Wireless Solutions for Expansion of Kappa Industries

By Sean CornilliacNetwork Administrator & Advisor

Methods of transmission • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– Point-to-point connectivity – Transmission constantly bounces– Enhanced speed of communication– Big LEO would be required

• Directional Antennas– Uses radio frequencies (RF)– concentrated direction al wave– Requires a full-wave antenna – Requires a clear line of sight – Filter and amplifier needed

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– Uses infrared (IR) light – Patterns of pulsing light – Unique strong and weak signals – Direct transmission required

Advantages of method• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– Low latency transmission– Low power needed– Circles the earth in 90 minutes – Geographical expansion– Big LEO provides broadband services

• Directional Antennas– Minimizes multipath distortion– RF waves travel far– RF waves unaffected by the elements– Focused RF energy – Various types for wireless solutions– Med directional antenna with an AMP

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– FSO costs less then Fiber-Optics– Quick Installation – Custom transmission speed rates – Not easily decoded IR transmissions – “Speed of Fiber/flexibility of wireless”

Disadvantages of Method• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– 5 year LEO satellite life span – Very small footprint– High orbital speed– 225 satellites need to cover the Earth– Wasted RF waves in populated areas

• Directional Antennas– Lack 360 degree range– Wastes some RF energy waves – Has security issues with RF waves– 13 inch antenna required– Limited range for mobile users

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– Scintillation– Dealing with Fog– Seismic Activity– Mobile user segregation to AP range – Light waves can’t pass though walls– Heat waves get absorbed by trees

Cost of Method• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– 45 million dollars per satellite – Require a lot of LEO satellites– Cost to replace LEO satellites– Risk of unsuccessful satellite orbit– Risk of Earth’s gravitational pull– Extra cost for high-gain directional antennas

• Directional Antennas– Cost lower than digital phone lines– $3,000 Directional antenna each ($6,000)– RF waves increase cost in security– Installation and alignment cost– Cost for RF technician and security team

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– IR devices cheaper than Fiber optics ($20,000

compared to $134,000)– Cheaper premiums for unused high speed– Lower construction costs– User disruption decreased– Faster network functionality

Classification of cost• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– Purchase of satellites are CAPEX– Replacement satellites are OPEX– Administration is OPEX– NASA launching is OPEX– Parabolic Satellite Dishes are CAPEX

• Directional Antennas– Directional antennas are CAPEX– RF technician is OPEX– Network Security Team is OPEX– Installation and alignment is OPEX

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– IR infrared FSOs are CAPEX– Installation and alignment is OPEX– Maintenance of FSOs are OPEX– IR technician is OPEX

• OPEX is known as the operating cost of to run the device or product and is known as sales and processed goods

• CAPEX is the “expenditure that creates future benefits” known as the initial start up cost (Differ.com)

Controlling Jurisdiction• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– FCC will regulate RF waves– Need licenses for RF waves– Licenses limits transmission power– Extra fees with the right of frequency– Permits needed for Parabolic Satellites– Permits take longer/more expensive– Need permission from land owners

• Directional Antennas– FCC still regulates RF antenna waves– Needs broadcast station construction permit – License gives owner allowed frequency– Radiation of antenna measured– Height and distance recorded

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– Requires no FCC licensing– No fees like RF signals– Development permit needed– Environmental permit needed

Legal requirements • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– Understanding the Outer Space treaty– FCC regulation of frequencies– Orbital Debris obligations– Lengthy application process– Decision from FCC of satellites orbital position– Overpopulated LEO space orbit

• Directional Antennas– FCC needs knowledge of strength & direction– Permits required– Licensing limits power transmitted – Interference with other RF waves– Decision from FCC of antenna power & frequency

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– FCC decision free– Safety and performance of laser pulses– Several permits needed

Security of Method • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– Most Satellites have DoD standards – DoD has US enhanced security– Other countries offer less security– RF signal still suspect to vulnerabilities – Ground dishes also need security features

• Directional Antennas– RF waves extremely vulnerable to hackers– Easy unauthorized access because

• Use of another directional antenna• Observes network within the antenna’s frequency• Weak Security system can’t detect hacker• RF waves penetrate building walls

– RF waves captured without blocking

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– IR waves are difficult to intercept– IR waves are difficult to decode– Blocking beam only alerts operator– “No nasty habit of broadcasting to everyone” (SANS)

Recommendations • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

– Good for expansion/Bad for this scenario– Extremely expensive– Satellite Debris Concerns– Satellite overpopulation & collision – High CAPEX cost– Too much FCC regulation & fees– RF security concerns on ground dishes

• Directional Antennas– Major Security vulnerabilities– Wasted antenna range for point-to-point– High OPEX operational cost– RF waves broadcasts to everyone– FCC still regulates permits & licensing– Restricted power, frequency, and direction from FCC– Power not getting to receiver to fullest potential

• Free Space Optics (FSO)– Cheap than fiber/ just as powerful– IR waves don’t penetrate neighboring buildings– Fast installation/scaled transmission speeds– Fair CAPEX & OPEX costs– Concentrated, dedicated pulsed light connection– Hacker detection though performance decreasing– Difficult to intercept and decode– FCC decision free

References• Ciampa, Mark, and Jorge Olenewa. Wireless# Guide to Wireless Communications, 2e, 2nd Edition.

Cengage Learning, 2006. VitalBook file.• Harrison, Walter T., Charles T. Horngren, and C. William (Bill) Thomas. Financial Accounting, VitalSource

for DeVry University, 9th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2013. VitalBook file.• Minor, Stuart, Benjamin Douglas, Gary Lichtman, Howard A. Shelanski, and Philip J.

Weiser. Telecommunications Law and Policy, 2nd Edition. Carolina Academic Press, 2015. VitalBook file.• http://www.stevenswater.com/telemetry_com/leo_info.aspx• http://www.diffen.com/difference/Capex_vs_Opex• http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/infrared-transmission• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_expense• http://www.state.nj.us/treasury/administration/pba/bernardsville-permit.pdf• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_law#Geostationary_orbit_allocation• https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-2037A1.pdf• http://www.lightpointe.com/freespaceoptics/fsotechnology.html• http://fas.org/spp/military/docops/army/comsat/Csfinweb.htm• http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/wireless/free-space-optics-viable-secure-last-mile-solutio

n-161• https://www.google.com• http://www.lightpointe.com/freespaceoptics.html• http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/radio-frequency