HOUSING in WINTERS

AMITY UNIVERSITYB.PLAN (4th SEM.)

SUBJECT - HOUSING

2012-2016

GROUP MEMBERS :–

KULSOOM FARHAT

ROMSHI GUPTA

PINAKA K KUMAR

GURUDUTTA SHARMA

What is housing?...

Housing generally refers to the social problem of insuring that members of society have a home to live in, whether this is a house, or some other kind of dwelling, lodging, or shelter.

Pitched roofing• This type of roofs is sloped to a degree

of 10 or more from the horizontal level.

• However, pitched roofs are generally constructed in mountainous regions with heavy snowfall or rainfall in order to reduce the load of snow.

• Material used - in pitched roofing its constructed of steel or wood as these materials are harder and possess much strength.

Local Natural Conditions• Winter cold is the most common

natural factor governing most of Kashmir.

• Thick walls of brick and stone with mud plaster provide excellent protection against this, as does thick mud-timber roof.

• The lighter, pitched roof made of timber and CGI sheets in combination with the attic floor also ensures livable conditions inside the house in winter and summer.

• The steep pitch of the light roof permits little accumulation of snow and prevents any water leakages.

Constructed from local materials with local skills

The major factors that dictate the local architecture are :-

• Easy access to good soil for brick-making, and to water and timber

• Snow in winter

• Possibility of earthquakes.

As a result, walls are made mainly out of timber and bricks, baked or

unbaked.

Construction material

• Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes.

• Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, have been used to construct buildings.

• Many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work.

• Cement composites are Cement bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood, particles, or fibers to make pre-cast building components. Various fiberous materials, including paper,fiberglass, and carbon-fiber have been used as binders.

• The heavy stone walls that form the masonry box at the lower level are tied horizontally at various levels with timber bands.

• These bands are usually at sill and lintel level. These bands bind the masonry box having particular importance at the corners, where the perpendicular planes of masonry have a tendency to separate out on the application of horizontal forces.

• In addition to this the timber band breaks up the effective height of the wall into smaller panels of masonry whose height to width ratio decreases. Timber as a material itself is suited to absorb seismic forces.

• Gypcrete is a mixture of gypsum plaster and fibre glass. Although plaster and fibres have been used for many years, especially for ceilings.

• Wood: Timber structures have a well-deserved reputation for high resistance to earthquakes.

Comparison between traditional & modern methods of structural

design Traditional Contemporary

Configuration

Plastic, Damageable Stiff, Rigid

Material • Circumstantial behavior • Deformation

• Uniform behavior • Measurable assessment

Construction • Qualitative experience based assessment • Durability contextual parameters • Performance based• Easily repairable

Universal parameters • Non maintenance • Durability • Required complex process

CASE STUDY -KASHMIR• The landscape and topography of the

Kashmir valley has resulted in settlement and house forms that are of an isolated kind.

• A particular way of life and building develops from this isolation and maximizes the use of local resources.

• Key construction techniques like the ‘TAK’ and the ‘DAJJI DEWAR’, will be dealt with in detail, while understanding their role within an overall construction system.

Typical Kashmir house plan

Internal divisions consist of thinner

partition walls often of wattle

and DaubThe

staircase is usually placedat the

center .

The outer wall of the overall

square is constructed as a heavy stone masonry wall

quadripartite division of the overall

square

THE PLAN… • The Kashmir house consists of an extremely simple square plan.

• The distribution of function is symmetrical, normally resulting into a quadripartite division of the overall square.

• The staircase is usually placed at the center. ‘Symmetry is a basic principle for earthquake resistance, as symmetrical buildings respond with regular displacements along height and almost negligible floor rotations due to insignificant torsional effects

WALLING SYSTEM…

with timber frame and infill consisting of baked or unbaked bricks

Dhajji

Consists of brick masonry interlaced with heavy timber bands supported on large masonry piers made of baked bricks.

Taaq

• FIGURE :- The hill settlements of the Kashmir Valley.

• The ground slopes steeply, the front of the platform may become high enough to accommodate functions.

• These cave like spaces in the plinth are usually allocated for animal shelter and grain storage.

• FIGURE :- The terraced hillsides along the Jhelum river.

• The landscape of the region follows the Jhelum river as it flows from east to west, forming dramatic ravines which are upto 200m deep.

• The river flows with

great speed and settlements are established some distance away on the steep slopes

DESIGN…• The settlements along the valley are spread out and in many cases are sparse, consisting of detached individual houses that are placed in small parcels of land, which are terraced for agriculture.

• Roofs of houses are sloped in order for not letting rainwater or snow build up.

• Where the slopes are gentler the entire mountainsides are terraced for agriculture.

• In this region the preparation of the ground, Its shaping and terracing becomes the first act of being able to position oneself in this harsh landscape

High-Elevation Hilly Regions Surrounding the Valley

The major factors that dictate the local architecture in this zone :-

easy access to building-quality

stone

limited availability of

topsoil

Varying availability of water, ranging from abundant

to very little

better availability of timber than in

other zones due to lesser

deforestation

difficulty in carting non-local

materials

heavy snow in winter

possibility of earthquakes

Low-Elevation Hilly Region

(Surrounding the Valley & Other

Parts of the State)

The main factors that dictate the local architecture in this zone are :-

easy access to building quality

stone

limited availability of

topsoil

Greatly varying availability of

water

varying availability of

timber

little snow in winter

THANK YOU

Submitted To – PROFF. SEEPIKA CHANDRA