windows nt operating system. windows nt models layered model client/server model object model...
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Windows NT Operating System
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Windows NT Models
• Layered Model• Client/Server Model• Object Model• Symmetric Multiprocessing
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Layered Model Application
Program
Application Program
System Services
File System
Memory and I/O Device Management
Processor Scheduling
Hardware
User Mode
Kernel Mode
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Client/Server Model
Memory Server
Client Application
Network Server
Process Server
File Server
Display Server
kernel
Hardware Send
Reply
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Windows NT’s Client/Server Structure
Win32 Client
OS/2 Client
POSIX Client
Win32 Subsystem
OS/2 Subsystem
POSIX Subsystem
Executive
Hardware
Kernel
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Object Model•An object is a data structure whose physical format is hidden behind a type definition. It embodies a set of formal properties and is manipulated by a set of services.•Windows NT uses objects to represent system resources. •Any system resource that can be shared by more than one process is implemented as an object and manipulated by using object services.
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Symmetric Multiprocessing Memory
Operating System
User Thread
User Thread
User Thread
User Thread
Operating System
I/O Devices(Monitor,Mouse,Keyboard)
Processor A Processor B
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Asymmetric Multiprocessing Memory
Operating System
User Thread
User Thread
I/O Devices(Monitor,Mouse,Keyboard)
Processor A Processor B
User Thread
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Windows NT Structure
• The structure of Windows NT can be divided into two parts: – The user-mode portion of the system(the Windows NT protected
subsystems) and – The kernel-mode portion(the NT executive).
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Windows NT Structure• Windows NT servers are called protected subsystem
because each one resides in a separate process whose memory is protected from other processes by the NT executive’s virtual memory system. They communicate with each other by passing messages.
• The NT executive is capable of supporting any number of server processes. The servers give the NT executive its user and programming interfaces and provide execution environments for various type of applications.
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Protected Subsystem
• Windows NT has two types of protected subsystems: – Environment subsystem– Integral subsystem
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Environment subsystem• An environment subsystem is a user-mode server
that provides an API specific to an operating system.
• When an application calls an API routine, the call is delivered through LPC facility to the environment subsystem.
• The environment subsystem executes the API routine and returns the result to the application process by sending another LPC.
• The most important environment subsystem in Windows NT is Win32 subsystem.
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Integral Subsystems
• The remaining protected subsystems, the integral subsystems, are servers that perform important operating system functions.
• One of them is security subsystem, which runs in user mode and records the security policies in effect on the local computer.
• Several components of the Windows NT networking software are also implemented as integral subsystems.
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Executive Components
• Object Manager• Security Reference Manager• Process Manager• Virtual Memory Manager• I/O and File System• Kernel• Hardware abstraction layer(HAL)
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Windows NT Design Objectives
• Extensibility Backoffice Suite (SQL Server, Exchange,..etc.)• Portability (from one hardware to another) Written by C, which is not hardware dependent• Compatibility DOS, Win16, Win32 and POSIX (Portable Operating System
Interface based on UNIX) Compatible.• Security
Security logon, Discretionary access control, Audit, Memory protection
• Performance• Reliability and Robustness
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Extensibility
• Protected subsystems• Modular Structure• Object representation of resources• Loadable drivers• RPC facility
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Portability
• Portable C• Processor isolation• Platform isolation
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Reliability
• Structured exception handling• Modular design• New NT file system• C2 security architecture• Virtual memory
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Compatibility
• Program compatibility• File System compatibility
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Windows NT Features• Networking components NetBEUI, IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, DLC, ApplTalk, PPTP, VLAN
• Internet/Intranet components Internet Information Server (IIS), FTP server, gopher server.
• Interoperability components Clients: DOS, Windows95/98, Windows NT workstation, Macintosh.
• Application-Enabling componentsSupport Inter Process Communication (IPC)
• Administrative components Primary domain controller, backup domain controller, or standalone.
• Workstation components A NT server can also be used as a workstation.
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Starting your Windows NT• Windows NT is strong in Security, performance, stability,
and networking, but ease of use and hardware configuration is not as good as Windows 95
• Notes: Install Windows:– Hardware Selection: Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)– Choosing a File System: NTFS or FAT– Choosing a Domain Role (PDC, BDC, Member sever)
• Tips: Microsoft strategy:– Windows 98/ NT Workstation take place of Windows 95– NT Server compete with Unix
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Conclusion•Windows NT is a symmetric multiprocessing operating system which support multiple operating system environments. •It has a Windows graphical user interface and runs Win32, 16-bit Windows, MS-DOS, POSIX, and OS/2 program. •It employs advanced operating system principles such as virtual memory, preemptive multitasking, structured exception handling, and operating system objects. •It is secure, powerful, reliable, and flexible.