wisfis
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
1/25
REDUCTION ON ELECTROLYSIS
Introduction
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of
electrical energy and chemical energy. Electrochemical processes are redox reaction in
which the energy released by a spontaneous reaction is converted to electricity or in
which electrical energy is used to occurring a no spontaneous reaction. Redox reactions
involve the transfer of electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent.
Electrochemical cells are used in many of electrical tools like radio, automobile
machine, toys, space equipment and so on. The examples of electrochemical cell that
usually used in those equipments are the dry cell battery and lead storage battery. When
they are in using, there are chemical reactions that result electric current. In contrast,
there are the usages of electrical energy to result the chemical reaction
According to those phenomena, we know that electrochemical cells are divided
into two groups beside the reaction type. They are galvanic cell and electrolytic cells.
Galvanic cell (Voltaic cell) is an electrochemical cell that generates electricity by means
of a spontaneous redox reaction. When electric current from an external source is passed
through an electrochemical cell, a no spontaneous reaction called electrolysis occurs,
and the cell is called electrolytic cell.
Electrolyte is a solution that if it is diluted on solvent (water) produce electricity.
The classification of electrolyte:
Strong electrolyte is the electrolyte that has ability to produce electric current
perfectly, because this ion is dissociated perfectly.
Weak electrolyte is the electrolyte that has characteristic produce electric current
badly because the molecule is not dissociated perfectly.Their Power to become strong or weak electrolyte affect by certain aspect as will be
explain below. Strong electrolyte its mean good conductor of electricity and weak
electrolyte mean bad conductor.
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
2/25
The Relationship between electrolyte and chemical bonding
a. The electrolyte properties in ionic compound.
The compound that on the atom is combined by ionic bonding is called ionic
compound. On this compound, there are particles that called cations (positive charge)
and anion (negative charge).
If the ionic compound was dissolved in water, so the ions will free moving. The
free moving ion will produce electric conductivity.
b. The electrolyte properties in covalent compound
The compound that the atom is combined by covalent bonding is called covalent
compound. The covalent compound is polar, because the difference of electro negativity
that higher enough between two atoms to produce double pole that polarized so produce
polarity molecule. But, when its dissolved by water, so produce electricity.
It caused by the solvent (water) is the double pole molecule that is the polar
covalent compound that help to decompose covalent compound to produce negative or
positive ions.
example:
1. HCl(l) + H2O(l) H3O+
(aq) + Cl(aq)
2. HBr + H2O(l) H3O+
(aq) + Br(aq)
The covalent compounds that produce electricity badly are ammonia and vinegar
solution that involved in weak electrolyte. This compound will be react with water to
produce ion, but only a half will decompose to becoming ion so the total ion in solution
in small amount.
Beside electrolyte solution, metal also can to produce electricity because metal
has electron that can free moving on conduction wire. So, the electricity can be taken by
ions or electron. This fact is called conductivity. The electric conductivity is thetransport phenomenon that is the charge moving (electron or ion) through the system.
The conductivity (L) is the opposite from resistor (R). The conductivity formula are
R
lL=
:soR
=l
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
3/25
LKorKorKLorl
L kLl
ll=
=
=
=
Note :
K= conductivity (mho.m-1), l/ = cell constant conductivity (m-1).
Based on formula above, the electrolyte conductivity is proportional with the electrode
surrounding but opposite with the distance of electrode.
Electric Conductivity Mechanism
The power of a conductor involves the transfer of electrons from a high negative
potential to the lower negative potential. The mechanism of this transfer is not the same
for various conductors. In an electronic conductor, such as solids and molten metal,delivery takes place via direct electron transfer through conduction with the influence of
the applied potential. In this case the constituent atoms are electrically conductive not
involved in the process. However, the electrolytic conductor, which includes an
electrolyte solution and salts, conductivity takes place through the displacement of ions,
both positive and negative toward the electrodes. This migration involves not only the
flow of electricity from one electrode to another electrode, but also involves the
transfort material from one part to another conductor. Flow of electricity in electronics
conductivity is always accompanied by chemical changes at the electrodes and the
reaction is specific and will depend on the substances making up the conductor and also
its electrode.
The mechanism of the flow of electricity through an electrolytic conductors will
be more easily understood through the following example:
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
4/25
Figure 1. electrolysis cell
Electrolytic cell in the image above, consists of two electrodes of copper (Cu)
associated with the direct current source B and the second electrode is dipped into a
solution of two copper sulphate, CuSO4. Electrode D is connected to the negative pole
(-) of B and A electrodes are connected to the positive pole (+) from the B. In the
solution there are ions Cu2+ and SO42-. If the circuit connected to an electric current flow
occurs. This resulted in the dissolution of copper in the electrode A. Electrode D (which
is connected to the negative pole current source) is negative because it is rich in charged
electron from B. Electron-electrons merged with copper ions (Cu2+) in solution to form
Cu precipitate on the electrode D. The reaction can be written as follows.
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
Reaction on the D electrode is the reduction reaction. Thus D electrode is called the
cathode. A electrode is called the anode, the place for the oxidation reaction. Oxidation
reactions that occur at the electrode A is as follows.
Cu Cu2+ + 2e-
It can be seen that the two electrons at the cathode is used to react to form Cu
and simultaneously two electrons out of the anode due to a change of Cu to form Cu2+
.
Results exemption is the transfer of two electrons in the outer circuit from anode to
cathode.
When the circuit is closed, the positive ions or cations will move to the cathode and
negative ions or anions will move to the anode which causes an electrical current can
flow. Process flow of electric current through the electrolytic conductor be accompanied
with chemical reaction called electrolysis.
From the above description of the mechanisms of electrolysis can be concluded that theelectrons in and out of the solution occurs through a chemical change in its electrodes.
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
5/25
The dissociation degree of Weak Electrolytes
According to Arhenius, degree of dissociation , weak electrolyte can be
expressed by the following equation.
o
=
Where = molar conductivity of electrolytes in the concentration C and 0 =
molar conductivity at infinite dilution.
For electrolytes with dissociation reaction AB A+ + B-,
The equilibrium dissociation constant of the above reaction can be determined in
the following way. Let imagine molarity of electryte AB = a mol L-1 and its
dissociation degree , then:
AB A+ + B-
Initial a - -
React a a a
Equilibrium a(1- ) a a
Dissociation equilibrium constant,[ ][ ]
[ ] )1()1())((
2
=
==
+ a
a
aa
AB
BAK
Specific Conductivity and Molar Conductivity
a. Specific Conductivity
Specific conductivity of electrolyte solution cannot be measured directly, which
can be measured directly is the resistance of an electrolyte solution. Resistance (R) of an
electrolyte solution cannot be measured properly if used direct electrical current (DC).
This is because electrolysis will occur and cause changes in electrolyte concentration
and accumulation of electrolysis on the electrode will change the solution resistance. To
eliminate this, can be used alternating current (AC). The electrodes used is platinum
coated with platinum black. The resistance cell is stored in a bath with T fixed (constant
temperature) and placed on one side of the Wheatstone bridge.
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
6/25
Figure 01. Wheatstone bridge
Based on that images, can be obtained calculation of resistance formula is as
follows.
or31
2
R
R
R
R=
1
32
R
RRR =
After R is gotten, the specific conductivity can be determined as formula bellow.
1=K ,
A
lksel =
R
kK sel=
The specific conductivity of an electrolyte is useful in determining the cell
constant where the constant cell has a value that does not depend on the type of solution
when the distance between the two electrodes in the conducting cells remain. One
example of a solution that is often used to determine the cell constant is a solution of
KCl. Value of the conducting type of KCl solution at various temperatures can bepresented in the table below.
Table 1. Value of specific conductivity of KCl
No. Concentration (mol L-1) K (ohm m-1)
0oC 18 oC 25 oC
1 1,00 0,5430 9,8200 11,1730
2 0,1 0,7154 1,1192 1,2886
3 0,01 0,0775 0,1223 0,1411
b. Molar Conductivity
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
7/25
A solution with different concentrations will have a different specific
conductivity because they contain different concentrations and different number of ions.
Therefore, to obtain a measure of ability to transport electricity from a particular
electrolyte is called the molar conductivity, m.
C
Km =
Where:
K specific conductivity (ohm m-1)
m molar conductivity (S m2 mol-1)
C concentration of electrolyte (mol dm-3 or mol L-1)
Based on observations made by Kohlrausch, the relationship between molar
conductivity and specific conductivity toward concentration are as follows.
1. For a strong electrolyte, the conducting type of electrolyte will rise rapidly with
increasing concentration, whereas for a weak electrolyte conductivity type of
electrolyte will rise slowly with increasing concentration. It caused of differences in
the ionization both of electrolyte, strong electrolyte is ionized completely while
weak electrolyte will partially ionized.
2. For the strong and weak electrolytes, the molar conductivity will increase withrising dilution and would be worth a maximum at infinite dilution.
The relationship between the molar conductivity at a certain concentration (m)
and molar conductivity at infinite dilution (0) toward concentration (C) for strong
electrolytes are as follows.
Cbo =m
Graph of molar conductivity with the square root of concentration for some of the
electrolyte can be described as follows.
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
8/25
Figure 02. Relationship between molar conductivity toward the rood quadrate of
electrolyte concentration
Based on the graphic above, can be explained as the follow.
1. Plot of molar conductivity against the square root of concentration are
straight lines for strong electrolytes, and the steep curve for a weak
electrolyte
2. Extrapolation data of molar conductivity to infinite dilution limit is known as
the molar conductivity (0) which is based on the mean free migration of
ions, as proposed by Kohlrausch.
Based on that law, the molar conductivity of each electrolyte at infinite dilution
(o) is the sum of the molar conductivity of ions at infinite dilution. This is due to the
infinite dilution, each ion in solution can move freely without being affected by the ion-ion opponent. If the number of positive ions and negative ions is expressed as v+ and v-
as well as the molar conductivity at infinite dilution of positive ions and negative
expressed as o+ and o
-, then it can be formulated as follows.
oo
o vvA ++ +=
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
9/25
For example, v+= v- = 1 for HCl, NaCl and CuSO4, and v+ = 1, v- =2 for MgCl2. The
main application of the Kohlrausch law is to determine the value of limit molar
conductivity of the weak electrolyte. For example an electrolyte AD, molar conductivity
at infinite dilution (limit of molar conductivity) determined from the determination of
the molar conductivity solution of strong electrolyte AB, CD, CB by using the
following equation.
(CB)A(CD)A(AB)A(AD)A oooo +=
o
D
o
A
o
B
o
C
o
D
o
C
o
B
o
Ao-(AD)A
+=+++=
++++
This simple result, which can be understood on the grounds that the ion migrate
independently in the limit of zero concentration. It can uses to predict the limiting molar
conductivity of any strong electrolyte from the data bellow.
Table 02. Limiting ionic conductivity in water at 298 K (in /mol-1S cm2)
H+ 396.6 OH- 199.1
Na+ 50.1 Cl- 76.3
K+ 73.5 Br - 78.1
Zn2+ 105.6 SO42- 160.0
Ba2+
127.2
For example, the limiting molar conductivity of BaCl2 in water at 298 K, as follow;
0m = (127.2 + 2+ 73.6) mol-1S cm2
Dissociation degree of weak electrolyte
Based on Arhenius, the dissociation degree, is
o
=
In which = molar electrolyte conductivity on C and 0= molar conductivity on
unlimited dilution.
for electrolyte with reaction AB A+ + B-, the equilibrium constant of
dissociation can be determined as this way: example the molarity of electrolyte AB=a
mol L, so the dissociation degree is
AB A+ + B-
Initial a - -
Reaction a a a
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
10/25
Equilibrium (1- ) a a
The dissociation constant,[ ][ ]
[ ] )1()1())(( 2
=
==
+ a
a
aa
AB
BAK
Electrolysis and Electron Mobility
Electrolysis has been studied quantitatively by Michael Faraday in 1820. He
stated that the amount of charge that passes through the electrolyte solution is
quantitatively related to the amount of products produced at the electrodes. This
quantitation was introduced as the Faraday unit charge of one mole of electrons.
1F= NA x electron charges =6.02.1023 x 1.6.10-9 Cmol-1
In 1914, Bate and Vinal doing research on a number of products produced by
passing electrical current through an electrochemical cell. Circuit containing a silver
coulometer, where silver is deposited as a result of the reaction on the electrode: Ag + +
e- Ag and other cells that contain an inert electrode in a solution of KI I2 generated
from the electrode reaction: 2I- I2 + 2e-.
In an experiment with a charge current is passed through a circuit C 3666.4 is
4.009903 grams of Ag deposited and 4.8224 grams of I2 that is formed is determined by
titration. According to the results of this experiment, what is the value F (charge of one
mole of electrons)? (Ar Ag = 107.87; Ar I = 126.7)
Answer :
Product of silver coulometer :
Ag precipitated = = 0.038 mol
Charge to precipitate 1 mol Ag = = 96.485C.mol-1
If 1 electron nedded to precipitate 1 atom Ag from Ag -. So 1 mol electron =96.485C
In forming I2 from KI solution:
Amount I2 formed = = 0.019 mol
Charge 1 mol I2 = = 192.970Cmol-1
To produce 1 molecule of I2 from I- released 2 elecctrons, so1 mol electron = 192.970/2
= 96.485C
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
11/25
In electrolysis, direct electric current is passed through the solution produces a
chemical reaction on the electrode, where the positive ions move toward the negatively
charged electrode (cathode), while negative ions move toward the positively charged
electrode or anode. Due to the movement of these ions causes of differences in
concentration in certain areas in the electrolysis cell. Movement / mobility of ions can
be determined by measuring the distance traveled each ion in a given time that can be
formulated as follows:
is the ionic mobility (m2v-1s-1), x is distance (m), t is time in second (s), dE/dx is the
strenghtness of the field (v m-1).
Field strenght can be formulated as follows:
t is the electric current (A), A is the cross-sectional area (m2) and K = conductivity type
(mho m-1). Ion mobility of each ion can also be specified if known ion conductivity at acertain concentration which is formulated as follows:
is the molar ionic conductivity at a certain concentration, F is the Faraday constant,
and Z is the valence of ion
Mobility of ions can be linked with transport numbers through the following equation:
t+ = or t-=
t + is the positive ion transport number and t-is the number of negative ion transport.
t- + t+ =1
Transport Number
It is the fraction of the current carried by each ion that is present in solution
=
=
1i
i
I
It
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
12/25
The sum of transport numbers in a solution should give one,
1=++tt
Where + tt and are the sum of the transport number for cations and anions
respectively.
When a solution contains c1 concentration of NaCl and c2 concentration of KNO3 the
transport number of Na+ can be given as
( )2211
1
333czuczuczuczu
lFA
lFAczu
t
NONONOKKKClClClNaNaNa
NaNaNa
Na
+++
=
We used equation for substituting the current caused by different ions. This long
equation is simplified by the following facts:
Na = 1,zNa = 1, K= 1,zK= 1, Cl = 1,zCl = 1, NO3 = 1,zNO3 = 1
( ) ( )321
1
NOKClNa
Na
Na
uucuuc
cut
+++
= 11.
When we have a singlez: zelectrolyte with mobilities u+and u-, the transport number
of anion is
+
+= uu
ut
This equation can also be given in molar conductivity representation
+
+
=t
The electrical current delivered by the solution through the displacement of
positive ions and negative in the solution. The fraction of electric current carried by
each ion is not the same. For example (i) in solution MgSO4, ion currents carried by
Mg2+ as much as 0.38 and 0.62 parts of currents carried by SO 42-. (ii) in HNO3 solution
is only 0.16 which is transported by the flow of NO 3- ions and the remaining 0.84 parts
must be transported by the H+ ions. Based on the examples can be seen that the SO42-
ions and H+ can carry more current than the ion Mg2+ and NO3-. This is due to ion-ion
SO42-and H+ can move faster in solution. If the two ions in solution move with the same
speed, then each ion will carry the same amount of electric current at a given time. But
if the speed of the ions is not equal, then the period of time, the faster ions will carry a
larger fraction of the flow. The fraction of total current carried by each ion in solution is
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
13/25
known as carrier numbers. Numbers of transport is also called the number delivery /
transport numbers.
Q
Qt i
i
=
In this case ti is transport number for ions i. and Qi is a charge for ions I and Q is
the total charge.
The quantitative relationship between current fractions that carried out by ions
and its velocity can be described follow. Reviewed is conducted on two parallel plat that
separated as far as I that filled by electrolyte solution.
On both electrode is applied the different potential V. If the total of cations N
with velocity v+, the charge is z-e but the total of anions N by velocity v - and the charge
is z.e in which e is the total electricity that depend on the charge unit, and on dt, cations
move as far as v+ dt and all cations that place on volume ABCDEFGH will achieve
negative electrode on dt. The amount of cations on its volume is a fractions from all
cations that occur (v.dt/1). Thus, the positive charge dQ- that through parallel plate to
negative electrode on dt is l
Nevz+++
and the strong current that taken by cations is as
follow:
l
Nevzl ++++=
Similar to the cation, anion contribution to the strong currents expressed by the
following equationl
Nevzl =
Thus the total strong currents carried by both anions are as follows
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
14/25
+ += II1
Requirement electronity solution must be satisfied that the total charge equal to the total
charge of cations anions
++ = zNzN (this applied if the charge is different)
Therefore, the total current can be expressed as follows
( )
111
++++++++
=+
=+
=vveNzevNzevNzevNzevz
I (this equation is used
if the charge is same)
Based on the relationship of dQ=1dt, the transport number of t i that define as
fraction from total current that taken on each ions.
Q
Qt 1=
Its also can expressed on the form ofI
Itt
1= because the dt is equal. So, the total
fraction that taken by cation is:
I
It ++=
The fraction of total current that taken by anion is:
I
It =
By each t- and t+ is the transport number or conductivity number from cations and
anions. Based on the equation above, the formula that obtained is:
+
+=v
v
I
I
So the transport number of ions is proportional with the velocity. If there are
similar velocity between v- and v+, so t- and t+ give similar contribution to electrical
current transfer. If v- and v+ is different, so the t- and t+ will be not same and both ion
will take portion from total current that different.
Transport numbers of ions in solution can be determined by two methods is the
method of Hittorf and moving boundary method.
A. Hittorf Method
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
15/25
To determine the transport with Hittorf based on the changing the amount of
electrolyte (the concentration of electrolyte) in the electrode surrounding. The
changing of concentration has relationship with the mobility or the velocity of
motion from the concerned ion. Cell that used on Hittorf method is like follow:
In hittorf cell, the electrolyte tube inserted in A and electrolysed at a certain time.
Amount of electrical current that flows in total can be determined from the
coulometer readings. The amount of electric current carried by cations can be
determined based on analysis of the anode room solutions, while the amount of
electric current carried by anions can be determined based on analysis of the
solution in the cathode chamber. Transport numbers of cations and anions can be
determined using the following equation
coulometeronedprecipitatthateqivalentmetaloftotalthe
anodeinlostanion thateqivalentoftotalthet
coulometeronedprecipitatthateqivalentmetaloftotalthe
anodeinlosttcation thaeqivalentoftotalthet
=
=
+
To determine the transport number of experimental data, can be explained
as follows. For example, AB is an electrolyte with equivalent weights are Be, then:
1) If the silver coulometer used in experiments to measure the amount of current
that flows, equivalent silver precipitate in the same coulometer
zw==
108
'
AgBe
w', where w is the amount of silver deposited and Be is the
equivalent weight. If the copper coulometer used in experiments to measure the
current flowing and w'' is the amount of copper deposited in the coulometer, the
equivalent of copper deposited in the coulometer with
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
16/25
zw
==8,31
''
CuBe
'w'
2) Let a grams of anode solution containing b g AB (before electrolysis). Weight of
water = (a-b) g, ie (a-b) grams of water containing b g AB, so the equivalent AB
prior to electrolysis = b / Be = y
3) Let c grams anode solution containing d grams of AB (after electrolysis). Weight
of water = (c-d) g, ie (c-d) containing gram gramb)(adc
dAB
= so that
water will contain an equivalent AB after electrolysis = xBedc
bad=
)(
)(
Case A : If the electrodes are used in cell hittorf is an inert electrode
concentration decreased around the anode = (y-x)
z
xylA
=
Case B : If that is not an inert electrode is used, the concentration of A- would
rise before the B-
attack the electrode, so that x> y. The increase in theconcentration around the anode = (x-y) equivalent. But the increase is
actually supposed to be equivalent if there is no z- ion A moves out.
Then ion A-kumlah moving out = z-(x-y) equivalent.
z
yxzlA
)( =
Example :
1. In the Hittorf cell which is used silver electrode and AgNO3 as electrolyte,
the amount of current are flowed. Before electrolysis, the anode space
contains 0.2157 grams of AgNO3 in 24.96 grams water and after electrolysis
27.5 mL (27.8538 gram) of solution which contain AgNO3 required 49.8 mL
of KCNS solution 0.031 N. Coulometer which is connected serially in
Hittrof cell precipitating 0.014 grams of copper by the amount of same
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
17/25
electric current. Calculate transport number of Ag+ (Mr AgNO3 = 170, Ar
Cu=63.6)
Solution:
The eqivalent amount of Cu which is precipitated =
eqivalentgekiv
g 41
104.48.31
014.0
= that is increasing Ag in anode.
Before electrolysis : 24.96 g of water contain 0.2157 grams of AgNO3
After electrolysis : N AgNO3N
mL
NmL0599.0
)5.27(
)0331.0)(8.49(=
The amount of AgNO3 in 27.5 mL =
gmL
gNmLN28.0
1000
)170)(5.27)(0599.0( 1=
The amount of water in 27.8538 grams of electrolyte = 27.8538 0.28 =
27.5738 g
So that: 27.5738 g of water before electrolysis will be containing
AgNO3 = gx 238.05738.2796.24
2157.0=
The amount differences of AgNO3 = 0.28 0.238 = 0.042 g = 1.170
042.0eqivg
g
=2.47x10-4 eqiv
The increasement theoritically in anode space from Ag- have to 4.4 x 10-4
eqivalent, but actually just 2.47 x 10 -4 eqivalent, so that (4.4 2.47) x 10-4 = 1.93
x 10-4 eqiv have migrated.
44.0104.1
1093.14
4
==
eqivalentx
eqivalentxtag
2. For 0.2 % of NaOH solution was electrolysed by using Pt electrode in Hittrof
cell. Electric current about 120 mA is flowed for 30 minutes. After
electrolysis, 25.64 grams of cathode solution contain 0.0560 grams of
NaOH. Calculate transport number of Na- ion and OH- ion!
Solution:
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
18/25
The amount of current which is flowed =
)96500(
)6030)(10120(
)96500(
))((1
3
1
=
Ceqiv
sxAx
Ceqiv
tsiA
Before electrolysis: 100 grams of cathode solution contain 0.2 grams of NaOH
After electrolysis : 25.64 grams of cathode solution = 0.056 grams
100 g cathode solution = ggxg
g2188.0100
6.25
056.0=
The increasement of concentration in cathode = 0.2188 0.2 = 0.0188 g
=
eqivalentxeqivg
g 41 107.4.40
0188.0 =
B. Moving Boundary Method
Determination of transport numbers by the method of boundary motion can be
described in the following figure
In the moving boundary method, the boundary between the two movements are
ionized electrolyte solution was observed as the flow of current.
MX is a salt that will be observed and NX is a more concentrated salt
(functioning as an indicator). Indicator solution as a lower layer and a solution of
79.021.01
21.010238.2
107.44
4
==
==
OH
Na
t
eqivalentx
eqivalentxt
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
19/25
MX on the top layer with clear boundaries. When the current I is passed during the
time t the limit of the two solutions will move from ab to cd. When the volume
abcd is V liters of solution and the concentration = c mol / L, then the number of
ions MZ = NA.cV and the amount of M- charge is z.e.NA.c.V=z.F.c.V, where z =
positive charge. Analysis of boundary movement shown that z.F.c.V is the current
which carried by positive ion at t. The comparison of z.F.c.V to 1 t called as
positive transport ion.
I=It
VcFz ..+
Example:
1. In boundary movement experiment, KCl solution 0.1 M move in top layer ofCdCl2 on bottom layer. The surface area length of tube is 0.276 cm
2. Cell is
defended at 250C. If the current is 6.25x10-3 A is flowed through solution about
4000 second of boundary movement 4.6 cm. How the currenr which carried by
K- ion?
Solution:
49.0)sec4000)(1025.6(
)276.06.4)(1.0)(485.96)(1(..3
111
==+
=
ondAx
LxmolLCmol
It
VcFzI
2. In boundary movement methode, electric current about 25 Ma is flowed in HCl
solution 0.05 M for 10 minutes. If the capillary radii is 3 mm. Calculate the
distance of H+ if the transport number of H+ ion 0.892.
Solution:
33
11
3
10773.2)05.0)(485.96)(1(
sec)6010)(1025)(892.0(..... dmx
molLcmolxAx
FczIttV
ItVcFzI
===+=
cmmmmm
dmmmdmx
r
VI 8.914.98
)3)(14.3(
)10)(10773.2(22
3333
2====
Conductivity In Electrolyte
A. Ionic Conductivity
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
20/25
Inverydilutesolution, the solution behavior is close to ideal. In this dilute
condition the molar conductivity state is the sum of the ions conductivity contained in
the electrolyte. Molar conductivity for each ion at indefinitely dilution is given by:
In this case, t+ and t- are transference number from positively and negatively ions
for the indefinitely dilution. v+ and v- are the amount of positively and negatively ions
that associate in solution.
To calculate the conductivity of ions molar at certain concentration, the above
equation can be enlarged, so obtained the following equation:
In this equation, Kohlrausch law about average free migration from ions is not used.
Therefore, the conductivity of ions molar can be calculated by this way depends on the
electrolyte properties, not the properties of the ions itself.
Example:
1. Molar conductivity of 0.05 M HCl is 399.09 x 10-4 m2 ohm-1mol-1and the
transference number of H+ ion is 0.829. Determine the molar conductivity of H+
and Cl- ions.
Solution:
. Because the V- of HCl is equals to one, so
85 x 10-4 m2 ohm-1 mol-1
= x 10-4 m2 ohm-1 mol-1
2. Determine the molar conductivity of CaCl2 at indifenitely if known the ion
mobility of Ca2+ and Cl- are 6.16 x 10-8 m2 v-1 s-1 and 7.91 x m2 v-1 s-1 .
Solution:
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
21/25
B. Concentration Effect to the Electrolyte/Ionic Conductivity
Electrolytic conductivity is influenced by the concentration of electrolyte ions. If
the electrolyte concentration increases, the molar conductivity electrolyte is reduced.
According to Arrhenius, the decrease in molar conductivity is due to the increased of
concentration caused by the small ionization degree of electrolytes ( ). Ionization
degree of electrolytes can be determined by using the following equation:
At infinite dilution the degree of ionization of the electrolyte is equal to one. The
equation above is only valid for weak electrolytes where the influence of the ion
interactions is minimums.
According to the Debye-Huckel, the decrease in conductivity or the increase
electrolyte concentration are caused by the existence of an attractive force between the
ions. Where, the ions are always surrounded by ions and the shape is speris. But, with
the electric field, the shape of the ion atmosphere will be distorted and no longer speris.Distortion of ion atmosphere tends to counteract the electric field.
Atmospheric ions are effectively formed at high electrolyte concentrations. The
movement of ions will be slowed by the presence of atmospheric ions. Thus the
conducting of electrolyte will be reduced at higher concentrations.
C. Conductivity Measurement Application
Electrolytic conductivity measurements can be applied in a variety of purposes
which is to determine: 1) Dissosiaton Degree and Weak Electrolyte Equilibrium
Constant, 2) Solubility Product of Difficult Soluble Salt, and 3) Conductometry
Titration.
a. Dissociation Degree and Weak Electrolyte Equilibrium Constant
By using the equation can be determined the degree of dissociation of Arhenius
and equilibrium constants of weak electrolyte.
Example:
1) Acetic acid solution0.0185M has conductivity2.35x 102ohm-1. If
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
22/25
thecellconstantis 105m-1andaceticacidmolarconductivityatinfinite dilution is
391x 10-4ohm-1m2mol-1. Calculate the degree of ionization and the equilibrium
constant of acetic acid!
Solution:
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Initial: c= 1.85 x 10-2 M 0 0
Eq: c-c=c(1-) c c
2) Dissociation constant of n-butyric acid at 25C is1.515xl0-5M and molar
conductivity at infinite dilution 382x10-4
ohm-1
mol-1
m2. Calculate the degree
of dissociation and conductivity type of butyric acid with a concentration of
0.01M
C3H7COOH C3H7COO- + H+
(Because is smal)
so:
From the Arhenius equation, obtained:
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
23/25
b. Solubility Product of Difficult Soluble Salt
Salt Solubility Product which is insoluble like BaS04 and AgCl are can be
determined by measuring the solution conductivity.
Example:
Determine the solubility product of BaSO4 if the molar conductivity of ions
in indefinitely dilution at 25C from Ba2+ is 127.28 x 10-4 ohm-1mol-1m2 and
SO42- is 160x10-4 ohm-1mol-1m2. The density conductivity of BaSO4 is 3.01 x
10-4 ohm-1m.
Solution:
M
Ksp BaSO4= [Ba2+][SO4
2-]
= (1.048 x 10-5) (1.048 x 10-5)
= 1.1 x 10-10 mol2 dm-6
c. Conductometry Titration
Conductivity measurements can be used to determine the titration end point.
For example is titration of strong acid with strong base.
HCl + NaOH--- NaCl + H2O
In the titration of strong acid by strong base, delivery will decline until the
equivalence point because H+ion is neutralized by OH- ions to form H2O.
After the equivalence point is reached, the excess of OH- ions will increase
the electrolyte conductivity. Curve is the relationship between the
conductivity to amounts of base which added is as follows:
Conductivity
Equivalent Point
mL base
total
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
24/25
Figure 2.6. Titration Curve of strong acid by strong base
For the titration of weak acid with strong base is such as acetic acid with
sodium hydroxide. At the beginning of the titration, the conductivity will
increase slowly because of the formation of ionized sodium acetate
completely from neutralization of acetic acid which partially ionized by
NaOH. After the equivalence point is reached, conductivity rises quickly due
to an increase in OH- ions. Conductivity curve against the number of bases
which added is as follows:
Figure 2.7. Titration curve of weak acid by strong base
Conductivity
Equivalent Point
mL base
-
8/3/2019 Wisfis
25/25
REFERENCES
Atkins, Peter, Julio De Paula. 2006. Physical Chemistry, Eighth Edition. Oxford
University Press
Suardana, I Nyoman, I Nyoman Retug. 2003. Buku Ajar Kimia Fisika III. IKIP Negeri
Singaraja
Sukardjo.1997. Kimia Fisika.Jakarta: Rineka Cipta