windows r&d at the doe building technologies …...lighting phase-in eere.energy.gov 1 windows...

Lighting Phase-In eere.energy.gov

1

Windows R&D at the DOE Building Technologies Program

NFRC Fall Membership Meeting 2012

Pat Phelan Supervisor, Emerging Technologies Building Technologies Program October 3, 2012

Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

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The Building Technologies Program (BTP) uses integrated approach to impact energy savings

Research & Development • Develop technology roadmaps • Prioritize opportunities • Solicit and select innovative technology

solutions • Collaborate with researchers and

market performers • Solve technical barriers and test

innovations to prove effectiveness • Measure and validate energy savings

Codes and Standards • Establish minimum energy use in a transparent public

process • Protect consumer interests • Reduce market confusion • Enhance industry competitiveness and profitability • Expand portfolio of energy efficient appliances and

equipment • Raise the efficiency bar

Market Stimulation • Identify barriers to “speed and scale”

adoption • Collaborate with industry partners to

improve market adoption • Increase usage of products and services • Work through policy, adoption, and

financial barriers • Communicate the importance and

value of energy efficiency • Provide technical assistance and

training


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Building Technologies Program: Organizational Structure

Market Barriers TRL 8-9

Innovations TRL 2-3

Emerging Technologies

TRL 3-6

Building Technologies Program

• Appliance Test Procedures

• Appliance Standards • Standards Certification

and Enforcement • Building Energy Codes • ENERGY STAR and

Verification

Systems Integration TRL 6-8

• Solid State Lighting

• Advanced Heating and Cooling

• Refrigerants • Sensors and

Controls

• Commercial BetterBuildings Challenge

• Building America • BetterBuildings

Neighborhood Program

• Home Energy Score/Commercial Building Asset Rating

• Commercial Building Alliances

• Building Innovation Hub

• Solid State Lighting • Advanced Heating and

Cooling • Thermal

Envelope/Windows • Building Analysis Tools


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DOE’s Portfolio of Research in Advanced Technologies – Whole Building Approach

Heating, ventilating, air conditioning, water heating, and working fluids

Building Envelope: Next generation attic and roof systems

Advanced heat pump technology: • Air source heat

pumps • Ground source

heat pumps • Heat exchangers

Low global warming potential refrigerants

Sensors and controls Advanced refrigerator

technology

Solid state lighting

Advanced windows

Building energy models/calculators


5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Heating Cooling Heating Cooling

Residential Commercial

4.67

1.94

1.48

1.4

1.79 1.9

1.14 0.74

HV

AC

En

erg

y C

on

su

mp

tio

n

(Qu

ad

s)

Energy Consumed by Windows

Due to windows

Windows are responsible for 12% of all primary energy consumed by buildings in the US (2010 data).

Based on window energy use estimated in Apte & Arasteh, 2006, “Window-Related Energy Consumption in the US Residential and Commercial Building Stock,” LBNL-60146.


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DOE Windows & Building Envelope Funding

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

An

nu

al

Fu

nd

ing

($1000)

Fiscal Year

Envelope

Windows

*

* tentative

Buildings.energy.gov

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How Does DOE Decide on Research? (1) Workshops/Roadmaps

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Avera

ge R

ati

ng

Importance

Appropriateness

Relevance

Results from Last Windows Workshop (June 28, 2012) Report available at http://www.eereblogs.energy.gov/buildingenvelope/.


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How Does DOE Decide on Research? (2) The Prioritization Tool

Each measure (e.g. technology) requires four data inputs: • Performance improvement: technical energy savings • Cost: incremental cost of the technology over common baseline • Market: stock this measure (e.g. technology) can impact • Supporting information: lifetime, adoption rate, code/standard date, etc.

We apply standard analysis methodology: • Energy savings (technical potential): maximum technical savings is percent

savings multiplied by market energy use • Stock and flow dynamics (two family): end-of-life equipment stock turn-

over used to determine practical limit to technology adoption • Staging framework: overlapping savings identified by segmenting energy

use; measure with lowest cost of conserved energy stages first • Technology diffusion: innovator/follower dynamics • Cost of conserved energy: present value cost of technology divided by

lifetime energy savings (i.e. $/MMBTU)

This produces useful outputs (e.g. strategic game board) that can be tested through sensitivity analyses and viewed through various lenses such as: • Maximum technical potential • Energy savings vs. cost of conserved energy (no interaction – unstaged) • Energy savings vs. cost of conserved energy (interaction – staged) • Adoption adjusted energy savings potential

Inputs

Method

Outputs


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Waterfall charts allow us to compare measures (example: residential)

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

HV

AC

eq

uip

men

t im

pro

vem

ents

Nat

ura

l ven

tila

tio

n/

eco

no

miz

ers

Enh

ance

d c

on

tro

ls

Dis

trib

uti

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im

pro

vem

ents

(ro

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ng,

se

alin

g, in

sula

tin

g)

A

dva

nce

d r

etro

fit

wal

ls

B

ase

men

t/sl

ab

insu

lati

on

Hig

hly

insu

lati

ng

win

do

ws

Infi

ltra

tio

n c

on

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Ad

van

ced

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ic /

co

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roo

f

Cu

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nsu

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ote

nti

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An

nu

al e

ner

gy c

on

sum

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on

(p

rim

ary

tBTU

s)

Illustrative


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Prioritization Tool Output: Technical Potential (R = residential, C = commercial)

- 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

R+C: window films

C: R-5 repl. Windows

R+C: Low-e storm windows

R+C: Window attachments

R+C: Dynamic windows

R: R-5 repl. Windows

R: insulating shutters

R+C: R-10 windows

Primary energy savings, quads

Technical potential 2030 for Windows

0


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Prioritization Tool Output: Unstaged Potential (R = residential, C = commercial)

R+C: R-10 windows

C: R-5 repl. Windows

R: insulating shutters

R+C: Dynamic windows

R+C: Window attachments

R+C: Low-e storm windows

R: R-5 repl. Windows R+C: window films

$-

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$30

$35

$40

$45

$50

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Levelized

Co

st

of

Co

nserv

ed

En

erg

y

($

/ M

MB

TU

)

Primary Energy Savings: trillion BTUs in 2030

Unstaged Maximum-Adoption Potential, 2030

2010 average cost for fossil-fuel electricity and natural gas


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Emerging Technologies Programmatic Goals are Defined Using Prioritization Tool

Lighting- aggregated 70% energy savings

Water heating- aggregated 60% energy savings

HVAC- aggregated 20% energy savings

Building envelope- aggregated 20% energy savings

Appliances- aggregated 20% energy savings

Sensors and controls – aggregated 30% energy savings

Building energy modeling – Significantly increase (10%/year) the number of users of building energy modeling tools, to actually reduce energy use in buildings (architects, builders, retrofit companies).

Relative to a 2010 baseline


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Current Windows Projects (1/3)

Project Goals Performer(s)

Electrochromic (EC) Windows: non-indium-

based transparent conducting oxide layers;

nanoparticle synthesis for nanoparticle-laden

films

Go/no-go

decision on Al-

doped ZnO2 as

a replacement

for ITO

LBNL

Highly Insulating Windows: non-structural thin

glass center layers; new thermal break

technology for aluminum framing; low-cost Kr

distillation; update software tools

Prototypes;

Go/no-go on Kr

distillation

process

LBNL

Advanced Faҫades, Daylighting, and Complex

Fenestration Systems: refractive daylight

redirecting systems; angular selective shading

systems; smart controls for dynamic faҫades

Prototypes;

industry

workshop on

smart controls

LBNL/3M

(CRADA)

Window Attachments: Explore Energy Star

rating; re-engineer existing attachments for

improved energy efficiency

Energy Star

feasibility;

prototypes

LBNL


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Materials for Dynamic Windows

Performer: LBNL

Contact PI: Andre Anders

Project Title: Low-cost solutions for dynamic window materials

Why Important: The market penetration of energy-efficient dynamic windows critically depends on (a) use of abundant, low-cost, non-toxic materials, and (b) scalable, reproducible, robust fabrication technology.

Highlights:

- Assisted industry in design and optimization of multilayer coatings for scale-up, lately primarily through sophisticated materials characterization.

- Demonstrated (on a small scale) that aluminum-doped zinc oxide, AZO, can be a low-cost alternative to expensive indium-tin oxide, ITO.

- As part of a collaboration, demonstrated infrared switching though plasmonic effects in nanocrystals

TEM 1 nm

One of the Journal-selected “Papers of the year 2011”: Mendelsberg et al., J. Phys D: 44, 232003 (2011).


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Highly Insulating Window Solutions

Performer: LBNL

Contact PI: D. Charlie Curcija

Project Title: Highly Insulating Window Solutions

Why Important: Heat loss through windows

accounts for 2 Quads of annual building energy use. Increasing the insulating (R) value of windows, while optimizing solar gain, can eliminate this energy drain and convert the window to > net zero.

Highlights: - Near Term:

- Thin-glass non-structural triple glazing

- Highly insulating commercial window frame

- Medium Term:

- Low-cost Krypton Distillation

- Hybrid vacuum-IGU

- MoWiTT test facility retrofit and commissioning

- Software tools: WINDOW, THERM, OPTICS http://windows.lbl.gov

Hi R Roadmap

Insulating Comm’l

Frame

Hybrid IGU

w/ vacuum glazing

Low Cost Krypton Distillation


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High Performance Window Attachments

Performer: LBNL

Contact PI: D. Charlie Curcija

Project Title: High Performance Window Attachments

Why Important: Virtually every home in the

U.S. has shades, blinds, drapes or other window attachments but few have been optimized for energy savings. Large short-term savings potential comes from more cost effective, high performance solutions for residential window retrofits via new tech R&D and market based consumer programs.

Highlights: - New algorithms for performance prediction

- Software tools: RESFEN, CGDB, WINDOW

- Renovating MoWiTT test facility for validation

- Framework for rating and certification

- Fact sheets, Web site and Selection tool

- Cost-effective technologies for incremental improvement in attachment products

http://windows.lbl.gov

http://www.windowattachments.org




http://www.windowattachments.org


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Advanced Shading and Daylighting Systems for Commercial Buildings

Performer: LBNL

Contact PI: Eleanor Lee

Project Title: Advanced Faҫades, Daylighting, and Complex Fenestration Systems

Why Important: Solar control and daylighting technologies have the technical potential to reduce commercial building HVAC and lighting energy use by 2 Quads (1015 Btu)

Highlights:

• Assisted industry with the characterization and field testing of daylight-redirecting films

• Angular-selective attachments shown to reduce perimeter zone energy use by 30-40% and constrain peak heat gains to less than 4 W/ft2.

• Developed tools to enable evaluation and rapid prototyping of complex fenestration systems

37% savings, 3% glare D. Appelfeld et al., Energy and Buildings(50): 166-176. A. McNeil et al., JBPS 2012: 1-14.

Daylight redirection


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Electrochromic (EC) Windows: laminated EC

prototype with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) ion

conductor layer; incorporate nickel oxide-based

counter electrodes into Sage EC window;

flexible, reflective EC film with US e-Chromic

Improved

counter

electrode; gel-

based ion

conductor with

PVB; prototype

reflective EC film

NREL/Sage

/US e-

Chromic

(CRADAs)

Durability Testing of Advanced Fenestrations:

complete installation of the differential thermal

cycling testing unit (DTCU); test existing

vacuum-insulated glass (VIG) or gas-filled

insulating glass and improve ASTM2190 test

DTCU readiness;

improved

ASTM2190

protocol

NREL

High Performance Retrofit Windows: measure

performance of efficient retrofit windows in two-

story Flexible Research Platform (FRP)

Increase

contribution of

retrofit windows

to energy

savings by ≥10%

ORNL


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Disruptive and Revolutionary Material Advances for Electrochromic Windows

Performers: Chaiwat Engtrakul (NREL), Feng Lin (CSM), Ryan Richards (CSM), Doug Weir (Sage Electrochromics)

Contact PI: Chaiwat Engtrakul (NREL)

Project Title: Nanocomposite Counter Electrode Development

Why This Is Important: Nickel oxide-based materials have long held promise to enable a more neutral color electrochromic window when paired with a traditional tungsten oxide based device (blue). Color neutrality is considered highly desirable by architects and end-users and is an important factor currently limiting market penetration and ultimate energy savings. Several key barriers have prevented adoption of this material: (1) high vision clarity at all light transmission levels, (2) cycling durability, and (3) switching kinetics in Li-ion electrolyte systems. The NREL developed materials address all of these issues simultaneously.

Highlight Description: In collaboration with Sage Electrochromics, a unique approach, based on a novel co-sputtering process, was utilized by NREL researchers to enable rapid screening of a wide variety of doped nickel oxide materials. The figures to the right schematically demonstrate the co-sputter process as well as show our improved nickel oxide material in both the darkened and bleached states. The optical spectra indicate that no remnant color exists for the material in the bleached state. Elimination of this remnant coloring has been a long standing limitation for adoption of this material.

Patents Pending: “Electrochromic Nickel Oxide Simultaneously Doped with Lithium and a Metal Dopant.” U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application (Application No.: 13/554,144) and “Ternary Nickel Oxide Materials for Electrochromic Devices.” U.S. Provisional Patent Application (Application No.: 61/681,353).

Publications Pending Review: “Origin of electrochromism in high-performing nanocomposite nickel oxide.” submitted to the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

!

State-of-the-art electrochromic electrode materials

• Enhanced aesthetic appeal

- color neutrality

• Improved film durability

• Superior switching speeds

• Greater coloration efficiency

• Enable market penetration

Co-Sputter Deposition


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New Manufacturing Path with Potential for Dramatic

Cost Reduction of Electrochromic Dynamic Windows

Performer: Robert Tenent (NREL), Chi-Ping Li (CSM), Colin Wolden (CSM)

Contact PI: Robert Tenent

Project Title:

Atmospheric Pressure Deposition of Electrochromic Materials

Why This Is Important:

Existing market electrochromic dynamic windows remain at too high of a price point for widespread market adoption. Simple spray-coating technologies hold the promise of lower cost production of dynamic windows and are compatible with present high volume glass manufacturing methods.

Highlight Description: NREL has developed a new prototype laminated electrochromic device that is formed using only liquid phase, atmospheric pressure based deposition techniques. When employed at scale, this manufacturing path could drop the cost of dynamic windows to less than $20/ft2.

Tenent, R. C.; Gillaspie, D. T.; Miedaner, A.; Parilla, P. A.; Curtis, C. J.;

Dillon, A. C., Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2010, 157 (3), H318-

H322.

Li C-P.; Lin, F.; Richards, R.M.; Engtrakul C.; Dillon, A.C.; Tenent R.C.;

Wolden, C.A. Electrochemistry Communications in press

Bleached Colored

SiO2/PMMA Composite Polymer Electrolyte

Mesoporous WO3

NiO/LiNO3 Storage Layer

TCO-Coated Glass

TCO-Coated Glass

Li+


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Performer: Timothy Snow (NREL)

Contact PI: Timothy Snow (NREL)

Project Title:

Durability Testing of Advanced Fenestrations

Why is this important:

Verifiable and independent third party testing of developing fenestration technologies is required before any new concept structure can be judged acceptable for commercial adoption.

The NREL Advanced Fenestration Durability Testing Laboratory allows the development of new standard methods for emerging fenestration technologies that may not be available elsewhere or to a wide variety of companies.

Highlight Description:

The figure to the right shows NREL’s new differential thermal cycling unit specifically designed for stress testing of highly insulating window architectures including vacuum insulated glass units (VIGU).

Durability Testing of Advanced Fenestrations

Differential Thermal Cycling Unit

Sample Temperature Range: -50°C to 110°C

Humidity: 5–95% (20°C to 85°C)

Thermal ramp rate maximum of 2° C/min

Maximum Sample Size: 45” x 45” x 8”

Independent control of interior and exterior

conditions


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Nanolens Window Coatings for Daylighting &

Low-e Storm Windows Adoption: optimize

nanoscale resonators for light redirection;

implement low-e storm windows in simulation

packages (BeOPT, NEAT, Energy Gauge) to

stimulate adoption

Prototype

demonstrating

10% light

redirection; add

data on low-e

storm windows

to Building

America

database

PNNL


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Advanced Coatings for Daylighting

Performer: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Contact PI: Dr. Kyle Alvine

Project Title: Nanolens Window Coatings for Daylighting

Why This Is Important:

Potential to save 0.4 Quad BTU/year and reduce CO2 gas production by 7 million tons by redirecting light deeper into a building space at a projected cost of $2-3/ft2.

Highlight Description:

PNNL is developing advanced window coatings to redirect light deeper into building space. The figure (top) shows the daylighting schematic and (lower) a photograph of the effect.

Lighting Phase-In eere.energy.gov

DeHority Hall, Ball State University Dynamic Windows - No Blinds < HVAC Muncie, Indiana

Image courtesy of SageTM


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The EEB Hub is a test bed of building

efficiency activity focused on the

Philadelphia region

• MODELING: Develop and deploy a state-

of-the-art modeling platform

• TECHNOLOGIES: Demonstrate the

market viability of integrating energy

saving technologies

• POLICIES: Identify policies that

accelerate market adoption and support

policy makers in their development

• TRAINING: Inform, train, and educate

• NEW BUSINESS: Help launch ventures to

exploit market opportunities

http://www.eebhub.org/

Energy Efficient Buildings Hub in Philadelphia, PA




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Moving Forward

Mark LaFrance in his new job at IEA

• NEW IDEAS: What should be the new

research directions for windows?

• MORE PARTICIPANTS: How to increase the

number of window researchers (labs,

companies, universities)?

• MORE OPEN SOLICITATIONS: Funding

Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) are

planned for each year.

• ANNUAL WORKSHOPS: Look for next

workshop announcement on our blog.

• NEW WINDOWS/ENVELOPE PROGRAM

MANAGER: We are recruiting a replacement

for Mark LaFrance. Please send suggestions

to me ([email protected]).

mailto:[email protected]

windows r&d at the doe building technologies …...lighting phase-in eere.energy.gov 1 windows...

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