wk 16b ant 302 2015 final review

8/18/2019 Wk 16B Ant 302 2015 Final Review

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Intro to Cultural Anthropology

What will be covered on your final

exam?


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Intro to Cultural Anthropology:

Final ExamTime: am!"#pm

$ate: Thur%day& 'ay "(th

)lace: *E+TE, A"#"A


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Format

- 'ultiple Choice& 'atching& and.or Fill in

the /lan0 1ue%tion%

- +hort An%wer 1ue%tion%- E%%ay 1ue%tion over 2Ain3t 4o 'a0in3 It5

- Total )o%%ible )oint%: "66 7for #89 of

the final grade


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;ey Topic% to be Covered

- )attern% of Family ,elation%

- The Culture of Capitali%m and Early

ierarchy

- ,ace and ,aci%m

- The Culture of )ower and ,e%i%tance

- 'u%eum% and the )olitic% of ,epre%entation


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,e%ource%

- ,obbin% /oo0: Ch% @& 8& 7only thede%ignated page%

- +idney 'int=& +weetne%% and )ower!!introduction

- Bila Abu!Bughod& Writing Women3% World%&intro chapter& ch "

- /lac0board )$F ,eading%: +eriff Article- Film: A +mall >appine%% 7film about women in

rural China

- *ay 'acleod boo0& Ain3t 4o 'a0in3 It


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;ey )eople to ;now

- Carol +tac0 Emma Ba=aru%

- )hilip /ourgoi% Fran= /oa%

• Karl Marx Pierre Bourdieu

• Benedict Anderson Michel Foucault

• Samuel George Morton Michel de Certeau

• W.E.B. DuBois

• Ernst Renan• Stehen !a" Gould

• Sir #rancis Galton


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;ey Word% W0 "6: )attern% of

Family ,elation%;in%hip $e%cent /ilateral

'atrilineal )atrilineal 'atrilocal

)atrilocal )olygamy )olyandry

/ride%ervice $owry /ridewealth

Exogamy Endogamy affinity


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;ey Idea: )attern% of Family

,elation%• patterns of family composition (kinship, descent, residence

• Examples of traditional Trobriand, Chinese and Ju/wasicommunities.

• Matrilineal and patrilineal descent; its relation to patternsof marriage, arrangement of marriage, power of male orfemale, brothers or wives; family living patterns, etc.

• You may be asked to compare and contrast some aspect of

kinship between the three cultures.


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*u.wa%i Family

- /ilateral 0in%hip

- 4uclear Familie%

- /ride %ervice at marriage

- cca%ional polygamy

- )rimary ,elation%hip: hu%band and wife


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Trobriand Family

- 'atrilineal ;in%hip

- Extended 'atrilineal family 7clan

- /ridewealth

- 'atrilocality

- )rimary ,elation%hip%: /rother and+i%ter


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Chine%e ;in%hip

- )atrilineal $e%cent

- )atrilocal re%idence

- $owry

- )rimary relation%hip: Father and %on

- Clan Exogamy


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'arriage


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Writing Women3% World%

- Focu%e% on particularitie% ofwomen3% everyday live%

- Examine% how womennegotiate their %ocial life:Due%tion of A


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;ey Word% : Capitali%m and

Early


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Early


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Commoditie%

-


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Commodity Exchange and

Con%umption- nce commoditie% hit

the mar0et& theybecome obGect% to be

bought& %old& andcon%umed and aredivorced from the laborpower and %ocialrelation% inve%ted in

their production- Commoditie% become

obGect% that %eem tohave my%teriou% origin%


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$evelopment of neDual


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;ey Word%: Con%truction of

the 4ation!+tate4ation!+tate Ern%t ,enan Imagined

Community

/enedict Ander%on

Ideology nationali%m

Emma Ba=aru% +overeignterritory

citi=en%hip

Infra%tructure >ated 2other%5 Hiolence:ethnocide.genocide

American bald +tatue of 4ew Colo%%u%


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;ey Idea: The Con%truction of

the 4ation!+tate• Benedict Anderson3s de,inition o, a -ation as an 2imagined

communit"5 ,rom Seri,, 3s lecture/

• Be a'le to name three or ,our 2s"m'olic5 reresentations o, America

and the dominant 2stories%5 'elie,s and *alues that these s"m'olsreresent and rein,orce.

• Be a'le to de,ine and gi*e examles o, three things as outlined in

Ro''ins/ necessar" to construct and maintain a nation or nationhood0

1. 2he creation o, hated and ,eared 2others53

• 4. Creation o, an in,rastructure to integrate mem'ers into a common 'ureaucrac"3 and

• 5. 2he use or threat o, armed ,orces.


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/enedict Ander%on3% definition

of a nation!%tate- In an anthropological %pirit& then& I propo%e the

following definition of the nation: it i% an imaginedpolitical community ! ! and imagined a% both

inherently limited and %overeign5- It i% imagined becau%e the member% of even the

%malle%t nation will never 0now mo%t of their fellow!member%

-The nation i% imagined a% limited becau%e even thelarge%t of them ha% finite& if ela%tic boundarie%&beyond which lie other nation%


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;ey Idea:


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Tran%nationali%m

- A condition by which people& commoditie% andidea% literally cro%% national boundarie% andare not identified with a %ingle place of origin

- Tran%national corporation%: Corporation% inwhich bu%ine%% operation%& manufacturing&and mar0eting are %pread around the globe& indo=en% of citie% and %ocietie%

- Ex: $i%ney& Coca!Cola& Wal'artK 4i0e:$i%per%ed productionK centrali=ed control


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4i0e Corporation

- $oe% not own it% own factorie%

- ,elie% on international team of

%peciali%t% to negotiate withmanufacturer%& monitor production and

arrange %hipment


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;ey Word%:+ocial >ierarchy

+ocial Cla%% Ca%te ;arl 'arx

+ocial>ierarchy

IntegrativeTheory

ExploitativeTheory

Ideology ofCla%%

Cla%% +y%tem 'ean% of)roduction

+urplu% valueof labor

capitali%m +cientific,aci%m

+tructural

,aci%m

+tructural

IneDuality

,ace


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;ey Idea: Con%truction of

+ocial >ierarchy• Comare6 contrast the integrati*e and exloitati*e theories

o, social strati,ication

• Kno& &hat each sa"s a'out ho& to eliminate social

strati,ication.• 7utline Karl Marx8s theor" o, the origin o, social

class3descri'e the 9e" concets in Marx8s theor".

• Discuss ho& ideolog" ,unctions to legitimi+e or rein,orcesocial hierarch".

• Kno& the di,,erence 'et&een a caste and class s"stem.

• Be a'le to discuss the cultural construction o, race

• Kno& Samuel George Morton8s theor" a'out theconnection 'et&een intelligence% race% and head si+e

• Kno& Stehen !a" Gould:s re)stud" and it:s results


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>ow do )eople Come to

Accept +ocial >ierarchie% a%

4atural?- ;arl 'arx : Important Contribution: The Ideology of

Cla%%

L The notion that people in cla%% %ocietie% come to believethat %ocial %tratification i% 2natural5

L The%e belief% allow people to con%truct rationale% to Gu%tify

and legitimi=e %ocial di%crimination and marginali=ation on

the ba%i% of race& religion& gender& and ethnicity


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Ideology of Cla%%

- A belief that the divi%ion of %ociety into cla%%e% i% both

natural and right

- /ecau%e the ruling cla%% control% the in%titution% that

are re%pon%ible for determining how people view the

world 7churche%& %chool%& new%paper%& media& it can

promote the view that their dominance of %ociety i% in

the be%t intere%t% of all


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The Ideology of Cla%%:

American +tyle- A%%umption: A )er%on3% %ocial po%ition in the cla%%

hierarchy i% determined largely by achievement% or

individual effort

- Individual% who wor0 hard will %ucceed:

- >oratio Alger% %tory

- Tho%e who don3t %ucceed& mu%t not be wor0ing hard

enoughM

- Therefore& 2poverty i% the poor per%on3% own damn

fault5


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Concept of ,ace

- What i% a race?

L A group who%e evident characteri%tic%

7phenotypical and cultural are popularlybelieved to be the re%ult of underlying

biological factor% or genotype%


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,ace

- ,ace i% a cultural con%truction that ha%

meaning in our live% becau%e we inve%t

it with meaning


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>i%tory of ,aci%m

- For centurie%& European and American %ocietie% have been

characteri=ed by racial %tratification

- 'ember%hip in certain racial or ethnic group% defined people3%

%ocial& political and economic worth- In America& one3% po%ition in thi% racial hierarchy determined

whether that per%on could

L vote

L hold office

L attend %chool% L marry a particular per%on

L u%e certain bu%ine%%e%

L go in certain building%

L even be buried in certain place%


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,acial oppre%%ion and

violence- ,acial differentiation ha% been

re%pon%ible for in%idiou% oppre%%ion

and cruelty throughout hi%tory L +lavery

L Coloniali%m

L


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+cientific ,ationale for ,ace!

ba%ed +tratification- The attempt to 2%cientifically5 prove that member% of

one race 7white%.European% were intellectually

%uperior to member% of other race% 7blac0%& A%ian%&

native American%


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Idea of ,acial Typologie%

• 'ased on the idea that distinct races had clearl" identi,ia'le

h"sical or henot"ic traits that could 'e classi,ied and

cataloged and ran9ed as reresenting di,,erent evolutionary

stages of development that ranged ,rom the rimiti*e to theci*ili+ed.

• Peole o, A,rican descent &ere t"ed as -egroid and

reresented as the lo&est order o, humanit" &hile

Caucasians &ere thought to reresent ,ull" e*ol*ed ci*ili+edhumans.


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,acial typologie% and evolutionary raci%m


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,ace a% a Cultural

Con%truction• 2oda" anthroologists and most social scientists in

general *igorousl" disute the idea o, race as 'iologicall" determined

• ;nstead% anthroologists argue that race is notnatural or 'iological% 'ut socially constructed:

• 7ur ideas a'out race and racial di,,erence are not a

natural roduct o, innate genetic or 'iologicaldi,,erences 'et&een grous% 'ut are sociall"constructed 'elie,s that &e carr" a'out di,,erence%&hich ha*e little scienti,ic or 'iological 'asis.


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Eugenic%

- Effort% to 2breed5 betterhuman being%

- Term coined by $arwin3%

cou%in& +ir France% ereditary


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"th c: $r +amuel


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Fran= /oa% 7"N8N!"(#

- Anthropologi%t who challenged %cientific raci%m ande*olutionar" constructions o, racial hierarch".

• Boas argued against the idea that h"sical% mental and

cultural characteristics o, grous &ere 'iologicall"determined and reresented distincti*e racial t"es.

• ;nstead he argued that there &as a great deal o, *ariation&ithin and 'et&een grous. Moreo*er% one could ,inde(uall" gi,ted indi*iduals ,rom all racial grous.


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William Edward Burghardt

DuBois (1868-16!"

• A,rican American sociologist and ci*il rights ad*ocate

• Concerned &ith ho& sociall" constructed ercetions a'outracial di,,erence heled to shae racist thin9ing in the =S.

• Esta'lished the rimac" o, the social construction o, raceand racial di,,erentiation o*er more mur9" 'iological,actors

• DuBois &as central in esta'lishing a theor" o, the olitics o,

racial identi,ication% or &h" and ho& eole ha*e come toidenti," as one race o*er another.


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The Ideology of ,aci%m

- Attempt to Gu%tify %ocial po%ition by a per%on3%

innate& biological ma0eup& largely by race& mental

ability 7intelligence and gender

- A%%umption: >ierarchical ordering of %ociety i% %een

a% an expre%%ion of a natural law: %ome people are

born more fit to lead and %ucceed than other%


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+ocial Con%truction of

Intelligence- )remi%e ": Intelligence explain% how well

people do

- )remi%e #: )eople3% ran0 in %ociety depend%on their own& innate ability!!their intelligence

- )remi%e @: If it can be %hown that intelligencei% inherited& than we can explain why it i% that

the children of %ucce%%ful people tend to be%ucce%%ful and why certain group%!!people ofcolor&immigrant%!! are di%proportionately poor

- $anger%Pou% con%eDuence%: $i%criminationK

+tructural ineDualitie%K Eugenic%


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Three 'odalitie% of power

Begal

)rohibition& )uni%hment%

$i%ciplinary

Conditioning& Individuali=ing Q

Collectivi=ing


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Two 'odalitie% of ,E+I+TA4CE

+trategie%

Within the ,ule%

fficial TechniDue%

Tactic%

ut%ide the ,ule%

nofficial 'ean%


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Tactic% of ,e%i%tance

- Adaptive +trategie% for dealing with )er%i%tent)overty

- Condition% of poverty and oppre%%ion reDuire acultural adaptation and re%i%tance built on trying to

compen%ate for living at economic.political fringe% of%ociety:

- Thi% adaptation ta0e% the form of %et% ofpractice%.oppo%itional %tyle% L Fictive ;in networ0%

L 2+wapping5 and other form% of reciprocity

L +peech )lay and Herbal Art%

L Fol0 religiou% activitie% and production%


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Example: Fictive ;in 4etwor0%

- Carol / +tac0K "O6% %tudy on poormidwe%tern blac0 community called 2TheFlat%5

- +he %ugge%t% that poor people coped byfo%tering 0in%hip tie% and fictive 0in%hip lin0%to form clo%e& cooperative group% that en%ureeconomic and %ocial %upport in time% of need

- 2+wapping5: food& %helter& child care& per%onalpo%%e%%ion%: generali=ed reciprocity

- $i%incentive% to marry: welfare& %haring


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Example: nderground

Economy in 2El /arrio5- The fieldwor0 of )hilipe

/ourgoi%

- Women3% activitie% L /aby!%itting

L Wor0ing 2off the boo0%5 a%%eam%tre%%e%

L Tending bar in %ocial club%

L Ta0ing in boarder%

- 'en3% activitie%

L +treet corner car repair L +elling Rnumber%5.drug%

L Wor0ing for unlicen%edcontractor%

+ iff ' di ) t ti


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+eriff 'edia )re%entation:

Ca%e +tudy of Everyday Tactic

of ,e%i%tance- +outh Texa% /ric0 Factory

Wor0er

- Ta0e% factory clay and%urrepticiou%ly form% it into

fol0 figure% for hi%community

- A form of fol0 art productionthat& when %een in politicalhi%torical context& can beviewed a% an act of

re%i%tance


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I%%ue% in 'u%eum

,epre%entation: "th century- The ,i%e of bGect!ba%ed Epi%tempology

- The role of the 4atural >i%tory mu%eum

- The place of 2repre%entation of humanculture%5 in the%e mu%eum%

- The metanarrative of progre%% and %ocialevolution

- 'u%eum% a% civili=ing ritual% for newimmigrant%: how to be 2a civili=ed Americanciti=en5


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verarching i%%ue% with

'u%eum ,epre%entation- $econtextuali=ation of obGect% from their original culturalcontext%

- ,econtextuali=ation through the len% of we%tern %cientific and

ae%thetic interpretative framewor0%

- bGect% a%%igned new generali=ed meaning% and value% a%obGect% of ethnography or art

- 'u%eum exhibition% di%tanced from culture% their collection%

repre%ent: both in %pace and time 7a%%ignment of obGect% to a

2traditional pa%t5

- Ethnic communitie% repre%ented a% i%olated& unchanging&

coherent& and unbro0en tradition%

- )erpetuate% act% of imperiali%m& appropriation& and ethnocentric

in%en%itivity


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4ew 'ovement% in 'u%eum

,epre%entation: #"%t Century- 'u%eum% becoming more people and

community!centered 7rather than obGectcentered

- 'u%eum% becoming intere%ted in people%3living culture% rather than Gu%t their pa%t

-


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The )o%tmodern movement in

'u%eum ,epre%entation- Inclu%ion of 4ative per%pective%

- Ac0nowledgement of 'ultiple truth%

- ,ecognition of how people feel about

obGect%

- +ituation of obGect% and people% within

particular hi%torie% of contact& relation%of power& development


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Example from the Field:

Forgotten i%torie% that have been hidden are brought to light:

hi%torie% of forced migrationK conflict%K danger%K racial

profiling

- 4ote: Thin0 about what thi% new model for mu%eum

exhibit% ha% in common with Bila Abu!Bughod3% 2new

model5 for ethnographic writing

4 T h i i '


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4ew TechniDue% in 'u%eum

,epre%entation- Inclu%ion of contemporary %torie% in hi%tory exhibit- pportunitie% for vi%itor% to include their own family

%torie%

- pportunitie% for vi%itor% to enter the conver%ation

through 2tal0 bac05 board%- Inclu%ion of vi%itor interactive% allowing vi%itor% to

di%cover through interacting directly with artifact% and%torie%

- Inclu%ion of oral hi%torie% from different %ta0eholder%inve%ted in the %ame i%%ue

- Babel% which %tre%% open ended Due%tion% ratherthan didactic fact%


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Why i% all thi% important?

- Tolerance

- $iver%ity

- Adaptability.Accountabil

ity

- nder%tanding where

our a%%umption% come

from

- ,ecogni=ing our own

2po%itionality5 and how

that influence% how we

thin0 about

wk 16b ant 302 2015 final review

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