I 19

Central Visayas (Region 7) is situated at thegeographical center of the Philippines, between

the major islands of Luzon and Mindanao(see Figure 3.1). Four island provinces composethe region: Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, andSiquijor. Metro Cebu, the premier urban center

Figure 3.1 Location and Composition of Central Visayas

Source: Central Visayas Regional Physical Framework Plan, 2003-2030

Mindanao

Luzon

20 I Regional Development Plan

in Central Visayas, is located in the central easternseaboard of Cebu.

Central Visayas is the third smallest region in thecountry with a total land area of 15,872.57 squarekilometres (sq.km.). It constitutes about fivepercent of the country’s land area. Negros Orientalaccounts for the largest share of the regional land(34.1 percent), followed by Cebu (33.7 percent),Bohol (30.1 percent), and Siquijor (2.1 percent).

With the exception of Bohol, the topography ofCentral Visayas is rugged and is characterized byhighlands dominating the interior of theprovinces, with narrow strips of arable land liningthe coast (see Figure 3.2). About 62 percent of theregional land is hilly to mountainous with slopesabove 18%. This implies that a larger portion of

the region is not suitable for agricultureproduction, settlements, and generaldevelopment.

The spatial distribution of population is amanifestation of the level of economicdevelopment of a region. The more progressiveeconomies tend to experience major shifts in thespatial distribution of population and economicactivities towards greater concentration.

In the case of Central Visayas, Cebu with itsestablished and large cities (Metro Cebu) is the

Source: Visayas Spatial Development Framework 2015-2045

Figure 3.2 Slope, Central Visayas

I 21

fastest growing province in the region. It has thebiggest population and accounts for the largestshare of the gross regional domestic product(GRDP). In the other provinces, the largest city isalmost always the provincial capital and dominatesin population levels and economic activity.

Although Central Visayas is one of the fastestgrowing economies in the country, the bulk of itseconomic activities is concentrated in Metro Cebuwhere majority of the population is alsoconcentrated. From 2011 to 2016 the regionaleconomy grew at an average annual rate of 7.5percent, the fastest growth rate in the countryand higher than the national average of 6.4percent. About 80 percent of the total industrialoutput of the region was accounted by Cebu, whilethe remaining 20 percent was accounted by therest of the provinces. The economic dominanceof Cebu has persisted for years even with thedevelopment of other urban centers in the region.

Central Visayas is the fifth most populous regionin the Philippines. The 2015 Census of Population

estimates the total population of the region to be7,396,898 which is about 7.3 percent of thecountry’s total. The average annual growth rate(AAGR) is 1.70 percent in 2010-2015. This is lowerthan the 1.77 percent AAGR registered in 2000-2010, is the fifth fastest in the country, and isslightly higher than the national average of 1.72percent.

The population is concentrated in Cebu,accounting for 63 percent of the region’spopulation in 2015, while the remaining 37 percentis distributed among the three other provinces ofthe region (see Figure 3.3). Cebu had also thehighest population growth rate of 2.14 percent,higher than the regional average. Siquijor, thesmallest province in Central Visayas in terms ofland area, had the smallest population of less thana hundred thousand, while Bohol had the lowestpopulation growth rate of 0.87 percent during theperiod 2010-2015.

Of the 4.6 million people in Cebu, 62 percent residewithin the Metro Cebu area. Between 2010 and2015, the population of Metro Cebu grew by 2.23percent, faster than the province’s growth rate of2.14 percent. The population outside of MetroCebu grew by only 1.99 percent.

Figure 3.3 Provincial Distribution of Population, Central Visayas, 2015

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

20 I Regional Development Plan

in Central Visayas, is located in the central easternseaboard of Cebu.

Central Visayas is the third smallest region in thecountry with a total land area of 15,872.57 squarekilometres (sq.km.). It constitutes about fivepercent of the country’s land area. Negros Orientalaccounts for the largest share of the regional land(34.1 percent), followed by Cebu (33.7 percent),Bohol (30.1 percent), and Siquijor (2.1 percent).

With the exception of Bohol, the topography ofCentral Visayas is rugged and is characterized byhighlands dominating the interior of theprovinces, with narrow strips of arable land liningthe coast (see Figure 3.2). About 62 percent of theregional land is hilly to mountainous with slopesabove 18%. This implies that a larger portion of

the region is not suitable for agricultureproduction, settlements, and generaldevelopment.

The spatial distribution of population is amanifestation of the level of economicdevelopment of a region. The more progressiveeconomies tend to experience major shifts in thespatial distribution of population and economicactivities towards greater concentration.

In the case of Central Visayas, Cebu with itsestablished and large cities (Metro Cebu) is the

Source: Visayas Spatial Development Framework 2015-2045

Figure 3.2 Slope, Central Visayas

I 21

fastest growing province in the region. It has thebiggest population and accounts for the largestshare of the gross regional domestic product(GRDP). In the other provinces, the largest city isalmost always the provincial capital and dominatesin population levels and economic activity.

Although Central Visayas is one of the fastestgrowing economies in the country, the bulk of itseconomic activities is concentrated in Metro Cebuwhere majority of the population is alsoconcentrated. From 2011 to 2016 the regionaleconomy grew at an average annual rate of 7.5percent, the fastest growth rate in the countryand higher than the national average of 6.4percent. About 80 percent of the total industrialoutput of the region was accounted by Cebu, whilethe remaining 20 percent was accounted by therest of the provinces. The economic dominanceof Cebu has persisted for years even with thedevelopment of other urban centers in the region.

Central Visayas is the fifth most populous regionin the Philippines. The 2015 Census of Population

estimates the total population of the region to be7,396,898 which is about 7.3 percent of thecountry’s total. The average annual growth rate(AAGR) is 1.70 percent in 2010-2015. This is lowerthan the 1.77 percent AAGR registered in 2000-2010, is the fifth fastest in the country, and isslightly higher than the national average of 1.72percent.

The population is concentrated in Cebu,accounting for 63 percent of the region’spopulation in 2015, while the remaining 37 percentis distributed among the three other provinces ofthe region (see Figure 3.3). Cebu had also thehighest population growth rate of 2.14 percent,higher than the regional average. Siquijor, thesmallest province in Central Visayas in terms ofland area, had the smallest population of less thana hundred thousand, while Bohol had the lowestpopulation growth rate of 0.87 percent during theperiod 2010-2015.

Of the 4.6 million people in Cebu, 62 percent residewithin the Metro Cebu area. Between 2010 and2015, the population of Metro Cebu grew by 2.23percent, faster than the province’s growth rate of2.14 percent. The population outside of MetroCebu grew by only 1.99 percent.

Figure 3.3 Provincial Distribution of Population, Central Visayas, 2015

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

22 I Regional Development Plan

If the current rate of growth persists, CentralVisayas’ population is expected to double in about40 years, and that of Cebu and Metro Cebuspecifically is estimated to double in 32 and 31years, respectively.

The region’s three highly urbanized cities (HUCs),namely Cebu City, Lapu-lapu City and MandaueCity, accounted for about a quarter of the region’spopulation in 2015. Toledo City, ranked fifth interms of population size, and Dumaguete City inNegros Oriental, ranked ninth, are the only citiesin the top 10 most populous cities/municipalitiesin the region that are located outside of MetroCebu (see Figure 3.4).

The fastest growing municipalities/cities in 2015were Consolacion, Lapu-lapu City, Liloan, andCordova. These four LGUs are located eithercontiguous to, or in close proximity with, thealready densely populated urban centers of CebuCity and Mandaue City. Cebu City, the mostpopulous city in the region, posted the lowest

growth rate among LGUs in Metro Cebu at 1.21percent. Its population growth rate has beendeclining since the 70’s.

The population density of the region rose from307 persons per square kilometre in 1990 to 495persons per square kilometre in 2015, higher thanthe national average of 337 persons per squarekilometer. This makes Central Visayas the fourthmost densely populated region in the country,next to the National Capital Region,CALABARZON, and Central Luzon. Among theregion’s provinces, Cebu is the most denselypopulated with 867 persons per sq. km. Morethan half of Cebu’s population, however, residein Metro Cebu which has a population density of2,186 persons per sq. km. in 2015. (see Figure 3.5)

Siquijor with about a third of the populationdensity of Cebu at 284 persons per sq. km. is thesecond most densely populated province. Siquijor,Bohol, and Negros Oriental have populationdensities lower than the national average. Ingeneral, the three provinces’ coastal municipalitiesthat face Metro Cebu and Mindanao have

Figure 3.4 Top 10 Most Populous Cities and Municipalities in Central Visayas

Source of basic data: Philippine Statistics Authority

I 23

relatively high population densities. Concentrationof people is also heaviest in areas with a port andnear the provincial capital. This shows thataccessibility to trading partners and othereconomic opportunities is a major factor indecisions of people where to live.

The urban population in Central Visayas hasgrown steadily over the years, reaching almost 44percent of the total regional population in 2010from only about 22 percent 50 years back or in1960. Most of the urbanization happening in theregion, however, is centered in Metro Cebu as itaccounted for 73 percent of the total regionalurban population in 2010 (see Figure 3.6). Majorityof the cities and municipalities in Central Visayasare still predominantly rural with the urbanpopulation comprising less than one-fifth of theirtotal population.

Metro Cebu with over 2.8 million people in 2015is the principal urban center in Central Visayasand the second largest in the country, next toMetro Manila. Seven cities and six municipalitiescomprise the present Metro Cebu with Cebu Cityas the core (see Figure 3.9). From 1980-2010, theurban population of Metro Cebu grew at anaverage annual rate of 3.39 percent while the ruralpopulation grew at a much slower pace of 0.86percent. Due to topographical constraints, linearexpansion of urban development in Metro Cebuhas occurred following the coastline. There is a42-kilometer continuous built-up strip along thecoastal road from Compostela to Naga.

The four other urbanized cities in the region withat least 50 percent of the total population residingin the urban areas are Tagbilaran City in Bohol,Toledo City in Cebu, and Dumaguete City andBayawan City in Negros Oriental. Tagbilaran and

Source: Central Visayas Spatial Development Framework, 2016-2045

Figure 3.5 Population Density, Central Visayas, 1990 and 2015

22 I Regional Development Plan

If the current rate of growth persists, CentralVisayas’ population is expected to double in about40 years, and that of Cebu and Metro Cebuspecifically is estimated to double in 32 and 31years, respectively.

The region’s three highly urbanized cities (HUCs),namely Cebu City, Lapu-lapu City and MandaueCity, accounted for about a quarter of the region’spopulation in 2015. Toledo City, ranked fifth interms of population size, and Dumaguete City inNegros Oriental, ranked ninth, are the only citiesin the top 10 most populous cities/municipalitiesin the region that are located outside of MetroCebu (see Figure 3.4).

The fastest growing municipalities/cities in 2015were Consolacion, Lapu-lapu City, Liloan, andCordova. These four LGUs are located eithercontiguous to, or in close proximity with, thealready densely populated urban centers of CebuCity and Mandaue City. Cebu City, the mostpopulous city in the region, posted the lowest

growth rate among LGUs in Metro Cebu at 1.21percent. Its population growth rate has beendeclining since the 70’s.

The population density of the region rose from307 persons per square kilometre in 1990 to 495persons per square kilometre in 2015, higher thanthe national average of 337 persons per squarekilometer. This makes Central Visayas the fourthmost densely populated region in the country,next to the National Capital Region,CALABARZON, and Central Luzon. Among theregion’s provinces, Cebu is the most denselypopulated with 867 persons per sq. km. Morethan half of Cebu’s population, however, residein Metro Cebu which has a population density of2,186 persons per sq. km. in 2015. (see Figure 3.5)

Siquijor with about a third of the populationdensity of Cebu at 284 persons per sq. km. is thesecond most densely populated province. Siquijor,Bohol, and Negros Oriental have populationdensities lower than the national average. Ingeneral, the three provinces’ coastal municipalitiesthat face Metro Cebu and Mindanao have

Figure 3.4 Top 10 Most Populous Cities and Municipalities in Central Visayas

Source of basic data: Philippine Statistics Authority

I 23

relatively high population densities. Concentrationof people is also heaviest in areas with a port andnear the provincial capital. This shows thataccessibility to trading partners and othereconomic opportunities is a major factor indecisions of people where to live.

The urban population in Central Visayas hasgrown steadily over the years, reaching almost 44percent of the total regional population in 2010from only about 22 percent 50 years back or in1960. Most of the urbanization happening in theregion, however, is centered in Metro Cebu as itaccounted for 73 percent of the total regionalurban population in 2010 (see Figure 3.6). Majorityof the cities and municipalities in Central Visayasare still predominantly rural with the urbanpopulation comprising less than one-fifth of theirtotal population.

Metro Cebu with over 2.8 million people in 2015is the principal urban center in Central Visayasand the second largest in the country, next toMetro Manila. Seven cities and six municipalitiescomprise the present Metro Cebu with Cebu Cityas the core (see Figure 3.9). From 1980-2010, theurban population of Metro Cebu grew at anaverage annual rate of 3.39 percent while the ruralpopulation grew at a much slower pace of 0.86percent. Due to topographical constraints, linearexpansion of urban development in Metro Cebuhas occurred following the coastline. There is a42-kilometer continuous built-up strip along thecoastal road from Compostela to Naga.

The four other urbanized cities in the region withat least 50 percent of the total population residingin the urban areas are Tagbilaran City in Bohol,Toledo City in Cebu, and Dumaguete City andBayawan City in Negros Oriental. Tagbilaran and

Source: Central Visayas Spatial Development Framework, 2016-2045

Figure 3.5 Population Density, Central Visayas, 1990 and 2015

24 I Regional Development Plan

Dumaguete owe a larger part of their growth totheir status as provincial administrative centerswhile Toledo owes its growth to its exportprocessing zone and port which is a major jump-off point to Negros Island, and Bayawan to itsport which is an alternate jump-off point toNorthern Mindanao.

Physical constraint. Unlike other regions in thecountry, Central Visayas’ provinces are separatedfrom each other by bodies of water. Thisfragmented configuration of the region poses achallenge in the efficient movement of goods andpeople across provinces. Trade especially withother regions can be more costly and prone todisruptions due to weather disturbances.

The topography of the region, which is largelyrugged with narrow plains along the coastline,also poses a limitation to the economic activities

that can be undertaken and to the location ofsettlements.

Creating an economically, socially, and physicallyintegrated region is thus a challenging task.

Environmental hazards. Central Visayas, like anyother region in the Philippines, is exposed to bothhydrometeorologic and geologic hazards. Itslocation and geographic landscape makes itvulnerable to these two types of hazards. (seeFigure 3.7)

The long stretch of coastline makes the regionhighly susceptible to sea level rise and stormsurges. In particular, Cebu and Bohol are highlysusceptible to extreme storm surges. Occurrencesof tropical cyclones in Central Visayas have alsobecome more frequent in recent years due to theshift in the tracks of tropical cyclones. A studydone by the National Institute of GeologicalSciences of the University of the Philippines in2013 revealed that the percentage of tropical

Figure 3.6 Cities and Municipalities with Urbanization Level of 50 Percent or More,Central Visayas, 2010

Source of basic data: Philippine Statistics Authority

I 25

cyclones entering Luzon and Bicol slightlydecreased while those entering Visayas-Mindanaowent up by 0.8 percent to 10.6 percent1.

Flood is another hydrometeorologic hazardcommon in Central Visayas particularly in thehighly-urbanized Metro Cebu area due to poordrainage system. Floods probably injure morepeople and damage more property than any typeof natural hazard that the region is exposed to.Landslide induced by heavy and/or continuousrainfall is likewise a common occurrence becauseof the region’s topography and soil type.

Central Visayas, in particular Negros Oriental, issite of one active volcano – Kanlaon. The directdanger zone of Kanlaon Volcano encompassesapproximately 14,000 hectares in the NegrosOriental side and mainly covers Canlaon City.Since 1866, Kanlaon Volcano has had at least 25episodes of eruptions.

Until the 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit Bohol inOctober 2013, earthquake-related hazards werenot considered potential sources of disasters inCentral Visayas. Indeed, for more than a decade,the region had not been affected by a damagingearthquake. The fault in Bohol which generatedthe 7.2 magnitude earthquake was previouslyunknown to the Philippine Institute of Volcanologyand Seismology (Phivolcs) as it had no surfacemanifestation. The Bohol earthquake hascompelled the national and regional authoritiesto review the region’s susceptibility to earthquake-related disasters. The fault lines present in theProvinces of Cebu and Bohol are now consideredpotential sources of major disasters.

The region needs to identify policies and activitiesto minimize damage to properties and loss of lifedue to the above environmental hazards.

1 Carlos Primo C. David, Bernard Alan B. Racoma, Jonathan Gonzales and Mark Vincent Clutario, “A Manifestationof Climate Change? A Look at Typhoon Yolanda in Relation to the Historical Tropical Cyclone Archive”, ScienceDiliman 25, No. 2 (2013): 84. http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/sciencediliman/article/view/4425/4014.

Source: Visayas Spatial Development Framework, 2016-2045

Figure 3.7 Hazard Prone Areas in Central Visayas by Type of Hazard

24 I Regional Development Plan

Dumaguete owe a larger part of their growth totheir status as provincial administrative centerswhile Toledo owes its growth to its exportprocessing zone and port which is a major jump-off point to Negros Island, and Bayawan to itsport which is an alternate jump-off point toNorthern Mindanao.

Physical constraint. Unlike other regions in thecountry, Central Visayas’ provinces are separatedfrom each other by bodies of water. Thisfragmented configuration of the region poses achallenge in the efficient movement of goods andpeople across provinces. Trade especially withother regions can be more costly and prone todisruptions due to weather disturbances.

The topography of the region, which is largelyrugged with narrow plains along the coastline,also poses a limitation to the economic activities

that can be undertaken and to the location ofsettlements.

Creating an economically, socially, and physicallyintegrated region is thus a challenging task.

Environmental hazards. Central Visayas, like anyother region in the Philippines, is exposed to bothhydrometeorologic and geologic hazards. Itslocation and geographic landscape makes itvulnerable to these two types of hazards. (seeFigure 3.7)

The long stretch of coastline makes the regionhighly susceptible to sea level rise and stormsurges. In particular, Cebu and Bohol are highlysusceptible to extreme storm surges. Occurrencesof tropical cyclones in Central Visayas have alsobecome more frequent in recent years due to theshift in the tracks of tropical cyclones. A studydone by the National Institute of GeologicalSciences of the University of the Philippines in2013 revealed that the percentage of tropical

Figure 3.6 Cities and Municipalities with Urbanization Level of 50 Percent or More,Central Visayas, 2010

Source of basic data: Philippine Statistics Authority

I 25

cyclones entering Luzon and Bicol slightlydecreased while those entering Visayas-Mindanaowent up by 0.8 percent to 10.6 percent1.

Flood is another hydrometeorologic hazardcommon in Central Visayas particularly in thehighly-urbanized Metro Cebu area due to poordrainage system. Floods probably injure morepeople and damage more property than any typeof natural hazard that the region is exposed to.Landslide induced by heavy and/or continuousrainfall is likewise a common occurrence becauseof the region’s topography and soil type.

Central Visayas, in particular Negros Oriental, issite of one active volcano – Kanlaon. The directdanger zone of Kanlaon Volcano encompassesapproximately 14,000 hectares in the NegrosOriental side and mainly covers Canlaon City.Since 1866, Kanlaon Volcano has had at least 25episodes of eruptions.

Until the 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit Bohol inOctober 2013, earthquake-related hazards werenot considered potential sources of disasters inCentral Visayas. Indeed, for more than a decade,the region had not been affected by a damagingearthquake. The fault in Bohol which generatedthe 7.2 magnitude earthquake was previouslyunknown to the Philippine Institute of Volcanologyand Seismology (Phivolcs) as it had no surfacemanifestation. The Bohol earthquake hascompelled the national and regional authoritiesto review the region’s susceptibility to earthquake-related disasters. The fault lines present in theProvinces of Cebu and Bohol are now consideredpotential sources of major disasters.

The region needs to identify policies and activitiesto minimize damage to properties and loss of lifedue to the above environmental hazards.

1 Carlos Primo C. David, Bernard Alan B. Racoma, Jonathan Gonzales and Mark Vincent Clutario, “A Manifestationof Climate Change? A Look at Typhoon Yolanda in Relation to the Historical Tropical Cyclone Archive”, ScienceDiliman 25, No. 2 (2013): 84. http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/sciencediliman/article/view/4425/4014.

Source: Visayas Spatial Development Framework, 2016-2045

Figure 3.7 Hazard Prone Areas in Central Visayas by Type of Hazard

26 I Regional Development Plan

Urban expansion. The rapid growth of the urbanpopulation and increased economic activity in theurban centers has heightened the demand forland. Urban land requirement for housing, forone, is becoming a critical issue. As a result,productive agricultural lands that are located nearurban expansion areas have slowly beenconverted to urban uses, which is perceived as athreat to food security. Land development hasalso been observed to extend to protected,environmentally critical and hazard-prone areas.

The spatial development goals of the region are:the rational distribution of population,settlements, and economic activities; the economicintegration of the provincial economies; theequitable access of economic opportunities andresources, and; the protection of the environmentand reduction of vulnerability to hazards andclimate change.

The regional spatial strategy consists of threecomponents: agglomeration by directing growthto key urban centers, connectivity, andvulnerability reduction. The strategy onagglomeration will tap into the potential of majorurban centers in the provinces to foster localeconomic growth, generate jobs, and increaseincomes. It involves planning for and guidingincreases in densities of settlements to achieveeconomies of scale and efficiency.

The strategy on connectivity seeks to increase andimprove linkages among major urban centers/settlements, key production areas, and marketcenters through the provision of infrastructureand related services. It also seeks to facilitateagglomeration by supporting the growth of sub-regional urban centers.

The strategy on vulnerability reduction aims tominimize the impacts of hazards by buildingresilience, which can be defined as the ability of

settlements and the population to immediatelybounce back following the occurrence of disasters.The concern on vulnerability reduction stemsfrom the realization that disasters can negateprevious gains and even push back development,thereby increasing poverty.

Consistent with the National Spatial Strategy, theCentral Visayas proposed network of urbansettlements is composed of six tiers: (1) MetroCebu as the metropolitan center, (2) (Metro)Tagbilaran as the regional center, (3) four sub-regional centers, (4) six provincial centers, (5) nineurban service centers/corridors, and (6) threespecial service centers. (see Figure 3.8)

Metro Cebu as Metropolitan Center. Metro Cebuis the second largest urban center in the countrynext to Metro Manila, with links to a number ofprovinces in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Inthe National Spatial Strategy, Metro Cebu isexpected to serve as the metropolitan center notonly in Central Visayas but the whole Visayasregion.

As metropolitan center, Metro Cebu shall serveas the primary international gateway to and frominternational destinations together with MetroManila. It shall also be the hub of travel to variousdomestic destinations in the country. It shall serveas the economic, administrative, financial andlogistics center of the Visayas. Metro Cebu hasthe second busiest international airport andinternational port to back its drive for increasedgrowth.

The present Metro Cebu is composed of six citiesand seven municipalities. The rapid growth ofMetro Cebu has spurred the RegionalDevelopment Council to start looking beyond thepresent geographical coverage and to includeother municipalities within a 50 kilometer radiusin the planning of major programs and projectsfor Metro Cebu. The expanded area shall

I 27

constitute the Greater Metro Cebu and shallencompass 7 cities and 16 municipalities.2 (seeFigure 3.9).

(Metro) Tagbilaran as Regional Center. TagbilaranCity in Bohol is one of the faster growing urbancenters in Central Visayas. It ranks 13th amongthe major urban settlements in the region in termsof population and is one of only three LGUsamong the top 13 major settlements that is notpart of Metro Cebu. There is the perception that

Tagbilaran will soon grow beyond its boundariesespecially with the completion of major projectssuch as the new airport, and that a MetropolitanTagbilaran will emerge composed of five localgovernment units. These are Tagbilaran City,Cortes, Baclayon, Dauis and Panglao.

Tourism is one of Bohol’s fastest growing industryand a major growth driver. Tagbilaran plays a keyrole in the growth of the province as the primarygateway to Bohol’s various tourism destinations.

2 National Economic and Development Authority Region 7, Central Visayas Regional Spatial DevelopmentFramework: 2016-2045, unpublished document.

Figure 3.8 Central Visayas Network of Urban Centers and Functions

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework 2016-2045

26 I Regional Development Plan

Urban expansion. The rapid growth of the urbanpopulation and increased economic activity in theurban centers has heightened the demand forland. Urban land requirement for housing, forone, is becoming a critical issue. As a result,productive agricultural lands that are located nearurban expansion areas have slowly beenconverted to urban uses, which is perceived as athreat to food security. Land development hasalso been observed to extend to protected,environmentally critical and hazard-prone areas.

The spatial development goals of the region are:the rational distribution of population,settlements, and economic activities; the economicintegration of the provincial economies; theequitable access of economic opportunities andresources, and; the protection of the environmentand reduction of vulnerability to hazards andclimate change.

The regional spatial strategy consists of threecomponents: agglomeration by directing growthto key urban centers, connectivity, andvulnerability reduction. The strategy onagglomeration will tap into the potential of majorurban centers in the provinces to foster localeconomic growth, generate jobs, and increaseincomes. It involves planning for and guidingincreases in densities of settlements to achieveeconomies of scale and efficiency.

The strategy on connectivity seeks to increase andimprove linkages among major urban centers/settlements, key production areas, and marketcenters through the provision of infrastructureand related services. It also seeks to facilitateagglomeration by supporting the growth of sub-regional urban centers.

The strategy on vulnerability reduction aims tominimize the impacts of hazards by buildingresilience, which can be defined as the ability of

settlements and the population to immediatelybounce back following the occurrence of disasters.The concern on vulnerability reduction stemsfrom the realization that disasters can negateprevious gains and even push back development,thereby increasing poverty.

Consistent with the National Spatial Strategy, theCentral Visayas proposed network of urbansettlements is composed of six tiers: (1) MetroCebu as the metropolitan center, (2) (Metro)Tagbilaran as the regional center, (3) four sub-regional centers, (4) six provincial centers, (5) nineurban service centers/corridors, and (6) threespecial service centers. (see Figure 3.8)

Metro Cebu as Metropolitan Center. Metro Cebuis the second largest urban center in the countrynext to Metro Manila, with links to a number ofprovinces in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Inthe National Spatial Strategy, Metro Cebu isexpected to serve as the metropolitan center notonly in Central Visayas but the whole Visayasregion.

As metropolitan center, Metro Cebu shall serveas the primary international gateway to and frominternational destinations together with MetroManila. It shall also be the hub of travel to variousdomestic destinations in the country. It shall serveas the economic, administrative, financial andlogistics center of the Visayas. Metro Cebu hasthe second busiest international airport andinternational port to back its drive for increasedgrowth.

The present Metro Cebu is composed of six citiesand seven municipalities. The rapid growth ofMetro Cebu has spurred the RegionalDevelopment Council to start looking beyond thepresent geographical coverage and to includeother municipalities within a 50 kilometer radiusin the planning of major programs and projectsfor Metro Cebu. The expanded area shall

I 27

constitute the Greater Metro Cebu and shallencompass 7 cities and 16 municipalities.2 (seeFigure 3.9).

(Metro) Tagbilaran as Regional Center. TagbilaranCity in Bohol is one of the faster growing urbancenters in Central Visayas. It ranks 13th amongthe major urban settlements in the region in termsof population and is one of only three LGUsamong the top 13 major settlements that is notpart of Metro Cebu. There is the perception that

Tagbilaran will soon grow beyond its boundariesespecially with the completion of major projectssuch as the new airport, and that a MetropolitanTagbilaran will emerge composed of five localgovernment units. These are Tagbilaran City,Cortes, Baclayon, Dauis and Panglao.

Tourism is one of Bohol’s fastest growing industryand a major growth driver. Tagbilaran plays a keyrole in the growth of the province as the primarygateway to Bohol’s various tourism destinations.

2 National Economic and Development Authority Region 7, Central Visayas Regional Spatial DevelopmentFramework: 2016-2045, unpublished document.

Figure 3.8 Central Visayas Network of Urban Centers and Functions

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework 2016-2045

28 I Regional Development Plan

Tagbilaran City has direct linkages both by airand sea to Metro Manila and Metro Cebu, thecountry’s two major urban centers, and otherurban centers in the country; hence, itsdesignation as a regional center in Central Visayas.Following the completion of the new airport inPanglao, Tagbilaran’s reach is anticipated to extendto more urban centers in the country and evenmajor cities outside the Philippines.

As regional center in Central Visayas, (Metro)Tagbilaran is expected to support not only theeconomy of Bohol but the regional economy aswell. Tagbilaran shall serve as regional market andservice center to other provinces such as Siquijorwhile providing direct linkages to the metropolitancenter (Metro Cebu).

Sub-regional Centers. There are four areasproposed as sub-regional centers/ urban corridorsin Central Visayas: Bogo City-San Remigio (Cebu)urban corridor, Toledo City-Balamban (Cebu)urban corridor, Tubigon (Bohol), and DumagueteCity (Negros Oriental). The sub-regional centers

shall serve as market catchment of any spill overof economic activities from the regional centerand/or metropolitan region. Hence, it is essentialthat the sub-regional centers have direct linkagewith the metropolitan center and/or regionalcenters, which is already the case.

Like Tagbilaran City, Dumaguete City isanticipated to grow beyond its boundaries andwill become a metropolitan center in the mediumterm based on its projected urban populationgrowth and functional role as gateway to NorthernMindanao. The plan to transfer the airport toSibulan from Dumaguete is expected to hastenthe process of integration. TheMetro Dumaguetethat will emerge will be made up of the city ofDumaguete, and the municipalities of Sibulan,Bacong, Valencia, and Dauin.

As sub-regional centers, the above-mentionedcities/municipalities shall serve as service centersof nearby smaller provincial and local centers. Inaddition, the common functional roles to beperformed by sub-regional centers can include

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework 2016-2045

Figure 3.9 Defined Area of Metro Cebu

Metro Cebu (13), 6 cities and7 municipalities

Cebu City, Mandaue City,Lapulapu City, Talisay City,Danao City, Carcar City,Compostela, Consolacion,Liloan, Cordova, Minglanilla,Naga, San Fernando

Greater Metro Cebu (23),7 cities and 16 municipalities

Metro Cebu cities/municipalitiesplus Toledo City, Carmen,Sibonga, Argao, Tuburan,Asturias, Balamban,Pinamungahan, Aloguinsan,Barili

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tourism hub for Tubigon, industrial center in thecase of Balamban with its shipbuilding industryand Toledo with its mines, higher education centerfor Dumaguete City, and agri-industrial centerfor the Bogo-San Remigio urban corridor.

Provincial Centers.Provincial centers are typicallythe large or major cities or municipalities of theprovinces. Like the sub-regional centers, theprovincial centers shall serve as market and servicecenters of the provinces but in a smaller and morelimited scale. Generally, the service coverage ofthese centers extends to cities or municipalitieswithin the confines of the respective province only.Some centers though, which are host to ports,such as Jagna and Ubay, have developed linkages

with local government units located in otherprovinces through the sea routes. These localgovernment units can benefit from increasedgrowth by improving linkages. They also providealternative access points to other provinces.

The planned (6) provincial centers in CentralVisayas are: Siquijor-Larena urban corridor inSiquijor province; Ubay and Jagna in Bohol; BaisCity-Tanjay City urban corridor, Bayawan City,and Guihulngan City in Negros Oriental. As withthe sub-regional centers, two or three adjacentmunicipalities can merge to form an integratedurban (provincial) corridor such as the case ofSiquijor and Larena.

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework, 2016-2045

Table 3.1 Proposed Network of Urban Centers

28 I Regional Development Plan

Tagbilaran City has direct linkages both by airand sea to Metro Manila and Metro Cebu, thecountry’s two major urban centers, and otherurban centers in the country; hence, itsdesignation as a regional center in Central Visayas.Following the completion of the new airport inPanglao, Tagbilaran’s reach is anticipated to extendto more urban centers in the country and evenmajor cities outside the Philippines.

As regional center in Central Visayas, (Metro)Tagbilaran is expected to support not only theeconomy of Bohol but the regional economy aswell. Tagbilaran shall serve as regional market andservice center to other provinces such as Siquijorwhile providing direct linkages to the metropolitancenter (Metro Cebu).

Sub-regional Centers. There are four areasproposed as sub-regional centers/ urban corridorsin Central Visayas: Bogo City-San Remigio (Cebu)urban corridor, Toledo City-Balamban (Cebu)urban corridor, Tubigon (Bohol), and DumagueteCity (Negros Oriental). The sub-regional centers

shall serve as market catchment of any spill overof economic activities from the regional centerand/or metropolitan region. Hence, it is essentialthat the sub-regional centers have direct linkagewith the metropolitan center and/or regionalcenters, which is already the case.

Like Tagbilaran City, Dumaguete City isanticipated to grow beyond its boundaries andwill become a metropolitan center in the mediumterm based on its projected urban populationgrowth and functional role as gateway to NorthernMindanao. The plan to transfer the airport toSibulan from Dumaguete is expected to hastenthe process of integration. TheMetro Dumaguetethat will emerge will be made up of the city ofDumaguete, and the municipalities of Sibulan,Bacong, Valencia, and Dauin.

As sub-regional centers, the above-mentionedcities/municipalities shall serve as service centersof nearby smaller provincial and local centers. Inaddition, the common functional roles to beperformed by sub-regional centers can include

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework 2016-2045

Figure 3.9 Defined Area of Metro Cebu

Metro Cebu (13), 6 cities and7 municipalities

Cebu City, Mandaue City,Lapulapu City, Talisay City,Danao City, Carcar City,Compostela, Consolacion,Liloan, Cordova, Minglanilla,Naga, San Fernando

Greater Metro Cebu (23),7 cities and 16 municipalities

Metro Cebu cities/municipalitiesplus Toledo City, Carmen,Sibonga, Argao, Tuburan,Asturias, Balamban,Pinamungahan, Aloguinsan,Barili

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tourism hub for Tubigon, industrial center in thecase of Balamban with its shipbuilding industryand Toledo with its mines, higher education centerfor Dumaguete City, and agri-industrial centerfor the Bogo-San Remigio urban corridor.

Provincial Centers.Provincial centers are typicallythe large or major cities or municipalities of theprovinces. Like the sub-regional centers, theprovincial centers shall serve as market and servicecenters of the provinces but in a smaller and morelimited scale. Generally, the service coverage ofthese centers extends to cities or municipalitieswithin the confines of the respective province only.Some centers though, which are host to ports,such as Jagna and Ubay, have developed linkages

with local government units located in otherprovinces through the sea routes. These localgovernment units can benefit from increasedgrowth by improving linkages. They also providealternative access points to other provinces.

The planned (6) provincial centers in CentralVisayas are: Siquijor-Larena urban corridor inSiquijor province; Ubay and Jagna in Bohol; BaisCity-Tanjay City urban corridor, Bayawan City,and Guihulngan City in Negros Oriental. As withthe sub-regional centers, two or three adjacentmunicipalities can merge to form an integratedurban (provincial) corridor such as the case ofSiquijor and Larena.

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework, 2016-2045

Table 3.1 Proposed Network of Urban Centers

30 I Regional Development Plan

Urban Service Centers/Corridors. Considered asthe most suitable areas for urban developmentin the countryside, urban service centers areproposed to be the providers of a range of urbanservices to several surrounding local centers.These urban services include higher levels ofpublic and private services normally provided orneeded in major urban areas, including: district/secondary hospitals, medical laboratories, banks,disaster management and emergency responsecenters, shopping malls, and recreational facilities.

Figure 3.8 shows the proposed urban servicecenters/corridors in the region. They includeArgao, Danao City-Carmen urban corridor,Moalboal, Santander, and Tabuelan in Cebu;Carmen and Getafe-Talibon urban corridor inBohol, and; Ayungon and Mabinay in NegrosOriental.

The urban service centers/corridors shall supportthe sub-provincial/ district economy and shall bemarket catchments of provincial centers.

Special Service Centers. The special service centersshall include the islands of Bantayan and Camotesin Cebu, and C.P. Garcia in Bohol. Separated fromthe mainland by bodies of water, these areascannot access to services that are normallyprovided to areas in the mainland. These areas,however, are not intended to receive a full rangeof urban services due to their limited size but shallbe limited to a few essential services such as powerand waterworks system.

Intra and inter-regional economic integration isessential for rapid economic growth to take place.The aim of the region is to integrate andinterconnect the provincial economies into aregionwide network of production, processing,marketing, and trading. This calls for the following:enhancement of the roles of the metropolitan,regional, sub-regional, provincial, urban andspecial service centers and their connectivity;building up the provinces’ niches; strengtheningof urban-rural and institutional linkages, and;

physical integration through the improvement ofintra and inter-regional transportation andtelecommunication linkages. Physical integrationin particular facilitates the movement of people,goods, services, and the exchange of informationand ideas. It also helps reduce poverty byincreasing access to basic services anddevelopment opportunities. (see Figure 3.10)

Infrastructure provides the physical connectionamong the production, protection, and settlementareas. The goal of infrastructure developmentthen is to facilitate physical and economicintegration through the adequate provision of thekey infrastructure and related services. It alsoseeks to reduce vulnerability during emergencysituations by increasing redundancy oftransportation route, communication, and otherinfrastructure facilities.

Provision of an integrated and intermodaltransportation system. The Regional SpatialStrategy advocates for the development of anintegrated and intermodal transportation system.This system requires smooth and efficientconnections among road, water, and airtransportation system and related services, thus,facilitating the flow of goods and people amongthe island provinces and among the region’s urbancenters and rural areas, and between the regionand the rest of the country and the world.

Construction and upgrading of arterial roads.Priority shall be given to the upgrading and propermaintenance of the arterial (circumferential andnorth-south backbone) road network, east-westor cross-country arteries, and main roads leadingto special economic zones, industrial centers,major agricultural areas, major tourism areas,major ports and airports. The construction of newroads will be undertaken in settlement andproduction areas where the demand andrequirements warrant their construction.

In Metro Cebu, the transportation network willbe expanded to include rail and sea-based for adiversified road system.

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Construction of new international container port,improvement of strategic sea ports, andconstruction/upgrading of airports. A newinternational container port for deep bottomvessels will be constructed in Cebu. Theimprovement of facilities in the region’s majorports including those traversed by the NauticalHighway will also be undertaken.

The completion of the new Bohol airport inPanglao Island and the upgrading of the region’ssecondary airports will likewise be carried out.The construction of a second runway at the

Mactan Cebu International Airport will beconsidered in anticipation of increased traffic as aresult of the completion of the new internationalpassenger terminal and greater economic activitiesin Central Visayas. The transfer of the Dumagueteairport to Bacong will also be studied. (seeChapter 19)

Vulnerability will be addressed by delineatingareas for protection and conservation, identifyingareas and population highly vulnerable to hazards

Figure 3.10 Connectivity of Urban Centers/ Settlements

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework 2016-2045

30 I Regional Development Plan

Urban Service Centers/Corridors. Considered asthe most suitable areas for urban developmentin the countryside, urban service centers areproposed to be the providers of a range of urbanservices to several surrounding local centers.These urban services include higher levels ofpublic and private services normally provided orneeded in major urban areas, including: district/secondary hospitals, medical laboratories, banks,disaster management and emergency responsecenters, shopping malls, and recreational facilities.

Figure 3.8 shows the proposed urban servicecenters/corridors in the region. They includeArgao, Danao City-Carmen urban corridor,Moalboal, Santander, and Tabuelan in Cebu;Carmen and Getafe-Talibon urban corridor inBohol, and; Ayungon and Mabinay in NegrosOriental.

The urban service centers/corridors shall supportthe sub-provincial/ district economy and shall bemarket catchments of provincial centers.

Special Service Centers. The special service centersshall include the islands of Bantayan and Camotesin Cebu, and C.P. Garcia in Bohol. Separated fromthe mainland by bodies of water, these areascannot access to services that are normallyprovided to areas in the mainland. These areas,however, are not intended to receive a full rangeof urban services due to their limited size but shallbe limited to a few essential services such as powerand waterworks system.

Intra and inter-regional economic integration isessential for rapid economic growth to take place.The aim of the region is to integrate andinterconnect the provincial economies into aregionwide network of production, processing,marketing, and trading. This calls for the following:enhancement of the roles of the metropolitan,regional, sub-regional, provincial, urban andspecial service centers and their connectivity;building up the provinces’ niches; strengtheningof urban-rural and institutional linkages, and;

physical integration through the improvement ofintra and inter-regional transportation andtelecommunication linkages. Physical integrationin particular facilitates the movement of people,goods, services, and the exchange of informationand ideas. It also helps reduce poverty byincreasing access to basic services anddevelopment opportunities. (see Figure 3.10)

Infrastructure provides the physical connectionamong the production, protection, and settlementareas. The goal of infrastructure developmentthen is to facilitate physical and economicintegration through the adequate provision of thekey infrastructure and related services. It alsoseeks to reduce vulnerability during emergencysituations by increasing redundancy oftransportation route, communication, and otherinfrastructure facilities.

Provision of an integrated and intermodaltransportation system. The Regional SpatialStrategy advocates for the development of anintegrated and intermodal transportation system.This system requires smooth and efficientconnections among road, water, and airtransportation system and related services, thus,facilitating the flow of goods and people amongthe island provinces and among the region’s urbancenters and rural areas, and between the regionand the rest of the country and the world.

Construction and upgrading of arterial roads.Priority shall be given to the upgrading and propermaintenance of the arterial (circumferential andnorth-south backbone) road network, east-westor cross-country arteries, and main roads leadingto special economic zones, industrial centers,major agricultural areas, major tourism areas,major ports and airports. The construction of newroads will be undertaken in settlement andproduction areas where the demand andrequirements warrant their construction.

In Metro Cebu, the transportation network willbe expanded to include rail and sea-based for adiversified road system.

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Construction of new international container port,improvement of strategic sea ports, andconstruction/upgrading of airports. A newinternational container port for deep bottomvessels will be constructed in Cebu. Theimprovement of facilities in the region’s majorports including those traversed by the NauticalHighway will also be undertaken.

The completion of the new Bohol airport inPanglao Island and the upgrading of the region’ssecondary airports will likewise be carried out.The construction of a second runway at the

Mactan Cebu International Airport will beconsidered in anticipation of increased traffic as aresult of the completion of the new internationalpassenger terminal and greater economic activitiesin Central Visayas. The transfer of the Dumagueteairport to Bacong will also be studied. (seeChapter 19)

Vulnerability will be addressed by delineatingareas for protection and conservation, identifyingareas and population highly vulnerable to hazards

Figure 3.10 Connectivity of Urban Centers/ Settlements

Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Framework 2016-2045

32 I Regional Development Plan

and climate change, providing interventions tominimize the impact of disaster, increasingredundancy of transport links and other life-lineinfrastructure, and institutionalizing quickdisaster-response mechanisms and policies. (seeFigure 3.11)

Figure 3.11 Hazard Area and Urbanized Area in Metro Cebu

Source: JICA, MCDCB, Roadmap Study for Sustainable Urban Development in Metro, 2015

Legend

Urbanized areaModerate landslide hazardHigh landslide hazardSlope hazard (above 18%)Lowland hazard (less than 2m)Low flood hazardModerate flood hazardHigh flood hazardScarpsFault lines

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