Women as Users and Women as Users and InventorsInventors

Team BroncosTeam Broncos

Jason BurgessJason Burgess

Celia PazosCelia Pazos

Enrique BarajasEnrique Barajas

Ileana CruzIleana Cruz

““Tools preceded machinery. The cylindrical log or Tools preceded machinery. The cylindrical log or rock with which a savage woman triturates rock with which a savage woman triturates foodstuffs is a tool; so is the muller, with which foodstuffs is a tool; so is the muller, with which grain is reduced to meal on a metate. But it is grain is reduced to meal on a metate. But it is next door to a machine-that is, a contrivance in next door to a machine-that is, a contrivance in which a vertical shaft is used, fixed in the upper which a vertical shaft is used, fixed in the upper stone and loosely piercing the nether…the stone and loosely piercing the nether…the earliest form of this meal-producing machine is earliest form of this meal-producing machine is found in the hands of women”-Otis Mason 1984found in the hands of women”-Otis Mason 1984

Mothers and Daughters of Invention Mothers and Daughters of Invention Autumn Autumn StanleyStanley

What is a tool?What is a tool?

A A tooltool is a device that can be used to is a device that can be used to produce or achieve something, but produce or achieve something, but that is not consumed in the processthat is not consumed in the process

Jason Burgess

What is a machine?What is a machine?

““A A machinemachine is a is a device that uses that uses energy to perform some activity” to perform some activity”

Jason Burgess

Elements of MachinesElements of Machines

Wheel and Axle: A wheel is attached Wheel and Axle: A wheel is attached to a center axle, When the wheel is to a center axle, When the wheel is turned the axle turns with a shorter turned the axle turns with a shorter more powerful motionmore powerful motion

Wedge: A wedge converts motion in Wedge: A wedge converts motion in one direction into a splitting motionone direction into a splitting motion

Gears: Gears are toothed or pegged Gears: Gears are toothed or pegged wheels meshed together to transmit wheels meshed together to transmit motion and forcemotion and force Jason Burgess

Tool vs. MachineTool vs. Machine

A tool is a simple device such as a A tool is a simple device such as a hammer used to make an activity hammer used to make an activity easier.easier.

A machine is mechanical device that A machine is mechanical device that uses energy to perform a processuses energy to perform a process

Both tools and machines are forms Both tools and machines are forms of technology to make life easier.of technology to make life easier.

Jason Burgess

Ancient MalletAncient Mallet

The ancient mallet is a tool because it is an instrument of manual operation.

Jason Burgess

Medieval Catapult Medieval Catapult

Catapult is a machine because of the mechanical operation utilized

Jason Burgess

Leonardo Da Vinci’s Leonardo Da Vinci’s counting machine counting machine

In 1967 researches discovered In 1967 researches discovered two unknown works by two unknown works by Leonardo da Vinci and were Leonardo da Vinci and were labeled “Codex Matrix”labeled “Codex Matrix”

Dr. Roberto Guatelli Combined Dr. Roberto Guatelli Combined Codex Matrix with a previously Codex Matrix with a previously deciphered codex which was deciphered codex which was labeled Codex Atlanticus and labeled Codex Atlanticus and built a replica.built a replica.

The replica was then displayed The replica was then displayed at an IBM convention with the at an IBM convention with the following text beside itfollowing text beside it

“…Leonardo's mechanism maintains a “…Leonardo's mechanism maintains a constant ratio of ten to one in each of constant ratio of ten to one in each of its 13 digit-registering wheels. For its 13 digit-registering wheels. For each complete revolution of the first each complete revolution of the first handle, the unit wheel is turned handle, the unit wheel is turned slightly to register a new digit ranging slightly to register a new digit ranging from zero to nine…”from zero to nine…” Jason Burgess

Celia Pazos

Women’s role in society as Women’s role in society as an influence for inventionan influence for invention

MEN’S role- HunterMEN’S role- Hunter Earliest hunters did not use tools or Earliest hunters did not use tools or

weaponsweapons WOMEN’S role- gathererWOMEN’S role- gatherer Digging stick used as a lever. Used Digging stick used as a lever. Used

primarily for gathering makes it a primarily for gathering makes it a woman’s toolwoman’s tool

Women’s place in the home led her to Women’s place in the home led her to invent machines to make tasks easierinvent machines to make tasks easier

Celia Pazos

Women’s role as Women’s role as burden bearer led to burden bearer led to invention of inclined invention of inclined plane and wedgeplane and wedge

Burden Bearing also Burden Bearing also led to invention of led to invention of parbuckle-earliest parbuckle-earliest form of a pulley used form of a pulley used to hoist bundles and to hoist bundles and load onto woman’s load onto woman’s backsbacks Celia Pazos

The pulley was also used by Sioux The pulley was also used by Sioux women women

““The woman’s device for drawing The woman’s device for drawing the skin covering to the top of tent the skin covering to the top of tent poles”poles”

Celia Pazos

Pottery-making Pottery-making exclusively a exclusively a woman’s rolewoman’s role

In Rio Azul, In Rio Azul, Guatemala a screw Guatemala a screw top ceramic jar top ceramic jar was found (dating was found (dating back to 5back to 5thth century) century)

Celia Pazos

Role in Role in SocietySociety

Machine/ToolMachine/Tool PurposePurpose

GathererGatherer LeverLever To pull yams To pull yams out of the out of the groundground

Miner Miner (collected red (collected red clay)clay)

Inclined Inclined PlanePlane

To help To help transport transport loadload

Burden Burden BearerBearer

PulleyPulley To load rock, To load rock, water etc water etc onto backonto back

Pottery Pottery MakerMaker

ScrewScrew Lid for jarLid for jar

Take-over of mechanical invention Take-over of mechanical invention occurredoccurred

For example the printing press- For example the printing press- invention of food presses only invention of food presses only needed to be adapted to press ink on needed to be adapted to press ink on paper and looking as far back as 4paper and looking as far back as 4thth cent BCE Sumerian women pressed cent BCE Sumerian women pressed images into moist clayimages into moist clay

Celia Pazos

Another example is the cotton ginAnother example is the cotton gin Debated what role Catherine Greene Debated what role Catherine Greene

had in its invention, but we do know had in its invention, but we do know Eli Whitney paid her royalties and Eli Whitney paid her royalties and once once admitted her help. admitted her help.

Celia Pazos

Class Struggle- Women’s role in Class Struggle- Women’s role in invention muted because their invention muted because their contributions to “important” contributions to “important” machines are ignored and the machines are ignored and the machines they do invent are machines they do invent are classified as “domestic”classified as “domestic”

Celia Pazos

Machines Invented by Machines Invented by WomenWomen

Beulah Louise Beulah Louise Henry- also known Henry- also known as “Lady Edison” as “Lady Edison”

Bobbin-free sewing Bobbin-free sewing machinemachine

Vacuum ice cream Vacuum ice cream freezer- This freezer- This machine was used machine was used to make ice creamto make ice cream

Enrique Barajas

Bessie Blount- Bessie Blount- African American African American women inventorwomen inventor

She was a physical She was a physical therapist for therapist for soldiers during soldiers during WWII. WWII.

She patented a She patented a device that allowed device that allowed amputees to feed amputees to feed themselves. themselves.

Enrique Barajas

Mabel MacFarren Mabel MacFarren Rockewell- She Rockewell- She helped design the helped design the power system for the power system for the Colorado River Colorado River Aqueduct. Aqueduct.

Was also the only Was also the only woman involved in woman involved in designing and designing and installing the power-installing the power-generating generating machinery for machinery for Hoover Dam. Hoover Dam.

Enrique Barajas

Agriculture MachinesAgriculture Machines Poultry raising Poultry raising

supplies and supplies and equipmentequipment Incubator egg-turning Incubator egg-turning

devicedevice Incubator trapIncubator trap

Garden tools and Garden tools and equipmentequipment Lawn mowerLawn mower

Stock raising Stock raising equipmentequipment Automatic feeding Automatic feeding

hopperhopper Stock-feeding deviceStock-feeding device

Enrique Barajas

““Laser machines”Laser machines” These are the ultimate These are the ultimate

electrical “machines”electrical “machines” Mary Spaeth- invented Mary Spaeth- invented

the tunable dye laserthe tunable dye laser She also invented the She also invented the

resonant reflector for resonant reflector for the army. This the army. This invention has made invention has made modern supermarket modern supermarket check-out technology check-out technology workable. workable.

Enrique Barajas

Medical MachinesMedical Machines Jesse Wright’s Jesse Wright’s

rocking bed for rocking bed for patients needing patients needing help with their help with their breathing. breathing.

Oxygen tent by Dr. Oxygen tent by Dr. Anne ChamneyAnne Chamney

Mary Gibbons Mary Gibbons contribution to the contribution to the prototype heart-prototype heart-lung machinelung machine

Enrique Barajas

ManufacturingManufacturing

Pauline Berke of Pauline Berke of Los Angeles Los Angeles developed a developed a shaping machine shaping machine for hot dog buns. for hot dog buns.

A Japanese woman A Japanese woman invented a invented a doughnut machine. doughnut machine.

Enrique Barajas

Office MachinesOffice Machines

CalculatorCalculator Duplicating machineDuplicating machine Signature roll for Signature roll for

duplicating machineduplicating machine Alignment device Alignment device

for duplicating for duplicating machinemachine

Stamp and label Stamp and label applying machineapplying machine

Enrique Barajas

Miscellaneous/ Other Miscellaneous/ Other MachinesMachines

Voting machine by Susan HuhnVoting machine by Susan Huhn Luggage carrier patented in 1978 by Luggage carrier patented in 1978 by

Deborah Ratchford. Deborah Ratchford. Fog-dispersing machineFog-dispersing machine

Enrique Barajas

1919thth Century Women’s Century Women’s InventionsInventions

Mary Dixon Kies – – 1809, invented a 1809, invented a process for process for weaving straw weaving straw with silk or thread. with silk or thread.

Sarah MatherSarah Mather – – 1845, invention of 1845, invention of a submarine a submarine telescope and telescope and lamp. lamp.

Ileana Cruz

Elizabeth J. Ames Howe- Elizabeth J. Ames Howe- invented the sewing invented the sewing machine.machine.

Helene Augusta Helene Augusta Blanchard- invented the Blanchard- invented the zigzag sewingzigzag sewing

Mary P. Carpenter- Mary P. Carpenter- invented sewing invented sewing machine needle & arm, machine needle & arm, & a fading mechanism& a fading mechanism

Eliza Alexander- Eliza Alexander- invented leather-sewing invented leather-sewing machinemachine

Ileana Cruz

Josephine G. Cochran- Josephine G. Cochran- developed the Power- developed the Power- Moded DishwasherModed Dishwasher

Margaret A. Wilcox- Margaret A. Wilcox- combined dish & combined dish & clothes washerclothes washer

Aslate, Juliet L. Ryon- Aslate, Juliet L. Ryon- invented the Soap-invented the Soap-Grater”Grater”

Annie Rhoads- Annie Rhoads- invented the “washing invented the “washing powder”powder”

Ileana Cruz

Emma D. Mills- invented the Emma D. Mills- invented the typewritertypewriter

Ileana Cruz

Eris Hodson- invented the “Potato- Eris Hodson- invented the “Potato- Digger”Digger”

Ileana Cruz

Harriet Tracy’s- invented “Safety Harriet Tracy’s- invented “Safety Elevators”Elevators”

Ileana Cruz

Harriet A. Strong- invented a device Harriet A. Strong- invented a device allowing her to open windowsallowing her to open windows

Ileana Cruz

Fire Escapes- 1892; Barbara Fox

Postage Stamp Vending Machine- 1891; Lizzie J, Darr

Reclining Chair- 1898; Carrie E. Browers

Coin Operated Machine- 1800’s; Clara E. Patterson

Camera- 1883; Emma Allen & Laura Girwin

Folding Cabinet Bed- 1885; Sarah Goodes

Quiz Quiz

1. What is the difference between tool and 1. What is the difference between tool and machine?machine?

2. Name one of the earliest machines 2. Name one of the earliest machines created women and influenced by their created women and influenced by their role in society.role in society.

3. Who was known as “Lady Edison”?3. Who was known as “Lady Edison”?

4. In what year was the typewriter invented?4. In what year was the typewriter invented?

5. List three contemporary machines 5. List three contemporary machines invented by women.invented by women.