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    FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ITS IMPACT

    ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT

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    Gender-Based Violence as a Violation

    of Womens Human Rights

    Gender-based violence in general and violence

    against women by their partners in particular is ahistorical phenomenon in many cultures, with no

    limits of age, social class, race, ideology or

    religion.

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    Several decades ago, the various manifestations of

    this type of violence began to be understood as a

    violation of human rights, based on the principleof the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

    All human beings are born free and equal in

    dignity and rights.

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    International Conferences and Instruments

    The UN General Assemblys adoption of the Convention

    on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination

    against Women (1979).

    The World Conference to Review and Appraise the

    Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women:

    Equality, Development and Peace (Nairobi, 1985).

    The UN General Assemblys proclamation of the

    Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against

    Women, to reinforce and supplement the process that

    began in 1979 (Vienna, 1993).

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    Thus gender-based violence was configured as a

    complex issue whose existence is based

    fundamentally on the inequality between men andwomen an inequality that is culturally

    constructed, and which is legitimized and

    reproduced by social structures.

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    Types of Gender-Based Violence

    From emotional violence (insults, threats) tophysical violence (pushing, hitting, gun andknife attacks, murder).

    From sexual harassment to sexual exploitationand trafficking of girls and women.

    From genital mutilation to slavery.

    From mass rapes and sexual tortures duringwartime to the rape of refugee and displacedgirls and women.

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    Family Violence

    The most common and perverse

    manifestation of violence against women is

    that which is inflicted in their most intimateenvironments, in surroundings that are

    supposed to welcome, cultivate, develop

    and bring out the best in human beings the family.

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    Declaration on the Elimination of

    Violence Against Women

    The term violence against women means any act of

    gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result

    in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to

    women, including threats of such acts, coercion or

    arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public

    or in private life.

    (UN General Assembly, 1993)

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    Progress at the International Level

    The Organization of American States (OAS), through theInter-American Commission of Women (CIM), drafted theInter-American Convention to Prevent, Sanction and

    Eradicate Violence against Women Convention ofBelm do Par.

    States that ratified this 1994 Convention made aninternational agreement to sanction violence againstwomen, to protect victims, and to promote the conditionsnecessary for its eradication, as a way to continue making

    progress and to supplement other international instruments.

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    Chile: 1994

    Enactment of the Family Violence Act, following

    four years of Parliamentary proceedings.

    A strong message from the state regardingpunishment of family violence.

    A clear indication that this is an issue of

    profound interest to the state, as it gives familyviolence an eminently social character.

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    Violence Against Women

    in the Family Sphere

    Today there is a broader awareness that

    all women, regardless of their age,

    race, religion or social condition, are

    vulnerable or exposed to violence and

    abuses of power by their partners.

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    Effects of Family Violence

    on Womens Lives Life with a violent partner can have physical,

    social, emotional and psychological effects on

    women, in both the short and long term.

    This results in lower self-esteem, loss of

    confidence in themselves and others, isolation,

    depression, and suicidal tendencies.

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    Family Violence and its Impact on Children

    Women who are victims of violence and who suffereffects on their health and physical, mental andemotional condition will have more difficulty givingtheir children the appropriate attention, affection and

    care.

    Witnessing violence leaves children very scared,distressed and anxious about their own safety and thatof their mother and siblings.

    Around 60% of children who live with an abusedmother are or will be directly abused by theirmothers aggressor.

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    Children who experience family violence alsodevelop coping strategies. One of the mostcommon strategies is skipping school, whichalways exposes them to other risks.

    Other coping strategies include alcohol and druguse, involvement in street fights, and self-destructive behaviors.

    Studies show that children who are abused aremore likely to suffer psychiatric disorders inadulthood, and reproduce and/or become victimsof violent behavior.

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    Some Consequences of Family Violence

    Family violence is a problem that affects all the members ofthe family, and whose impact is harmful to society as awhole.

    In many countries, domestic violence is considered a publichealth problem that mainly affects women and theirchildren.

    According to the World Bank, in established marketeconomies, gender-based violence is responsible for oneout of every five healthy days of life lost to women of

    reproductive age. Gender-based violence causes more deaths and disabilities

    among women between the ages of 15 and 44 than cancer,malaria, traffic accidents, and even war.

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    Final Remarks

    Family violence is part of an extensive range of violent acts

    that occur in the private and public spheres, committed

    mainly by men, and whose principal victims are women

    and children.

    Violence against women, particularly at the hands of their

    partners, is a serious human rights violation, and an

    obstacle to the development of democratic societies.

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    Family violence limits or hinders womens full exercise of

    their rights. Therefore, addressing this problem will always

    require policies and actions to which states are activelycommitted.

    Family violence will always have a devastating effect on

    the lives of children, since it is an experience of brutal

    isolation for them, and asking for help can be a difficult,solitary exercise.

    The issue of family violence must be addressed from a

    gender-based perspective, especially with children and

    starting at a very early age working with them to buildnew gender references that are equitable and democratic.

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