wl9-water, energy and food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by jeremy bird

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Water, Energy andFood interactions:

taking a new look at

old problems Jeremy Bird, IWMI

ADB, 19 September 2013



Time for a new approach….

“For most of the last century, economic growth was

fuelled by what seemed to be a certain truth: the

abundance of natural resources. We mined our way to

growth. We burned our way to prosperity. We believed in

consumption without consequences. Those days are

gone….. Over time, that model is a recipe for national

disaster. It is a global suicide pact.”

United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon,World Economic Forum 29th January 2012.



To feed 9 billion people in2050, we needto produce 50-70% more

food and raisenutrition levels…

…and at the same timereverse environmentaldegradation

Humanity’s gr

eatest challenge



www.iwmi.org

Water for a food-secure world

Extent of degradation

• 25% of land in a degraded state.

• 752 Mha affected by water erosion.

• 549 Mha affected by wind erosion.

• 34 Mha of irrigated area saline

• Economic cost of land degradationin Africa in 2003 USD 7.5 billion.

– increasing to USD 14 billion by 2020 if current situation is not reversed.

• Extensive water quality impactsglobally affecting water availability.



Energy growth drives up water

demand

Global energy supply forecast to grow by more than one third by 2035 with high

dependence on fossil fuels supported by subsidies 6 times higher than renewables....

…. “Water

needs for energy production areset to grow at twice the rate of energy demand”. (World Energy Outlook, 2012)



ADB, AWDO 2013

UN Water – Water Security

Definition

“The capacity of the population to

safeguard sustainable access to

adequate quantities of acceptable

quality water for sustaining livelihoods,

human well-being and socio-economic

development, for ensuring protection

against water-borne pollution and

water related disasters and for

preserving ecosystems in a climate of

peace and political stability”



Water, energy food security nexus, Bonn2011



Sectoral “nexus wins”

Energy efficiency

measures can reduce

water footprint

Increases in

agricultural water

productivity can

reduce both water

and energy

consumption



Sectoral “nexus losers”

Shift to more water

intensive energy mix,

e.g. fracking, bio-fuels

Subsidy on electricity

for groundwater

irrigation pumping



New partnerships are addressing nexus

related issues



CGIAR Research Agenda



IWMI is involved in five CGIAR

research programs



Some examples of addressing interactions

Activity Nexus implications

Addressing the thorny issue of

groundwater subsidy

Reducing electricity consumption in

agriculture and unsustainable

abstraction

Raising water productivity More crop per drop – transfers tohigher priority uses

Balancing natural and built

infrastructure

Optimizing the set of benefits –

energy, food, provisioning and

regulating ecosystem functions

Using waste as a resource Replacing energy intensive fertilizer

production, foregone energy

consumption of waste treatment,

reduced pollution loads



Groundwater crisis

in Gujarat, India

Safe

Semi-critical

CriticalOver exploited

Saline

Free electricity encouraged

groundwater use, leading

to..

• Groundwater overdraft

• High electricity

consumption and cost to

State

• Unreliability of domestic

supply



• Pragmatic solution -separation of electricity

supply to villages and

pumps

• Outcome - reducedelectricity use, less

groundwater use, improved

power supply to domestic

users, higher yields

Similar schemes now proceeding in

neighboring states

Regulation doesn‟t always work…led to new approach of the Jyotigram program, Gujarat



www.iwmi.org


Why a groundwater based solution for

Bengal?

Groundwater use status in India

High

GW potentialOnly 42% of its potential is used

and less than 10% blocks are

critical, none are over-exploited

80% of farmers depend on GW



www.iwmi.org


Ground Water Policy change

• Agricultural growth in WestBengal had slumped by morethan half

• Research identified major

obstacle was access togroundwater

• New policies adopted to reduce„red-tape‟ and access for

smallholder farmers.• Could benefit more than 5.6

million smallholders



“Integrated response at policy level” India is taking up the challenge

• “Resilience of ecosystems to become a central plank of policy”

• “ 20% increase in water use efficiency of irrigation”

• “National Aquifer Management Programme”

• “ cut energy losses and stabilize groundwater ” • “convert watershed management programme into a productivity enhancing instrument”

• “management of liquid and solid waste promoted together with recycling and reuse”

• “ Indian cities and industries have to reinvent their water trajectory”

• “paradigm shift in flood management away from building more embankments”

• State Water Regulatory Authorities – “autonomy and accountability”

• Model Bill for Protection, Conservation, Management and Regulation of Groundwater



www.iwmi.org


Water productivity improvements are possibleMore food, less water – ADB TA

Cities in China take an increasing share of water…. but

agricultural output remains relatively steady



Provisioning services

Regulatory servicesCultural services

Supporting services

Natural basin

CropsHydropower

IndustrialRegulation of water balance

Erosion control

ClimateregulationSoil

formation

Nutrientcycling

Recreation

CropsHydropower

IndustrialRegulation of water balance

Erosion control

ClimateregulationSoilformation

Nutrientcycling

Recreation

Intensively utilized basin

CropsHydropower

IndustrialRegulation of

water balance

Erosion control

ClimateregulationSoil

formation

Nutrientcycling

Recreation

Multifunctional “green” basin

Natural and built infrastructure… striking abalance – increasing the total benefit stream



A continuum of water storage options…but how tolink disjointed governance and planning systems?



Example of joined-up thinkingManaged aquifer recharge in the Isfara River basin

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1.04.10 4.04.10 7.04.10 10.04.10 13.04.10

V, m/dInfiltration rate

Over 38,000 m³ was

infiltrated during 14 days

experiment in April, 2010

and 20,200 m³ at the 30

days experiment in April,2011 from the trench

of 0.1 ha area

2160

2165

2170

2175

2180

2185

2190

2195

2200

0 500 1000 1500

W a t e r d e p t h , c m

Hours

Well1

Modeling MAR indicated

potential for storing 100

Mm3

of

winter flow

P i l S l i “U d G d T i f



CURRENT ACTIVITIES:

• Assessing regional prospects (Eastern Ganga

initially)

• Developing conceptual hydrological modelling of

pilot design• Selection of pilot catchments (Ganga & Chao

Phraya basins)

• Determine costs and benefits of options

• Identifying institutional arrangements for sharing

benefits and costs between farmers and flood

agencies

Currently

Wet Season

UTFI

Wet Season

UTFI

Dry Season

Basin Scale Conjunctive Use to Mitigate Floods,

Improve Livelihoods and Increase Food Security.

• Develop strong proof of concept in technical,

economic & institutional terms

• Evaluate opportunities for up-scaling & out-

scaling

Flood risk in

the EGB

Potential Solution: “Under Ground Taming of Floods”.



Smallholder Agricultural Water Management:

Potential to Impact Millions in Africa

SSA: motor pumps• 122 million potential rural beneficiaries• Net revenues up to US$7.5 billion/yr.

Tanzania: motor pumps could benefit 2-3million people.

MediumLow

High



www.iwmi.org


Targeted Investment in Tanzania

• Research and dialogue at policy level result in increased funds

and visibility for agricultural water management (AWM).

Outcomes

• The Parliamentary Committee pledged to

support budgetary increase in the Ministry of

Agriculture around proposed AWM solutions.

• Ministry of Agriculture budget increased by Tsh

10 billion (USD 6 million). Additional support

possible.

• Permanent AWM discussion platform

established at Sokoine University.Key partners: Eng. Mbogo Futakamba, Deputy

Permanent Secretary; Dr. Nuhu Hatibu, CEO,

Kilimo Trust; Prof. Mahoo, Sokoine University



Scaling Up: Smallholder Access to Water & Markets

Backward Linkages

(Inputs)

Resource/Livelihood

situation

Forward Linkages

(Agricultural Products/Markets)

Externality

Management

PROFITABILITYOF AWM

SOLUTIONS

POLICIES/

INSTITUTIONS

ACCESS

IMPROVED

LIVELIHOODS

Rapid Participatory Opportunity and

Constraint Analysis (RPOCA)

Methodology which provides insights into: • Where to invest?

• Who could benefit?

• What types of interventions work best?

• How to intervene?

• Actors: What support is needed and from

whom?



Looking at waste differently - what if

waste and used water could have a

second life in agriculture and pollution of

water bodies reduced?



www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf

Growth of Bangalore and Hyderabad



Rapidly increasing urban influence on

water resourcese.g. Hyderabad, India

Kri shna Ri ver Himayat Sagar

Osman Sagar

GW

Musi River

GW – Ground Water

NJS – Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir

HyderabadWaste water irrigation

industry

Godavari Basin

Krishna Basin

NJS

Musi River

P ET Manjira

Singur

Godavari River water

W a t e r p u m

p e d

W a t e r p u m

p e d

Source: van Rooijen D, Turral H and Biggs TW. 2005. Sponge City: Water Balance of mega-city water useand wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrigation and Drainage 54: 81-91.



Water Quality over 40 km along the Musi River

Hyderabad

Sources: IWMI/J. Ensink



Fecal sludge management?

In most cities in SSA, S. Asia and SE Asia, population growthoutpaces the development of sanitation infrastructure,

making the management of urban waste, human excreta andwastewater ineffective.



Water pollution in peri-urban areas and downstream



Waste water

Piped water

Also an opportunity?



In the economically important

rural –urban interface it isdifficult to find a reliable

unpolluted water source



IWMI works closely with WHO and

FAO on risk mitigation

Assessing extent of reuse, risks, and benefits. Developing and testing low-cost options for microbial risk

reduction (multi-barrier approach from farm to fork).

Supporting international guidelines and capacity building.



Closing the nutrient loop ?



Example of a business model currently being implemented

in Ghana as a Private Public Partnership :Fecal Sludge Valorization



Current Status of RRR program after 18 months

Database of 150+ inspiring RRR business cases

Selection of 60 cases for in-depth analysis (see map)

So far 20 promising business models extracted

Feasibility studies of models starting in 9 cities

Business model implementation targeting 5 cities



Reorient irrigation bureaucracy? Proving difficult..

•Changes in governance systems

• Unbundle irrigation agencies and

farmer management

• Benchmark performance

• Create incentives (better pay) and

accountability.

• Realistic ISF and 100% collection



www.iwmi.org


Revitalize canal irrigation in South Asia

Taking a “new look at old systems”

• distributed storage to

improve system flexibility

and reliability • village tanks replenished by

canal water

• modernized irrigation e.g.

pressurized systems• groundwater recharge and

conjunctive use with surface

water



www.iwmi.org


IWMI’s research program:

• work at the interface of research anddevelopment – „providing the evidence for change‟

• place ecosystem health at heart of

sustainable intensification: CGIAR „Water,Land and Ecosystems’ program

• turn problems into solutions - innovate

• focus on increasing the resilience of people

and systems

• help close the “policy - implementation gap”

• promote policy coherence across sectors

Research for Development



www.iwmi.org


R E S E A R C H

C H A N G E &

O U T C O M E S

Research for Development

POLICIESINVESTMENTS

PRACTICES

BIOPHYSICAL

SOCIALECONOMICS

BUSINESS

RESEARCH OUTPUTSINTERMEDIATE

DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES



CGIAR Water Land and Ecosystems

Program – the vision:

A world in which agriculture thrives withinvibrant ecosystems, where communities havehigher incomes, improved food security and theability to continuously improve their lives



4. Variability

management

3. Addressingdegradation

1. Harnessing

productivity

2. Business

models



www.iwmi.org


Drylands Humid Tropics

AAS

WLE

CCAFS

Windows Funding




Visit our websites

iwmi.org

wle.cgiar.org

and our blog at

wle.cgiar.org/blogs

wl9-water, energy and food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by jeremy bird

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