winter review. chapter 54 behavioral biology what is behavior? the way an animal responds to stimuli...
TRANSCRIPT
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Winter Review
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Chapter 54
• Behavioral Biology
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What is Behavior?
• The way an animal responds to stimuli in its environment.
• Proximate Causation vs Ultimate Causation (Nature vs Nurture Debate)
• Inate Behavior-example egg-rolling response in geese
• Supernormal Stimuli
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Is Smart Genetic?
• 1940’s Rat Experiment
• Twin Studies
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Specific Genes can be linked to specific behaviors.
• FosB gene
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Learning
• Altering ones behavior as a result of previous experience
• Types– Nonassociative aka Habituation– Associative aka Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning ( Pavlov’s dogs)• Operant Conditioning (Reward/Punishment)
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Can we learn anything?
• Nope
• Instinct vs Learning
• What can be learned is biologically influenced.– Example- Pigeon can associate food with
color but not sounds. Can associate danger with sounds but not with colors.
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Parent influence on Cognitin and Behavior
• Imprinting- social attachments effecting behavior latter in life.– Filial imprinting
• Ducks, monkeys and orphans…Oh MY!!!!
– Sexual Imprinting• Ligers
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Instinct and Learning
• Song Sparrows– Raised listening to no song or to the song
of another species had undeveloped songs as adults
– Raised listening to their own species song developed normally.
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Do animals think?
• Yup– Chimps- termite eating technique– Japanese macaques wash sand off of
potatoes
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Orientation and Migration
• Orientation- tracking stimuli in the environment ex to and from watering hole– Taxis
• Migration- large groups traveling long distances– Use both orientation and navigation
(compass and map)
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Animal Communication
• Species specific- example fireflies, dance language of the honeybee, primate language
• Long Distance- pheromones
• Non-species specific- marking territory, persuit deterrent in deer
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Behavioral Ecology
• Adaptive Significance- example seagulls removing broken eggshells
• Foraging Behavior- optimal diet
• Territoriality
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Reproductive Strategies
• Determines how many mates , and how much time and energy to devote to rearing offspring
• Males and females differ in their reproductive strategies- males will mate with anyone!– Why? Parental Investment
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Sexual Selection
• Intrasexual Selection-individuals of one sex competing to get some.– Sexual Dimorphism- differences between
males and females– Sperm Compitition
• Intersexual Selection-Mate Choice
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Mating Systems
• Monogamy-Altricial
• Polygamy-Precocial
• Polyandry-extra-pair copulations
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Evolution of Social Systems
• Individuals specialized to do different tasks– Honeyees – Leaf-cutter ants
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Chapter 55
• Population Ecology
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The Environmental Challenge
• Animals must meet the challenge of the environment they live in to survive– Physiological Responses– Morphological Capabilities– Behavioral Responses
• Natural Selection Reinforces the responses to the environment
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Populations
• Groups of Individuals of the same species in one space– Random Distribution– Uniform Distribution– Clumped Distribution
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Population Demography and Dynamics
• Sex Ratio and Generation time affect population growth rates– Age at first reproduction correlates with life
spane
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Altruism
• The performance of an action that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor– Group Selection– Kin Selection- 2 brothers or 8 1st cousins
• Haplodiploidy- bees
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Carrying Capacity
• The maximum number of individuals an environment can support
• Sigmoidal growth curve
• http://www.population-growth-migration.info/essays/graph1_big.png
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Factors that Regulate Populations
• Density Dependent Factors- as population size increases either birth rates decrease or death rates increase (Negative Feedback)– Allee Effect
• Density Independent effects– Outside factors effect population size ( ex
natural disasters)
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K vs r selected individuals
• r - selected usually smaller, have a lot of babies at once
• K- selected usually larger, have fewer babies at one time
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Human Population Growth
• Human Populations have grown exponentially
• Human population growth has declined in developed countries but is still increasing in developing countries
• http://www.uni.edu/gai/India/India_Lesson_Plans/India_Population_Pyramids_files/image002.gif
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Chapter 56
• Community Ecology
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Communities
• All of the species living in a particular area– Can be characterized by either the species
present or properties of the community such as species richness and primary productivity
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Individualistic vs Holistic Communities
• Individualistic says that a community us just a bunch of species that happen to be in the same place at the same time
• Holistic says that communities are a integrated unit
• Which argument do scientists agree with and why?
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Niches
• The total of all the ways it uses the resources in the environment
• Fundamental vs Realized Niche example deep and shallow barnicles– Competitive exclusion and niche overlap
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Predator Prey Relationships
• A lot of predators = low prey….then low prey= death of predators….then death of predators = high prey…and so on and so on.
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Coevolution
• When predators and prey accumulate adaptations to protect against being preyed upon then overcome these protections.
• Examples plant develops secondary chemical compounds to poison predators, then certain predators develop immunity and continue to prey on plants
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Mimicry
• Some non-poisoness species “mimic” the coloration of poisoness or harmful ones as a means of discouraging predation.
• Batesian Mimicry- palatalbe insects resemble distasteful species
• Mullerian mimicry- unrelated species resemble one another.
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Types of Species Interactions
• Symbiosis– Commensalism– Mutualism– Parasitism
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Keystone Species
• Species that have a greater effect on the composition of a community than one may expect– Example- Starfish
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Succession
• When communities build at a specific site– Primary Succession– Secondary Succesion
• Tolerance, Facilitation, Inhibition
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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
• Greater diversity of species where there is slight disturbances happening often
• Why?
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Chapter 57
• Dynamics of Ecosystems
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The Carbon Cycle
• http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/carboncycle.gif
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The Water Cycle
• http://www.ust.hk/~webpepa/pepa/Protection-Plant/importance/water_cycle.gif
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The Nitrogen Cycle
•http://www.realtrees4kids.org/images/6-8images/nitrogencycle1.gif
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Phosphorus Cycle
• http://project.bio.iastate.edu/courses/biol123/lectures/Lecture08-Cycles/Images/5-29.JPG
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Law of Conservation of Energy
• Productivity- the rate at which new organic matter is created
• Trophic Levels
• http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/foodchain.jpg
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Energy in an Ecosystem
• http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/er/Resources/Image1056.gif
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Trophic Level Interactions
• Top Down Effects– When changing something at the top of a
trophic level effects the lower levels- taking away carnivore
• Bottom Up effects– When changes in primary producers effect
higher trophic levels-increasing or decreasing primary productivity
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Chapter 58
• The Biosphere
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Biomes
• Tropical Rain Forest• Savanna• Desert• Temperate Grasslands• Temperate Decidous Forrest• Temperate Evergreen Forest• Taiga• Tundra
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Tropical Rain Forest
• High Temperatures year round
• Richest ecosystems on land
• High biodiversity
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Savanna
• Warm Temperatures year-round
• Seasonal Rain
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Desert
• Warm and cool temperatures
• Very little rainfall
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Temperature Grasslands
• Warm summers and cool winters
• Very fertile soil
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Temperature Decidous Forrest
• Warm summers and cool winters
• Plentiful rain
• Found in Northwest US
• Many Trees that lose leaves in the winter
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Temperature evergreen Forest
• Temperate climates
• Occur along Coastlines
• Dominated by pines and spruces (evergreen)
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Taiga
• Cold Temperatures
• Very long cold winters
• Limited Precipitation
• Spruce Trees
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Tundra
• VERY cold
• Ground is frozen most the the year “permafrost”
• Very few trees
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Freshwater habitats
• Life depends on Oxygen availability
• Oligotrophic- high oxygen and low nutrient
• Eytrophic- low oxygen and high nutrient
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Human Impacts on the Bioshphere
• Point Source vs Diffuse Pollution
• DDT
• Ozone depletion
• Global warming
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Chapter 59
• Conservation Biology
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Save the earth!