenselectthecompatibilitysettingsthatyouwanttouseforalluserswhologontothecomputer.3.SelecttheRunThisProgramInCompatibilityModeForcheckbox,andthenusetheselectionmenutochoosetheoperatingsystemforwhichtheprogramwasdesigned,suchasWindows7.4.Forveryoldlegacyprograms,usethedisplayoptionsintheSettingspaneltorestrictthevideodisplaysettingsfortheprogram.OptionsincludeReducedColorModewitheither8-bit(256)coloror16-bit(65536)color,RunIn640×480ScreenResolution,andDisableDisplayScalingOfHighDPISettings.5.ClickOK.Double-clicktheshortcuttoruntheprogramandtestthecompatibilitysettings.Ifyoustillhaveproblemsrunningtheprogram,modifythecompatibilitysettingsandusedifferentoptions.Forexample,ifyouthoughttheprogramwascreatedforWindows7butitwasreallycreatedforWindowsVista,changethecompatibilitymode.
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ManagingDesktopProgramsandFeaturesWindows10providesmanywaystoworkwithdesktopprogramsandwindowscomponents.Youcan:
AddorremoveWindowsFeaturesDesignatedefaultprogramsConfigureAutoPlayoptionsManagefileextensionsandassociationsModify,repairandremoveprogramsTroubleshootingrunningprograms
Theseoptionsarediscussedinthesectionsthatfollow.
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AddingandRemovingWindowsFeaturesOperatingsystemcomponentsareconsideredWindowsfeaturesthatcanbeturnedonoroffbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeWindowsFeaturesintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheWindowsFeaturesdialogbox.(Alternatively,inControlPanelclickPrograms.ThenunderProgramsAndFeatures,clickTurnWindowsFeaturesOnOrOff.)2.AsshowninFigure6-8,selectthecheckboxesforfeaturestoturnthemon,orclearthecheckboxesforfeaturestoturnthemoff.3.WhenyouclickOK,Windows10reconfigurescomponentstoreflectanychangesyoumade.
Figure6-8ManagingWindowsFeatures.
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DesignatingDefaultProgramsDefaultprogramsdeterminewhichprogramsareusedwithwhichtypesoffilesandhowWindowshandlesfilesonmediaordevices.Youconfiguredefaultprogramsbasedonthetypesoffilesthoseprogramssupport,eithergloballyforallusersofacomputeroronlyforthecurrentuser.Asindividualuserdefaultsoverrideglobaldefaults,youcouldselectGrooveMusicastheglobaldefaultforalltypesoffilesitsupports,andthenallusersofthecomputerwoulduseGrooveMusictoplaythesound,audio,andvideofilesitsupports.ButifJohnwhoalsousesyourcomputerwantedtouseAppleiTunesinsteadasthedefaultplayerforsoundandaudiofiles,youcouldconfigureiTunestobehisdefaultplayerforthetypesofmediafilesiTunessupports.
Youcanconfigureglobaldefaultprogramsforyouandeveryoneelsewhousesyourcomputerbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheDefaultProgramspageinControlPanel,whichcanalsobeopenedbyclickingProgramsandthenclickingDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.SelectSetProgramAccessAndComputerDefaults.You’llseethedialogboxshowninFigure6-9.
Figure6-9Choosingdefaultprogramsforallusers
3.Chooseaconfigurationfromoneofthefollowingoptions:
MicrosoftWindows ChoosethisoptiontosetthecurrentlyinstalledWindowsprogramsasthedefaultprogramsforbrowsingtheweb,sendingemail,playingmediafiles,etceteraNon-Microsoft Choosethisoptiontosetnon-Microsoftprograms(whenavailable)asthedefaultprogramsforbrowsingtheweb,sendingemail,playingmediafiles,etceteraCustom Choosethisoptionifyouwanttospecifythedefaultprogramsforbrowsingtheweb,sendingemail,playingmediafiles,etcetera
4.SelectOKtosavethesettings.
Tooverrideglobaldefaults,youcansetdefaultprogramsforyourselforotherusersof
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yourcomputer.Youcanconfiguredefaultprogramsforyouoranyoneelsebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Logonastheuseryouwanttoconfigure.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.Next,selectSetYourDefaultPrograms.3.SelectaprogramyouwanttoworkwithintheProgramslist.4.Ifyouwanttheprogramtobethedefaultforallthefiletypesandprotocolsitsupports,selectSetThisProgramAsDefault.5.Ifyouwanttheprogramtobethedefaultforspecificfiletypesandprotocols,selectChooseDefaultsForThisProgram.Selectthefileextensionsforwhichtheprogramshouldbethedefault,andthenselectSave.6.RepeatSteps3-5asappropriate.SelectOKtosavethesettings.
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ConfiguringAutoPlayOptionsInWindows10,AutoPlayoptionsdeterminehowWindowshandlesfilesonmediaanddevices.YoucanconfigureseparateAutoPlayoptionsforeachtypeofmediaanddeviceyourcomputercanhandlebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.ClickChangeAutoPlaySettings.ThisdisplaystheAutoPlaypageinControlPanel.3.AsshowninFigure6-10,usethemediaselectionlisttosetthedefaultAutoPlayoptionforeachmediatype.Althoughtheactionsavailabledependonthetypeofmediaandwhetheryourcomputerhasaprogramforplayingthemediatype,thegeneralactionsyoucanchooseinclude:
ImportPlayInstallOrRunTakeNoActionOpenFolderToViewFilesAskMeEveryTime
4.ClickSavetosaveyoursettings.
Note Forremovabledrives(USBmemorysticks,etc.),youcanspecifyanoveralldefaultoradefaultforeachmediatype.Tospecifyanoveralldefault,cleartheChooseWhatToDocheckboxandthenselectapreferreddefault.Tospecifyindividualdefaults,selecttheChooseWhatToDocheckboxandthenselectadefaultactionforeachmediatype.
Figure6-10SettingAutoPlayoptionsformediaanddevices.
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WorkingwiththeCommandPathWindowsusesthecommandpathtolocateexecutables.UsingthePATHcommand,youcanviewthecurrentcommandpathforexecutablessimplybyenteringpathonalinebyitselfwhenworkingwiththeCommandPrompt.InWindowsPowerShell,youenter$env:pathonalinebyitselftogetthesameinformation.Intheoutputfromeithertechnique,observethatWindowsusesasemicolon(;)toseparateindividualpaths,markingwhereonefilepathendsandanotherbegins,suchas:PATH=C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\
Pathsaresearchedinorder,withthelastpathinthePATHuservariableisthelastonesearched.BecausethesepathsdeterminewhereWindowslooksforexecutablesandscripts,it’simportanttoensurethepathsarecorrectforthewayyouuseWindows.
Duringlogon,systemanduserenvironmentvariablesareusedtosetthecommandpath.ThepathdefinedinthePATHsystemvariablesetsthebasepath.ThepathdefinedinthePATHuservariableaddstothebasepath.Knowingthis,youcanaddtothecommandpathbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.2.ClickEnvironmentVariables.UnderUserVariables,clickNew(orEditifyoupreviouslycreatedauserpath).ThisopenstheUserVariabledialogbox.3.EnterPathasthevariablenameandthentypethepathstoincludeinthePATHvariable.Besuretouseasemicolon(;)toseparateindividualpaths,asshowninFigure6-11.4.ClickOKthreetimestocloseallopendialogboxes.
Figure6-11Addingtothecommandpath.
Note Althoughtheuserpathisaddedtothecommandpathimmediately,thepathisnotupdatedinanyopencommandpromptorPowerShellwindows.Closeandre-openthosewindowstoupdatetheirworkingenvironment.
Ifyoumakeamistakeornolongerwanttoaddauserpathtothecommandpath,deletetheadditionalpathsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.2.ClickEnvironmentVariables.UnderUserVariables,clickPathandthenclickDelete.3.ClickOKtwicetocloseallopendialogboxes.
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WorkingwithFileExtensionsandAssociationsWindowsusesfileextensionsandfileassociationstodeterminewhichapplicationstoopenforwhichtypesoffiles.Fileextensionsallowyoutoexecuteacommandbyusingjustthecommandname.Fileassociationsallowyoutodouble-clickafileandopenthefileautomaticallyinarelatedapplication.
Twotypesoffileextensionsareused:
FileextensionsforexecutablesFileextensionsforapplications
Executablefilesaredefinedwiththe%PATHEXT%environmentvariableandcanbesetusingtheEnvironmentVariablesdialogbox.Toviewthecurrentsettingsforthisvariable,entersetpathextatthecommandlineorenter$env:pathextataPowerShellprompt.Thedefaultsettingis:PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC.
Withthissetting,thecommandlineknowsanyfilesendingwiththisextensionareexecutable.Theorderoffileextensionsinthe%PATHEXT%variablesetsthesearchorderusedbyWindowsonaper-directorybasis.Thus,ifaparticulardirectoryinthecommandpathhasmultipleexecutablesthatmatchthecommandnameprovided,a.comfilewouldbeexecutedbeforean.exefile,andsoon.
Fileextensionsforapplicationsarereferredtoasfileassociations.Fileassociationsarewhatenableyoutopassargumentstoexecutablesandtoopendocuments,worksheets,orotherapplicationfilesbydouble-clickingtheirfileicons.
Eachknownextensiononyourcomputerhasafileassociationthatyoucanviewatacommandpromptbyenteringassocfollowedbytheextension,suchasassoc.docorassoc.docx.Forexample,ifyouenterassoc.docxatthecommandpromptandyou’veinstalledWord,theoutputissimilartothefollowing:.docx=Word.Document.15
Eachfileassociationinturnspecifiesthefiletypeforthefileextension.Thiscanbeviewedatacommandpromptbyenteringftypefollowedbythefileassociation,suchasftypeWord.Document.12.Theoutputtellsyouwhatprogramisrunforthistypeoffile:Word.Document.15=“C:\ProgramFiles\MicrosoftOffice\Office15\WINWORD.EXE”/n/dde
Here,theoutputshowsWinword.exeisusedtoopen.docxfiles.
Extensionsforexecutablesalsohaveacorrespondingfileassociationandfiletype.Forsomeexecutables,thefiletypeistheextensiontextwithouttheperiodfollowedbythekeywordfile,suchascmdfile,exefile,orbatfile,andthefileassociationspecifiesthatthefirstparameterpassedisthecommandnameandthatotherparametersshouldbepassedontotheapplication.Forexample,ifyouenterassoc.exetoseethefileassociationsfor.exeexecutables,you’llseethefiletypeisexefile.Ifyouthenenterftypeexefile,you’llseethefileassociationissettothefollowing:exefile=”%1”%*
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Thismeansthatwhenyourunan.exefileWindowsusesfirstvalueasthecommandtorunandanythingelseasaparametertopasstotheexecutable.
Youcanassociateafiletype(orprotocol)withaspecificapplicationbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.ClickAssociateAFileTypeOrProtocolWithAProgram.3.OntheSetAssociationspage,currentfileassociationsarelistedbyfileextensionandthecurrentdefaultforthatextension.Tochangethefileassociationforanextension,clickthefileextension,andthenclickChangeProgram.4.UsetheHowDoYouWantToOpendialogbox,showninFigure6-12,tospecifythedefaultprogramtouse.Programsregisteredintheoperatingsystemassupportingfileswiththeselectedextensionarelistedautomatically.Simplyclickarecommendedprogramtosetitasthedefaultfortheselectedextension.OrclickMoreAppstoviewotherprogramsthatmightalsosupporttheselectedextension.
Figure6-12Associatingfileextensionswithotherprograms.
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Managing,Repairing,andUninstallingDesktopProgramsWindows10considersanyprogramyou’veinstalledonacomputerormadeavailableforanetworkinstallationtobeaninstalledprogram.Youusethesetupprogramthatcomeswiththeprogramtoinstallprograms,andtheProgramsAndFeaturespageinControlPaneltomanageprograms.
Thebasicstepsforworkingwithprogramsfollow:
1.TypeProgramsAndFeaturesintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickProgramsAndFeatureswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.AsshowninFigure6-13,youshouldseealistofinstalledprograms.IntheNamelist,right-clicktheprogramyouwanttoworkwith.Theoptionsavailabledependontheprogramyouareworkingwithandinclude:
Uninstall ChoosethisoptiontouninstalltheprogramUninstall/Change ChoosethisoptiontouninstallormodifyaprogramChange Choosethisoptiontomodifytheprogram’sconfigurationRepair Choosethisoptiontorepairtheprogram’sinstallation
Figure6-13ManaginginstalledprogramsinControlPanel.
Themanagementoptionsavailabledependontheinstallerprogramusedduringsetupoftheapplicationandtheversionoftheinstaller.MostsoftwareapplicationsuseInstallShieldorWindowsInstaller,butnotnecessarilythemostrecentversion.Iftheuninstallprocessfails,youoftencanresolveanyproblemsimplybyrerunningtheuninstallerfortheprogram.
Whenyouareuninstallingprograms,keepthefollowinginmind:
Windowswarnsyouifyoutrytouninstallaprogramwhileotherusersareloggedon.UsingtheSwitchAccountsoption,otheruserscanbeloggedinbutnotactive.Beforeuninstallingprogramsthatothersmightbeusingyoushouldhavethoseuserslogoff.Ifyoudon’tdothis,youmightcauseotheruserstolosedataorexperienceotherproblems.WindowsonlyallowsyoutoremoveprogramsthatwereinstalledwithaWindows-compatiblesetupprogram.Legacyprogramsmighthaveaseparateuninstallutilitythatdoesn’tuseInstallShieldorWindowsInstaller.Somelegacyprogramsworkbycopyingtheirdatafilestoaprogramfolderandtheseyouuninstallsimplyby
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deletingtherelatedfolder.Manyuninstallprogramsleavebehinddataeitherinadvertentlyorbydesign.Becauseofthis,you’lloftenfindfoldersfortheseapplicationswithintheProgramFilesfolder.Althoughyoucoulddeletethesefolders,theymightcontainimportantdatafilesorcustomusersettingsthatcouldbeusedagainifyoureinstalltheprogram.
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ManagingCurrentlyRunningApps,ProgramsandProcessesInWindows10,youcanviewandworkwithyourcomputer’scurrentlyrunningapps,programsandprocessesbyusingTaskManager.OpenTaskManagerbypressingCtrl+Shift+Escorbyright-clickingthelower-leftcornerofthescreenandthenclickingTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.
Bydefault,TaskManagerdisplaysasummarylistofallrunningappsandprograms,asshowninFigure6-14.Whenyouclickanappsorprograminthelist,youcanmanageit.Toexitanapporprogram(whichmightbenecessarywhenitisnotresponding),clickitintheTasklist,andthenclickEndTask.Todisplayothermanagementoptions,right-clicktheapporprogramintheTasklist.
Figure6-14Usingthesummaryviewintaskmanagertoviewrunningappsandprograms.
Whenworkingwiththesummaryview,youcanclickMoreDetailstoopenthefullTaskManager.You’llthenseedetailedinformationaboutrunningprograms,appsandprocesses,asshowninFigure6-15.TheProcessestablistseachitemrunningonthecomputerunderthreegeneralheadings:
Apps Showsdesktopappsandprogramsthatyou’vestarted.BackgroundProcesses ShowsprocessesbeingruninthebackgroundbyWindows.WindowsProcesses Showsallotherprocessesrunningonthecomputer.
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Figure6-15Gettinganexpandedviewofrunningapps,programsandprocesses.
Apps,programsandprocessesarelistedbyname,status,CPUusage,memoryusage,diskusage,andnetworkusage.Ablankstatusindicatesanormalstate.Aswiththesummaryview,youcanexitanapplicationorstoparunningprocessbyclickingtheitemintheTasklist,andthenclickingEndTask.
Someitemswithrelatedwindowsorprocessescanbeexpanded.Double-clickanitemtoseedetailsfortherelatedwindowsorprocesses.Displaymoremanagementoptionsbyright-clickinganitemintheTasklist.Theoptionsinclude:
OpenFileLocation OpensthefoldercontainingtheexecutablefilefortheapplicationorprocessinFileExplorerCreateDumpFile CreatesamemorydumpfilefortheselectedprocessGoToDetails OpenstheDetailstabwiththeprocessselectedProperties OpensthePropertiesdialogboxfortheexecutablefile.
AlthoughprogramsyouarerunningarelistedundertheAppsheading,programsbeingrunbyanyotherusers(suchaswhenyouswitchcontext)arelistedasBackgroundProcesses.SelecttheUserstabtoviewinformationaboutresourcesbeingusedbyotherusers.
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Chapter7.TrackingSystemPerformanceandHealth
Yourcomputer’sperformancelevelsaredirectlyrelatedtoitshealth.Whetheryouhaveadesktop,laptop,ortabletPC,yourcomputerwasdesignedtobepaused(byputtingitinsleepmode)andresumed.Allthatpausingandresumingcanhaveunintendedconsequencesontheoverallperformanceofyourcomputer,especiallyafterdaysorweeksofpauseandresume.SothefirstthingIaskanyoneexperiencingaproblemwithaWindowsdeviceisthis:Whenwasthelasttimeyoushutdownandthenrestarteddevice?
Beyondasimplerestart,thereareseveralthingsyouneedtoknowtounderstandissuesthatcanaffectyourcomputer’sperformance.YouneedtounderstandwhatCPU,memoryanddiskresourcesthecomputerhas—whicharethebestindicatorsofpotentialperformance.Youneedtodeterminewhatiscurrentlyhappeningonyourcomputerintermsofrunningapplications,processes,andservices—TaskManagermakesthiseasy.Andyouneedtoknowwhatproblems(ifany)yourcomputerisexperiencing—thebestwaytotrackproblemsistoexaminetheeventlogs.
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GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sHardwareYourcomputer’sperformancecapabilitiesarerelativetoitshardwareconfiguration.It’srelativebecauseyourcomputer’sactualperformancedependsonmanyfactors,includingwhetheryou’vefollowedthetipsandtechniquesdiscussedinthisbooktosqueezeeverylastbitofpoweroutofyourcomputerwhilemakingthemostoftheincludedfeaturesandoptions.
Tounderstandyourcomputer’sperformancecapabilities,youneedinformationaboutyourcomputer’sprocessor,physicalmemory(RAM),graphicscard,andprimaryharddisk.GetthisinformationusingtheSystemInformationutilityshowninFigure7-1.
Figure7-1Checkingyourcomputer’shardware,architectureandresources.
AfteryoustartSystemInformationbytypingmsinfo32intheSearchboxandpressingEnter,youcanusetheSystemSummarytoanswermostofyourquestionsaboutyourcomputer’shardware,architectureandmemory,including:
Operatingsystemedition,suchasEnterpriseeditionSystemtype,suchasx64-basedPCProcessor,suchasIntelCoreI5BIOSversionPhysicalmemoryandvirtualmemoryHyper-Vcapabilities
Note Theprocessordetailsalsoprovideaneasywaytoverifytheprocessorspeedandthenumberofprocessorcores.
Todeterminewhatgraphicscardyourcomputerhasanditscapabilities,expandComponentsbydouble-clickingitsentryandthenselectDisplay.You’llthenseethenameofthegraphicscardandthesizeoftheRAMonthegraphicscard.Graphicsmemoryisdifferentfromstandardmemory.Thecurrentscreenresolutionandcolorbitdeptharealsolisted.
YoucanlearnmoreaboutthestoragecapabilitiesofyourcomputerbyexpandingStorageunderComponentsandthenselectingDrives.You’llthenseeinformationaboutallfixedandremovabledrivesavailable,includingwhethertheyarecompressed,thefilesystemtype,thetotalsizeandtheamountofavailablefreespace.
Ifyouwanttolearnmoreaboutthenetworkingcapabilitiesofyourcomputer,expand
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NetworkunderComponentsandthenselectAdapter.You’llthenseeinformationaboutallnetworkadaptersavailable,includingtheadaptertypeandthecurrentTCP/IPsettings.
Note Whileyouareviewingthedetailedinformation,clickFileandthenselectPrinttoprintanyofthisinformationforfuturereference.
Clearly,yourcomputer’ssystemtype,processor,andRAMhaveabigimpactonoverallperformance.Ifyourcomputerhasanolderorsingle-coreprocessor,youmaybeabletoboostperformancedramaticallybyupgradingtheprocessor.However,performingaprocessorupgradeisn’ttheeasiestthingtodo.Manythingscangowrong,andyouroldercomputerprobablywon’tbeabletousethelatestprocessorsanyway.Atbest,youmightbeabletoupgradetoasimilarclassCPUthatisonlymarginallyfaster;soinsteadoftryingtoupgradetheprocessor,IrecommenddeterminingwhetheryoucanaddmoreRAMtoyourcomputer.Ifyourcomputerhaslessthan8GBofRAM,youmaybeabletoimproveperformancebyinstallingmorememory.Remember,thememorymustoperateataspeedcompatiblewithyourcomputer’smotherboardandsystembus,andyoucan’tmixandmatchdifferenttypesofmemory.Often,you’llhavethebestchancesforsuccessifyouremoveyourexistingmemoryandreplaceitwiththenewmemory.
Yourcomputer’sprimaryharddiskalsohasabigimpactonoverallperformance.Theprimaryharddiskistheonemostusedbytheoperatingsystemandprograms.Ifyouhaveanoldercomputeranditsprimarydriveisslow,youmayseeasignificantreductioninbootandwakefromsleeptimesbyupgradingtheprimaryharddisktoanewermodelthatisfasterandsupportscaching.However,movingyourprimarydiskisn’tveryeasy;thesetwotrickswillsaveyoualotoftimeandheartache:
Trymovingyourcomputer’spagingfiletoafaster,newerdisk,asdiscussedin“Fine-TuningVirtualMemory”inChapter9.TryusingWindowsReadyBoosttoshiftsomeofyourcomputer’ssystemcachereadsandwritestofasterflashmemory.See“EnhancingPerformancewithReadyBoost”inChapter9.
Ifyourcomputer’sprimarydrivehasrelativelygoodperformance,youcanmaintainrelativelygooddiskperformanceby:
Runningafullcheckdiskonyourprimaryharddriveperiodically.Besuretoperformerrorrepairandbadsectorrecoveryaswell.Defragmentingyourprimaryharddriveperiodically.Whileyoucandefragmentotherdrives,fragmentationoftheprimaryharddriveiswhatmostaffectsperformance.Cleaningupyourprimaryharddriveatleastonceeveryothermonthandalwaysensuringthatyourprimarydrivehasatleast15percentofitsdiskspacefree.
Note DiskCleanupandotherdiskutilitiesarediscussedinChapter9.
Graphicsmemorycanalsoaffectrelativeperformancelevels.Lookat:
Sharedsystemmemory Areflectionofphysicalmemory(RAM)thatisshared
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betweenthegraphicscardandtheCPU.Sharedmemoryusedbythegraphicscardleaveslessphysicalmemoryavailableforapplicationsandtheoperatingsystem.Dedicatedgraphicsmemory Areflectionoftheactualmemoryonitsgraphicscardorcards.Ifyourcomputerhaslittlededicatedgraphicsmemory,installinganewgraphicscardwith2GBormoreofdedicatedRAMwouldsubstantiallyincreaserelativeperformancelevels.Totalavailablegraphicsmemory Acombinationofsharedmemoryanddedicatedmemory.Ifyourcomputerhas2GBofdedicatedgraphicsmemoryand4GBofsharedgraphicsmemory,ithas6GBoftotalavailablememoryforgraphics.
Followingthis,ifyourcomputerhas12GBofRAM,and4GBofthatcurrentlyisbeingusedbythegraphicscardtoperformgraphicsrenderingforagraphic-intensiveapplicationorprogram,only8GBisavailableforotheruses.Inthiscase,you’dhaveabetterexperienceifyouaddedRAM,upgradedtoagraphicscardwithahigheramountofdedicatedmemory.
YoucansqueezeextraperformanceoutofyourcomputerbyusingthetechniquesI’vediscussedhere,aswellasothertechniquesI’vediscussedpreviously.Forexample,ifyourcomputerdoesn’thaveahigh-endgraphicscard,youmaybeabletoimproveoverallperformancebyturningoffgraphics-intensivefeaturesoftheoperatingsystem,asdiscussedin“OptimizingInterfacePerformance”inChapter2.
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CheckingCurrentPerformanceLevels“ManagingCurrentlyRunningApps,ProgramsandProcesses”inChapter6discussedbasictechniquesforworkingwithTaskManager.Nowlet’stakeacloserlook.YoucanstartTaskManagerbypressingCtrl+Shift+Escorbyright-clickingthelower-leftcornerofthescreenandthenclickingTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.TheProcessestabshowsthestatusofcurrentlyrunningprograms.YoucanswitchtoaprogramandmakeitactivebyselectingtheapplicationandthenclickingSwitchTo,andyoucanstartanewprogrambyfollowingthesesteps:
1. ClickRunNewTaskontheFilemenu.ThisopenstheCreateNewTaskdialogbox,showninFigure7-2.
2. EnteracommandtoruntheapplicationandthenclickOK.Forexample,youcanruntheSystemInformationutilitybyenteringmsinfo32.
Note RuntheapplicationwithelevatedprivilegesbyselectingtheCreateThisTaskWithAdministrativePrivileges.
Figure7-2UsingTaskManagertorunaprogram.
Whenyoustartanapplicationorrunacommand,Windows10startsoneormoreprocessestohandletherelatedprogram.Processesthatyoustartarecalledinteractiveprocesses.Ifanapplicationisactiveandselected,theinteractiveprocesshascontroloverthekeyboardandmouseuntilyouswitchcontrolbyterminatingtheprogramorselectingadifferentapplication.Whenanapplication’sprocesshascontrol,it’ssaidtoberunningintheforeground.
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TrackingApplicationsandProcessesProcessescanalsoruninthebackground.Forprocessesyoustarted,thismeansthatprogramsthataren’tcurrentlyactivecancontinuetooperate;however,theygenerallyaren’tgiventhesamepriorityasactiveprocesses.Windowsalsohasbackgroundprocessesthatrunindependentlyofyourusersession.Theseprocessesarerelatedtostartupapplications,scheduledtasks,housekeepingactivities,andsoon.
TheDetailstabinTaskManager,showninFigure7-3,providesdetailedinformationaboutrunningprocesses,includingthosefromtheoperatingsystem,localservices,theinteractiveuserloggedontothelocalconsole(you),andallotherusers.Ifyourcomputerisn’trespondingwell,youcanusethisinformationtodeterminewhichprocessesareover-consumingsystemresources.Thedefaultcolumnsare:
Name ShowsthenameoftheprocessorrelatedexecutablePID ShowstheIDnumberoftheprocessStatus Showsthestatusoftheprocess,suchasRunningUserName ShowsthenameoftheuserorsystemservicerunningtheprocessCPU ShowsthepercentageofCPUutilizationfortheprocessMemory(PrivateWorkingSet) ShowstheamountofmemorytheprocessiscurrentlyusingDescription Providesdetailsorpropernameoftheprocess
Figure7-3Trackingresourceusagebyprocesses
Togetevenmoreinformation,youcanaddcolumnstotheProcessestab.RightclickoneofthedefaultcolumnsandchooseSelectColumns.Usethedialogboxprovidedtoselectthecolumnstoadd.Fortroubleshootingperformanceandrelatedissues,youmightwanttoaddthesecolumns:
BasePriority Indicatesthepriorityoftheprocess,relativetootherrunningprocesses.Whenthereisresourcecontentionbetweenahigher-priorityprocessandalower-priorityprocess,thehigher-priorityprocesswillbegivenmoreresourcesrelativetothelower-priorityprocess.Theprioritiesfromlowesttohighestare:Low,BelowNormal,Normal,AboveNormal,High,andRealTime.MostprocesseshaveaNormalprioritybydefault.CPUTime ShowsthetotalCPUcycletimeusedbyaprocesssinceitwasstarted.
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IfyouwanttoseetheprocessesthatareusingthemostCPUtime,displaythiscolumnandthenclickthecolumnheadertosortprocessentriesbyCPUtime.Handles Showsthecurrentnumberoffilehandlesmaintainedbytheprocess.Usethehandlecounttogaugehowdependenttheprocessisonthefilesystem.Eachfilehandlerequiressystemmemorytobemaintained.I/OReads,I/OWrites Showsthetotalnumberofdiskinput/output(I/O)readsorwritessincetheprocesswasstarted.Together,thenumberofI/OreadsandwritestellsyouhowmuchdiskI/Oactivityisrelatedtotheprocess.PageFaults Showsthenumberofpagefaultsactivelyoccurringbecauseoftheprocess.ApagefaultoccurswhenaprocessrequestsapageinmemoryandWindowscan’tfindthepageattherequestedlocation.Iftherequestedpageiselsewhereinmemory,thefaultiscalledasoftpagefault.Iftherequestedpagemustberetrievedfromdisk,thefaultiscalledahardpagefault.Whilehardfaultscancausesignificantdelays,mostprocessorscanhandlealargenumberofsoftfaults.PagedPool,NPPool Showspagedpoolmemoryusage.Pagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcanbewrittentodiskwhentheyaren’tused.NPPool Showsnonpagedpoolmemoryusage.PagedpoolisNonpagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcan’tbewrittentodisk.Processesthatrequirealargeamountofnonpagedpoolmemorycanaffectperformance,especiallywhentheyarevyingforresourceswithotherprocesses.PeakWorkingSet Showsthehighestamountofmemoryusedbytheprocess.Thedifferencebetweencurrentmemoryusageandpeakmemoryusageisimportanttonote;someapplicationsusealotofmemorywhenperformingcertaintasks,whichcandegradeperformancewhentheyarevyingforresourceswithotherprocesses.Threads Showsthecurrentnumberofthreadsthattheprocessisusing.Mostmodernapplicationsaremultithreaded.Multithreadingallowsconcurrentexecutionofprocessrequests.Someapplicationscandynamicallycontrolthenumberofconcurrentlyexecutingthreadstoimproveapplicationperformance,buttoomanythreadscanactuallyreduceperformancebecausetheoperatingsystemhastoswitchthreadcontextstoofrequently.
PayparticularattentiontotheSystemIdleProcess.Thisprocesstrackstheamountofsystemresourcesthataren’tbeingused.Thus,a99intheCPUcolumnoftheSystemIdleProcessmeansthat99percentofsystemresourcescurrentlyaren’tbeingused.Alsorememberthatasingleapplicationcanstartmultipleprocesses.Tobesureyouaretrackingormanagingtherightprocessforanapplication,right-clicktheapplicationontheProcessestabandselectGoToDetails.
Tostopanapplication,you’llusuallywanttotargetthemainapplicationprocessaswellasdependentprocesses,eitherbyright-clickingtheapplicationontheDetailstabandthenclickingEndTaskorbyright-clickingthemainapplicationprocessontheProcessestabandthenclickingEndTask.Youcanalsoright-clickthemainprocessoradependentprocessontheDetailstab,andthenselectEndProcessTree.
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TrackingPerformanceandResourceUsageAllrunningprocesses,whetheroperatingactivelyorinthebackground,affecttheperformanceofyourcomputer.Attimes,yourcomputermayseemlessresponsivethanusualandyoumaywanttotrytodeterminewhy.ThePerformancetabinTaskManagerprovidesaquickwaytochecksystemresourceusageandrelativeperformancelevels.
UsagegraphsareprovidedtohelpyouunderstandhowCPU,memory,diskandEthernetresourcesarebeingused.Summarygraphsforeachresourceareprovidedintheleftpane.TheUpdateSpeedsetting,ontheViewmenu,determineshowoftengraphsareupdated.
Whenyouselectaresourceintheleftpane,moredetailedinformationisprovidedinthemainpane.ThedetailedusagegraphforCPUshowseithertheoverallutilizationortheutilizationofindividualprocessorcores.Switchbetweentheviewsbyright-clickingtheCPUgraphinthemainpane,pointingtoChangeGraphToandthenselectingeitherOverallUtilizationorLogicalProcessorsasappropriate.
Figure7-4showstheresourceusageforacomputerwithfourCPUcoresundernormalusageconditions.Thiscomputer’sCPUcoresareoperatingnormallyandarenotheavilytaxed.Thefewpeaksshownarenotremarkable;theyprobablyoccurredwhenapplicationswereopenedornewtaskswerestarted.Thememoryusagelevelsarealsonormalandnotremarkable,asarediskusagelevels.Ofinterest,however,istherelativelyhighEthernetusage,whichisindicativeoflargetransfersinprogressorpossiblyvideostreaming.
Figure7-4Trackingresourceusageunderaverageusageconditions
ContrastthistotheresourceusageforthesamecomputershowninFigure7-5.Inthiscase,thecomputerisexperiencinghigherresourceusagewithdiskutilizationat100%andEthernetusagepeakingfrequentlyto100%.ThecontinuingpeaksandhighusagelevelsofdiskandEthernetusageinthisinstanceareremarkable,especiallyiftheyrepresentnormalusageconditions.However,thiscomputerdoesn’thaveaperformanceproblemrelatedtoitsmemoryorCPUs.Rather,itissimplyperformingdisk-andEthernet-intensiveoperations,andthoseoperationsareongoing.
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Figure7-5Trackingresourceusageunderhighusageconditions
Note Youcanviewaclose-upoftheCPUgraphsbydouble-clickinginthePerformancetab.Double-clickingagainreturnsyoutonormalviewingmode.
However,ifCPUusagewereconsistentlyandcontinuallyhighonallCPUs,youwouldwanttoexaminerunningapplicationsandtheirprocessestogetabetterunderstandingofwhatishappeningonthecomputer.Youmight,forexample,berunningprocessor-intensiveapplications,oryousimplymightneedtoconsiderupgradingyourcomputer’sCPUstoperformthekindsoftasksyouwanttoperform.
Memoryisoftenasourceofperformanceproblems.ThePerformancetab’sMemorygraphshowstheamountofphysicalmemorycurrentlybeingusedbythecomputer,graphedtoreflectthepercentageoftotalmemory.TheMemoryUsageHistorygraphshowsphysicalmemoryusageplottedovertime.Ifyourcomputerisconsistentlylowonavailablememory,youmightwanttoconsidertuningoraddingmemory.
Thecomputershownintheexamplesdoesn’thaveamemoryissue.Inthesecondexample,thecomputerisusing3.7GBofmemoryandstillhas4.2GBofavailablememory.Butifmemoryusagewereconsiderablyandconsistentlyhigher,youwouldwanttoexaminerunningprocessesandtakeacloserlookatwhatwashappeningonthecomputer.Forexample,applicationsrunninginthebackground,suchasaviruschecker,softwareupdatersorbackupsoftware,mightbeusingmemoryresources,oryousimplymightneedtoconsiderupgradingyourcomputer’smemorytoperformthekindsoftasksyouwanttoperform.
UndertheCPUUtilizationgrapharestatisticsrelatedtothetotalnumberofhandles,threads,andprocesses,aswellastotaluptimeofthecomputersinceitwaslaststarted.Intheexample,thecomputerisquiteactive,with74,408openhandles,2133activethreads,and138runningprocesses.OfparticularnotearethedetailsregardingtheCPU.IfyoueverhaveaquestionabouttheCPUconfigured,thisiswhereyoulook.Thedetailstellyou:
Themaximumprocessorspeed,whichis3.20GHzinthisinstance.TheSocketsvaluetellsyouthenumberofphysicalprocessors.Thiscomputerhas1.TheCoresvaluetellsyouhowmanyprocessorcoresthecomputerhas.Thiscomputerhas4.TheLogicalProcessorsvaluetellsyouhowmanylogicalprocessorsthecomputer
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has(whichisn’tnecessarilythesameasthenumberofcores).Thiscomputerhas4.TheVirtualizationvaluespecifieswhethervirtualizationisenabled,whichitisonthiscomputer.TheL1,L2,andL3valuesspecifythesizeofeachmemorycache,whichareintegratedintotheprocessor.
ProTip YoucanshowkernelusagebyclickingShowKernelTimesontheViewmenu.TrackingkernelCPUusagecanhelpyoubetterunderstandhowtheoperatingsystemisusingtheCPU.Usagebythekernelisplottedinadifferentcolorandreflectstotalusage.
SelectMemoryintheleftpanetoviewstatisticsrelatedtomemoryusage.AsshowninFigure7-6,usagestatisticsinclude:
InUse Displaystheamountofmemorycurrentlybeingused.Committed Displaysphysicalmemoryinuseforwhichspacehasbeenreservedinthepagingfile,followedbythecommitlimit,whichisdeterminedbythesizeofthepagingfile.Cached Displaystheamountofmemorymarkedas“inuse”forsystemcaching.Thisessentiallyistheamountofmemorycurrentlyreservedforwhenaprocessneedsit.Available DisplaystheamountofRAMavailableforusebyprocesses.PagedPool Showstheamountofnon-criticalkernelmemorythatispagedtovirtualmemory.Non-pagedPool Showstheamountofcriticalkernelmemorythatisresidentinphysicalmemory.
Note CriticalportionsofkernelmemoryusedbytheoperatingsystemmustoperateinphysicalRAMandcan’tbepagedtovirtualmemory.Therestofkernelmemorycanbepagedtovirtualmemory.
Figure7-6Trackingprocessorandmemoryusageunderhighusageconditions
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OfparticularnoteistheCommittedvalue.Herethecommittedvalueisshowningigabytes(GB),butitcouldalsobeshowninMB.
TheCommitvalueshowsthevirtualmemorycurrentlyinusefollowedbythetotalamountofvirtualmemoryavailable.Thisisimportantbecausevirtualmemoryismemorystoredondiskinoneormorepagingfiles.Ifthecurrentpagefileusage,reflectedbycurrentvirtualmemoryusage,isconsistentlyclosetothemaximumvalue,youmightwanttoaddphysicalmemory,increasetheamountofvirtualmemory,orboth.
TheMemorypanelcanalsoansweryourquestionsabouttheexacttypeofmemoryyourcomputerhasandwhetheryoucanaddmorememory.Intheexample,thecomputerhas8.0GBofDDR3memoryconfigured.Thatmemoryoperatesataspeedof1600MHz.Asonly2of4availablememoryslotsareused,youcouldaddmemoryusingthe2remainingslots.Youwouldaddmemoryusingtwo1600MHzDDR3DIMMs.
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EventLoggingandViewingWindows10storeswarnings,errors,andotherinformationgeneratedfortrackingpurposesintheeventlogs.Therearetwogeneraltypesofeventlogs.Windowslogsareatypeoflogfilethattheoperatingsystemusestorecordgeneralsystemeventsrelatedtoapplications,security,setup,andsystemcomponents.Applicationsandserviceslogsareatypeoflogfilethatspecificapplicationsandservicesusetorecordapplication-specificorservice-specificevents.
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DiggingintotheEventLogsEventlogsuseaproprietaryformatthatisreadableonlyintheEventViewerutility,whichcanbeaccessedbytypingEventViewerintheSearchbox,andpressingEnter.Aslongasyouhaveadministratorprivilegesonyourcomputer,youcanaccesstheeventlogsandusethemtotracksystemhealthandsystemsecurityissues.
TheWindowslogsthatyoushouldtrackcloselyare:
Application Recordseventsloggedbyapplications,suchasanerrorthatresultsinasystemfaultSecurity Recordseventsconfiguredforauditing,includinguserlogonandlogoffSetup Recordseventsloggedbytheoperatingsystemduringsetup,aswellaswhenevertheinstalledstateofcomponentschange,suchaswhenyouapplyapatchorservicepacktotheoperatingsystemSystem Recordseventsloggedbytheoperatingsystem,itsservices,anditscomponents—especiallystatechangesandfailurestoloadorstart
Ifyouareexperiencingaproblemwithaspecificapplicationorservice,youcancheckforarelatedapplicationsandserviceslog.Forexample,youcanusetheWindowsPowerShelllogtohelpyouresolveissuesrelatedtoWindowsPowerShell,oryoucanusetheMicrosoft\Windows\Audio\OperationallogtoexamineissuesrelatedtotheWindowsAudioservice.
InEventViewer,youcanworkwithyourcomputer’seventlogsinthefollowingways:
Toviewallerrorsandwarningsforalllogs,expandCustomViewsandthenselectAdministrativeEvents.Themainpagedisplaysalistofallwarninganderroreventsfortheserver.Tovieweventsinaspecificlog,expandtheWindowsLogsnode,theApplicationsAndServicesLogsnode,orboth.Selectthelogyouwanttoview,suchasApplication.
Whileyouareworkingwithaparticulareventlog,usetheinformationintheSourcecolumntodeterminewhichcomponentloggedaparticularevent.IntheexampleshowninFigure7-7,thecomputer’sDNSclientisthesourceoftheevent.
Figure7-7ExaminingeventsintheEventViewer
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Theloggeddetailsforaneventprovideaquickoverviewofwhen,where,andhowaneventoccurred.Theeventleveltellsyoutheseriousnessoftheevent.Aninformationaleventisusuallyrelatedtoasuccessfulaction.Awarningeventtellsyouaboutalessserious(andoftenonlytemporarily)problemthatoccurred,suchasanerrordetectedonadiskdeviceduringpaging.Anerroreventtellsyouaboutamoreseriousbutnoncriticalproblemthatoccurred,suchasawritefailuretoadiskdevice.Acriticaleventtellsyouaboutaseriousproblemforwhichthereisnorecovery.
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ResolvingPerformanceIssueswiththeLogsYou’llfrequentlyseewarningsanderrors,andyoudon’tneedtotrytodeterminethecauseandresolutionforeachandeveryone.However,ifyourcomputerisexperiencingperformanceissuesorotherproblems,youshouldlookforwarningsanderrorsthatcouldpossiblyberelatedtotheproblem,becausetheycanhelpyoufindaresolutiontotheproblem.Besuretoreviewthedetailedeventinformationaspartofyourtroubleshooting.ClicktheEventLogOnlineHelplinkifyouthinkyouneedmoreinformation.
Ifyouspendjustafewminutesintheeventlogs,you’llseejusthowmuchinformationyourcomputertracks.Wadingthroughallthatinformationtofindwhatyou’relookingforisn’talwayseasy,soyoumayneedtofiltertheeventlogstofocusinonthespecificinformationyouneed.
EarlierImentionedthatwhenyouselecttheAdministrativeEventsnode,youseealistofallerrorsandwarningsforalllogs.Thatselectiveviewoftheeventlogsiscreatedusingafilter,andyoucancreateyourownfilterstohelpsortthroughthelogsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.StartEventViewerbytypingEventViewerintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.2.Intheleftpane,right-clicktheCustomViewsnode,andthenclickCreateCustomView.3.UsetheLoggeddrop-downlisttoselectatimeframeforloggingevents,suchastheLast24Hours,Last7Days,orLast30Days.4.UsetheEventLevelcheckboxestospecifythelevelofeventstoinclude.Usually,you’llwanttolookforCritical,Warning,andErrorevents.SelectVerbosetogetadditionaldetails.5.Createacustomviewforeitheraspecificsetoflogsoraspecificsetofeventsourcesbydoingoneofthefollowing:
UsetheEventLogsdrop-downlisttoselecteventlogstoinclude.Selectmultipleeventlogsbyselectingtheircheckboxes.Ifyouselectspecificeventlogs,allothereventlogsareexcluded.UsetheEventSourcesdrop-downlisttoselecteventsourcestoinclude.Selectmultipleeventsourcesbyselectingtheircheckboxes.Ifyouselectspecificeventsources,allothereventsourcesareexcluded.
6.Optionally,usetheUserboxtospecifyusersthatshouldbeincluded.
RealWorld ManyeventsareloggedwiththeuserlistedasN/A,fornotapplicable.Eventsdirectlyrelatedtoyourlogonandinteractionswithactiveapplicationsmaybeloggedwithyourusername,butnotalways.OthereventsmaybeloggedwiththeuserasSystem(thelocalsystemaccountusedforrunningsystemprocessesandhandlingsystem-leveltasks),LocalService(thelocalserviceaccount,whichhasfewerprivilegesthansystem),orNetworkService(thelocalnetworkserviceaccount,whichhasfewerprivilegesthansystembutalsohas
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accesstonetworkresources).
7.ClickOK.Typeanameanddescriptionforthecustomview,andthenspecifywheretosavethecustomview.Bydefault,customviewsaresavedundertheCustomViewsnode.YoucancreateanewnodebyclickingNewFolder,enteringanameforthefolder,andthenclickingOK.8.ClickOKtoclosetheSaveFilterToCustomViewdialogbox.Youshouldnowseeafilteredlistofevents.
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Chapter8.AnalyzingandLoggingPerformance
Windows10providesmanytoolstohelpyoutrackperformance.ThepreviouschapterdiscussedwaysyoucouldtrackcurrentandrelativeperformanceandprovidedtechniquesfordeterminingresourceusageusingTaskManageranduncoveringproblemsusingtheEventLogs.Althoughthesetoolsareexcellent,youmightneedtodigdeepertodiagnosecomplexproblemsandoptimizeperformance.
Additionaltoolsforresolvingperformanceissuesinclude:
ActionCenter Allowsyoutocheckforproblemsthatareaffectingperformanceandtrytofindsolutionsusingautomatedprocesses.ReliabilityMonitor Allowsyoutoanalyzereliabilityissuesthatareaffectingperformanceanddeterminetheircauses.ResourceMonitor Allowsyoutotrackresourceusageonthecomputer.TheinformationprovidedissimilartoTaskManagerbutmoredetailed.PerformanceMonitor Allowsyoutologperformancedata,watchresourceusageovertime,anddetermineareasthatcanbeoptimized.
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ResolvingFailuresandReliabilityIssuesWindows10includesanautomateddiagnosticsframeworkfordetectinganddiagnosingmanycommonproblemswithapplications,hardwaredevices,andWindowsitself.RestartManagerandActionCenterarethecorecomponentsofthisframeworkthatyou’llinteractwith.
Windows10usesRestartManagertoshutdownandrestartapplicationsautomatically.IfWindowsdiagnosticsdetectsthatanapplicationhasstoppedresponding,RestartManagerattemptstostoptheapplication’sprimaryprocessandthenrestarttheapplication.ProblemreportsrelatedtononresponsiveapplicationsareloggedintheActionCenter,asareproblemreportsforothertypesoffailures.
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CheckingforProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformanceAfteryouinstalladevice,Windows10attemptstodetectthehardwareandinstallthedeviceautomatically.IfWindows10detectsthedevicebutcannotinstallthedeviceautomatically,youmayfindarelatedsolutioninActionCenter.Typically,ActionCenteropensautomatically,allowingyoutobegintroubleshootingimmediately.
Similarly,ifWindowsdiagnosticsdetectsaproblemwithahardwaredeviceorWindowscomponent,Windows10displaysanotificationtellingyouthereisaproblem.Ifyouclickthisnotification,Windows10displaysmoreinformation,includingpossiblefixesthatcanhelpyouresolvetheproblem.
Onthefar-rightsideofthetaskbar,you’llfindthenotificationarea,whichalsohasanotificationiconforActionCenter.IfyoumoveyourmousepointerovertheActionCentericon,atooltipprovidesinformationaboutcurrentnotifications.ClickingthisiconopenstheActionCenternotificationpanel(seeFigure8-1).
Figure8-1ExaminingnotificationsinActionCenter
InActionCenter,you’llseenotificationsunderoneortwogeneralcategories,withthemostcommoncategorybeingSecurityAndMaintenance.EachnotificationhasanExpand/CollapsebuttonandaClosebutton.ClickExpandtogetmoredetails,ifavailable.ClickClosetoclearthenotification.
ActionCenternotificationsettingscontrolwhetheryouarenotifiedaboutproblems.Tostopbeingnotifiedaboutproblemswithaparticularapp,right-clickarelatednotificationinActionCenterandthenselectTurnOffNotificationsForThisApp.
AlthoughActionCenterprovidesinsightsintopossibleissues,youreallyneedtoopenControlPanelandaccesstheSecurityAndMaintenancepage,showninFigure8-2,to
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learnmoreaboutdetectedissues.OpenthispagebytypingSecurityAndMaintenanceintheSearchboxandpressingEnter.
Figure8-2Gettinginformationaboutdetectedissueswithsolutions
WhileworkingwiththeSecurityAndMaintenancepageinControlPanel,youcanclicktheSecurityorMaintenanceheadingtoexpandthesectionandviewmoredetailedinformation.ExpandtheSecurityareatogetmoreinformationaboutthestatusandconfigurationofyourcomputer’scoresecuritycomponents.Knownproblemsarecolor-coded.Red-codedissuesarewarningsaboutimportantproblemsthatneedyourattention.Orange-codedissuesarecautionsaboutproblemsthatyoumightwanttoreview.
Notificationsettingscontrolwhetheryouarenotifiedaboutproblems.Toviewandmanagethesesettings,clickChangeSecurityAndMaintenanceSettingsintheleftpane.Thenturnnotificationsformessagesonoroffbyselectingorclearingcheckboxes.
Whileautomatedreportedanddetectionworksfairlywell,someproblemscanbemissedbythediagnosticsframework.Ifyoususpectthatyourcomputerhasproblemsthathasn’tbeenidentified,youcaninitiateautomaticproblemdetectionsimplybyopeningSecurityAndMaintenance,expandingtheMaintenancepanel,andthenclickingCheckForSolutions.Whenthisprocessiscomplete,yourcomputerisupdatedtoincludeallnewlydiscoveredproblems,andsolutionsareprovidedifknown.
Ifautomateddiagnosticsdetectsproblemsforwhichtherearenosolutionsavailable,you’llseetheProblemReportingdialogboxandbeabletosendaproblemreport.ClickCancelifyoudon’twanttosendareport.
Ifautomateddiagnosticsdetectsproblemsforwhichsolutionsareavailable,youcanresolvetheproblemsimmediately.Eachknownproblemwillhaveasolutionbutton.ClicktheViewProblemResponsebuttontodisplayapageprovidingmoreinformationabouttheproblem.Notethefollowing:
Whenaconfigurationissueiscausingaproblem,you’llfindadescriptionoftheproblemandastep-by-stepguideformodifyingtheconfigurationtoresolvetheproblem.Whenadriverorsoftwareissueiscausingaproblem,you’llfindalinktodownloadandinstallthelatestdriverorsoftwareupdate.
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AnalyzingReliabilityIssuesThatAreAffectingPerformanceWindows10trackstherelativereliabilityofyourcomputerinReliabilityMonitor.Youcanusetherelatedreportstodeterminehowstableyourcomputerisandwhatcomponents,applications,ordeviceshavecausedproblems.WhenyouareworkingwiththeSecurityAndMaintenancepageinControlPanel,youcanaccessreliabilityreportsbyexpandingtheMaintenancepanel,scrollingdown,andthenclickingViewReliabilityHistory.
ReliabilityMonitortrackschangestothecomputerandcomparesthemtochangesinsystemstability.Thisgivesyouagraphicalrepresentationoftherelationshipbetweenchangesintheconfigurationandchangesinstability.Byrecordingsoftwareinstallation,softwareremoval,applicationfailures,hardwarefailures,andWindowsfailures,andkeyeventsregardingtheconfigurationofyourcomputer,ReliabilityMonitorsgivesyouatimelineofchangeslargeandsmallandinformationabouttheireffectonreliability.Youcanusethisinformationtopinpointchangesthatarecausingstabilityproblems.Forexample,ifyouseeasuddendropinstability,youcanclickadatapointandthenexpandtherelateddatasettofindthespecificeventthatcausedtheproblem.
ReliabilityMonitordisplaysstabilitydatabydaysorweeks.Thedefaultviewisdays.Toviewhistorybyweeks,clicktheWeeksoptionforViewBy.
Yourcomputer’sstabilityisgraphedwithvaluesrangingfrom1,meaningextremelypoorreliability,to10,meaningextremelyhighreliability.AgraphforacomputerexperiencingreliabilityproblemswillbesimilartotheoneshowninFigure8-3.
Figure8-3Checkingyourcomputer’sreliability
Note Thegraphhasleftandrightscrollbuttons.Byscrollingleft,youcanseereliabilitydataforearlierdates.Youcanscrollrighttogotolaterdates.
Inthisexample,thereliabilityofthecomputerhasbeenseverelyimpactedbyaseriesoffailures.Failuresandotherreliabilityeventsaresummarizedonthegraphrelativetotheselectedtimeperiod,eitherbydayorbyweek.Failuresaredividedintothreecategories:
ApplicationFailures Tracksfailurescausedbyrunningapplications.Anapplicationthatstoppedworkingorstoppedrespondingistrackedasanapplication
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failure.WindowsFailures TracksfailurescausedbyWindowscomponentsandsystemhardware.AhardwareerrorthatoccurredistrackedasaWindowsfailure,asareerrorsrelatedtocomponentconfiguration.MiscellaneousFailures Tracksothertypesoffailuresthatoccur,suchasfailurescausedbyanunexpectedshutdownoftheoperatingsystem.
ReliabilityMonitortagsfailuresthathaveaffectedstabilityascritical.Eventstaggedaswarningsindicateapotentialtoaffectstability.Forexample,failedWindowsUpdatesaremarkedaswarningsbecausemostupdatesneedtobeappliedtoensurereliabilityandstability.
You’llalsoseethatsuccessfulWindowsupdates,successfulapplicationinstallations,andmanyothersystemactivitiesareloggedusinginformationalevents.Althoughtheseactivitiesdon’trepresentfailures,theydohaveaneffectontheoverallstabilityofyourcomputer.
Clickingacolumninthegraphdisplaysdetailsfortheeventsthatoccurredonthatdayorduringaselectedweek.Eventsarelistedbysource,summary,anddate.UnderAction,you’llseeseveralpossibleactions,dependingonthetypeofevent.
IfWindowsdetectedacriticalproblemandresolveditautomatically,aViewProblemResponselinkallowsyoutodisplayinformationabouthowWindowsresolvedtheproblem.Ifthecriticalproblemisunresolved,aCheckForASolutionlinkletsyoureporttheproblemandcheckforasolution.Forwarningsandinformationalevents,aViewTechnicalDetailslinkprovidesdetailedtechnicalinformationabouttheevent.
ThebottompanelofReliabilityMonitorprovidesthreeadditionaloptions.Youcan:
ClickSaveReliabilityHistoryandusethedialogboxprovidedtoselectasavelocationandfilenameforaReliabilityMonitorreport.Thereportwillcontaincompletedetailsaboutthecomputer’sstability,formattedusingXML.YoucanviewthereportatanytimeinInternetExplorerbydouble-clickingthefile.Ifyouattachareporttoanemailmessage,youcansendthereporttosomeonewhocanhelpyouwithtroubleshooting.ClickViewAllProblemReportstoopentheProblemReportswindowandaccessahistoryofallidentifiedproblemsandtheirstatus.MostproblemshaveastatusofReportSent,NotReported,MoreDataRequired,orNoSolutionAvailable.Toclearthehistory,clickClearAllProblemReports.ClickCheckForSolutionsToAllProblemstostartautomateddiagnostics.Whendiagnostictestingiscomplete,ActionCentershowsanynewlydiscoveredproblemsandalsoprovidessolutionsifknown.
Whenyouviewallproblemreports,theProblemReportspageinControlPanel,showninFigure8-4,listsproblemsthatyoucanreportbysource,summary,date,andstatus.Thestatusshowswhethertheproblemhasorhasnotbeensent.ThestatusalsoshowswhenMicrosoftneedsmoreinformationfromthegeneralusercommunitytoresolveaproblem,aswellaswhenthereisnosolutionavailableforaparticularproblem.
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RealWorld AlthoughitmayseemratheroddthatWindowslistsproblemsashavingnosolutionavailable,rememberhowdiagnosticsworks.DiagnosticslooksforspecifictypesofWindows,application,andhardwarefailures.Someproblemscanbesolvedwithupdatesandpatches.Others,suchascompatibilityissues,maysimplybearesultofthewayinwhichanapplicationwaswritten.Alsorememberthatifasolutionisavailableforaproblem,thesolutionisshowninActionCenter.
Figure8-4Checkingallproblemsthathavebeendetected
Regardlessoftheproblemstatus,youcandosomethinginProblemReportsthatyoucan’talwaysdoinReliabilityMonitor:Youcanright-clickaproblemandchooseCheckForSolutiontore-checkforasolutiontoaproblem.Youalsocanright-clickaproblemandchooseViewSolutiontogetmoreinformationaboutaproblemthat’sbeenresolvedorViewTechnicalDetailstogettechnicaldetailsaboutaproblem.
Tip It’simportanttopointoutthatonlyproblemswithsolutionsareshownontheSecurityAndMaintenancepage.Ifyouwanttoseeacompletelistofallproblemsyourcomputerhasencounteredwithapps,devices,driverinstallationandmore,youneedtoreviewtheAllProblemReportspageinControlPanel.AlthoughReliabilityMonitorprovidesalinktoopenthispage,youalsocanopenthispagebytypingAllProblemReportsintheSearchboxandpressingEnter.
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DiagnosingandResolvingProblemswithTroubleshootersWindows10tracksfailedinstallation,unresponsiveconditions,andotherproblems.Shouldaninstallationfailoranapplicationbecomeunresponsive,thebuilt-indiagnosticscreatesnotificationsandproblemreportsandeitherprovidesareadysolutionorallowsyoutocheckforasolution.Manyotherautomatedresponsestoproblemsarehandledwithtroubleshooters.
Thestandardtroubleshootersinclude:
HardwareAndDevicestroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromproperlyusingadevice.Homegrouptroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromsharingfilesinahomegroup.IncomingConnectionstroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfrombeingconnectedto.InternetConnectionstroubleshooter DetectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromconnectingtotheInternetoranintranet.NetworkAdaptertroubleshooter DetectsandresolvesproblemsrelatedtoEthernet,wireless,andothernetworkadapters.PlayingAudiotroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromplayingsound.Powertroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemsthataffectpowermanagement,sleep,hibernation,orresume.Printertroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromusingaprinter.ProgramCompatibilitytroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingaprogramfromrunningonthecomputer.RecordingAudiotroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromrecordingsound.SystemMaintenancetroubleshooter Performsroutinemaintenanceifyoudon’t.
IfWindowsPowerShellisinstalled,relatedservicesarerunning,andtroubleshootingisenabled,thetroubleshooterscanautomaticallydetectanddiagnosemanycommonproblems.Ifyoususpectaproblemthathasn’tbeendetected,youcanstartatroubleshootermanuallybyfollowingthesesteps:
1.IfyouareworkingwiththeSecurityAndMaintenancepageinControlPanel,scrolldown,andthenclicktheTroubleshootinglink.Alternatively,typeTroubleshootingintheSearchboxandpressEnter.2.AsshowninFigure8-5,linksontheTroubleshootingpageprovideaccesstotroubleshootersaccordingtotasksyoumightwanttoperform.Forexample,youcouldclickRunProgramsMadeForPreviousVersionsOfWindowstostarttheProgramCompatibilitytroubleshooter.3.Ifyoudon’tseeanappropriatetask,clickViewAllintheleftpanetodisplayalistofallavailabletroubleshootersbyname,andthenclickthetroubleshooteryouwanttostart.
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Figure8-5Resolvingproblemswiththetroubleshooters
WhenyouareworkingwiththeTroubleshootingpage,notetheViewAll,ViewHistory,andChangeSettingsoptionsintheleftpane.SelectingViewAllshowsallavailabletroubleshooters,listedalphabeticallybyname,description,location,category,andpublisher.WhenatroubleshooterislistedasLocal,thetroubleshooterisavailableonyourcomputer.WhenatroubleshooterislistedasOnline,thetroubleshooterisavailableonlineandwillbedownloadedandruneachtimeyouuseit.
WhileyouareworkingwiththeTroubleshootingpage,don’toverlooktheViewHistoryoption.Thetroubleshootinghistoryshowsyouthetroubleshootersrununderyouruseraccountandwhentheywererun.ClickIncludeTroubleshootersThatWereRunAsAnAdministratortoviewtroubleshootersrunwithadministratorprivileges.Moreimportantly,ifyouclickanentryinthehistory,youcanviewandprintadetailedtroubleshootingreport.ThereportshowstheissuesfoundandthefixesWindowstried,whichcanbeashelpfulasthetroubleshootersthemselves.
TheChangeSettingsoptionontheTroubleshootingpageisalsouseful,becauseitallowsyoutomanagehowtroubleshootersareused.Bydefault,Windowschecksforroutinemaintenanceissuesandalertsyouwhenatroubleshootercanhelpfixaproblem.Windowsalsoallowsyouandotheruserstobrowseforavailabletroubleshootersonlineandbeginstroubleshootingimmediatelywhenyoustartatroubleshooter.
Problemswithhardwaredevicescanbeparticularlydifficulttoresolve.Ifyoususpectthatadeviceisn’tworkingproperly,youcanuseDeviceManagertoverifywhetherthedeviceisworkingproperly.StartDeviceManagerbytypingDeviceManagerintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter;thenexaminethestatusofyourcomputer’sdevices.
Adevicethatismalfunctioningwillhaveanerrororwarningicon.Toviewinformationabouttheerror,right-clickthedeviceandthenselectProperties.Formalfunctioningdevices,thedevicepropertieswillshowanerrorstatuscodeandasuggestedresolutionforthecode.
Youcanresolvemanyhardwaredeviceproblemsbyreinstallingorupdatingthedevicedriver.InDeviceManager,right-clickthedeviceyouwanttoworkwith,andthenselectProperties.OntheDrivertab,clicktheUpdateDriverbuttonandfollowthepromptstoreinstallorupdatethedriverasappropriate.
YoucanalsouninstalladriverandletWindows10reinstallthecurrentversionofthedriverfilesfromthedriverstore.InDeviceManager,right-clickthedevice,andthen
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selectUninstallontheDrivertab.ClickOKtoconfirm.Ifreinstallingthedevicedriverdoesn’twork,checktomakesurethedeviceisproperlyinsertedandconnected.Youmayneedtodisconnectandreconnectthedevice(whileensuringthatthecomputerispowereddownandunpluggedasappropriateandnecessary).
Ifyouarestillunabletogetthedevicetoworkproperly,checkthedevicemanufacturer’swebsiteforalternativeversionsofthedevicedriver.Youmayfindthatanolderversionofadevicedriverismorestablethanthelatestversion.
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ExaminingResourceUsageinDetailResourceMonitorshouldbeoneofyourtoolsofchoiceforperformancetuning.YouuseResourceMonitortotrackresourceusageonthecomputer.TheinformationprovidedissimilartoTaskManagerbutmoredetailed.
YoucanopenResourceMonitorbytypingResourceMonitorintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.AsFigure8-6shows,ResourceMonitorprovidesresourcesusagestatisticsforfourcategories:
CPU ShowsthecurrentCPUutilizationandthemaximumCPUfrequency(asrelatedtoprocessoridling).IfyouexpandtheCPUentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesbyname,processID(PID),description,status,numberofthreadsused,currentCPUutilization,andaverageCPUutilization.Disk Showsthenumberofkilobytespersecondbeingreadfromorwrittentodiskandthehighestpercentageofusage.IfyouexpandtheDiskentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesthatareperformingorhaveperformedI/Ooperationsbyname,processID(PID),filebeingreadorwritten,averagenumberofbytesbeingreadpersecond,averagenumberofbytesbeingwrittenpersecond,totalnumberofbytesbeingreadandwrittenpersecond,I/Opriority,andtheassociateddiskresponsetime.
Figure8-6Trackingresourceusagedetails
Network Showsthecurrentnetworkbandwidthutilizationinkilobytesandthepercentageoftotalbandwidthutilization.IfyouexpandtheNetworkentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesthataretransferringorhavetransferreddataonthenetworkbyname,processID(PID),computerorIPaddressbeingcontacted,averagenumberofbytesbeingsentpersecond,averagenumberofbytesreceivedpersecond,andtotalbytessentorreceivedpersecond.Memory Showsthecurrentmemoryutilizationandthenumberofhardfaultsoccurringpersecond.IfyouexpandtheMemoryentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesbyname,processID(PID),hardfaultspersecond,commitmemoryinKB,workingsetmemoryinKB,
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shareablememoryinKB,andprivate(nonshareable)memoryinKB.
TheOverviewtabdisplaysageneraloverviewofallresourcedataforeachofthefourareastracked.Expandthepanelstoseemoredetails,orselecttheindividualtabstotakeacloserlookatspecificusage.
OneofthemostusefulfeaturesofResourceMonitoristheusagefilter.OntheOverviewtab,youcanfilterbyanycombinationofprocessesrunningonthecomputersimplybyselectingtherelatedcheckboxesontheCPUpanel.IntheexampleshowninFigure8-7,thedataisfilteredtofocusonresourceusagerelatedtoaspecificapplication:Winword.exe.I’vealsoaddedresourceusagedataforSystemprocesses.
Figure8-7Gettingmoredetailedinformation
Afteryou’vefilteredtheusageactivity,thegraphshighlightresourceusagespecifictotheprocessesyou’veselected.Asdiskusage,networkusage,andmemoryusagedataaresimilarlyfiltered,youcanseeexactlywhattheselectedprocessesaredoingonyourcomputer.
YoucanapplyfiltersontheCPU,Memory,Disk,andNetworktabsaswell.Thefiltersareglobalandaffectwhatyouseeonallothertabs.Becauseofthis,don’tforgettoremovefiltersyou’veappliedifyouwanttoexamineotherprocessesorviewoverallusagedataagain.Todothis,simplycleartheprocesscheckboxesthatapplythefilters.
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RecordingandAnalyzingPerformanceDataYouneedtorecordperformancedataandanalyzeittoknowwhat’sreallyhappeningonyourcomputer.Loggingperformancedataisn’tsomethingyoushoulddohaphazardly.Youshouldhaveaclearplanbeforeyoubegin,andthatplanshoulddefinespecificallywhyyouwanttologperformancedata.Forexample,youmightthinkthatanapplicationyouareusinghasamemoryleakthatiscausingyourcomputertoperformpoorly,andyoucouldprovethisbyloggingmemoryusagedatawhileworkingwiththeapplication.
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LoggingPerformanceDataAlthoughResourceMonitorandTaskManagertellyouwhat’shappeningonyourcomputer,theydon’tdelvedeepenoughtohelpyouresolveeveryperformanceproblemyou’llencounter—thisiswherePerformanceMonitorisuseful.
PerformanceMonitor,showninFigure8-8,graphsusagestatisticsforsetsofperformanceparametersthatyou’veselectedfordisplay.OpenthisutilitybytypingPerformanceMonitorintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.
Performanceparametersthatyoutrackarereferredtoascounters.Whenyouinstallcertainapplicationsonyourcomputer,PerformanceMonitormightbeupdatedwithasetofcountersfortrackingrelatedperformance.Similarly,performancecountersmaybeaddedwhenyouinstallcertainservicesandadd-onsforWindows.
Figure8-8Analyzingperformancemetrics
PerformanceMonitorhasseveralkeyfeatures.Alegend,displayedatthebottomofthedetailspane,showsthecolorandlinestyleusedforeachcounter.Avaluebar,displayedbetweenthegraphandthelegend,showsvaluesrelatedtothecounteryou’veselectedinthegraphorinthelegend.Atoolbar,displayedabovethegraph,providesthebasicfunctionsandoptionsforworkingwithPerformanceMonitor.Eachtoolbarbuttonhasakeyboardshortcutaswell.
Thetoolbarbuttonsandtheirshortcutkeysareasfollows:
ViewCurrentActivityCTRL+T;switchestheviewsothatcurrentactivitybeingloggedisdisplayed.ViewLogDataCTRL+L;switchestheviewsothatdatafromaperformancelogcanbereplayed.ChangeGraphTypeCTRL+G;switchestheviewtotogglebetweenbargraph,reportlist,andgraphformat.AddCTRL+N;displaystheAddCountersdialogbox,whichletsyouaddcounterstotrack.DeleteDELETEkey;removesthecurrentlyselectedcountersothatitisnolongertracked.HighlightCTRL+H;highlightsthecurrentlyselectedcounterwithawhitelinesothatitismoreeasytosee.ToturntheHighlightfunctionoff,selectthecounterand
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pressCTRL+Hagain.CopyPropertiesCTRL+C;createsacopyofthecounterlist,alongwiththeindividualconfigurationofeachcounter,andputsitontheWindowsClipboardasanExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)file.PasteCounterListCTRL+V;pastesacopiedcounterlistintoPerformanceMonitorsothatitisusedasthecurrentcounterset.Ifyousavedacounterlisttoafile,yousimplyopenthefile,copythecontentsofthefiletotheClipboard,andthenpressCTRL+VinPerformanceMonitortousethatcounterlist.PropertiesCTRL+Q;displaysthePropertiesdialogboxforaselectitem.FreezeDisplayCTRL+F;freezesthedisplaysothatPerformanceMonitornolongerupdatestheperformanceinformation.PressCTRL+Fagaintoresumesampling.UpdateDataCTRL+U;updatesthedisplaybyonesamplinginterval.Whenyoufreezethedisplay,PerformanceMonitorstillgathersperformanceinformation;itjustdoesn’tupdatethedisplayusingthenewinformation.Toupdatethedisplaywhileitisfrozen,usethisoption.
Thegraphingupdateintervalisconfigurable,butitissetto1secondbydefault.Becauseyou’lloftenneedtotrackmanycounterstoidentifyaperformanceproblem,you’llfindthatrecordingtheperformancedatainalogandthenanalyzingthelogdataistypicallythebestapproach.PerformanceMonitoralsoallowsyoutoconfigurealertsthatsendmessageswhencertaineventsoccur.
ToworkeffectivelywithPerformanceMonitor,youneedtounderstandthedifferencebetweenperformancecountersandperformanceobjects.Performancecountersrepresentthemeasurablepropertiesofperformanceobjects.Aperformanceobjectcanbeaphysicalpartoftheoperatingsystem,suchasthememory,theprocessor,orthepagingfile;alogicalcomponent,suchasalogicaldiskorprintqueue;orasoftwareelement,suchasaprocessorathread.
Performanceobjectinstancesrepresentsingleoccurrencesofperformanceobjects.Ifaparticularobjecthasmultipleinstances,suchaswhenacomputerhasmultipleprocessors,youcanuseanobjectinstancetotrackaspecificoccurrenceofthatobject.Youcouldalsoelecttotrackallinstancesofanobject,suchaswhenyouwanttomonitorallprocessorsonyourcomputer.
Themostcommonperformanceobjectsyou’llwanttomonitorinclude:
Cache Representsthefilesystemcache,whichisanareaofphysicalmemorythatindicatesapplicationI/Oactivity.LogicalDisk Representsthelogicalvolumesonyourcomputer.Memory Representsmemoryperformanceforsystemcache(includingpooled,pagedmemoryandpooled,nonpagedmemory),physicalmemory,andvirtualmemory.NetworkInterface Representsthenetworkadaptersconfiguredonyourcomputer.Objects Representsthenumberofevents,processes,sections,semaphores,andthreadsonyourcomputer.PagingFile Representspagefilecurrentandpeakusage.
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PhysicalDisk Representsharddiskread/writeactivityaswellasdatatransfers,hardfaults,andsoftfaults.PrintQueue Representsprintjobs,spooling,andprintqueueactivity.Process Representsallprocessesrunningonyourcomputer.Processor Representsprocessoridletime,idlestates,usage,deferredprocedurecalls,andinterrupts.System Representssystem-levelcounters,includingprocesses,threads,contextswitchingofthreads,filesystemcontroloperations,systemcalls,andsystemuptime.Thread RepresentsallrunningthreadsandallowsyoutoexamineusagestatisticsforindividualthreadsbyprocessID.
Eachoftheseperformanceobjectshasasetofcountersthatcanbetracked.
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ChoosingCounterstoMonitorPerformanceMonitordisplaysinformationonlyforcountersthatyou’retracking.You’llfindcountersrelatedtojustabouteverylogicalandphysicalaspectofyourcomputer.Theeasiestwaytolearnaboutthesecountersistoreadtheexplanationsavailablewhenyouselectacounter.Todothis,startPerformanceMonitor,clickAddonthetoolbar,expandanobjectintheAvailableCounterslist,andthenselecttheShowDescriptioncheckbox.Nowwhenyouscrollthroughthelistofcountersfortheselectedobjectyou’llseeadetaileddescriptionofwhatthecounterrepresentsandhowitcanbeused.
Whenyouareconfiguringmonitoringforaparticularobject,payparticularattentiontotheinstancesofthatobjectthatwillbetracked.Youcanconfiguretrackingforallinstancesofanobjectorforspecificinstances.Forexample,whenyoutrackthePhysicalDiskobject,youhaveachoiceoftrackingallphysicaldiskinstancesorspecificphysicaldiskinstances.Ifyouthinkaparticulardiskisgoingbadorexperiencingotherproblems,youcouldmonitorjustthatdiskinstance.
Thetwospecialinstancetypesyoushouldknoware:
_Total Tracksallinstancesofacounterintotal,ratherthanseparately.Use_Totaltotracktheoverallperformanceofallinstancesofarelatedcounter.Forexample,ifyourcomputerhasfourprocessorcores,youcouldtracktheirprocessorusageintotalratherthanseparatelyforeachprocessorcore.<AllInstances> Tracksallinstancesofacounterseparately,ratherthanintotal.Use<AllInstances>totrackallinstancesofarelatedcounterseparately.Forexample,ifyourcomputerhasfourprocessorcores,youcouldtrackprocessorusageindividuallyforallprocessorinstances.
PerformanceMonitorallowsyoutoviewperformancedataasgraphedcurrentdata,linedata,histogramdata,andreportdata.ByclickingViewCurrentActivityonthetoolbarorpressingCtrl+T,youcanbesureyouareviewingagraphofcurrentactivity.YoucanswitchbetweentheviewtypesbyclickingChangeGraphTypeorpressingCtrl+G.
IntheHistogramBarview,PerformanceMonitorrepresentstheperformancedatabyusingabargraphwiththelastsamplingvalueforeachcountergraphed.Thesizesofthebarswithinthegraphareadjustedautomaticallybasedonthenumberofperformancecountersbeingtrackedandcanbeadjustedtoaccommodatehundredsofcounters,whichisusefulbecauseitallowsyoutotrackmultiplecountersmoreeasilythanotherviews.
IntheReportview,PerformanceMonitorrepresentstheperformancedatainareportlistformat.Inthisview,objectsandtheircountersarelistedinalphabeticalorderandperformancedataisdisplayednumericallyratherthangraphed.Ifyouaretryingtodeterminespecificperformancevaluesformanydifferentcounters,thisisthebestviewtousebecausetheactualvaluesarealwaysshown.
Youcanselectcounterstomonitorbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickAddonthetoolbarorpressCtrl+NtodisplaytheAddCountersdialogbox(seeFigure8-9).NotethatonlyadministratorsofthelocalcomputerandmembersofthelocalPerformanceLogusersgroupcanmonitorperformancedata.
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2.IntheAvailableCounterssection,performanceobjectsarelistedalphabetically.Clickanobjectentrytoselectallrelatedcounters,orexpandanobjectentryandthenselectindividualcountersbyclickingthem.3.Whenyouselectanobjectoranyofitscounters,youseetherelatedinstances.Choose_Totaltotrackallinstancesofacounterintotalor<AllInstances>totrackallinstancesofacounterseparately.4.Afteryou’veselectedanobjectoragroupofcountersforanobjectaswellastheobjectinstances,clickAddtoaddthecounterstothegraph.5.Repeatsteps2–3toaddotherperformanceparameters.ClickOKwhenyouhavefinishedandarereadytostartgraphingperformance.
Figure8-9Addingcounterstotrack
TipDon’ttrytographtoomanycountersorcounterinstancesatonce.You’llmakethedisplaytoodifficulttoread,andyou’llusesystemresources.
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IdentifyingPerformanceBottlenecksThewayyourcomputerperformsdependsprimarilyonitsmemoryconfiguration,itsprocessors,itsharddisks,anditsnetworkingcomponents,eachofwhichcanactasabottleneckthatkeepsyourcomputerfromperformingatitsbest.
Yourcomputer’smemoryisoftenthesourceofthebiggestperformanceissues,andyoushouldalwaysruleoutmemoryproblemsbeforeexaminingotherareasofthesystem.Becausecomputersusebothphysicalandvirtualmemory,lookspecificallyatphysicalmemory,caching,andvirtualmemory.Virtualmemoryispagedtodiskandrepresentedbythepagingfile.Lookspecificallyat:
Memory\AvailableBytesMemory\CommittedBytesMemory\CommitLimit
Ifyourcomputerhasverylittleavailablememory,youmightneedtoaddmemory.Generally,youwanttheavailablememoryundernormalusageconditionstobenolessthan5percentofthetotalphysicalmemoryonthecomputer.Ifyourcomputerhasahighratioofcommittedbytestototalphysicalmemoryonthesystem,youmightneedtoaddmemoryaswell.Generally,youwantthecommittedbytesvaluetobenomorethan75percentofthetotalphysicalmemory.
Youshouldalsolookatmemorypagefaults.Todothis,track:
Memory\PageFaults/secMemory\PagesInput/secMemory\PageReads/sec
Apagefaultoccurswhenaprocessrequestsapageinmemoryandtheoperatingsystemcan’tfinditattherequestedlocation.Iftherequestedpageiselsewhereinmemory,thefaultiscalledasoftpagefault.Iftherequestedpagemustberetrievedfromdisk,thefaultiscalledahardpagefault.Mostprocessorscanhandlelargenumbersofsoftfaults,buthardfaultscancauseperformanceproblems.
PageFaults/secistheoverallrateatwhichtheprocessorhandlesalltypesofpagefaults.PagesInput/secisthetotalnumberofpagesreadfromdisktoresolvehardpagefaults.PageReads/secisthetotaldiskreadsneededtoresolvehardpagefaults.PagesInput/secwillbegreaterthanorequaltoPageReads/secandcangiveyouagoodideaofyourhardpagefaultrate.Ahighnumberofhardpagefaultscouldindicatethatyouneedtoincreasetheamountofmemoryorreducethecachesizeonthecomputer.
Fordeeperproblems,takealookatthepagepoolandthenonpagedpoolbyusingMemory\PoolPagedBytesandMemory\PoolNonpagedBytes.Thepagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcanbewrittentodiskwhentheyaren’tused.Thenonpagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcan’tbewrittentodisk.
Ifthesizeofthepagedpoolislargerelativetothetotalamountofphysicalmemory,youmightneedtoaddmemorytoyourcomputer.Ifthesizeofthenonpagedpoolislargerelativetothetotalamountofvirtualmemoryallocated,youmightwanttoincreasethevirtualmemorysize.
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Focusonyourcomputer’sprocessorafteryouhaveeliminatedmemoryasapotentialbottlenecksource.Ifthecomputer’sprocessorsaretheperformancebottleneck,addingmemoryorfasterdriveswon’tresolveyourperformanceproblem.Instead,youmightneedtoupgradetheprocessorstofasterclockspeedsoraddprocessors.Lookspecificallyat:
System\ProcessorQueueLengthProcessor\%ProcessorTime
System\ProcessorQueueLengthtracksthenumberofthreadswaitingtobeexecuted.Thesethreadsarequeuedinanareasharedbyallprocessors.Generally,youwantveryfewqueuedthreadsperprocessor.Otherwise,youmayneedtoupgradeoraddprocessors.
Processor\%ProcessorTimetracksthepercentageoftimeaprocessorisexecutinganonidlethread.Ifthe%ProcessorTimevaluesarehighandthenetworkinterfaceanddiskI/Othroughputratesarerelativelylow,youmayneedtoupgradeoraddprocessors.
Yourcomputer’sharddisksandnetworkingcomponentsmaybecausesofbottlenecksaswell.Accessingmemoryismuchfasterthanreadingfromdiskorretrievingdataoveranetwork.Ifyourcomputerhastodoalotofreadsandwrites,whethertodiskoroverthenetwork,itsoverallperformancecanbedegraded.Toreducetheamountofdiskactivity,youwantthecomputertomanagememoryveryefficientlyandpagetodiskonlywhennecessary.See“Fine-TuningVirtualMemory”inChapter9fordetails.
Ifyou’vefine-tunedvirtualmemoryandarestillhavingproblems,youmaywanttotrackcountersrelatedtodiskI/Oactivity.Specifically,youshouldmonitor:
PhysicalDisk\%DiskTimePhysicalDisk\DiskWrites/sec,PhysicalDisk\DiskReads/secPhysicalDisk\CurrentDiskQueueLength
PhysicalDisk\%DiskTimegivesyouagoodpictureofoveralldriveperformance.Besuretomonitor%DiskTimeforallharddiskdrivesonthecomputer,andusethiscounterinconjunctionwithProcessor\%ProcessorTimeandNetworkInterfaceConnection\BytesTotal/sec.Ifthe%DiskTimevalueishighandtheprocessorandnetworkconnectionvaluesaren’thigh,yourcomputer’sdiskdrivesmightbethesourceofaperformancebottleneck.
ThenumberofreadsandwritespersecondrevealshowmuchdiskI/Oactivitythereis.Thediskqueuelengthindicatesthenumberofreadorwriterequeststhatarewaitingtobeprocessed.Generally,youwantveryfewwaitingrequests.
Althoughmemory,processors,andharddiskshavethebiggestactualimpactonperformance,yourperceptionaboutthespeedandperformanceofyourcomputermaybetieddirectlytoitsnetworkingcomponents.Ifyourcomputerisstillusingadial-upmodemtoconnecttotheInternet,yourconnectionwillbeslowandtransferringdatawillbepainfullyslow.Wirelessconnectionscanalsoseemveryslow,especiallyifyournetworkhasn’tbeenupgradedtothelatestandgreatesthigh-speedwirelesstechnologies.
Networklatencycanaffectyourexperience.Alongdelay,orhighdegreeoflatency,betweenwhenarequestismadeandthetimeit’sreceivedcanmakeyourcomputerseemveryslow.Youcan’tdomuchaboutlatency.It’safunctionofthetypeofconnectionand
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theroutetherequesttakestoyourcomputer.Ontheotherhand,thetotalcapacityofyourcomputertohandlerequestsandtheamountofbandwidthavailablearefactorsyoucancontrol.
Thecapacityofyournetworkcardcanbealimitingfactor.Oldercomputersmayuse10/100networkcardsinsteadofnewer100/1000networkcards.Someonemighthaveconfigureda100/1000cardfor100Mbps,orthecardmightbeconfiguredforhalfduplexinsteadoffullduplex.Ifyoususpectacapacityproblemwithanetworkcard,youshouldalwayscheckitsconfiguration.
Youcandeterminethethroughputandcurrentactivityonyourcomputer’snetworkcardsbyusingthefollowingcounters:
NetworkInterface\BytesReceived/secNetworkInterface\BytesSent/secNetworkInterface\BytesTotal/secNetworkInterface\CurrentBandwidth
ComparethesevaluesinconjunctionwithPhysicalDisk\%DiskTimeandProcessor\%ProcessorTime.Ifthedisktimeandprocessortimevaluesarelowbutthenetworkvaluesareveryhigh,youmighthaveacapacityproblem.Solvetheproblembyoptimizingthenetworkcardsettingsorbyaddinganetworkcard.Rememberthatthehubsandroutersonyournetworkcanalsolimitthenetworkingspeed.Ifyournetworkcardis1Gbpsandyouwanttooperateatthisspeed,yournetworkhubsandroutersmustsupport1Gbps.
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Chapter9.OptimizingPerformanceTipsandTechniques
NodiscussiononoptimizingWindows10iscompletewithoutafewfinaltipsandtechniquesforboostingoverallperformance—andthat’sexactlywhatyou’llfindinthischapter.Asyousetouttousethesetipsandtechniques,rememberthatyourcomputer’sperformanceisinyourcontrol.You’llneedtofine-tunesettingsoccasionallytokeepthingsrunningsmoothly.You’llneedtoperformmaintenanceasnecessary.Andyou’llneedtooperateyourcomputerwhilekeepinginminditsrelativeperformanceratings.
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OptimizingPowerManagementSettingsforPerformanceRegardlessofwhattypeofdeviceyouhave,don’toverlooktheimpactofpowersettingsonyourcomputer’sperformance.Powermanagementsettingsaredesignedtosaveenergy,butthereisadirecttradeoffbetweenpowersavingsandperformance.Icoveredthebasicoptionsforturningoffthescreenandenteringsleepmodein“ConfiguringWhentheScreenTurnsOff”inChapter3.Nowlet’slookathowcanusepowerplansandoptimizeadvancedpowersettingsforthewayyouwork.
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SelectingandUsingPowerPlansYouusethePowerOptionspageinControlPaneltomanageyourcomputer’spowerplans.Powerplansarecollectionsofpowermanagementsettingsthatcontrolpowerusageandconsumption.Acomputercanhavemultiplepowerplans,butonlyonecanbeactiveatanyparticulartime.
NoteYouneedadministrativeprivilegestomanagepowerplansandotheradvancedpoweroptions.Becauseofthis,youmayfindtherelatedsettingsaredimmedandcannotbesetunlessyouclicktheChangeSettingsThatAreCurrentlyUnavailablelink.
OpenthePowerOptionspagebytypingPowerOptionsintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.SpecifythepowerplantousebyclickitinthePreferredPlanslist.AsshowninFigure9-1,mostcomputershavetwoorthreedefaultpowerplans:
Balanced Balancesenergyusageandsystemperformance.Theprocessorspeedsupwhenmoreresourcesareusedandslowsdownwhenlessareneeded.HighPerformance Optimizesthecomputerforperformancewhileincreasingenergyusage.Theplanensuresthatyoualwayshaveenoughpowerforusinggraphics-intensiveprogramsorplayingmultimediagames.PowerSaver Reducespowerconsumptionwhiledecreasingperformance.Theplanslowsdowntheprocessortoconservepower.
Figure9-1Configuringpowerplans
Powerplanshavebasicandadvancedsettings.Basicsettingscontrolwhenacomputerturnsoffitsdisplayandwhenitenterssleepmode.Andifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.Advancedsettingsdeterminepreciselywhetherandwhenpowermanagementcomponentsareshutdownandhowthosecomponentsareconfiguredforperformance.Andyou’lllikewisehavedifferentadvancedoptionsforwhenthecomputerispluggedinandonbattery.
Theavailableadvancedsettingsdependonthetypeofcomputeryouareusingandinclude:
Battery\ReserveBatteryLevel Determinesthepercentageofbatteryremainingthatinitiatesreservepowermode.Typicaldefaultis7percent,meaningenterreservepowermodewhenbatterypowerreaches7percentremaining.Areserve
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levelof5to18percentisoftenbest.DesktopBackgroundSettings\SlideShow Determineswhethertheslideshowfeatureforthedesktopbackgroundisavailableorpaused.DefaultisAvailable.SettoPausedtodisablebackgroundslideshowsonthedesktop.Display\TurnOffDisplayAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputer’sdisplayisturnedofftoconservepower.ChoosingNeverdisablesthisfeature.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforethedisplayisturnedoff.HardDisk\TurnOffHardDiskAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputer’sharddiskisturnedofftoconservepower.ChoosingNever(0)disablesturningofftheharddisk.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforeharddiskisturnedoff.MultimediaSettings\WhenPlayingVideo Determinesthepoweroptimizationmodeusedwhenplayingvideo.UseOptimizeVideoQualityforbestqualityplayback.UseBalancedforabalancedapproachtoadjustingplaybackqualitytosavepower.UseOptimizePowerSavingsforactiveapproachtoadjustingplaybackqualitytosavepower.MultimediaSettings\WhenSharingMedia Determineswhatthecomputerdoeswhenadeviceoranothercomputerplaysmediafromthecomputer.UseAllowTheComputerToEnterAwayModetoensurecomputerwillnotentersleepmodewhensharingmedia.UseAllowTheComputerToSleeptoallowthecomputertoentersleepmodewheninactive.UsePreventIdlingToSleeptoallowthecomputertoentersleepmodeonlyifsetbyuser.PCIExpress\LinkStatePowerManagement DeterminesthepowersavingmodetousewithPeripheralComponentInterconnect(PCI)Expressdevicesconnectedtothecomputer.SetthisoptiontoOff,ModeratePowerSavings,orMaximumPowerSavings.PowerButtonsAndLid\PowerButtonAction Specifiestheactiontotakewhensomeonepushesandholdsthecomputer’spowerbutton.SetthisoptiontoDoNothing,Sleep,Hibernate,orShutdown.PowerButtonsAndLid\SleepButtonAction Setsthedefaultactionforthesleepbutton.Usethissettingtooverridethecomputer’sdefaultaction.SetthisoptiontoDoNothing,Sleep,orHibernate(aspermitted).ProcessorPowerManagement\MaximumProcessorState Setsamaximumorpeakperformancestateforthecomputer’sprocessor.Lowertosavepoweratadirectcosttoresponsivenessandcomputationalspeed.At50percentorbelowcancauseasignificantreductioninperformanceandresponsiveness.ProcessorPowerManagement\MinimumProcessorState Setsaminimumperformancestateforthecomputer’sprocessor.Lowertosavepoweratadirectcosttoresponsivenessandcomputationalspeed.5percentreducesresponsivenesswhileofferingsubstantialpowersavings.50percenthelpstobalanceresponsivenessandwhilemoderatelysavingpower.100percentmaximizeresponsivenessbutdoesn’tsavingpower.ProcessorPowerManagement\SystemCoolingPolicy Determineswhethertheoperatingsystemincreasesthefanspeedbeforeslowingtheprocessor.Passivelimitedlyenables,andtheprocessormayrunhot.Activefullyenablestohelpcooltheprocessor.
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PlanName\RequireAPasswordOnWakeup Determineswhetherapasswordisrequiredwhenacomputerwakesfromsleep.SettoYesorNo.Withdomaincomputers,controlledthroughGroupPolicy.Sleep\AllowHybridSleep SpecifieswhetherthecomputeruseshybridsleepmoderatherthanthesleepmodeusedinearlierversionsofWindows.SettoOnorOff.Hybridsleepmodeputsthecomputerinalow-powerstateuntiltheuserresumesusingthecomputer.Ifthebatteryrunslow,thecomputerhibernates.Sleep\AllowWakeTimers Determineswhethertimedeventsshouldbeallowedtowakethecomputerfromasleepstate.UseDisabletoprevent.UseEnabletoallow.Sleep\HibernateAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputerhibernatestoconservepower.Notnormallyusedunlessbatterypowerrunslow.UseNevertodisable.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforethecomputerhibernates.Sleep\SleepAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputerentersasleepstatetoconservepower.UseNevertodisable.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforethecomputersleeps.USBSettings\USBSelectiveSuspendSetting DetermineswhethertheUSBselectivesuspendfeatureisavailable.UseDisabledtoturnoffselectivesuspend.UseEnabledtoallowselectivesuspend.WirelessAdapterSettings\PowerSavingMode Specifiesthepowersavingmodetousewithanywirelessadaptersconnectedtothecomputer.SettoMaximumPerformance,LowPowerSaving,MediumPowerSaving,orMaximumPowerSaving.
RealWorld Differencesintheadvancedsettingsarewhatsetthedefaultpowerplansapart.Asanexample,theHighPerformanceplanensuresperformancebyallowingthecomputer’sprocessortoalwaysrunat100percentpowerconsumption,whereasthePowerSaverandtheBalancedplansreduceenergyconsumptionbyconfiguringtheprocessortouseaminimumpowerconsumptionrateof5percentandamaximumrateof100percent.
YoucanmanagepowerplansfromthecommandlinebyusingthePowerConfiguration(Powercfg.exe)utility.Typepowercfg-latthecommandprompttolistthepowerplansconfiguredonacomputerbynameandgloballyuniqueidentifier(GUID).WhenyouknowtheGUIDforapowerplan,youcanworkwithitinavarietyofways:
Enterpowercfg–qfollowedbyaGUIDtoviewthesettingsoftherelatedplan.Enterpowercfg–dfollowedbyaGUIDtodeletetherelatedplan.Enterpowercfg–sfollowedbyaGUIDtosettherelatedplanastheactiveplan.
Ifyouwanttoseeacompletelistofallavailableparameters,enterpowercfg/?atthecommandprompt.
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CreatingandOptimizingPowerPlansInadditiontothepreferredpowerplansincludedwithWindows10,youcancreatepowerplansandoptimizeexistingpowerplansasneeded.
Youcancreateapowerplanbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OnthePowerOptionspage,clickCreateAPowerPlanintheleftpane,andthenselectthedefaultpowerplanthatisclosesttothetypeofplanyouwanttocreate.2.InthePlanNamefield,typeadescriptivenamefortheplan;thenclickNext.3.UsetheTurnOffTheDisplaydrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputer’sdisplayautomaticallyturnsoff.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.4.UsethePutTheComputerToSleepdrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputerautomaticallyenterssleepmode.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.5.ClickCreatetocreatetheplan.OnthePowerOptionspage,theplanyoucreatedisselectedbydefault.6.ClickChangePlanSettingsforyournewplan,andthenclickChangeAdvancedPowerSettings.7.Configuretheadvancedpoweroptionsasappropriate,andthenclickOKtosaveyourpowerplan.
Youcanoptimizeanexistingpowerplanbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OnthePowerOptionspage,selectthepowerplanyouwanttoconfigure,andthenclickChangePlanSettings.2.UsetheTurnOffDisplaydrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputer’sdisplayautomaticallyturnsoff.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.3.UsethePutTheComputerToSleepdrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputerautomaticallyenterssleepmode.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.4.Toconfigureadvancedoptions,clickChangeAdvancedPowerSettings,andthenusethePowerOptionsdialogboxtoconfigureyourdesiredsettings.ClickOKtosaveanychangesyou’vemade.5.ClickSaveChangestoupdatethepowerplan.
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ResolvingPowerProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformanceWhenitcomestopowerplansandpowermanagement,anaspectthat’softenoverlookediscompatibility.Toenterandexitsleepstates,yourcomputermustsupportaStandbysleepstate.Similarly,tousehybridsleepandhibernate,yourcomputermustsupporttheHibernateandHybridSleepstates.OneofWindows10’stopfeatures—FastStartup—isalsoasleepstatethatmustbesupported.
Todeterminethesleepstatessupportedbyenteringpowercfg-aatthecommandprompt.AsFigure9-2shows,thisoptionliststheavailablesleepstatesonthecomputerandthereasonswhyaparticularsleepstateisnotsupported.Ifyourcomputerdoesnotsupporthybridsleeporfaststartup,youshouldensurethattherelatedsettingsarenotenabledinfirmware.
Figure9-2Determiningthesupportedsleepstates
Everyrunningapplicationandeveryinstalleddevicemustsupportpowermanagementforyourcomputertomanagepowerandsleepstateseffectively.Ifanapplicationiscausingpauseandresumeproblems,youcancheckwiththedeveloperforanupdateornewerversionthatfixestheproblem.Youcanverifythattheinstalleddevicessupportpowermanagementappropriatelybytypingpowercfg-energyataCommandPrompt(Admin)window.Asshowninthefollowingexample,Powercfgprovidesdetailsabouteachreviewstepandalsoletsyouknowifproblemswerefound.powercfg-energy
Enablingtracingfor60seconds…Observingsystembehavior…Analyzingtracedata…Analysiscomplete.
Energyefficiencyproblemswerefound.
14Errors11Warnings28Informational
SeeC:\Users\owner\Documents\energy-report.htmlformoredetails.
WhenthePowerConfigurationutilityfinishestracingandanalyzingyourcomputer,reviewtheenergyreportgeneratedbytheutilityinawebbrowser.AsFigure9-3shows,theanalysisresultsarewhatyouwanttofocuson.
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Figure9-3Reviewingtheanalysisresults
Readtheerrors,warnings,andinformationalmessages.Ifpossible,takeappropriateactiontoresolveerrors.Ifadevicehasapowermanagementissue,youmaybeabletoresolvetheproblembyinstallinganupdateddriverorbychangingthedevice’sconfigurationoptions.
However,therearemanycaveats.Activedevices,suchasanaudiodeviceplayingmusic,couldpreventyourcomputerfromenteringsleepmodeduringtheanalysis.Thisisnormal,andsuccessorfailureisdeterminedbythetypeofdeviceandthepowermanagementsettings.
Thesamedevicecangenerateaseriesoferrors.Forexample,onmycomputer,aUSBaudiodevicepreventedthesystemfromautomaticallyenteringsleepmodeduringtheanalysis,andseveralotherUSBrelatederrorswererelatedtothisdevice.
Othercommonerrorsyou’llseerelatetothedisplayoraparticulardevicethatmayhavehadpendingupdaterequestsduringthetesting.Iftherewerependingrequestsforthedisplayoranyotherdevice,theserequestswouldpreventthecomputerfromautomaticallypoweringoffthedisplayorthedevice,andalsowouldpreventthecomputerfromautomaticallyenteringalow-powersleepstate.
Youcangetmoreinformationaboutpendingrequestsmadebydevicedriversbytypingpowercfg–requestsatthecommandprompt.Inthefollowingexample,aUSBaudiodevicehaspendingrequests.powercfg-requests
DISPLAY:None.
SYSTEM:[DRIVER]USBAudioDevice(USB\VID_05A7&PID_1020&MI_00\6&2eafe1b7&0&0000)Anaudiostreamiscurrentlyinuse.
AWAYMODE:None.
Inthisexample,notethedeviceidentifier:USB\VID_05A7&PID_1020.Eacherrorinthepowerreportisassociatedwithaspecificdeviceaswell.Toknowforsurewhetheradevicehasasleepandresumeproblem,youneedtoexaminethedetailedpowersupportinformationavailablewhenyoutypepowercfg-devicequeryall_devices_verboseatacommandprompt.
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Becausetheinformationissodetailed,you’llwanttoredirectthecommandoutputtoatextfile,asshowninthisexample.powercfg-devicequeryall_devices_verbose>save.txt
Next,openthefileinatexteditor,suchasNotepad,andsearchthefileforthedeviceidentifier.Finally,reviewtheoutputforthedevicetodetermineitspowercapabilitiesandsupportedsleepstates.
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MaintainingPerformancewithUpdatesYourcomputer’sperformanceistieddirectlytotheWindowscomponents,hardwaredevices,andapplicationsthatareinstalled.Poorprogrammingandcodingproblemscankeepyourcomputerfromperformingoptimally.YoucanensurethatthemostrecentupdatesandhotfixesareappliedtoyourcomputerbyusingWindowsUpdate.
WindowsUpdateallowsyourcomputertoautomaticallydownloadandupdateoperatingsystemcomponents,devicedrives,optionalcomponentsandrelatedprograms.Totakethisprocessastepfurther,youcanconfigureyourcomputertouseMicrosoftUpdate,whichensuresthatupdatesforotherMicrosoftproductsareupdatedaswell.
Manyapplicationsfromthird-partyvendorshaveupdatefeaturesaswell.Usetheseupdatefeatureswheneverpossibletokeepinstalledapplicationsuptodateandperformingoptimally.
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Fine-tuningAutomaticUpdatesWindowsUpdateintegrateswithMicrosoftUpdatetoensurethattheoperatingsystemandinstalledMicrosoftapplicationsstayuptodate.YoucandeterminewhetheryourcomputerisusingMicrosoftUpdatebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.InSettings,clickUpdate&Security.Intheleftpane,theWindowsUpdateoptionisselectedbydefault.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandthenclicktheAdvancedOptionslink.3.IfyourcomputerisusingMicrosoftUpdate,theGiveMeUpdatesForOtherMicrosoftProductsoptionisselected,asshowninFigure9-4.Ifyourcomputerisn’tgettingtheseupdatesandyouwanttogetthem,selecttherelatedcheckbox.
Figure9-4GettingupdatesforotherMicrosoftproducts
WhileyouareworkingwiththeWindowsUpdate,youshouldoptimizetheupdatesettings.ClickChoseHowUpdatesAreInstalledListandthenchooseeitherNotifyToScheduleRestartorAutomatic.
Withnotification,youarenotifiedtoschedulearestartafterWindowsdownloadsupdatesthatrequirearestart.Youcanthenspecifywhentherestartshouldoccurorrestartthecomputermanually.Ifthereareupdatesthatdon’trequirearestart,you’llneedtoapplythemmanually.OnWindowsUpdatepage,you’llseeamessagethatthereareupdatesreadytoinstall.ClickNextandfollowtheprompts.Withsomeupdatesyoumayneedtoaccesslicenseterms.Ifso,you’llneedtoclickAcceptAndInstall.Othertimes,you’llsimplyneedtoreviewtheavailableupdatesandclickInstall.
Ratherthanconstantlybeingnotifiedaboutupdatesorhavingtocheckforupdatesthatneedtobeapplied,IprefertheAutomaticoption.WithAutomatic,WindowsUpdatedownloadsandinstalledupdatesautomatically.Bydefault,yourcomputerperiodicallychecksforanddownloadsupdateswhenyouareconnectedtotheInternetoverwi-fianddoesn’tdownloadupdateswhenyouareusingmobiledata.Ifarestartisrequiredtoinstalltheupdates,Windowsschedulestherestartforatimewhenyouaren’tusingthecomputer.
Scheduledrestartsdependonyouusingthesleepmoderatherthanshuttingdown.Ifyoutrytoshutdownyourcomputerafterupdateshavebeendownloaded,youhavetheoptionofinstallingupdatesandthenshuttingdownorshutdownwithoutinstallingupdates.
Bydefault,Windowsschedulesrestartsat3:30AMonanydaywhenarestartisneeded.ThistimefollowstheAutomaticMaintenanceschedule,whichissettorundailyat2:00AM.Youcanviewavailableupdatesanddeterminewhetherarestartingisscheduledby
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followingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.InSettings,clickUpdate&Security.Intheleftpane,theWindowsUpdateoptionisselectedbydefault.2.Availableupdatesarelistedinthemainpane.Scrollup.Ifarestartisscheduled,thisisstated,asshowninFigure9-5.3.YoucanrestartimmediatelybyclickingRestartNow.Tochangetherestartschedule,chooseSelectARestartTime.Next,specifyatimeanddayfortherestart,suchas8:00AM,Tomorrow.
Figure9-5Gettinginformationaboutapendingrestart
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ResolvingUpdateProblemsYourcomputermayexperienceproblemscausedbyinstallingupdates.Althoughthishappensrarely,itdoeshappen.Youcanviewadetailedupdatehistoryandalistofsuccessful,pendingandfailedupdatesbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.InSettings,clickUpdate&Security.Intheleftpane,theWindowsUpdateoptionisselectedbydefault.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandthenclicktheAdvancedOptionslink.3.ClickViewUpdateHistory.OntheViewUpdateHistorypage,updateslistedwithaSuccessfulstatusweredownloadedandinstalled.UpdateslistedwithanUnsuccessfulstatusweredownloadedbutfailedtoinstall.UpdateslistedwiththeRequiresARestartstatusweredownloadedandwillbeinstalledwhenthecomputerisrestarted.
SomeimportantchangestoWindowsUpdatethatyoushouldknowabout.UnlikeearlyreleasesofWindows,Windows10getsupdatesfortheoperatingsystem,devicedriversandoptionalcomponentsautomatically.Youcan’tspecifythatyoudon’twanttheseupdates,norcanyoudeclineinstallingtheseupdate.However,youcanuninstallanoptionalupdatethatprovesproblematic.IfyouarealreadyontheViewYourUpdateHistorypage,clicktheUninstallUpdateslinktoopentheInstalledUpdatespageinControlPanel.Next,clicktheoptionalupdatetoremoveandthenclickUninstall.
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OptimizingPerformance:FinalTune-upSuggestionsThroughoutthisbook,andinthischapterparticularly,I’vediscussedtechniquesforoptimizingyourcomputer’sperformance.Ifyou’vebeenfollowingalong,you’vefine-tunedjustabouteveryaspectofyourcomputer.Nowlet’slookatafewadditionalareasforthefinaltune-up,including:
ServicesandfeaturesVirtualmemoryDataexecutionpreventionSystemcacheHarddiskdrives
Thesectionsthatfollowdiscusseachinturn.
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DisablingUnnecessaryServicesandFeaturesSystemservicesprovidecriticalfunctionsforyourcomputer.However,unnecessaryservicesusesystemresourcesandareapotentialsourceofsecurityproblems.Ifyourcomputerisrunningaserviceyoudon’tneed,suchasWorldwideWebPublishingService,youcandisabletheserviceorremovetherelatedfeature.
Typically,youshouldstartbydisablingservicesratherthanuninstallingcomponents.Thisway,ifyoudisableaservicethatwasactuallyneeded,youcaneasilyre-enableitifnecessary.Ifyouhavelocaladministratorprivilegesonyourcomputer,youcandisableaservicebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeServicesintheSearchbox,andthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheServicesconsole.2.Right-clicktheserviceyouwanttoconfigure,andthenchooseProperties.OntheGeneraltab,selectDisabledintheStartupTypedrop-downlist.3.Disablingaservicedoesn’tstoparunningservice;itonlypreventstheservicefrombeingstartedthenexttimethecomputerisbooted.Asnecessary,clickStopontheGeneraltabinthePropertiesdialogbox,andthenclickOK.
YoucanturnoffWindowsfeaturesbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeWindowsFeatures,andthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheWindowsFeaturesdialogbox.2.Clearthecheckboxforthefeatureyouwanttoturnoff,andthenclickOK.Youmayneedtorestartyourcomputer.Ifpromptedtodoso,saveyourworkandthenclickRestart.
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Fine-TuningVirtualMemoryYourcomputerusesvirtualmemorytoextendtheamountofavailableRAM.Virtualmemoryiswrittentodiskthroughaprocesscalledpaging.Theoperatingsystemcanaccessthepagingfile,Pagefile.sys,fromdiskwhenneededinplaceofphysicalmemory.Bydefault,Windows10createsaninitialpagingfileautomaticallyforthedrivecontainingtheoperatingsystemanddoesnotuseotherdrivesforpaging.
Typically,youdon’tneedtoputapagingfileonmultipledisks,becausedoingsowon’tnecessarilyboostperformance,butyoumaywanttoputthepagingfileonyourhighest-performingdrive.Windows10doesamuchbetterjobthanitspredecessorsdoofautomaticallymanagingvirtualmemory.Typically,Windows10allocatesvirtualmemoryatleastaslargeasthetotalphysicalmemoryinstalledonthecomputer.Thisapproachreducesfragmentationofthepagingfileandhelpstomaintainoverallread/writeperformance.
Ifyouwanttomanuallymanagevirtualmemory,you’lltypicallywanttouseafixedvirtualmemorysize.Youfixthesizeofthevirtualmemorybysettingtheinitialsizeandthemaximumsizetothesamevalue,andthisinturnpreventsfragmentationofthepagingfile.Formostcomputers,Irecommendsettingthetotalpagingfilesizesothatit’satleastaslargeasthephysicalRAM.
Youcanviewthecurrentvirtualmemoryconfigurationbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeSystemPropertiesPerformance,andthenpressEntertoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox.2.OntheAdvancedtab,clickChangetodisplaytheVirtualMemorydialogbox.
Note YoucangettothesamedialogboxthroughControlPanelaswell.ClickSystemAndSecurityandthenclickSystem.Intheleftpane,clickAdvancedSystemSettings.InthePerformancesection,clickSettingstoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox.
Figure9-6showsanautomaticallymanagedpagingfileconfigurationontheleftandamanuallysetpagingfileconfigurationontheright.
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Figure9-6Checkingyourcomputer’svirtualmemoryconfiguration
Notethefollowing:
AutomaticallyManagePagingFileSizeForAllDrives Controlswhethertheoperatingsystemmanagesthepagingfile.Drive[VolumeLabel]AndPagingFileSize(MB) Showsthecurrentconfigurationofvirtualmemory.Eachdiskvolumeislistedwithitsassociatedpagingfile(ifany).Theinitialandmaximumsizevaluesoftherelatedpagingfileareshownaswell.PagingFileSizeForEachDrive Providesinformationonthecurrentlyselecteddriveandallowsyoutosetitspagingfilesize.SpaceAvailableindicateshowmuchspaceisavailableonthedrive.TotalPagingFileSizeForAllDrives Showstheminimum,recommended,andcurrentlyallocatedvirtualmemory.
Youcanconfigurevirtualmemorybycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.OpentheVirtualMemorydialogboxanddooneofthefollowing:
IfyouwantWindowstomanagevirtualmemory,selectAutomaticallyManagePagingFileSizeForAllDrives,clickOK,andskipsteps2–4.Ifyouwanttoconfigurevirtualmemorymanually,clearAutomaticallyManagePagingFileSizeForAllDrivesandcontinuewithstep2.
2.IntheDrivebox,clickthediskvolumeyouwanttoworkwith,andthenselectCustomSize.3.Enteraninitialsizeandamaximumsizeforthepagingfileontheselecteddisk.ClickSettosavethechanges.4.Repeatsteps2and3foreachdiskvolumeyouwanttohaveapagingfile.5.ClickOK.IfpromptedtooverwriteanexistingPagefile.sysfile,clickYes.6.Ifyouupdatedthesettingsforapagingfilethatiscurrentlyinuse,youwillbepromptedthatyouneedtorestartthesystemforthechangestotakeeffect.ClickOK.
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7.ClickOKtwicetoclosetheopendialogboxes.Apromptasksifyouwanttorestartthesystem.ClickRestart.
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Fine-TuningDataExecutionPreventionWindows10usesDataExecutionPrevention(DEP)tomarkmemorylocationsusedbyapplicationsasnonexecutableunlessthelocationexplicitlycontainsexecutablecode.Ifanapplicationattemptstoexecutecodefromamemorypagemarkedasnonexecutable,theprocessorcanraiseanexceptionandpreventitfromexecuting.DEPisdesignedtothwartmalwarefrominsertingitselfintoareasofmemoryandinthiswayprotectsyourcomputer.
DEPisimplementedinhardwareandsoftware.Hardware-basedDEPisthemosteffectivebecauseitencompassesanyprogramorservicerunningonthecomputer.Software-basedDEPislesseffectivebecauseittypicallyworksbestonlywhenprotectingWindowsprogramsandservices.AlthoughDEPisdesignedtoprotectyourcomputer,thefeaturecanaffectperformance.
RealWorld Windows32-bitversionssupportDEPasimplementedoriginallybyAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.(AMD)processorsthatprovidetheno-executepage-protection(NX)processorfeature.SuchprocessorssupporttherelatedinstructionsandmustberunninginPhysicalAddressExtension(PAE)mode.Windows64-bitversionsalsosupporttheNXprocessorfeaturebutdonotneedtoberunninginPAEmode.
Youcandeterminewhetheryourcomputersupportshardware-basedDEPbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeSystemPropertiesPerformance,andthenpressEntertoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox.2.Ifyourcomputersupportshardware-basedDEP,thelowerportionoftheDataExecutionPreventiontabappearsasshowninFigure9-7.
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Figure9-7Checkingforhardware-basedDEPsupport
Note YoucangettothesamedialogboxthroughControlPanelaswell.ClickSystemAndSecurityandthenclickSystem.Intheleftpane,clickAdvancedSystemSettings.InthePerformancesection,clickSettingstoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogboxandthenselecttheDataExecutionPreventiontab.
AfteraccessingtheDataExecutionPreventiontab,youcanmanagethewayDEPworksbyusingtheseoptions:
TurnOnDEPForEssentialWindowsProgramsAndServicesOnly EnablesDEPonlyforservices,programs,andcomponentsoftheoperatingsystem.Thisisthedefaultandrecommendedsettingforcomputersthatsupportexecutionprotectionandareconfiguredappropriately.TurnOnDEPForAllProgramsAndServicesExceptThoseISelect EnablesDEPforservices,programs,andcomponentsoftheoperatingsystemandallotherprogramsandservicesthecomputerisrunning.
Someprogramswon’tworkwithorwillbecomeunstablewithDEP,andyoumayfindthatyouhavetoaddexceptionswhenyouenableDEPforallprograms.ClickAddtospecifyprogramsthatshouldrunwithoutexecutionprotection.Executionprotectionwillworkforallprogramsexceptthoseyouhavelisted.
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EnhancingPerformancewithReadyBoostNon-criticalkernelmemoryispagedtovirtualmemory,aspartofthesystemcache.Althoughvirtualmemoryisuseful,readingfromandwritingtoadiskissignificantlyslowerthanreadingfromandwritingtophysicalmemory(RAM).Toreducetheperformanceimpactrelatedtoreadingandwritingthesystemcachefromvirtualmemory,youcanconfigureyourcomputertouseWindowsReadyBoost.
WindowsReadyBoostletsyouextendthedisk-cachingcapabilitiesofthecomputer’smainmemorytoaUSBflashdevicethathasatleast2GBofhigh-speedflashmemory.YoucannotconfigurethisfeatureonremovableharddrivesorUSBflashdeviceswithpoorlyperformingflashmemory.
Theoperatingsystemusestheflashmemoryprimarilyforcachingthatusesrandominput/outputandsmall,sequentialinput/outputratherthanlarge,sequentialinput/output.ThisisbecausetheflashmemoryisbettersuitedtorandomI/Oandsmall,sequentialinput/outputthanlarge,sequentialI/O.BycachingdataontheUSBflashdeviceinsteadofyourcomputer’sdiskdrives,Windowsmakesfasterrandomreads,whichboostsoverallperformancebecauseit’supto1,000percentfasterthanreadingfromphysicaldiskdrives.
RealWorld Asasafeguard,Windows10addsprotectiontopreventthesuddenremovalofaUSBflashdevicefromcrashingthecomputerandtopreventreadingofanysensitivedatawrittentotheflashdevice.Windows10eliminatesthepotentialfordatalosswhenremovingaflashdevicebywritingtothepagingfileondiskfirstandthencopyingdatatotheflashdevice.Windows10encryptsalldatawrittentoaflashdevicetopreventreadingofsensitivedataonanothercomputer.
ToenableWindowsReadyBoost,insertaUSBflashdeviceintoaUSB2.0orhigherport.Next,openFileExplorer.Intheleftpane,youshouldseeanentryfortheflashdevice.Theflashdevicewillbeassignedadriveletter,suchasF:.Ifyoudon’tseethedevice,selectThisPCandthenlookforthedeviceinthemainpaneunderDevicesAndDrives,asshowninFigure9-8.
Figure9-8LocatingtheUSBflashdeviceinThisPC
Next,right-clickthedevice,andthenselectProperties.Iftheflashdeviceisnotcompatible,you’llseeawarningaboutthis,asshowninthefirstexampleinFigure9-9;youwon’tbeabletoturnonReadyBoost.Iftheflashdeviceiscompatible,asshowninthesecondexampleinthefigure,youcanconfigureReadyBoost.
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Youcanreservefrom230MBto4094MBofflashmemoryforReadyBoost.Irecommendusingasmuchaspossible.ToautomaticallyreservethemaximumamountofspaceforReadyBoost,selectDedicateThisDeviceToReadyBoost.Otherwise,selectUseThisDevice,andthenusetheSpaceToReserveForSystemSpeedsliderorcomboboxtosettheamountofspacetousewithReadyBoost.WhenyouclickOK,Windows10extendsthecomputer’sphysicalmemorytothedevice.
Figure9-9EnablingandconfiguringWindowsReadyBoost
Note Choosingeithersettingoptiondoesn’tpreventyoufromwritingfilestothedevice.YourchoicesimplydeterminestheamountofspacetoreserveforReadyBoost.Ifyoureservelessthanthetotalamountofspaceavailable,thefreespacecanbeusedforfilesanddata.
YoucansafelyremoveaUSBflashdevicethatusesReadyBoostatanytime.Simplyright-clicktheUSBflashdeviceintheThisPCwindow,andthenchooseEjectorSafelyRemove.
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CleaningUpYourDiskDrivesYourcomputermayslowdownasitsdisksfilltocapacity,becauseitusesavailablespacetowritethepagingfileandothertemporaryfilesitneedstouse.Ideally,youshouldensurethatanydiskusedbytheoperatingsystemtowritesystemfileshasatleast15percentfreespace.Otherwise,youmaystarttonoticethatyourcomputerisnotasresponsiveasitshouldbe.
Youcancleanupyourcomputer’sdisksbyusingDiskCleanup,whichlocatestemporaryfilesandallowsyoutoremovethem.Temporaryfilesyoucandeleteinthiswayinclude:
Copiesofnetworkfilesdesignatedforofflineuse.DumpfilescreatedbecauseofSTOPerrors.FilesthathavebeendeletedfromthecomputerbutnotyetpurgedfromtheRecycleBin.Hibernationfilesusedwhenyourcomputerenterssleepmode.LogfilesandothertemporaryfilesthatOfficeuses.LogfilesthatWindowscreatedduringsetup.PreviousWindowsinstallationssavedunderWindows.old.Programsdownloadedforusebyyourbrowser.TemporarycopiesofrecentlyusedofflinefilesTemporaryfilesstoredintheTempfolderbyapplications.Temporaryfilesusedforerrorreportingandcheckingforsolutionstoproblems.TemporaryInternetfilesstoredtosupportbrowsercachingofpages.Thumbnailsofpictures,videos,anddocumentscreatedbyWindows.
Althoughyoucandeletemosttemporaryfileswithouthesitation,youmaywanttoretain:
Setuplogfiles,ifyouarestillconfiguringyourcomputerafterinstallation.PreviousWindowsinstallations,ifyouhaven’tsaveduserdataorothernecessarydatatheymaycontain.DumpfilesrelatedtounresolvedSTOPerrors,astheymaybeneededfortroubleshooting.Thumbnails,becauseWindowswouldneedtocreatethemthenexttimeyouaccessfolders.
Cleanupyourcomputer’sdiskbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeDiskCleanup,andthenpressEnter.2.Selectthediskthatyouwanttocleanup.WhenyouclickOK,DiskCleanupexaminestheselecteddrive,lookingfortemporaryfilesthatcanbedeletedandfilesthatarecandidatesforcompression.Themorefilesonthedrive,thelongerthesearchprocesstakes.3.WhenDiskCleanupiscomplete,alistoftemporaryfilesthatcanbedeletedappearsasshowninFigure9-10.AddsystemfilestothecleanuplistbyclickingCleanUpSystemFiles,selectingtheprimarysystemdrive,andthenclickingOK.TheprimarysystemdiskisthediskwiththeWindowslogowhenyouviewitinFileExplorer.4.Bydefault,onlyafewtypesoftemporaryfilesareselected.As
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appropriate,reviewtheothertypesoftemporaryfilesthatyoucandeleteandmarkthemfordeletionbyselectingthem.5.ClickOK.Whenpromptedtoconfirm,clickYes.
Figure9-10ReviewingfilestodeleteusingDiskCleanup
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AutomatingMaintenanceWindows10performsautomatedmaintenancetohelpoptimizeyourcomputer’sperformance.Unfortunately,whiletheideaofsuchofthingsoundsterrific,therealityisabitdifferent.
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WhyAutomatedMaintenanceBreaksBydefault,automatedmaintenanceoccursdailyat2:00AM.Ifyourcomputerisinsleepmodeatthistime,thecomputerwakesfromsleepandresumesnormaloperationsautomaticallysomaintenancecanbeperformed.Yourcomputerwillstayactiveduringthemaintenanceschedule.Bydefault,ifyourcomputerhasupdatesthatrequirearestart,yourcomputerrestartsat3:30AM.Aftertherestart,ifallgoeswell,yourcomputerwillresumeanymaintenancetasksthatstillneedtobeprocessorwaitfortheidletimetoelapseandthenre-entersleepmode.
Theseautomatedprocessesworkwell,butarefarfromperfect.Forstarters,yourcomputermustbepluggedinandrunningonACpowerforanyautomatedmaintenancetooccur.Second,ausermustalsobeloggedinandthecomputermustbeeitheridleorinsleepmode.Ifyouloggedoutofyourcomputerandnootheruserisloggedin,automatedmaintenancewon’toccur,norwillitoccurifyouorsomeoneelseisusingyourcomputerduringthemaintenancewindow.
Startingtoseeaproblemhere?Yes?Well,there’smore.Ifthemaintenancewindowismissed,Windowswon’ttryagainuntilthenextdayatthescheduledmaintenancetime.Additionally,thehousekeepingtasksdon’tfollowthesesamerules.Onceadiskcheckordiskdefragstart,theywillcontinueuntiltheyarefinished,regardlessofwhetherauserisloggedon—andbothofthesetaskswillcontinuerunningoffandonforupto3daysifnecessary.
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OptimizingtheMaintenanceWindowPersonally,Idon’twantmycomputertowakeat2:00AM,nordoIwantittorestartat3:30AM.I’moftengoingintotheofficeandfindingthecomputerrunningwhenIarriveforworkinthemorning—hoursafteritshouldhavereenteredsleepmode.Therearemanyreasonsthiscanhappen.Thetwomostcommon:Apendingactionorpoweroptionsthatpreventsleepmodewhenidle.
BecauseIdon’twantmycomputerrunningfor5,6,7or8hoursbeforeIgettotheoffice,Iconfigureautomatedmaintenancetostartabout2andahalfhoursbeforehandandIschedulerestartstooccuraboutanhourandahalflater.
Youcanchangethemaintenancestarttimebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSecurityAndMaintenanceintheSearchboxandpressEnter.2.InSecurityAndMaintenance,expandtheMaintenancepanelandthenclickChangeMaintenanceSettings.3.OntheAutomaticMaintenancepage,showninFigure9-11,usetheRunMaintenanceTasksliststosetthedesiredstarttime,suchas6:00AM.4.Optionally,ifyoudon’twantWindowstowakeyourcomputertoperformautomatedmaintenance,cleartheAllowScheduledMaintenance…checkbox.5.ClickOKtosaveyoursettings.
Figure9-11Settingthemaintenancestarttime
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RunningMaintenanceManuallyOfthemanyhousekeepingtasksperformedduringautomatedmaintenance,thesearethemostimportant:
CheckDiskDiskDefragmentProblemReporting
Yourcomputerisconstantlyreadingfromandwritingtoitsprimarydisk.Ifaparticularsectororclusteronadiskisdamagedorotherwisecannotbewrittento,yourcomputerwillexperienceproblemswheneverittriestoreadfromorwritetothissectororcluster.Althoughtheoperatingsystemanddrivecontrollershelptomitigateandcorrectdiskproblems,theycan’tpreventandcorrectalldiskproblems.Occasionallyerrorsoccur,andCheckDiskcancorrecttheseerrors.
Anotherproblemthatcausesdiskdrivestoperformpoorlyisfragmentation.Fragmentationoccurswhenafilecan’tbewrittentoasinglecontiguousareaonthediskandtheoperatingsystemmustwriteasinglefiletoseveralareasonthedisk.Notonlydoesthisslowdownthewriteprocess,italsoslowsdownthereadprocess.Toreducefragmentation,Windows10usesDiskDefragmentertodefragmentdisksautomatically.
Othertypesofproblemsthatoccuronyourcomputermaybedetectedbyautomatedproblemreportinganddiagnostics,whichwerediscussedin“CheckingforProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformance”inChapter8.
Youcaninitiatetheseandothermaintenancetasksatanytimebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSecurityAndMaintenanceintheSearchboxandpressEnter.2.InSecurityAndMaintenance,expandtheMaintenancepanelandthenclickStartMaintenance.
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AbouttheAuthorWilliamR.Stanek(http://www.williamrstanek.com)hasmorethan20yearsofhands-onexperiencewithadvancedprogramminganddevelopment.Heisaleadingtechnologyexpert,anaward-winningauthor,andapretty-darn-goodinstructionaltrainer.Overtheyears,hispracticaladvicehashelpedmillionsofprogrammers,developers,andnetworkengineersallovertheworld.In2013,Williamcelebratedthepublicationofhis150thbook.
WilliamhasbeeninvolvedinthecommercialInternetcommunitysince1991.Hiscorebusinessandtechnologyexperiencecomesfrommorethan11yearsofmilitaryservice.Hehassubstantialexperienceindevelopingservertechnology,encryption,andInternetsolutions.Hehaswrittenmanytechnicalwhitepapersand
trainingcoursesonawidevarietyoftopics.Hefrequentlyservesasasubjectmatterexpertandconsultant.
WilliamhasanMSwithdistinctionininformationsystemsandaBSincomputerscience,magnacumlaude.HeisproudtohaveservedinthePersianGulfWarasacombatcrewmemberonanelectronicwarfareaircraft.HeflewonnumerouscombatmissionsintoIraqandwasawardedninemedalsforhiswartimeservice,includingoneoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica’shighest-flyinghonors,theAirForceDistinguishedFlyingCross.Currently,heresidesinthePacificNorthwestwithhiswifeandchildren.
Williamrecentlyrediscoveredhisloveofthegreatoutdoors.Whenhe’snotwriting,hecanbefoundhiking,biking,backpacking,traveling,ortrekkinginsearchofadventurewithhisfamily!Inhissparetime,Williamwritesbooksforchildren,includingTheBugvilleCrittersExploretheSolarSystemandTheBugvilleCrittersGoonVacation.
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