wireless networks - nicopolitidis pdf

WIRELESS NETWORKS

Wireless Networks. P. Nicopolitidis, M. S. Obaidat, G. I. Papadimitriou and A. S. PomportsisCopyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ISBN: 0-470-84529-5

WIRELESS NETWORKS

P. Nicopolitidis

Aristotle University, Greece

M. S. Obaidat

Monmouth University, USA

G. I. PapadimitriouAristotle University, Greece

A. S. PomportsisAristotle University, Greece

JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD

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To My Parents

Petros Nicopolitidis

To My Mother and the Memory of My Late Father

Mohammad Salameh Obaidat

To My Parents Zoi and Ilias,

To My Wife Maria and our Children

Georgios I. Papadimitriou

To My Sons Sergios and George

Andreas S. Pomportsis

Contents

Preface xv

1 Introduction to Wireless Networks 11.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks 2

1.1.1 Early Mobile Telephony 21.1.2 Analog Cellular Telephony 31.1.3 Digital Cellular Telephony 41.1.4 Cordless Phones 71.1.5 Wireless Data Systems1.1.6 Fixed Wireless Links 111.1.7 Satellite Communication Systems 111.1.8 Third Generation Cellular Systems and Beyond 12

1.2 Challenges 121.2.1 Wireless Medium Unreliability 131.2.2 Spectrum Use 131.2.3 Power Management 131.2.4 Security 141.2.5 Location/Routing 141.2.6 Interfacing with Wired Networks 141.2.7 Health Concerns 14

1.3 Overview 151.3.1 Chapter 2: Wireless Communications Principles and Fundamentals 151.3.2 Chapter 3: First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems 161.3.3 Chapter 4: Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems 161.3.4 Chapter 5: Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 171.3.5 Chapter 6: Future Trends: Fourth Generation (4G) Systems and Beyond 181.3.6 Chapter 7: Satellite Networks 191.3.7 Chapter 8: Fixed Wireless Access Systems 191.3.8 Chapter 9: Wireless Local Area Networks 201.3.9 Chapter 10: Wireless ATM and Ad Hoc Routing 211.3.10 Chapter 11: Personal Area Networks (PANs) 211.3.11 Chapter 12: Security Issues in Wireless Systems 221.3.12 Chapter 13: Simulation of Wireless Network Systems 221.3.13 Chapter 14: Economics of Wireless Networks 23

WWW Resources 23References 23

2 Wireless Communications Principles and Fundamentals 252.1 Introduction 25

2.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 262.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 26

2.2.1 Transmission Bands and their Characteristics 272.2.2 Spectrum Regulation 30

2.3 Wireless Propagation Characteristics and Modeling 322.3.1 The Physics of Propagation 322.3.2 Wireless Propagation Modeling 362.3.3 Bit Error Rate (BER) Modeling of Wireless Channels 41

2.4 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 412.4.1 Voice Coding 43

2.5 Modulation Techniques for Wireless Systems 462.5.1 Analog Modulation 472.5.2 Digital Modulation 49

2.6 Multiple Access for Wireless Systems 542.6.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 552.6.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 562.6.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 582.6.4 ALOHA-Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 592.6.5 Polling Protocols 61

2.7 Performance Increasing Techniques for Wireless Networks 672.7.1 Diversity Techniques 672.7.2 Coding 712.7.3 Equalization 742.7.4 Power Control 752.7.5 Multisubcarrier Modulation 76

2.8 The Cellular Concept 772.8.1 Mobility Issues: Location and Handoff 80

2.9 The Ad Hoc and Semi Ad Hoc Concepts 812.9.1 Network Topology Determination 822.9.2 Connectivity Maintenance 832.9.3 Packet Routing 842.9.4 The Semi Ad Hoc Concept 84

2.10 Wireless Services: Circuit and Data (Packet) Mode 852.10.1 Circuit Switching 852.10.2 Packet Switching 86

2.11 Data Delivery Approaches 872.11.1 Pull and Hybrid Systems 882.11.2 Push Systems 882.11.3 The Adaptive Push System 89

2.12 Overview of Basic Techniques and Interactions Between the Different Network Layers 902.13 Summary 92WWW Resources 92References 93Further Reading 94

3 First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems 953.1 Introduction 95

3.1.1 Analog Cellular Systems 963.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 97

3.2 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 973.2.1 AMPS Frequency Allocations 973.2.2 AMPS Channels 983.2.3 Network Operations 99

3.3 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 1023.3.1 NMT Architecture 1023.3.2 NMT Frequency Allocations 1033.3.3 NMT Channels 1033.3.4 Network Operations: Mobility Management 1043.3.5 Network Operations 106

Contentsviii

3.3.6 NMT Security 1073.4 Summary 109WWW Resources 109References 109

4 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems 1114.1 Introduction 111

4.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 1134.2 D-AMPS 113

4.2.1 Speech Coding 1144.2.2 Radio Transmission Characteristics 1144.2.3 Channels 1154.2.4 IS-136 116

4.3 cdmaOne (IS-95) 1174.3.1 cdmaOne Protocol Architecture 1174.3.2 Network Architecture-Radio Transmission 1184.3.3 Channels 1184.3.4 Network Operations 120

4.4 GSM 1214.4.1 Network Architecture 1224.4.2 Speech Coding 1254.4.3 Radio Transmission Characteristics 1254.4.4 Channels 1294.4.5 Network Operations 1294.4.6 GSM Authentication and Security 132

4.5 IS-41 1334.5.1 Network Architecture 1334.5.2 Inter-system Handoff 1344.5.3 Automatic Roaming 135

4.6 Data Operations 1364.6.1 CDPD 1364.6.2 HCSD 1384.6.3 GPRS 1384.6.4 D-AMPS1 1394.6.5 cdmaTwo (IS-95b) 1404.6.6 TCP/IP on Wireless-Mobile IP 1404.6.7 WAP 142

4.7 Cordless Telephony (CT) 1434.7.1 Analog CT 1434.7.2 Digital CT 1444.7.3 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Standard (DECT) 1444.7.4 The Personal Handyphone System (PHS) 147

4.8 Summary 147WWW Resources 148References 148

5 Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 1515.1 Introduction 151

5.1.1 3G Concerns 1535.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 154

5.2 3G Spectrum Allocation 1545.2.1 Spectrum Requirements 1545.2.2 Enabling Technologies 157

5.3 Third Generation Service Classes and Applications 158

Contents ix

5.3.1 Third Generation Service Classes 1595.3.2 Third Generation Applications 160

5.4 Third Generation Standards 1615.4.1 Standardization Activities: IMT-2000 1615.4.2 Radio Access Standards 1625.4.3 Fixed Network Evolution 183

5.5 Summary 185WWW Resources 186References 186Further Reading 188

6 Future Trends: Fourth Generation (4G) Systems and Beyond 1896.1 Introduction 189

6.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 1906.2 Design Goals for 4G and Beyond and Related Research Issues 190

6.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 1926.3 4G Services and Applications 1956.4 Challenges: Predicting the Future of Wireless Systems 196

6.4.1 Scenarios: Visions of the Future 1976.4.2 Trends for Next-generation Wireless Networks 1976.4.3 Scenario 1: Anything Goes 1986.4.4 Scenario 2: Big Brother 1996.4.5 Scenario 3: Pocket Computing 200


7 Satellite Networks 2037.1 Introduction 203

7.1.1 Historical Overview 2037.1.2 Satellite Communications Characteristics 2047.1.3 Spectrum Issues 2057.1.4 Applications of Satellite Communications 2067.1.5 Scope of the Chapter 207

7.2 Satellite Systems 2077.2.1 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 2087.2.2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 2097.2.3 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) 2107.2.4 Elliptical Orbits 212

7.3 VSAT Systems 2137.4 Examples of Satellite-based Mobile Telephony Systems 215

7.4.1 Iridium 2157.4.2 Globalstar 220

7.5 Satellite-based Internet Access 2227.5.1 Architectures 2227.5.2 Routing Issues 2247.5.3 TCP Enhancements 225


Contentsx

8 Fixed Wireless Access Systems 2298.1 Wireless Local Loop versus Wired Access 2298.2 Wireless Local Loop 231

8.2.1 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) 2318.2.2 Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) 232

8.3 Wireless Local Loop Subscriber Terminals (WLL) 2348.4 Wireless Local Loop Interfaces to the PSTN 2348.5 IEEE 802.16 Standards 2358.6 Summary 237References 238

9 Wireless Local Area Networks 2399.1 Introduction 239

9.1.1 Benefits of Wireless LANs 2409.1.2 Wireless LAN Applications 2409.1.3 Wireless LAN Concerns 2419.1.4 Scope of the Chapter 243

9.2 Wireless LAN Topologies 2439.3 Wireless LAN Requirements 2459.4 The Physical Layer 247

9.4.1 The Infrared Physical Layer 2479.4.2 Microwave-based Physical Layer Alternatives 249

9.5 The Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer 2569.5.1 The HIPERLAN 1 MAC Sublayer 2579.5.2 The IEEE 802.11 MAC Sublayer 260

9.6 Latest Developments 2679.6.1 802.11a 2679.6.2 802.11b 2679.6.3 802.11g 2689.6.4 Other Ongoing Activities within Working Group 802.11 268


10 Wireless ATM and Ad Hoc Routing 27310.1 Introduction 273

10.1.1 ATM 27310.1.2 Wireless ATM 27510.1.3 Scope of the Chapter 276

10.2 Wireless ATM Architecture 27610.2.1 The Radio Access Layer 27710.2.2 Mobile ATM 278

10.3 HIPERLAN 2: An ATM Compatible WLAN 28010.3.1 Network Architecture 28010.3.2 The HIPERLAN 2 Protocol Stack 281

10.4 Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 28710.4.1 Table-driven Routing Protocols 28810.4.2 On-demand Routing Protocols 291


Contents xi

11 Personal Area Networks (PANs) 29911.1 Introduction to PAN Technology and Applications 299

11.1.1 Historical Overview 29911.1.2 PAN Concerns 30111.1.3 PAN Applications 30211.1.4 Scope of the Chapter 303

11.2 Commercial Alternatives: Bluetooth 30311.2.1 The Bluetooth Specification 30311.2.2 The Bluetooth Radio Channel 30611.2.3 Piconets and Scatternets 30711.2.4 Inquiry, Paging and Link Establishment 30911.2.5 Packet Format 31011.2.6 Link Types 31111.2.7 Power Management 31311.2.8 Security 314

11.3 Commercial Alternatives: HomeRF 31511.3.1 HomeRF Network Topology 31611.3.2 The HomeRF Physical Layer 31811.3.3 The HomeRF MAC Layer 318


12 Security Issues in Wireless Systems 32712.1 The Need for Wireless Network Security 32712.2 Attacks on Wireless Networks 32812.3 Security Services 33012.4 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Protocol 33112.5 Mobile IP 33412.6 Weaknesses in the WEP Scheme 33512.7 Virtual Private Network (VPN) 336

12.7.1 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) 33712.7.2 Layer-2 Transport Protocol (L2TP) 33712.7.3 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 338

12.8 Summary 338References 339

13 Simulation of Wireless Network Systems 34113.1 Basics of Discrete-Event Simulation 341

13.1.1 Subsystem Modeling 34413.1.2 Variable and Parameter Estimation 34413.1.3 Selection of a Programming Language/Package 34413.1.4 Verification and Validation (V&V) 34413.1.5 Applications and Experimentation 345

13.2 Simulation Models 34613.3 Common Probability Distributions Used in Simulation 34813.4 Random Number Generation 351

13.4.1 Linear-Congruential Generators (LCG) 35113.4.2 Midsquare Method 35213.4.3 Tausworthe Method 35213.4.4 Extended Fibonacci Method 352

13.5 Testing Random Number Generators 35313.6 Random Variate Generation 354

Contentsxii

13.6.1 The Inverse Transformation Technique 35513.6.2 Rejection Method 35513.6.3 Composition Technique 35613.6.4 Convolution Technique 35613.6.5 Characterization Technique 357

13.7 Case Studies 35713.7.1 Example 1: Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Configurations Using

Simulation 35713.7.2 Example 2: Simulation Analysis of the QoS in IEEE 802.11 WLAN System 36013.7.3 Example 3: Simulation Comparison of the TRAP and RAP Wireless LANs Protocols 36613.7.4 Example 4: Simulation Modeling of Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path

Forwarding (TBRPF) Protocol Using an 802.11 WLAN-based MONET Model 37213.7 Summary 378References 378

14 Economics of Wireless Networks 38114.1 Introduction 381

14.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 38214.2 Economic Benefits of Wireless Networks 38214.3 The Changing Economics of the Wireless Industry 383

14.3.1 Terminal Manufacturers 38314.3.2 Role of Governments 38414.3.3 Infrastructure Manufacturers 38514.3.4 Mobile Carriers 385

14.4 Wireless Data Forecast 38714.4.1 Enabling Applications 38714.4.2 Technological Alternatives and their Economics 388

14.5 Charging Issues 38814.5.1 Mobility Charges 38914.5.2 Roaming Charges 39114.5.3 Billing: Contracts versus Prepaid Time 39114.5.4 Charging 393

14.6 Summary 396References 397Further Reading 397

Index 399

Contents xiii

Preface

The field of wireless networks has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years and it has

become one of the fastest growing segments of the telecommunications industry. Wireless

communication systems, such as cellular, cordless and satellite phones as well as wireless

local area networks (WLANs) have found widespread use and have become an essential tool

to many people in every-day life. The popularity of wireless networks is so great that we will

soon reach the point where the number of worldwide wireless subscribers will be higher than

the number of wireline subscribers. This popularity of wireless communication systems is due

to its advantages compared to wireline systems. The most important of these advantages is the

freedom from cables, which enables the 3A paradigm: communication anywhere, anytime,

with anyone. For example, by dialing a friend or colleagues mobile phone number, one is

able to contact him in a variety of geographical locations, thus overcoming the disability of

fixed telephony.

This book aims to provide in-depth coverage of the wireless technological alternatives

offered today. In Chapter 1, a short introduction to wireless networks is made.

In Chapter 2, background knowledge regarding wireless communications is provided.

Issues such as electromagnetic wave propagation, modulation, multiple access for wireless

systems, etc. are discussed Readers who are already familiar with these issues may skip this

chapter.

In Chapter 3, the first generation of cellular systems is discussed. Such systems are still

used nowadays, nevertheless they are far from being at the edge of technology. Chapter 3

discusses two representative first generation systems, the Advanced Mobile Phone System

(AMPS) and the Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) system.

In Chapter 4, the second generation of cellular systems is discussed. The era of mobile

telephony as we understand it today, is dominated by second generation cellular standards.

Chapter 4 discusses several such systems, such as D-AMPS, cdmaOne and the Global system

for Mobile Communications (GSM). Moreover, data transmission over 2G systems is

discussed by covering the so-called 2.5G systems, such as the General Packet Radio Service

(GPRS), cdmaTwo, etc. Finally, Chapter 4 discusses Cordless Telephony (CT) including the

the Digital European Cordless Telecommunications Standard (DECT) and the Personal

Handyphone System (PHS) standards.

Chapter 5 discusses the third generation of cellular systems. These are the successors of

second generation systems. They are currently starting to be deployed and promise data rates

up to 2 Mbps. The three different third generation air-interface standards (Enhanced Data

Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), cdma2000 and wideband CDMA (WCDMA)) are

discussed.

Chapter 6 provides a vision of 4G and beyond mobile and wireless systems. Such systems

target the market of 2010 and beyond, aiming to offer data rates of at least 50 Mbps. Due to

the large time window to their deployment, both the telecommunications scene and the

services offered by 4G systems and beyond are not yet known and as a result aims for

these systems may be changing over time.

Chapter 7 discusses satellite-based wireless systems. After discussing the characteristics of

the various satellite orbits, Chapter 7 covers the VSAT, Iridium and Globalstar systems and

discusses a number of issues relating to satellite-based Internet access.

Chapter 8 discusses fixed wireless systems. The main points of this chapter are the well-

known Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) and Local Multipoint Distri-

bution Service (LMDS).

Chapter 9 covers wireless local area networks. It discusses the design goals for wireless

local area networks, the different options for using a physical layer and the MAC protocols of

two wireless local area network standards, IEEE 802.11 and ETSI HIPERLAN 1. Further-

more, it discusses the latest developments in the field of wireless local area networks.

Chapter 10 is devoted to Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode (WATM). After providing

a brief introduction to ATM, it discusses WATM and HIPELRAN 2, an ATM-compatible

wireless local area network. The chapter also provides a section on wireless ad-hoc routing

protocols.

Chapter 11 describes Personal Area Networks (PANs). The concept of a PAN differs from

that of other types of data networks in terms of size, performance and cost. PANs target

applications that demand short-range communications. After a brief introduction, Chapter 11

covers the Bluetooth and HomeRF PAN standards.

Chapter 12 discusses security issues in wireless networks. Security is a crucial point in all

kinds of networks but is even more crucial in wireless networks due to the fact that wireless

transmission cannot generally be confined to a certain geographical area.

Chapter 13 deals with the basics of simulation modeling and its application to wireless

networking. It discusses the basic issues involved in the development of a simulator and

presents several simulation studies of wireless network systems.

Finally, Chapter 14 discusses several economical issues relating to wireless networks. It is

reported that although voice telephony will continue to be a significant application, the

wireless-Internet combination will shift the nature of wireless systems from todays voice-

oriented wireless systems towards data-centric ones. The impacts of this change on the key

players in the wireless networking world are discussed. Furthermore, the chapter covers

charging issues in the wireless networks.

We would like to thank the reviewers of the original book proposal for their constructive

suggestions. Also, we would like to thank our students for some feedback that we received

while trying the manuscript in class. Many thanks to Wileys editors and editorial assistants

for their outstanding work.

Wireless Networksxvi

wireless networks - nicopolitidis pdf

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