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2/9/2011 1 WEATHERING CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 7 Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes Weathering is a Series of Physical, Biological, and Chemical processes. Modifies rocks, minerals, and sediments. Produces sediment transported by Erosion. Enables growth of new minerals (called sedimentary minerals) through crystallization. Produces Soil. Weathering Mechanisms Physical and biological weathering causes rock to fracture and fragment Chemical weathering attacks exposed surfaces Physical Weathering causes Fragmentation of Rock. Pressure Release, Abrasion, FreezeThaw, Hydraulic Action, Growth of Salt Crystals, other Physical Means Physical weathering is aided by rock joints and other types of fractures Pressure release jointing Exfoliation Wind abrasion forming Ventifacts Desert pavement FREEZETHAW Talus slope created by IceWedging

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2/9/2011

1

WEATHERINGCHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7

Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations?

Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes

Weathering is a Series of Physical, Biological, and Chemical processes. 

• Modifies rocks, minerals, and sediments.

• Produces sediment transported by Erosion.

• Enables growth of new minerals (called sedimentary minerals) through crystallization.

• Produces Soil.

Weathering Mechanisms

• Physical and biological weathering causes rock to fracture and fragment

• Chemical weathering attacks exposed surfaces

Physical Weathering causes Fragmentation of Rock.

Pressure Release, Abrasion, Freeze‐Thaw, Hydraulic Action, Growth of Salt Crystals, other Physical Means

Physical weathering is aided by rock joints and other types of fractures

Pressure release jointing ‐Exfoliation

Wind abrasion forming Ventifacts

Desert pavement

FREEZE‐THAWTalus slope 

created by Ice‐Wedging

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FREEZE‐THAWTalus slope created by 

Ice‐Wedging

Soil, Spheroidal Weathering …

…and Natural Bridges are products of weathering

Hydrolysis, Oxidation, and Dissolution Are Chemical Weathering Processes.

• Water molecule is polarized.• Attracts cations.• “Universal Solvent”• Hydrogen bond ‐ polar

Hydrolysis is the chemical reaction (cation exchange) of a compound 

with acidic water.

Orthoclase feldspar becomes Kaolinite

2KAlSi3O8+2H+H2CO3+H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4+2K+2HCO3+4SiO2

feldspar + rainwater     react to form   clay  + dissolved salts + silicic acid

Oxidation = O bonds with cation (K, Ca, Fe, Mg) by electron sharing (covalent)

Fe2O3 ‐ Hematite

Dissolution occurs when carbonic acid dissolves 

the mineral calcite (found in limestone). 

(a) CO2 + H2O  H2CO3carbon dioxide gas + water  carbonic acid

Widespread dissolution

causes: Karst Topography

(b) CaCO3 + H2CO3 Ca2+  +  2HCO3‐calcite + carbonic acid  dissolved calcium + 

dissolved bicarbonate

Forms of Limestone – CaCO3

Travertine or FlowstoneChalk

Coquina

SkeletalLimestoneMicrite

Biological Weathering Involves Both Chemical and Physical Processes

1. Simple breaking2. Movement and 

mixing3. Carbon dioxide 

d d bproduced byrespiration forms carbonic acid

4. Organisms influence moisture in soil

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Sedimentary Products Result from All Three Types of Weathering Rocks and Minerals Can Be Ranked by Their Vulnerability to Weathering

weathered granite outcrop

Clays arephyllosilicates… 

sheet structures composed of silica tetrahedra. 

The Effects of Weathering Can Produce Climate Change.

Volcanic outgassing of Greenhouse Gas ‐ part of Carbon Cycle

The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis: 

• Global rate of chemical weathering dependent on availability of fresh rock. 

• Atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases as new silicate‐rich crust is exposed to hydrolysis during orogenesis (i.e., raising the Himalayas)

Global Cooling or Global Warming?BOTH – it depends on the time span under consideration.

Weathering Produces Soil

SOIL FORMATIONinfluenced by:

• biological processes, • nature of parent rock,• climate,• topography,• and time.

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HOT, ARID ENVIRONMENTS

Salts accumulate at the surface due to evaporation.

Frost, abrasion, and slaking break the rocky surface into sand or gravel.

Wind blows larger particles away – creating desert 

tpavement.

COLD ENVIRONMENTS

Mechanical breakdown (by ice wedging) is the major weathering process. 

CLIMATE CRITICALin SOIL FORMATION

• Physical Weathering

dominates in regions

of low temperature

and  low rainfall. 

• Chemical Weathering

dominates in regions

of high temperature

and high rainfall. 

HOT, HUMID ENVIRONMENTS INSOLUBLE RESIDUES with crusts of iron oxides (LATERITE) and 

aluminum oxides (BAUXITE) 

Seasonal freezing allowsvegetation debris toaccumulate in the soil. 

Soil surface becomesextremely rich in

Soil Horizons Animation

HUMID, MIDLATITUDE ENVIRONMENTS

extremely rich inorganic plant debris,known as the HUMUSLAYER

Soil Erosion Is a Significant Problem.

• Fluvial Erosion – particles of sediment removed by flowingwater in a channel:

SuspensionBed LoadSaltation

• Mass Wasting – sediment moved by gravity:Landslides Mudflows

• Eolian Erosion – sediment moved by wind.

Raindrops to Sheets to Rills to Gullies!

The Power of Wind – Eolian Erosion!

There Are 12 Orders in the Soil 

Classification System.

Mollisols Alfisols Entisols

Inceptisols Ultisols GelisolsU.S. SOIL MAP

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Which climate, weathering processes and soil profiles are likely in each of these five settings?

Residual soils contain accumulations of stableelements and compounds – Al, Fe bauxite, gibbsite

Oxisols

Sedimentary Minerals

Microcrystalline quartz(chert, agate, quartz)SiO2

Clay ‐ kaolinite

Calcite – CaCO3

Hematite/limoniteFe2O3

Granite – quartz, feldspar,biotite, amphibole

Saprolite – quartz, clay,hematite, Al‐oxide

BauxiteAl2O3 H2O

Erosion