wmw literature citeda123.g.akamai.net/7/123/11558/abc123/forestservic... · 2016-12-06 ·...

Whitefish Municipal Watershed Fuel Reduction Project EA Appendix A - Literature Cited

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Literature Cited Aquatics Anderson, B. and D.F.Potts. 1987. Suspended sediment and turbidity following road construction and

logging in western Montana. Water Resources Bulletin. 23(4):681-690. In: Shapiro, N.R. 2010. Assessing Efforts to Reduce Sediment Impacts in Cottonwood Creek, Blackfoot Basin, Montana. Thesis. University of Montana. Missoula, MT.

Archer (1989). Flood wave attenuation due to channel and floodplain storage and effects on flood

frequency. In: Grant, G. E. (2008). Effects of forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and Washington. DIANE Publishing.

Bilby, R.E., and Bisson, P.A. 1992. Allochthonous versus autochthonous organic matter contributions

to the trophic support of fish populations in clear-cut and old-growth forested sreams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 540-551

Bisson, P. A., R. E. Reiman, C. Luce, P. F. Hessburg, D. C. Lee, J.L. Kershner, G. H. Reeves, and R.

E. Gresswell. 2003. Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: Current knowledge and key questions. Forest Ecol. and Mgmt. 178(1-2): 213-229. In: Elliot, W.J. 2013. Erosion Processes and Prediction with WEPP Technology in Forests in the Northwestern U.S. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ISSN 2151-0032. Vol. 56(2): 563-579

Bosch J.M and Hewlett J.D. 1982. A Review of Catchment Experiments to Determine the Effects of

Vegetation Changes on Water Yield and Evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology, 55: 3-23. Callahan, P.C. 1996. Water yield recovery in the Northern Rockies. Thesis. University of Montana.

Missoula, MT. Cissel, Richard, et al. (2013). Center Horse and Morrell/Trail GRAIP Roads Assessment, Clearwater

River Watershed, Lolo National Forest, Montana Preliminary Report (pp. 54). Boise, ID: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

Elliot, W.J. 2013. Erosion Processes and Prediction with WEPP Technology in Forests in the

Northwestern U.S. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ISSN 2151-0032. Vol. 56(2): 563-579

Elliot, W.J.; Page-Dumroese, D.; Robichaud, P.R. 1999. The effects of forest management on erosion

and soil productivity. Proceedings of the Symposium on Soil Quality and Erosion Interaction, Keystone, CO, July 7, 1996. Ankeney, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society. 16 p.

Elliott, K. J. and J. M. Vose. 2006. Fire effects on water quality: A synthesis of response regulating

factors among contrasting ecosystems, p. 77-87. In D. L. Fowler [compì.], Proceedings of the 2nd Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, 16-18 May 2006. USDA For. Serv. SRS-Coweeta Hydrologie Laboratory, Otto, NC.

Engineering Staff. 1993. National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS,

Engineering Division. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC. Part 630, Section 4, Chapter 7.

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/engr/library/searchpub.pl?pub=1999c

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/engr/library/searchpub.pl?pub=1999c


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Flanagan, D.C.; Livingston, S.J. (eds.) 1995. WEPP user summary. NSERL Report No. 11. West

Lafayette, IN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory. 123 p.

Garbrecht (1991). Effects of spatial accumulation of runoff on watershed response. In: Grant, G. E.

(2008). Effects of forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and Washington. DIANE Publishing.

Gravelle, J. A. "Nutrient Concentrations Dynamics in an Inland Pacific Northwest Watershed before

and Afer Timber Harvest." Forest Ecology and Management 257.8 (2009): 1663-675. ScienceDirect. Web.

Grant, Gordon E.; Lewis, Sarah L.; Swanson, Frederick J.; Cissel, John H.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J.

2008. Effects of forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-760. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 76 p.

Hubbart, J.A., T.E. Link, J.A. Gravelle, and W.J. Elliot. 2007. Timber harvest impacts on water yield

in the continental/maritime hydroclimatic region or the United States. Forest Science 53(2): 169-180. In: Grant, G. E. (2008). Effects of forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and Washington. DIANE Publishing.

Hibbert, A.R. 1967. Forest treatment effects on water yield. In: Troendle, C.A., L.H. MacDonald,

C.H. Luce, I.J. Larsen. 2009. Cumulative Watershed Effects of Fuel Management in the Western United States. USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-231. In: Grant, G. E. (2008). Effects of forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and Washington. DIANE Publishing.

Ice, G. C., and J. D. Stednick, eds. 2004. A Century of Forest and Wildland Watershed Lessons.

Bethesda, Md.: Society of American Foresters. Karr, J.R., Rhodes, J.J., Minshell, W.G., Hauer, R.F., Beschta, R.L., Frissell, C.A., Perry, D.A. The

Effects of Postfire Salvage Logging on Aquatic Ecosystems in the American West. 2004. Conservation Biology 18(4): 957-967.

Kendall, C.N. 2011. Long term trends in April Snow Water Equivalent, Upper Flathead Basin.

Flathead National Forest. Kalispell, MT. Unpublished. Kendall, C.N. 2015. Hydrologic Effects of Forest Removal and Potential Impacts on Stream

Channels. Flathead National Forest. Kalispell, MT. Unpublished. Keppeler, E.T. and Ziemer, R.R., 1990. Logging Effects on Streamflow: Water Yield and Summer

Low Flows at Caspar Creek Northwestern California. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Arcata, California.

Losensky, John, B. 1994. Historical Vegetation Types of the Columbia River Basin. Unpublished

manuscript.


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Lugina KM, Groisman PYa, Vinnikov Kya, Koknaeva VV, Speranskaya NA. 2005. Monthly surface air temperature time series area-averaged over the 30-degree latitudinal belts of the globe, 1881-2005. In: Pederson, G.T., L.J. Graumlich, Fagre D.B., T. Kipfer, and C.C. Muhlfeld. 2010. A century of climate and ecosystem change in Western Montana: what do temperature trends portend? Climate Change, 98:133-154.

MacDonald, Lee H., and J.D. Stednick. 2003. Forests and Water: A State-of-the-Art Review for

Colorado. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Madej, M.A. (2001). Erosion and Sediment Delivery Following Removal of Forest Roads. Earth

Surface Processes and Landforms, 26: 175-190. MDNRC 2014. Montana Forestry Best Management practices Monitoring-2014 Forestry BMP Field

Review Report. Missoula, MT. Available URL: http://dnrc.mt.gov/divisions/forestry/docs/assistance/practices/2012bmplongrpt.pdf

Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). 2014. Flathead-Stillwater Planning Area

Nutrient, Sediment, and Temperature TMDLs and Water Quality Improvement Plan. Helena, MT.

MDEQ 2007. Final Watershed Characterization for the Haskill Creek TMDL Planning Area.

Prepared for MDEQ by River Design Group, Inc. Whitefish, MT. Mote, P.W.; Hamlet, A.F.; Clark, M.P.; Lettenmaier, D.P. 2005. Declining mountain snowpack in

western North America. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 86: 39-49. Moody, J. A., & Martin, D. A. (2009). Synthesis of sediment yields after wildland fire in different

rainfall regimes in the western United States. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18(1), 96-115.

Parrett, C and D.R. Johnson. 2004. Methods for Estimating Flood Frequency in Montana Based on

Data through Water Year 1998. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 03-4308.

Robichaud, Peter R.; Elliot, William J.; Pierson, Fredrick B.; Hall, David E.; Moffet, Corey A.;

Ashmun, Louise E. 2007. Erosion Risk Management Tool (ERMiT) user manual (version 2006.01.18). Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-188. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 24 p.

Shaman et al. (2004). Are big basins just the sum of small catchments? In: Grant, G. E. (2008).

Effects of forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and Washington. DIANE Publishing.

Singh (1997). Effect of spatial and temporal variability in rainfall and watershed characteristics on

stream flow hydrograph. In: Grant, G. E. (2008). Effects of forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and Washington. DIANE Publishing.

Stewart, I.T., Cayan D.R., Dettinger M.D. 2005. Changes toward earlier streamflow timing across

western North America. J Climate 18:1136-1155.

http://dnrc.mt.gov/divisions/forestry/docs/assistance/practices/2012bmplongrpt.pdf


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Stednick, John D. 1996. Monitoring the effects of timber harvest on annual water yield. Journal of Hydrology. 176:79-95

Shapiro, N.R. 2010. Assessing Efforts to Reduce Sediment Impacts in Cottonwood Creek, Blackfoot

Basin, Montana. Thesis. University of Montana. Missoula, MT. Tysdal, L.M.; Elliot, W.J.; Luce, C.H.; Black, T.A. 1999. Modeling erosion from insloping forest

[low-volume] roads with WEPP watershed model. Presented at the Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, May 23-26, 1999, Baton Rouge, LA. Transportation Research Record No. 1652, volume 2. 250-256.

Troendle, C.A., L.H. MacDonald, C.H. Luce, I.J. Larsen. 2009. Cumulative Watershed Effects of

Fuel Management in the Western United States. USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-231. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2009. Part 630

Hydrology: National Engineering Handbook, Chapter 7, Hydrologic Soil Groups. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, NRCS. 2016a. Custom Soils Report for Flathead National Forest

Area, Montana, and Upper Flathead Valley Area, Montana Haskill/Walker Creek AOI. U.S. Department of Agriculture, NRCS. 2016b. Custom Soils Report for Flathead National Forest

Area, Montana, and Upper Flathead Valley Area, Montana. Haskill Basin AOI. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service. 1995. Big Mountain Ski & Summer Resort

Final Environmental Impact Statement. Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, Montana. In: MDEQ 2007. Final Watershed Characterization for the Haskill Creek TMDL Planning Area. Prepared for MDEQ by River Design Group, Inc. Whitefish, MT.

Van Eimeren, P. 2016. Personal communication. Vose, James M.; D. L. Peterson and T. Patel-Weynand. 2012. Effects of Climatic Variability and

Change on Forest Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Science Synthesis for the U.S. Forest Sector. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-870. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

Vose, J.M., S.H. Laseter, G. Sun, and S.G. McNulty. 2005 Stream nitrogen response to fire in the

southeastern U.S. pp. 577-584 in S. Zhu, K. Minami, and G. Xing (eds.), 3rd International Nitrogen Conference, Oct. 12-16, 2004, Nanjing China, Science Press USA, Inc.

Water Consulting, Inc. 2002. Haskill Creek Watershed Assessment Final Report. In MDEQ 2007. Weaver, Tom. 2016. Personal communication. Wemple, Beverley C, & Julia A Jones. (2003). Runoff production on forest roads in a steep, mountain

catchment. Water Resources Research, 39(8).

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/engr/library/searchpub.pl?pub=1999p

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/engr/library/searchpub.pl?pub=1999p


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Economics Morgan et al. 2014 (BBER): “Employment Impacts of Timber Harvesting and Processing in

the United States”, Poster, University of Montana Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Morgan et al. 2016.

Morgan et al. 2016: “Montana Economic Report, Forest Products-Challenges and Changes

for Montana’s Forest Products Industry”, page 28, University of Montana Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Morgan et al. 2016.

Fire, Fuels and Air Quality Air Sciences, Inc. 2003. Users Guide: Smoke Impact Spreadsheet (SIS) Model. Prepared for the US

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1; project No.189-1. Albini, F.A. 1976. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. USDA Forest Service Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station Gen.Tech.Rept. INT-30. 92 pp. Alexander et. al. 1998. The international crown fire modeling experiment: An overview and progress

report. In Proceedings of the second symposium on fire and forest meteorology, 1998 January 12-14, Phoenix, AZ. Edited by Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society. (Pages 20-23)

Anderson, H.E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. USDA Forest

Service Intermountain Forest and Ranger Experiment Station Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-122. Ogden, UT.

Arno, Stephen F., Parsons, David J., and Keane, Robert E. 2000. Mixed Severity Fire Regimes I the

Northern Rocky Mountains: Consequences of Fire Exclusion and Options for the Future. In: Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T.; O’Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. 2000. Wilderness science in a time of change conference - Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

Cohen, J. 1995. Structure ignition assessment model (SIAM). USDA Forest Service Pacific

Southwest Research Station. SW-GTR-158. (Pages 85-92). Cohen, J. 2000a. What is the wildland fire threat to homes? Northern Arizona University, School of

Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ. April 10. Thompson Memorial lecture. 18 pp. Cohen, J. 2000b. Why Los Alamos burned. Forest Magazine. 8 pp. Available at

http://www.forestmag.org/why-la-burned.html. Habeck, J.R. and R.W. Mutch. 1973. Fire dependant forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains.

Journal of Quarterly Research. Vol. 3, No. 3, (Page 408).

http://www.forestmag.org/why-la-burned.html


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Hardy, C.C.; Hermann, S.M; Mutch, R.E. 2001. Smoke management guide for prescribed and wildland fire. Boise, ID: National Wildfire Coordination Group, Fire Use Working Team. Page 27.

Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class Guide Book Version 3.0 September 2010 Kalabokidis, K. D. and P. N. Omi. 1998. Reduction of fire hazard through thinning/residue disposal in

the urban interface. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 29-35. Laverty, Lyle and Jerry Williams. 2000. Protecting People and Sustaining Resources in Fire-Adapted

Ecosystems. A Cohesive Strategy. The Forest Service Management Response to the General Accounting Office Report GAO/RCED-99-65. Available at: http://www.fireplan.gov/cohesive.cfm.

Rothermel, R.C. 1991. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains.

USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station Res. Pap. INT-438. 46 pp. Ryan, K.C. and Nonan V. Noste. 1983. Evaluating Prescribed Fires. Paper submitted at the Wilderness

Fire Symposium, Missoula Montana. November 15 – 18.

General Flathead National Forest. 1992. Land and Resource Management Plan Annual Monitoring Report for

Fiscal Year 1991. Pfister, R., B. Kolalchik, S. Arno, and R. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. USDA Forest

Service Gen. Tech. Report INT-34. USDA 1987. FSH 7709.56 - Road Preconstruction Handbook; Chapter 4-Design. Washington Office.

Service-wide. USDA Forest Service 1983. Flathead Country Land System Inventory. Flathead National Forest. USDA Forest Service. 1986. Flathead National Forest Land & Resource Management Plan. Region 1,

Flathead NF. Kalispell, MT. pp.II-55, Q1-9 USDA Forest Service 1992. Land and Resource Management Plan Annual Monitoring Report for

1991. USDA Forest Service. 1995a. Landscape Aesthetics: A Handbook for Scenery Management.

Agriculture Handbook #701. Washington, D.C. USDA Forest Service. 1999a. Flathead National Forest Plan Amendment 21, Final Environmental

Impact Statement: Management Direction Related to Old Growth Forests. Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, MT. (Pages 48-59 and 84-96; Appendix A page 27. Also, see project record U-1.)

USDA Forest Service. 2001a. Flathead National Forest Noxious and Invasive Weed Control Decision

Notice. 44 pp.

http://www.fireplan.gov/cohesive.cfm


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USDA Forest Service. 2001b. Flathead National Forest Noxious and Invasive Weed Control Environmental Assessment. 122 pp. plus appendices.

Heritage Resources McLeod, Light and Horstman-Williams 2003

Invasive and Sensitive Plant Species Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. 2000. Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on

Flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 257 p. Pgs. 9-34. Accessed at: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr042_2.html

Christen, Douglas and Glenn Matlack. 2006. The role of roadsides in plant invasions: a demographic

approach. Conservation Biology Vol. 20, No. 2. pp. 385-391. Endress, Bryan A. and Catherine Parks. 2004. Element Stewardship Abstract for Potentilla recta –

sulphur cinquefoil. The Nature Conservancy. 9 pp. Accessed at: http://www.invasive.org/gist/esadocs/documnts/poterec.pdf

Evans, J. 1982. Element Stewardship Abstract for Artemisia absinthium – Common wormwood.

Updated by Nancy Eckardt in 1987. The Nature Conservancy. 8 pp. Available at: http://www.invasive.org/gist/esadocs/documnts/arteabs.pdf

Executive Order 13112 – Invasive Species. 1999. 4 pp. Accessed at:

http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/nepa/regs/eos/eo13112.html Hebel, Cassie L., Jane E. Smith, and Kermit Cromack Jr. 2009. Invasive plant species and soil

microbial response to wildfire burn severity in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Applied Soil Ecology 42:150-159.

Hitchcock, C. Leo and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of

Washington Press, Seattle and London. Page 220. Jacobs, Jim and Sharlene Sing. 2007. Ecology and Management of Houndstongue (Cynoglossum

officinale L.). United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. Invasive Species Technical Note No. MT-8. 7 pp.

Jacobs, Jim and Jessie Wiese. 2007. Ecology and Management of Invasive Hawkweeds [Hieracium

spp]. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. Invasive Species Technical Note No. MT-16. 10 pp.

Jones, Alexis and Elizabeth Crone. 2009. The Effect of Disturbance History on Hawkweed Invasion

(Montana). Ecological Restoration. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 139-141. King County Noxious Weed Control Program. 2006. Best Management Practices: Tansy Ragwort –

Senecio jacobaea Asteraceae. Accessed at: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/weeds


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Krueger, Jane and Roger Sheley. 2002. St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum). Montana State University Extension. 4 pp. Accessed at: http://www.ipm.montana.edu/CropWeeds/Extension/weed%20species%20-not%20every%20file%20is%20here-/St%2520Johnswort.pdf

Krueger, Jane and Roger Sheley. 2003. Oxeye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). Montana

State University Extension. 3 pp. Accessed at: http://www.ipm.montana.edu/cropweeds/Extension/weed%20species%20-not%20every%20file%20is%20here-/oxeye%2520daisy.pdf

Kuropat, Betty. 2009. Tally Lake Ranger District Silviculturist. Personal communication. LeCain, Ron and Roger Sheley. 2006. Common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). Montana State

University Extension. 4 pp. Accessed at: http://msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/MT199911AG.pdf

Lyons, K.E. 1998. Species Management Element Stewardship Abstract for Reed canarygrass. The

Nature Conservancy. 14p. Mauer, T., M.J. Russo, and M. Evans. 2001. Element Stewardship Abstract for Centaurea maculosa,

spotted knapweed. The Nature Conservancy. 8 p. Accessed at: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs.html

Menalled, Fabian, Jane Mangold and Ed Davis. 2008. Cheatgrass: Identification, Biology and

Integrated Management. Montana State University Extension. 4 pp. Accessed at: http://ipm.montana.edu/cropweeds/montguides/Cheatgrass.pdf

Montana Department of Agriculture. 2015. Montana Noxious Weed List. Website accessed October

30, 2015. http://agr.mt.gov/agr/Programs/Weeds/PDF/2015WeedList.pdf Montana Plant Life. 2012. Accessed 11/05/2012. Common Burdock – Arctium minus. Website:

http://montana.plant-life.org/species/arctium_minus.htm Natural Resource Information System. 2013. Forest Service database of Threatened, Endangered,

Sensitive Plants and Invasive Species. Accessed April 2013. Nuzzo, Victoria. 1997. Element Stewardship Abstract for Cirsium arvense. The Nature Conservancy.

32 pp. Available at: http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/cirsarv.pdf Parkinson, Hilary, Jane Mangold, Jim Jacobs. 2010. Biology, Ecology and Management of Hoary

Alyssum (Berteroa incana L.). Montana State University Extension. 15 pp. Accessed at: http://store.msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/EB0194.pdf

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economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics. 52: 273-288.


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Silveri, Ann, Peter W. Dunwiddie and Helen J. Michaels. 2001. Logging and edaphic factors in the

invasion of an Asian woody vine in a mesic North American forest. Biological Invasions Vol.3. pp. 379-389.

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aquatic communities. Conservation Biology Vol. 14 No. 1. pp.18-30. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2001. Future Trends in Agricultural Trade.

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Management Amendment No. 2000-95-5, FSM 2081.03. Noxious Weeds Management. USDA Forest Service 1997. Tansy Ragwort Control Project Record of Decision. 18 pp. USDA Forest Service. 2001a. Flathead National Forest Noxious and Invasive Weed Control Decision

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Code. 28 pages.


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USDA National Invasive Species Information Center. 2011. National Agriculture Library. Musk

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Finding on a Petition to List Pinus albicaulis as Endangered or Threatened with Critical Habitat. 50 CFR Part 17. Federal Register. Vol. 76, No. 138:42631-42654. July 19, 2001.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2013. Water howellia (Howellia aquatilis) 5-Year Review :

Summary and Evaluation. Montana Ecological Services Field Office, Helena, MT. Accessed at http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc4271.pdf

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Von der Lippe, Moritz and Ingo Kowarik. 2007. Long-distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a

driver of plant invasions. Conservation Biology Vol. 21, No. 4. pp. 986-996. Whitson, Tom D., Larry C. Burrill, Steven A. Dewey, David W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, Richard D.

Lee, and Robert Parker. Whitson, Tom D. (ed.) 2000. Weeds of the West. 9th ed. Laramie: University of Wyoming. Page 525.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2012. Invasive Species: Canada thistle. Accessed

11/05/2012. Website: http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Invasives/fact/CanadaThistle.html. Zouhar, Kris. 2009. Isatis tinctoria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of

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Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L. 2008. Wildland fire in

ecosystems: fire and nonnative invasive plants. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 6. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 355pp.

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Scenic Quality USDA-Forest Service. 1985. Flathead National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. Pacific

Northwest Region. USDA Forest Service. 1995. Scenery Management System, Landscape Aesthetics, A Handbook for

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Landscape Aesthetics, Handbook for Scenery Management, USDA Handbook 701. USDA Forest Service, The Visual Management System, 1974, National Forest Landscape

Management Handbooks, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture

NFLM, Volume 2, Handbook 462 NFLM, Volume 2, Chapter 4, Roads, Handbook 483 NFLM, Volume 2, Chapter 5, Timber, Handbook 559 NFLM, Volume 2, Chapter 5, Fire, Handbook 608

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Natural and Prescribed Fire in Pacific Northwest Forest. (pp. 317): Oregon State University Press.

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Existing Landscape Condition

Simulation of Prescribed Fire and Understory Removal

Viewshed: Greater Whitefish AreaPrescribed Fire Scenic Effects: Treatments would be imple-mented over a 5-20 year or longer time period as areas may need to be treated multiple times to achieve the desired re-sults. Burn timing and ignition patterns will be staggered to create a mosaic vegetation pattern up to 25% of the project area where prescribed units are located would have visual evidence of burn activity.

Year 1 – Up to half of the fuels treatment units would potentially burn with high intensity, reflective of the fire regime with these primary characteristics:

Mortality – seen as red needles and tree canopy, blackened stands, some standing snags and blackened tree boles and ground cover. The ground would be more visible with the strong liner patterns of standing stands becoming dominant. Most of the high intensity burn pat-terns would occur on the northwest facing slopes where the vegetation patterns are highly and densely textured. On the southeastern slopes the burn patterns would appear more mod-erate to light where vegetation patterns are more open allowing prescribed burns to blend in.

Burned canopy – intermixed in a mosaic pattern of unburned edges with low, moderate and high intensity patterns. A growing season would reduce the effects to the remaining scorched tree trunks, and dead saplings.

Year 5 - The landscape character changes would be visually noticeable, but would be enhanced in the long term by improving the scenic stability from a moderately low to a mod-erate or high sustainability. Large snags that would initially be seen as blackened would turn silver becoming more scenic as they are highlighted. The ground cover will green up reducing color contrast.

Appendix B