women empowerment
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WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
DR. RAGHAVENDRA HUCHCHANNAVARJUNIOR RESIDENTPGIMS, ROHTAK.
The origin of a child is a mother, a woman… she shows a man what sharing, caring, and loving is all about. That is the essence of a
woman.
Sushmita Sen, Miss Universe, 1994
CONTENTS
• Introduction • Current status of women
1. Economic participation2. Political empowerment3. Educational attainment4. Health and well-being5. Legislative measures
• Gender budgeting • Some bright spots
INTRODUCTION
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
•Article 1: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights…”
•Article 3: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person”
INTRODUCTION
• According to the UN definition, women’s empowerment has five components:• Women's sense of self-worth;• Right to have and to determine choices;• Right to have access to opportunities and
resources;• Right to have the power to control their own
lives, both within and outside the home;• Ability to influence the direction of social
change to create more social and economic order, nationally and internationally.
• Vedic period: Scholars believe that in ancient India(1500-1000 BC), the women enjoyed equal status with men in all fields of life, had freedom to choose partners for marriage. Daughters were not considered as liability or unwelcomed guest in the family.
• However, later (approximately 500 B.C.), the status of women began to decline.
• Age of Manusmriti (500 – 200 BC): Women were not given freedom at any point of time in her life. Not marring a girl before the age of 14 years was a sin.
INTRODUCTION
Medieval PeriodSati system, child marriage,
purdah, devdasi, ban on widow remarriage
INTRODUCTION
19th century
Raja Ram Mohan RoySati practice abolished - 1829
Ishwar Chandra VidyasagarWidow Remarriage Act – 1856
INTRODUCTION
Annie Besant 1st female president of INC - 1917
Sarojini Naidu1st Indian female president of INC - 1925
Queen of Jhansi Indian Rebellion of 1857
INTRODUCTION
Indira Gandhi - 1966
Kalpana Chawla
Kiran Bedi - 1972
Mother Teresa - 1979 Kalpana Chawla - 1997
Dr B R Ambedkar
I measure the progress of
a community
by the degree of progress which women have
achieved
• According to International Labour Organisation (ILO) reports
• while women represent – 50 percent of the world adult population
and – a third of the official labour force,
• they perform – nearly two-third of all working hours, and– receive only a tenth of world income.
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
43
29
8779
Employed Employed forcash
Women Men
Among the population age 15-49
• Men are 2 times as likely to be employed
• Men are 2.7 times as likely to be employed for cash
• Among the employed, 64% of women vs. 91% of men earn cash
• Female share of population employed for cash in non-agricultural occupations is 22%
Source: NFHS 3, India, 2005-06
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
HAVE A BANK OR SAVINGS ACCOUNT THAT THEY THEMSELVES USE
HAVE MONEY WHICH THEY CAN DECIDE HOW TO USE
HAVE TAKEN LOAN FROM MICROCREDIT PROGRAM
0 10 20 30 40 50
15
45
5
Percentage of women
Source: NFHS 3, India, 2005-06
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
• DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY:• covers aspects of Self Employment in rural areas
such as organization of the poor into self help groups, training, credit, technology, traditional industries, infrastructure and marketing.
• specifically earmarked for upliftment of certain target groups (SC/ST, women and disabled).
TRAINING
FINANCING
MARKETING
• Swayamsidha scheme; 2001 : Self Help Groups based programme with
emphasis on convergence activities. Objective is to ensure that Self Help Groups
members avail the benefit of all schemes and services in an integrated and holistic manner.
Involved in Income Generating Activities i.e. Food preservation, Vermi Compost, Embroidery, Beautician, Dari making, Gur patti making, Cutting & Tailoring etc.
Implemented in 6 districts of Haryana State (Ambala, Panchkula, Rewari, Hissar, Narnaul and Yamuna Nagar) under which 13 blocks have been sanctioned
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
• Haryana Women Development Corporation (HWDC); 1982 – Set up as Haryana Economically Weaker
Sections Kalyan Nigam Limited – Later it was named as HWDC– Micro Credit Scheme through HWDC: loans to
SHGs and the individual members.
HWDC District office, Rohtak
• H. No. 557-B, Kamal Colony, Tilak Nagar
• Phone No.: 01262-279701
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
• Rashtriya Mahila Kosh Scheme recognizes SMS as an eligible NGO for the purpose of promoting micro-credit and undertaken the responsibility of training members of SMS.
Skill Development training regarding Mushroom Cultivation, Tailoring ,Beauty Culture Training and Integrated Training programme on Diary productions have also been conducted respectively in District Sonipat.
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
• Support to Training and Employment Programme of Women (STEP) scheme under Ministry of WCD – with a view to help assetless and marginalised
women become economically self-reliant• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana -
Development of Women & Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
• Short stay home for Women and Girls (SSH)• Schemes of department of animal husbandary,
dairying, fisheries.• Promotion and strengthening of agricultural
mechanization through training, testing and demonstration.
• Marketing assistance scheme
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
• Scheme of fund for regeneration of traditional industries (SFURTI)
• National award scheme.• Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS)• Performance and credit rating scheme for small
industries• Rajiv Gandhi Udyami Mitra Yojana• Indira Awaas Yojana
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
• The global average of women holding parliamentary seats (18.6 percent) is far from the target of 30 percent set in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
• Many factors hinder women’s political participation, such as – political parties being slow to respond to
Women’s interest, – under-investment in women’s campaigns, – cultural barriers, and – their domestic and social responsibilities.
• Proven means for supporting Women’s engagement in political competition: – Quotas such as reserved seats,
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
• 556 women candidates contested the polls in 2009
AS AGAINST
355 (2004) & 284 (1999)
1999 2004 20090
100
200
300
400
500
600
284
355
556
No. of women candidates contested in election
Year
No.
of
wom
en c
andid
ate
s
• Participation of women
in elections increased
over the years
• Proportion of women
turnout for voting
(2009) – 58.2%
Source: Election Commission of India
58.248.0
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
9.7 9.6 9.2 9.1
10.3
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
1991 1999 2004 2007 2009
• Proportion of women
in national parliament
dipped till year 2007
Pro
port
ion o
f w
om
en in n
ati
onal parl
iam
ent
Source : upsc.gov.in
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
2002 2006 2005 20060%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
89.6 88.1 95.6 95.3
10.4 11.9 4.4 4.7
WomenMen
IAS IPS
Women’s position in the administrative jobs (2009)
Source : upsc.gov.in
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
36.83
63.17
Panchayti raj in-stitutions
Women
Men
Parliament
10.3
89.7
Women
MenSource : upsc.gov.in
Women’s position in the administrative jobs (2009)
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
• The Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, 2010 as approved by Rajya Sabha, seeks to reserve one third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, and the state legislative assemblies including Delhi.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
The education and empowerment of women
throughout the world cannot fail to result in a more caring, tolerant,
and peaceful life for all.
- Aung San Suu Kyi General Secretary
National League for Democracy, Burma,Nobel Peace Prize in 1991
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
0102030405060708090
100
5 6 7 1016 18
2835
4452
6574
Total
Total
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
0102030405060708090
100
10 11 12 1624 27
4046
5664
80 82
5 6 7 1016 18
2835
4452
6574
MaleTotal
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
0102030405060708090
100
10 11 12 1624 27
4046
5664
80 82
1 1 2 37 9
1522
29
39
54
66
5 6 7 1016 18
2835
4452
6574
MaleFemaleTotal
Female Literacy
Haryana – 66.7% Rohtak – 71%
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Women
Men
41
18
23
27
14
20
22
35
Percent distribution of men and women age 15-49 by highest level of education
No ed-ucation
< 8 years complete
8-9 years complete
10 years complete and above
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
• Barriers to Female Education– Poverty: one-third of India’s population :
BPL– Social values and parental preferences– Inadequate school facilities– Shortage of female teachers: 29 %
(prim.) & 22% (univ.)– Lack of transport facilities– Lack of hostel facilities for girls– Sexual harassment in school
• Women with some formal education are more likely to – delay marriage and child birth, – ensure their children are immunized, – be better informed about their own and
their children nutritional requirements & – adopt birth spacing practices. As a result, their children have higher survival rates & tend to be healthier & better nourished.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
• SARVA SIKSHA ABHIYAAN (SSA - 2000) aims to bridge social, regional and gender gaps, with the active participation of the community in the management of schools.
Goals of SSA :• Open new schools in areas which do not have them and
to expand existing school infrastructures and maintenance.
• Address inadequate teacher numbers, and provide training a development for existing teachers
• Provide quality elementary education including life skills with a special focus on the education of girls and children with special needs as well as computer education
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
• National Mission for Empowerment of Women: notified on 8th of March, 2010. The Mission aims at implementing the women centric programmes in a mission mode to achieve better coordination.
• The Mission has also been named Mission Poorna Shakti, implying a vision for holistic empowerment of women.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
• The Poorna Shakti Kendra (PSK) • Focus areas of mission
– Access to health, – Drinking water, – Sanitation and hygiene facilities for women
coverage of all girls especially those belonging to vulnerable groups in schools from primary to class 12,
– Higher and Professional education for girls/women
– Skill development, – Micro credit,
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
– Vocational Training, – SHG development – Dissemination of information taking steps to
prevent crime against women and taking steps for a safe environment for women.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
• Education Loan Scheme: – to encourage women/ girls belonging to
Haryana State to pursue higher education at Graduate/ PG/ Doctoral/ Post Doctoral level in the country and abroad. (HARYANA WOMEN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION)
– Integrated child protection scheme– Vocationalization of secondary education– Higher and technical education
• Swadhar – A scheme for women in difficult circumstances (destitute and deserted women, widows, women ex -prisoners, victims of sexual abuse)
• Sakshar mahila samooh
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
• Around 60 per cent of countries have achieved gender parity in primary education, 30 percent in secondary education and only 6 per cent in tertiary education.
Note: Countries are categorized according to GII scores into four quartiles, reflecting a relative grouping with 34-35 countries in each. GII – MMR, Adolescent preg %, seats occupied in parliament & women labour %
WOMEN’S HEALTH
• Maternal mortality ratio• Sex ratio• Malnutrition• Family planning• Institutional delivery• Domestic violence
WOMEN’S HEALTH
1982-1986
1992-1993
1997-1998
1999-2001
2001-2004
2004-2006
2007-2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
638
424 398327 301
254212
Years
MM
R (
mate
rnal d
eath
s/ 1
00
00
0 liv
e
bir
ths)
WOMEN’S HEALTH
153 HARYAN
A
INDIA SEX RATIO HARYANA SEX
RATIO
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
2001
2011
933
861
940
877
20012011
FEM
ALE
PER
TH
OU
SA
ND
MA
LEWOMEN’S HEALTH
Sex ratio of Rohtak - 868
INDIA CHILD SEX RATIO HARYANA CHILD
SEX RATIO
760
800
840
880
920
2001
2011
927
819
914
83020012011
FEM
ALE
PER
TH
OU
SA
ND
MA
LEWOMEN’S HEALTH
Child sex ratio of Rohtak - 807
WOMEN’S HEALTH
BMI below normal Overweight/Obese Anaemic
36
13
55
34
9
24
Women Men
Percent of women and men age 15-49
Institutional Delivery
41
34
NFHS-3NFHS-2
Delivery assisted by health personnel
49
42
NFHS-3NFHS-2
Percent
WOMEN’S HEALTH
• Population stabilization cannot be achieved by mere physical provisioning of contraception mix or emergency obstetric care. It is critical to involve people - and enable women in particular – to have a say in decisions relating to reproduction and livelihood.
• This brings in the issues of reproductive rights of women and of the larger conceptual issues of gender equality and of empowerment of women within and outside the household.
WOMEN’S HEALTH
Any ANC increased by 11 percentage points and 3+ ANC visits by 7 percentage points between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3
Still, less than half of women get ANC in the first trimester and get 3+ ANC visits
Institutional deliveries increased by 7 percentage points between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3
Nonetheless, more than half the deliveries still take place at home; half are not assisted by health personnel
WOMEN’S HEALTH
Percentage point change between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 States
Remained unchanged (2 states)
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland
Increased less than 7 percentage point (7 states)
Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Jharkhand, Tripura, West Bengal
Increased by 7-14 percentage points(10 states)
Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh , Mizoram
Increased by 15 or more percentage points (10 states)
Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttaranchal
Trends in Institutional Deliveries by State
4137
27
4 2 1 2
4843
34
2 2 3
56
49
37
15
22 3
NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3
Percent of currently married women age 15-49
WOMEN’S HEALTH
908372
8876
66 61
4737
NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3
2 sons 1 son and 1 daughter 2 daughters
Percent
Desire for No More Children among Women with 2 Children
WOMEN’S HEALTH
• SABLA scheme (Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent girls – RGSEAG)
• The SABLA scheme aims at empowering Adolescent Girls of 11-18 years by improving their nutritional and health status, upgradation of home skills, life skills and vocational skills. The girls will be equipped with information on health and family welfare, hygiene and guidance on existing public services.
• The scheme would be implemented using the platform of ICDS and AWCs would be the focal point for the delivery of services. However, where infrastructure and other facilities are inadequate in AWCs, then alternative arrangements will have to be made in schools/ Panchayat Community buildings.
WOMEN’S HEALTH
• New schemes for well being of mother and new born care - Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK), launched on 1st June, 2011, entitles all pregnant women delivering in public health institutions to absolutely free and no expense delivery including Caesarean section. The initiative stipulates free drugs, diagnostics, blood and diet, besides free transport from home to institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop back home.
WOMEN’S HEALTH
• Reproductive and Child Health (RCH)• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)• NRHM• Janani suraksha yojana• Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana• Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme• Kishori Shakti Yojana• Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
WOMEN’S HEALTH
“Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to
women, more than car accidents, mugging, or
rapes combined.”
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
37 35
1016
2724
21
711
40
Physical,sexual, oremotionalviolence
Physical orsexual violence
Physicalviolence
Sexualviolence
Emotionalviolence
Ever In the past 12 months
Percent of ever-married women age 15-49
Spousal Violence: The most common form of violence against married women
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
40
36
9
7
2
Any of these injuries
Cuts, bruises, or aches
Eye injuries, sprains,dislocations, or burns
Wounds, broken bones/teeth,other serious injury
Severe burns
Percent of women who have experienced spousal violence who had:
• National Mission for Empowerment of Women-Ministry of Women and Child Development.
Partner Ministries & Departments for programmes related to empowerment of women facilitated by NMEW:
– Ministry of Human Resource Development– Ministry of Finance– Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation– Ministry of Rural Development– Ministry of Panchayati Raj– Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
– Ministry of Health & Family Welfare– Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises– Ministry of Law & Justice– Ministry of Environment & Forests– Ministry of Labour & Employment– Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001)
• Government had declared 2001 as the year of Women’s Empowerment by adopting a National Policy to offer “Swashakti” to women.
• Goal - The goal of this Policy is to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women.• The objectives of this policy include
– Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full development of women.
NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001)
– Enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom by women on equal basis with men in all spheres.
– Equal access to participation and decision making, health care.
– Strengthening legal system, elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women and girl child
– Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women’s organisations.
LEGAL EMPOWERMENT• There are several laws specially for women &
their constitutional safe guards- - The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 - The Factory Act 1948 - The Plantation Labor Act 1951 - The Mines Act 1951 - Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 - The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 - The Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - MTP Act 1971
- The Equal Remuneration Act 1976
LEGAL EMPOWERMENT
– The Indecent Representation of Women [Prohibition] Act 1986
– Constitutional amendments for reservation of seats in the local bodies of Panchayat and Municipalities 1993
– Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) act 1994
– Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
GENDER BUDGETING
is a budget that acknowledges the gender patterns in society and allocates money to implement policies and programmes that will change these patterns in a way that moves towards a more gender equal society.
GENDER BUDGETING
Aims of Gender Budgeting• Close gaps/improve links between policy
pronouncements, resource allocation and outcomes on gender equality
• Key tool for sensitisation of various stakeholders
• Govts-tool for effective policy implementation• Committee for Gender mainstreaming:
monitors beneficiary oriented schemes of Ministries
GENDER BUDGETING
Categorisation• Category I: schemes explicitly mentioned
as women specific schemes in budget allocation of concerned Ministries
• Category II: schemes not completely focused on women but schemes with components on women (GOI calls it pro-women schemes)
• Category III: Ministries, with no explicit listing of women specific schemes & no women components
SOME BRIGHT SPOTS• Women in Uttar Pradesh have
joined hands and have formed an association called as Gulabi gang.
• The gang is fighting against all the big people in power who think they can exploit the women as they are physically and emotionally weak.
• Till the date they have aided a lot of women in the respective area. No matter what the problem is. Let it be domestic violence, rape, dowry you name it the gang is there to help.
SOME BRIGHT SPOTS
• India’s President, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Lower House of Parliament), Leader of the ruling Congress Party and Leader of the Opposition are all women.
• India is also the very first country to send an all female police contingent to participate in a UN peace keeping mission.
The women power we have..
ANM
ASHA
AWWWomen
empowerment
by community
participation
Health system
0.75 million
0.19 million
1.2 million
• I have only one request.I do not ask for moneyAlthough I have need of it,I do not ask for meat . . .
• I have only one request,And all I ask isThat you removeThe road blockFrom my path.
REFERENCES
• District Rural Development Agency, http://www.haryanarural.gov.in/DRDA.
• National Family Health Survey 2005-06 (NFHS-3) • Empowering Women: Promoting Gender Equaility:
UNFPA• Women’s Empowerment Through Gender
Budgeting - Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, November 2005.
• Mission National Mission for Empowerment of Women-Ministry of Women & Child development - nmew.gov.in
• UNIFEM - unifem.org
REFERENCES
• Human Development Report 2010, Human Development Report Office, UNDP.
• UN Women’s Strategic Plan 2012 – 2013.• National Policy for the Empowerment of Women
2001.• Report - Strategies for Empowerment of Women,
Development of Children and Issues for Adolescents, National Commission on Population, GoI.
• Haryana Women Development Corporation • United Nations Department of Public Information.
www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/humanrights/index.asp
REFERENCES
• Department of Women and Child Development , govt. of Haryana, wcdhry.gov.in/SWAYAMSIDHA.
• Women in India – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India
• indiacurrentaffairs.org/reservation-for-women-in-legislative-houses-towards-women empowerment.
• www.indiastand.com/articles/the-power-of-pink
THANKS