windows & doors for wind borne debris

CGI Windows & Doors continuing education program for architects.

AIA Course Reference: CGI101 This course qualifies for 1.0 LU AIA/CES credits

“Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris”

CGI Windows & Doors is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credits earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008

CGI Windows & Doors

  Established in 1994

  Founded on basis of developing and manufacturing high end impact-resistant windows and doors

  Premier aluminum impact windows and doors

 Offering Miami-Dade County impact-resistant windows & doors


CGI Applications

 New & Retrofit Construction

  Residential & Light Commercial

  Single Family Homes

  Multi Family

  Condos   Schools / Institutional

  Low and mid-rise commercial

  Government


CGI Products

 Casement Windows

  Single-Hung Windows

  Project Out   Fix Windows

 Custom Windows

  French Doors

  Sliding Glass Doors

All CGI products are Miami-Dade county approved for large and small missiles –

NOA’s available on all products


New From CGI

Sliding Glass Door   +120/ -170 PSF Design Load (4’x8’ panels)

  +120 / -140 PSF Design Load (4’x10’ panels)

  +90 / -90 PSF Design Load (5’x10’ panels)

  Minimal covers, snaps & extra parts

  Simple frame assembly with a single row of fasteners

  Installation ease provides cost saving


New From CGI

Aspen Collection   Wood grain finishes   Blends the warmth of wood

with the strength of aluminum   Unique patented wood

painting process   Nine Finishes: Honey Pine, Burlwood,

Honey Cherry, Chestnut, Cherry, English Oak, Hazelnut Brown, Mahogany Red, Walnut Brown & Cinnamon Red


CGI Architectural Educational Programs

  Architectural Symposiums (3hr AIA CEU)

  Bonita Springs – November 16, 2007

  Deerfield Beach – March 7, 2008

  Tampa/St. Petersburg – June, 2008

  Jacksonville – September, 2008

  Orlando – December, 2008

  AIA Presentations (1hr AIA CEU)

  CGI 101 “Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris”

  CGI 102 “Glazing Green with Impact Resistance”

  CGI 103 “Understanding Wind Loads and Design Pressures”


Learning Topics

9

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris

1)  Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes

2)  Approved Products & Critical Components

3)  Product Availability & Design Options


Section One

10

Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes

This section will provide background on hurricanes and their effects on buildings and the building codes developed to

minimize wind-borne debris damage


Most Destructive Hurricanes (Atlantic)

11 Introduction

Note: damages are listed in US Dollars and are not adjusted for inflation

Source: www.mthhurricane.com

section one


Dynamics of a Hurricane

12

  High velocity winds create flying debris acting as shooting missiles

  Flying debris breaks through windows or doors allowing pressure to build up inside the structure

  Rapid changes in both negative and positive wind pressures can cause severe structural damage

section one


Maintaining the Building Envelope

13

  Air

  Water

  Wind   Wind-Borne Debris

  Walls   Roofs   Louvers   Solid/Glazed Curtain

Wall   Windows & Doors

section one


Code Objective

14

The overall objective of building codes developed for intensive hurricane winds and wind-borne debris is to prevent the penetration (or opening) of the envelop of a structure thus minimizing the potential damage to the structure

section one


Hurricane Code History

15

1936: Miami requires storm shutters, capable of withstanding a wind pressure of 30 pounds per square foot

1957: South Florid Building Code (SFBC) adopted, storm shutters were no longer required, but if used deflection criteria were established to prevent contact with glass

1994: SFBC revised as a direct reaction to hurricane Andrew, include wind-borne debris adoption (impact, uniform load, cyclic)

1995: SBCCI creates wind-borne debris standard: SSTD 12 (adopted by Palm Beach County, FL)

1996: Texas Department of Insurance creates wind-borne debris standard

2000: International Building Code (IBC & IRC) adopts ASTM E1886 & E1996 (wind-borne debris test standard)

2001: Florida Building Code (FBC) replaces SBCCI and includes wind-borne debris standards for the state of Florida – HVHZ replace SFBC

2004: FBC internal pressure design option eliminated from code

2007: FBC amendment to Florida pan handle

section one


Current Code Status

  2006, IBC – ASTM E1886 & E1996

  State adoption of I-Codes with wind-borne debris protection   FL, GA, MS, LA, TX, SC, NC, CT, MA, VA, NY, RI

  NC 1,500 feet from water

  TX in areas with building deportments or TDI program

  MA 1 mile from water, not including Boston   RI 1 mile from water

  CT 6 coastal counties   Alabama, legislation pending to increase

  Missing States: New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland

16

section one


Key Influences

  Insurance Industry

  Government Bodies

  Building Associations   Architects/Engineers

  Hurricane Activity

17

section one


Wind-Borne Debris Standards

  Wind-borne debris requirements are defined by missile level and wind zone (building height and location)

  Wind-borne debris requirements are only applicable where mandated by local or regional building codes

  It is up to the architect to determine the right product performance and code approval for the project.

18

section one


Wind Zones

19

section one


Wind Zones & Missile Types

20

section one


Wind Zones

21 Section Two Designing for Impact

section one


Impact Missile Requirements

Missile Level

Missile Impact Speed feet/sec (mph)

Typical Use

A 2 gram steel ball 130 (89) Above 30 ft Wind Zone 1 through 4

B 2 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Skylights < 30 ft. Wind Zone 2 (Basic)

C 4.5 lb. Lumber 40 (27) Less than 30 ft. Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Basic)

D 9 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Less than 30 ft. Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Basic)

Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Enhanced)

E 9 lb. Lumber 80 (55) Less than 30 ft. Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Enhanced)

Wind Zone 1 – 110mph Wind Zone 2 – 120mph Wind Zone 3 – 130mph Wind Zone 4 – 140mph

22

section one


Small & Large Missile Requirements

23

section one


Cyclical Pressure Testing

  Designed to simulate the positive and negative pressures caused by a hurricane

  Determines the maximum positive and negative design pressures of each approved window and door system

  9,000 total cycles with 3 seconds per cycle of design pressure

  Cycling occurs after impact

24

section one


Cyclic Static Air Pressure Loading

9,000 total

25

section one


Critical Elements

  Size and type of glass   Framing components and design   Thickness of extrusions   Method of anchoring the glass   Type and location of fasteners   Type and thickness of interlayer (missile dependant)

  Glass can not be punctured upon impact

  Glass must remain in framing after impact and cycling

section one


Certification Process

  Must be tested in certified test laboratory

  Engineering witness and review   Proper labeling of the glass

  Three identical units must past

  Test results, applications, and check submitted to Dade County Product Control Division for Notice of Acceptance (NOA)

27

section one


Industry Facts

  South Florida leads the nation in addressing hurricane protection & building codes

  Miami-Dade County & Broward County were the first to adopt building codes that mandate impact resistant shutters or impact resistant glazing

  South Florida is the only region in the world to adopt provisions expanding impact resistant construction to the entire building envelope

28

section one


Section Two

29

This section will review glazing products that meet the various code requirements and the critical

components used in those systems

Approved Products & Critical Components


Code Approved Products

Glazed openings must be protected

  Impact-resistant panels or plywood

  Impact-resistant shutters   Impact-resistant glazing system

30

section two


System Approval

31

section two


Critical Glazing Components

  Glass

  Structural Sealant

  Gaskets   Fasteners (assembly and

installation)

  Hardware

  Frame material (aluminum, wood or PVC)

section two section two


Impact-Resistant Glass

  One of the most critical components

  Various options based on price and performance

  Glass may break, but must maintain it’s integrity after impact

section two


Impact-Resistant Glass CYCLING EFFECTS

Polycarb Glass Clad

Stormglass, PET’s & SGP

Saflex HP Saflex® 90g (PVB)

10” to 20” 8” to 14” 4” to 8” <5”

<13cm 10 to 20cm 10 to 35cm 25 to 50cm

section two


Impact-Resistant Glass STRUCTURAL BOND

35

Positive/negative pressures from cycling 50 to 200+ PSF

section two

Glass wants to pull out of frame


Hardware

  Info

  Info

  info

36

section two


Common Locking Hardware Types

  Single Lock

  Single action multipoint locking systems (one operation activates several locks)

  Multi step locking system (more than one action required to activate two or more locking points

  Self closing locks (locks that engage automatically when product is closed)

Many options and strengths available in each type. While a self closing lock may work great for a window, you would not want it on a door.

37

section two


Framing Member Construction and Installation Fasteners

Corner Assembly of Framing Members

  Aluminum Products- usually secured with sheet metal screws (SMS) ranging in sizes from #8 to #14 x specific lengths. Some products may be weld or crimped.

  Wood Product- Coped/Notched wood secured with nails, staples, screws or glue

  PVC- Generally fusion weld

section two

Common Installation Fasteners (please format)   Into masonry- Concrete anchors in diameters from 3/16” to 5/16”  Into wood- Sheet metal screws, lag bolts or even concrete anchors (will thread into wood)  Into metal- Sheet metal screws or self-drilling screws (such as a Tek screw)


Fasteners

  Info

  Info

  info

section two


Window and Door Frames

  Aluminum – durable and strong. Maintains structural characteristics.

  Wood – Traditional and good thermal performance. Not as strong as aluminum and degrades in humid climates. Often clad in PVC or Aluminum on exterior.

  PVC – Maintenance free and good thermal performance. May require internal reinforcing and could be adversely effected by UV in certain climates.

  Fiberglass- new to market

section two


Glass Attachment Methods (referred to as “GLAZING”)

  Wet Glazing A method of securing glass in a frame that uses sealants (often 100% silicone) or glazing compounds instead of preformed, resilient gaskets

  Dry Glazing A method of securing glass in a frame that uses preformed, resilient gaskets instead of a wet sealant or glazing compound.

  Wet/Dry Combination Glazing A method that combines some sort of Wet and Dry Glazing

  Marine Glazing A dry glazing method where the framing member is build around the glass using a channel gasket. Glass replacement requires the framing member to be disassembled. Most common on operable windows and doors for the panels or sash.

  Inside Glazed A method in which glass is replaceable from inside the building

section two


Aluminum Extrusions

  Info

  Info

  info

section two


Details

  Info

  Info

  info

section two


Section Three

44

This section will review the various design and product options available to architects and owners.

Product Availability & Design Options


What to consider when selecting an impact system for a project

  Select a system that uses framing materials that are appropriate for your geographical zone

  Check the performance rating of the product you are considering. Impact resistant products are rated based on + & - PSF (positive & negative pounds per square foot). The higher the PSF the better.

  There are small missile and large missile rated products. Large missile can be used to satisfy small missile, but small missile will not satisfy large missile requirements. Small missile easier to pass.

  Try to avoid systems that require reinforcing to meet the minimum standard. This indicates a poorly designed system.

  Systems may require reinforcing for very large units or at very high PSF and that’s acceptable, but avoid carbon steel reinforcing that can rust (non-magnetic stainless steel reinforcing is fine).

  A system capable of high PSF ratings without any reinforcing is better.


What is important for a successful impact system

  Good glass bite on frame (dry systems require more bite than a wet system with a good bond)

  Frame material that is strong enough to resist the effects of 9,000 cycles after the glass has been impacted

  Strong corner connections on frames

  Frame materials that won’t deteriorate or lose significant strength due to climate conditions

  Systems designed for impact from the start are generally better than older non-impact systems adapted for impact resistance


Product Options

47

Active Glazing Options   Plywood that meets Code

specifications   Code approved screens   Code approved storm panels   Code approved shutters

Passive Glazing Options   Code approved impact-resistant

windows & doors   Wood   Aluminum Clad   Aluminum   Vinyl   Fiberglass

Section Three Designing for Impact

section three


Windows & Door Materials

48

  Aluminum

  Wood with Aluminum Exterior Clad

  Wood   Vinyl

  Fiberglass

Design performance will vary dramatically by manufacturers

section three


Window & Door Types

49

  Casement Window   Single-Hung Window   Fix/Picture Window   Project Out Windows   Sliding Windows   French Doors   Sliding Glass Doors

No longer limited in design choices

section three


Product Characteristics

  High Design Loads   Limited Glazing Size   Limited Overall Size   Extremely Heavy   More Expensive   Higher Quality

50

All impact products are not created equal!

section three


Quality Characteristics

  PVB Laminated Glass (90g)

  Strong Glass Bite (wet glazed with Silicone)

  Thicker Extrusions (higher design pressures)

  Stainless Steel Hardware (longer life)

  Quality Vendors on Hardware (longer life)

  Extruded Screens

51

Small details make a big difference

section three


Product Limitations

52

Aluminum impact-resistant windows typically give designers the greatest selection in product selection, glass size and design

pressures offering the largest glazed openings and the highest design pressures compared to wood, vinyl and fiberglass


section three


Performance Charts

53 Section Three Designing for Impact

Example: manufacturers performance charts

section three


Product Selection

54 Section Three Designing for Impact

Example: manufacturers specification sheet

section three


Critical Design Elements

55

  Physical location of structure

  Type of windows/door (aluminum, wood, vinyl)

  Overall window/door size

  Missile approval (large or small)

  Design pressures (to meet local requirements)

  Product code approval meets project specifications

  Produce design & aesthetics Section Three Designing for Impact

section three


Notice of Acceptance

56

  There should be an NOA prior to specifying a product

  The NOA provides all the critical performance data

  All NOA’s are accessible on-line at www.miamidade.gov/buildingcode

  Confirm the promised performance with the approved NOA

  Check on the expiration date

section three


Installation Conditions

57

Example: manufacturers installation specifications


section three


Buyer (architect) Beware

58

  Confirm the companies promise on product availability and performance

  Request a copy of the Notice of Acceptance (NOA)

  Make sure the product is approved for impact

  Check size and design pressures

  Make sure it meets the proper impact requirement (large versus small)

section three

NOTE: we may change this slide to top 10 list


Exceeding the Requirements

59

  Building codes are minimum requirements

  Info

  Info   Info

section three

NOTE: idea is to survey industry experts (Paul B., John K, Vinu A.) and get their comments/perspective on exceeding requirements


Details and Terminology

  Muntins- are members that divides a glass pane within a window or door. In the past they were structural members which required many small panes to be used, but current codes (due to higher performance requirement) have done away with most true muntins. Today they are commonly surface applied on one or both sides. May be contoured (pictured) or flat. In the kitchen cabinet industry, these are referred to as mullions.

  Glazing Beads/Glazing Stops- the member that holds the glass in place from one side and is removable.

  Mullions- Members used to structurally support windows and/or doors when being joined together. Some products have build in structural members that serve the same purpose as a mullion, but generally at lesser performance level.

section two


Section One Summary

Effects of a hurricane & building codes

  Summary point1

  Summary point 2   Summary point 3

  Summary point 4

61

summary


Section Two Summary

Approved products & critical components

  Summary point 1


  Summary point 4

62

summary


Section Three Summary

Product availability & design options

  Summary point 1


  Summary point 4

63

summary

Len Quist CGI Marketing Director

THANK YOU

For additional information on CGI visit: www.cgiwindows.com

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