women in afghanistan and marketing

8/16/2019 Women in Afghanistan and Marketing

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[ WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN AND MARKETING] Marketing

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

PROJECT ON

WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN AND MARKETING

SUBMITTED BY

SHAIKH FIRDAUS MOHD S.

ROLL NO. 43

PROJECT GUIDE

MRS. MAHALAKSHMI SANKAR

BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

SEMESTER VI(2!2"!3#

V.E.S. COLLEGE OF ARTS$ SCIENCE % COMMERCE$

SINDHI COLONY$ CHEMBUR & 4'!

Shaikh Fidaus Mohd S. – Roll No. 43 Page 5


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PROJECT ON

WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN AND MARKETING

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I/ P01,+0 F+*-/, ,5- 1-6+1-*-/,7

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SHAIKH FIRDAUS MOHD S. " 43

PROJECT GUIDE

MRS. MAHALAKSHMI SANKAR



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DECLARATION

I SHAIKH FIRDAUS MOHD S. student of BMS – Semester

VI !"#!$#3) hereby declare that I have completed this

project on WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN AND

MARKETING

The information submitted is true & original to the

best of my knowledge.

Stude

nt’s

Signature



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N0*- S,-/,

(SHAIKH FIRDAUS MOHD S.#

CERTIFICATE

I% MRS. MAHALAKSHMI SANKAR % here&' (ertif' that

M7. SHAIKH FIRDAUS MOHD S. of V.).S. *ollege of

+,BMS -Semester VI has (om/leted his /ro0e(t% titled

< WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN AND MARKETING = in thea(ademi( 'ear !"#!$!"#3. +he information su&mitted herein is true

and original to the &est of m' kno1ledge.

P1>-:, G+- P1+/:+?0

P1. MAHALAKSHMI SANKAR D1. (M17# J. K.

PHADNIS

C17- C1+/0,1

P1. MAHALAKSHMI SANKAR E@,-1/0 E@0*+/-1



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I 1ould like to take this o//ortunit' to thank

the Mum&ai 2niersit' for haing /ro0e(ts as a /art of the B.M.S

(urri(ulum.

I 1ish to e/ress m' heartfelt gratitude to the follo1ing

indiiduals 1ho hae /la'ed a (ru(ial role in the resear(h for this

/ro0e(t. ithout their a(tie (oo/eration the /re/aration of this

/ro0e(t (ould not hae &een (om/leted 1ithin the s/e(ified time

limit.

+he first /erson I 1ould like to a(kno1ledge is m' guide

M17. MAHALAKSHMI SANKAR 1ho su//orted me

throughout this /ro0e(t 1ith utmost (oo/eration and /atien(e. I am

er' mu(h thankful to them for s/aring their /re(ious time for me

and for hel/ing me in doing this /ro0e(t.

Net I 1ould like to thank m' /arents M1. MOHD SHARIF

their strong su//ort and (oo/eration.

Finall' I 1ould like to thank all m' 1+-/7 1ho hae hel/ed

in all /ossi&le 1a's in making this /ro0e(t /resenta&le.



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6ast &ut not the least I 1ould like to thank T5- A*+95,; for

al1a's hel/ing me.

EECUTIVE SUMMARY

e all are liing in the !#st *entur' 1here things had (hangeddrasti(all' throughout the 'ears. Reolution has taken /la(e andeer'thing is im/roing er' fast. If talking a&out 1omen7s allaround the 1orld their situation% /ersonalities and their 1a' ofliing has (hanged and im/roed.

omen toda' is en0o'ing freedom% health% edu(ation et(. &ut stillthere are man' (ountries 1here 1omen7s are dominated s/e(iall'in 8fghanistan. 8fghanistan is among those (ountries 1here1omen7s had &een earlier dominated &' +ali&an7s. +here has &een(enturies 1here 1omen7s 1ere and are treated like animals een inmore re(ent times that is during the Mu0ahideen #99!$#99:;

/eriod. ation 1ho hel/s these1omen7s to (ome for1ard and &uild their (ountries e(onom'.



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Man' (om/anies like (osmeti(s% mo&ile o/erators are alsostruggling hard in order to market and sell their /rodu(ts to these1omen7s in order to gain large market share and large /rofits isalso in(luded in this /ro0e(t.

Sr. No. +?PI* Pg. No.

# omen in 8fghanistan@

• Aistor'

• +hings &anned on 1omen in 8fghanistan

• 8fghan 1omen$+oda'

! 8fghanistan7s omen and )m/o1erment@

• *ulture Remains a Aurdle &et1een 8fghanistan7s omen and

)m/o1erment• Market


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5 Ins/iring stories of 8fghan 1omen

: *ase Studies

D *on(lusion

E Bi&liogra/h'

INDE

!.W*-/ +/ A950/+7,0/

H+7,1;

8fghanistan ma' &e the onl' (ountr' in the 1orld 1here during the last (entur' kings and /oliti(ians hae &een made and undone &' struggles relating to 1omen7s status. +hesituation of 1omen under the +ali&an rule has &een (enter stage.

+he situation of 1omen (ame to s'm&oli>e to estern militar' /o1ers a 0ustifi(ation of1ar in the name of freedom of 1omen. But the situation of 1omen in 8fghanistan toda'

is not onl' the result of the +ali&an7s /oli(ies. +here is a histor' oer the (enturies of1omen7s su&0ugation. )en in more re(ent times the Mu0ahideen #99!$#99:; re(ord is1orse than the +ali&an7s and this (ontinued further.

+ali&an de(lared that 1omen 1ere for&idden to go to 1ork and the' 1ere not to leaetheir homes unless a((om/anied &' a male famil' mem&er. hen the' did go out it 1asreCuired that the' had to 1ear an all$(oering &urCa. 2nder these restri(tions% 1omen1ere denied an edu(ation and 1ere refused health (are. Man' 1omen 1ere una&le toleae their households at all &e(ause the' (ould not afford a &urCa or the' no longer hadan' male relaties.

+hese 1omen 1ere for(ed to sta' at home and /aint their 1indo1s so that no one (ouldsee in or out.


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+ali&an religious /oli(e &eating a 1oman in a&ul filmed &' R88 on 8ugust !:% !""#

Seeral +ali&an and 8l$Gaeda (ommanders ran a net1ork of human traffi(king%a&du(ting 1omen and selling them into for(ed /rostitution and slaer' in 8fghanistanand Pakistan. Time Magazine 1rites@ H+he +ali&an often argued that the &rutal restri(tions

the' /la(ed on 1omen 1ere a(tuall' a 1a' of reering and /rote(ting the o//osite se.+he &ehaior of the +ali&an during the si 'ears the' e/anded their rule in 8fghanistanmade a mo(ker' of that (laim.

T5+/97 )0//- / 8*-/ +/ A950/+7,0/

W*-/ +/ A950/+7,0/ 01- )0//- , 7--10 ,5+/97

• *osmeti(s and Beaut'@

8ll makeu/ is &anned from the (ountr'% as 1ell as nail /olish. Some 1omen hae had

fingers (ut off for 1earing nail /olish% a((ording to orld Prout 8ssem&l'. e1elr' isalso &anned in 8fghanistan. omen (annot /lu(k their e'e&ro1s% or (ut their hair short.+he' (annot 1ear /erfume.

• *lothes@

8ll (olorful (lothes are &anned in 8fghanistan% as 1ell as an' (lothing item that is(onsidered st'lish. 8((ording to the +ali&an% su(h (lothes are (onsidered seuall'attra(ting (olors. ide leg% or flared% /ants are &anned% een under &urCas. +ight /ants are /rohi&ited% also under &urCas% and 1omen must &e (lothed to their anklesand &e eiled at all times in /u&li(.

• Shoes@

hite so(ks and shoes are &anned% sin(e the 8fghan flag (ontains 1hite% and 1earing1hite shoes 1ould signif' 1alking on to/ of it. 8lso% 1omen (annot 1ear sheersto(kings or high heels in 8fghanistan% sin(e it is against the la1 for a man to hear a1oman 1alking.



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• Not allo1ed to talk to other man e(e/t their father% &rother et(.

• +he' are not allo1ed to s/eak loudl' so that no other man (an hear their oi(e.

• +he' are not allo1ed to 1at(h +eleision et(.

• *onseCuen(es@

omen (an legall' &e 1hi//ed% &eaten% or er&all' a&used in /u&li( for not (om/l'ing1ith dress (odes. +he' hae &een 1hi//ed in /u&li( for not (oering their ankles.

)en toda'% iolen(e against 1omen in 8fghanistan is high although the situation is im/roingslo1l' as the (ountr' /rogresses 1ith the hel/ of the international (ommunit'. +hroughout the nineteenth (entur'% 8fghanistan (ontinued to &e a (ountr' dominated &' tri&es andmen (ontinued to hae ultimate (ontrol oer 1omen. +hus% one must a//roa(h the anal'sis of 1omen7s situation in 8fghanistan% not through the ideologi(al formulation of &efore and after the

+ali&an% &ut 1ithin the larger histori(al (ontet of 8fghanistan. ?nl' su(h a /ers/e(tie (an ensurethat 1omen 1ill &e seen as integral to the re&uilding of the 8fghan nation.

A950/ 8*-/"T0;

8fter nearl' ten 'ears of foreign militar' interention% it has &een /roed irrefuta&l' that1ar is not a solution for the (onfli(ts that (ontinue to roil 8fghanistan.


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their struggle 1here their national or internal solidarit' must &e(ome highl' im/ortant%een if su(h an o/tion has seemed an una(hiea&le goal% gien the fa(t that% des/ite alltheir (ommitment and strengths% 1omen are not 'et a&le to (om/ete 1ith the rest of the /o1er$holders in the (ountr'. In this situation% the urgent need for haing at least a strong /latform for (arr'ing out ado(a(' (am/aigns% 1hi(h are led &' 8fghan 1omen

themseles% 1as filled &' the 8fghan omen7s Net1ork 8N;.

+he strength of a stru(ture su(h as the 8N mainl' emanates from its a(tie N=?mem&ers 1ho are 1orking in different /arts of the (ountr' 1ith their so(ial seri(edelieries; and its ee(utie &oard mem&ers% 1ho all are strong ado(ates for 1omen7srights. +he N=? mem&ers of 8N are organi>ations led &' 1omen that are (arr'ing outsmall$s(ale deelo/ment assistan(e /ro0e(ts in arious /arts of 8fghanistan% fromBadakshan and Nangarhar to Aerat and andahar.

+hese 1omen7s organi>ations are a(tie in the so(ial field% 1here (arr'ing out ado(a('messages &' ?r>ala 8shraf Nemat !D their organi>ations in 1hi(h the' 1ould (riti(i>e

(ertain a(tions of the goernment% (ould &e seen as a /otential threat to their seri(edelier' 1ork.

Aen(e% the' all (ome together at 8N in a 0oint /latform to manage their ado(a('(am/aigns. e their /osition on (ertain (riti(al issues.



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+he /o1er struggle among arious grou/s to use 8N for their /oliti(al or /erha/s other /ur/oses is intense% &ut to a large etent% the net1ork has su((eeded at least in filling theimmediate ga/ for su(h a /latform% ensuring that in all ongoing and short$noti(edmeetings 1here im/ortant de(isions 1ere a&out to &e made% 1omen at least manage tomake their oi(es heard. For instan(e% at the 6ondon *onferen(e in earl' !"#"% it 1as on

no one7s agenda to s/eak a&out 8fghan 1omen% and the (onferen(e seemed s(ri/ted togain the assent of the international (ommunit' for allo1ing the return of +ali&an.

Nonetheless% 8fghan 1omen a(tiists su((eeded in a strong media (am/aign that at leastresulted in the a(kno1ledgement of 1omen7s rights and res/e(t for the (onstitution of8fghanistan. 8lso% it 1as the 8fghan 1omen 1ho strongl' raised their oi(es to affirmthe im/ortan(e of 0usti(e as 1ell as the strengthening of the formal 0usti(e s'stems in the(ountr'.

2.A950/+7,0/=7 W*-/ 0/ E*?8-1*-/,

C,1- R-*0+/7 0 H1- )-,8--/ A950/+7,0/=7 W*-/ 0/ E*?8-1*-/,

8fghanistan7s em/o1erment of 1omen is at the lo1est leels of an'1here in the 1orld.


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8fghani 1omen fa(e a stee/ (lim& in order to gain eCual footing 1ith their male(ounter/arts% in /art &e(ause 1omen often la(k o1nershi/% (ontrol and a((ess to /rodu(tie assets su(h as land% eCui/ment and materials% and their legal right toinheritan(e is usuall' &'/assed.

+he la(k of 1orking (a/ital and a&sen(e of (redit redu(es 1omen7s o//ortunities to starta(tiities that reCuire an initial inestment. +hese (onstraints are more a(ute for female$headed households. Per (a/ita e/enditures for female$headed households tend to &e #4 /er(ent lo1er than households headed &' a male.

).g.@ ActionAid


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1rite% along 1ith &asi( math skills. +he 1omen also re(eied training in health andh'giene issues% disease /reention% 1omen7s rights% (hildren7s rights% oting rights andmore.

ens of these 1omen7s grou/s hae also re(eied (a/a(it'$&uilding training that

en(om/asses skills su(h as (loth making% em&roider'% 1eaing% handi(rafts andmarketing. +heir /rodu(ts hae &een sold in multi/le ehi&itions and the in(ome istransferred to the grou/s7 mem&ers.

8(tion8id is also hel/ing to edu(ate 8fghanistan 1omen a&out their legal rights.

6ast 'ear% 8(tion8id trained and esta&lished a /aralegal net1ork of 3" 1omen to 1ork onissues dealing 1ith iolen(e against 1omen. ith the training in hand% the 1omen /roide (onsultation to suriors of iolen(e.

Moing for1ard% 8(tion8id re(ogni>es the need to (olla&orate 1ith the Auman Rights

ed &' the 8fghanistan Inestment Su//ort 8gen(' 8IS8;% it1as noted that 1omen7s /rodu(ts% /arti(ularl' garments do not sell &e(ause the' areheail' em&roidered and (ould &e used onl' in s/e(ial o((asions in 8fghanistan. +he /rodu(ers la(k the skill for utili>ing 8fghan designsL em&roider' on garments that areused freCuentl' used su(h as offi(e (lothes% eening dresses% (urtains% &ed sheets% &ed(oers% /illo1s% ta&le runners% 1all de(ors% et(.



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+he' also lament a&out not haing guaranteed &u'ers. *onseCuentl'% &usiness is slo1 andseems to hae no o//ortunit' to flourish. Mean1hile% if the' are a&le to get (ontra(tsfrom &u'ers% these are su&(ontra(ts 1hi(h redu(e their in(omeL/rofit. +he' haediffi(ult' in getting first$hand (ontra(t &e(ause the' hae limited a((ess to institutional &u'ers% information on 1here to find them and net1orks to fa(ilitate linkage.

).g.@ Parti(i/ants in Nangarhar inoled in handi(rafts /resented their diffi(ult' in sellingtheir /rodu(ts. +he' are (a/a&le of making good Cualit' handmade needle(rafts 1hi(htake around one month to finish. +he great amount of time the' dedi(ate to 1orking onea(h item naturall' makes it e/ensie. *onseCuentl'% their /rodu(ts (annot &e easil'sold% es/e(iall' sin(e the' are selling in illage markets. 8t the same time the' (urrentl'need mone' to su//ort their families. 8s a result% the' 1ould rather use em&roider'ma(hines to /rodu(e more items 1hi(h are /ri(ed at mu(h lo1er /ri(es than handmadegoods.

• Aigh (ost of trans/orting the goods@

Indiidual /rodu(ers 1ho lie in remote areas e/ress their ho/elessness in reali>ing an'in(ome from selling their /rodu(ts. hile the' hae to (ontend 1ith the high (ost oftrans/orting their goods% the' are not /rodu(ing enough olume that 1ill (oer the highoerhead e/ense for trans/ortation or fuel. +he high (ost of trans/orting goods eats u/almost all of their sales.

• Non$(om/etitie /ri(e@

Parti(i/ants from a&ul registered their (on(ern a&out the gro1ing diffi(ult' in(om/eting 1ith (hea/er food /rodu(ts su(h as s/i(es% /i(kles% 0am% and tomato /asteim/orted from Pakistan. +he' /ointed out that their /rodu(ts are more e/ensie &e(ausethe' do not use (hemi(al and /reseraties to /rolong life shelf life.

+he' identified the la(k of a//ro/riate te(hnolog' to /ro(ess their /rodu(ts% the la(k offa(ilities% in(luding (old storage for long$term storage% and the high (ost of trans/ortinggoods as the main fa(tors 1h' the' (annot afford to &e (om/etitie in terms of /ri(e.

• 2nattra(tie /a(kaging@



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Parti(i/ants from Balkh narrated that the tomato /aste the' /rodu(e are /a(ked onl' in /lasti(. +he' sell these in the lo(al market 1here there are im/orted &rands that are &etter /a(ked. omen are seeking assistan(e on ho1 the right /a(kaging is done to make their /rodu(ts more attra(tie in the e'es of &u'ers.

• Ina&ilit' to 0oin lo(al and international ehi&its@

+he 1omen are a1are that 0oining in lo(al and international ehi&itions &oosts their sales.Ao1eer% the' are fa(ed 1ith a host of o&sta(les to &e a&le to do so. 8t the to/ of the listis the high (ost of /arti(i/ating. )er' e/ense item is /rohi&itie – /lane fare% hotela((ommodation and ehi&ition s/a(e rental.

8nother is the diffi(ult' of getting isas. 8fghans generall' hae hard time in gettingisa. +here is a general sentiment a&out /er(eied la(k of su//ort from goernment inthis regard.

).g.@ 8 a&ul /arti(i/ant shared that to 0oin an ehi&it in =erman' an ehi&itor 1oulds/end 2S3%""" for trael e/enses and 2SE"" /er da' for ehi&ition s/a(e rental. +hetotal amount to &e in(urred 1as etremel' unafforda&le% es/e(iall' for an aerage 8fghan1oman ehi&itor 1hose initial inestment 1as onl' 2S5%""".



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R-:**-/0,+/7



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I/:1-07- 0::-77 , *-7,+: 0/ +/,-1/0,+/0 *01-,7

+he la(k of information on and a((ess to markets limits 1omen7s a&ilit' to gain a de(ent /rofit to kee/ their &usiness alie. Im/roing their a((ess to markets (onseCuentl'in(rease their sales% there&' redu(ing or eliminating finan(ial diffi(ulties.

•

8((ess to market information@omen /rodu(ersL e/orters should hae information on 1hat is in demand in themarket. Produ(t mat(hing a(tiities (ould &e initiated &' the Ministr' of *ommer(e andIndustr'% through the )/ort Promotion 8gen(' of 8fghanistan )P88;. It (ould (olle(tinformation on market demands% &e a (onduit that informs lo(al manufa(turers a&out1hat /rodu(ts are needed &' lo(al and international institutional &u'ers. +his 1illguarantee sales and address 1omen /rodu(ers7 /redi(ament that their /rodu(ts sta' longon the sheles and do not fet(h &u'ers.

?n the other hand% 1omen inoled in food /ro(essing (om/lain that the' (annot(om/ete in the lo(al market &e(ause the /ri(e of their /rodu(ts% 1hi(h do not use

/reseraties or (hemi(als% is higher than those 1hi(h do. +hese /rodu(ers (ould &elinked to then international market 1here the demand for organi( /rodu(t is signifi(antl'in(reasing. +his (ould &e done through trade missions that 1ill sear(h for /otential &u'ers. India (ould &e a /riorit' target for trade missions to maimi>e the &enefits ofS8F+8.

• 6o(al and International trade ehi&its@

?ne re(ommendation mentioned a&oe is /roiding 1omen 1ith a /la(e 1here the'(ould sell their /rodu(ts% su(h as in the Bagh$e$anana. 8nother is to organi>e /roin(ial%regional or national 1omen7s trade fairs% 1hi(h 1ill feature 1omen7s /rodu(ts% attra(tlo(al markets and generate sales. omen7s /arti(i/ation in international trade fair should

also &e gien e/ress su//ort.



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+rade atta(hOs (ould /ro$a(tiel' sear(h in their res/e(tie areas of res/onsi&ilit' forinternational ehi&its 1here 1omen (ould 0oin% es/e(iall' those that 1ould /roidesu&sidies on the /arti(i/ation (osts. 8ssistan(e in /ro(essing trael do(uments%

/arti(ularl' in o&taining isas% should &e guaranteed. omen do not hae to go asindiidual ehi&itors. +he' (ould go as a grou/ of ehi&itors and share the e/enses.=oernment (ould s/onsor or su&sidi>e grou/s of ehi&itors (om/osed of re/resentatie /rodu(ers of the different /rodu(ts 1ith 1hi(h 8fghanistan takes /ride. Businesses (ouldtake turns in /arti(i/ating.

• I*+ +ools@

+he 1e& is /resentl' the &est tool for finding o//ortunit' and for rea(hing distantmarkets 1ithout ne(essaril' leaing one7s /h'si(al lo(ation. omen &usiness o1ners(ould &e introdu(ed to tools that 1ill link them to the market su(h as e$(ommer(e% 1hi(h1ill ena&le 1omen /rodu(ers to sell in higher alue markets or /ur(hase (riti(al in/uts.

+he' (ould /re/are their &usiness /rofiles and /ost them on the 1e& or to &e linked tohighl' /o/ular or (ommonl' ie1ed 1e&sites.

8 data&ase of 1omen in lo(al and international trade 1ith information on their /rodu(ts(ould &e deelo/ed and maintained. +hese (ould &e made aaila&le to im/orters aroundthe 1orld% es/e(iall' to those 1hi(h (onsider 1omen7s e(onomi( em/o1erment a /art oftheir (or/orate so(ial res/onsi&ilit'. =oernment (ould /ut u/ a 1e&site that 1ill /romote1omen7s /rodu(ts.

It (ould feature /rodu(ts from ea(h /roin(e or 1omen7s &usiness federations and (ouldsere as a /ortal 1here /otential &u'ers (ould go to learn more a&out 8fghan 1omenmade /rodu(ts% find (onta(ts or /la(e orders. +raining sessions (ould &e (ondu(ted totea(h 1omen in &usiness ho1 to use information te(hnolog' to a((ess information on

markets and /oli(ies that goern lo(al and international trade and to e/and their rea(h &' /osting &usiness /rofiles.



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S,1-/9,5-/ 8*-/=7 +/09-7 /-,817 1 ,10-

+here is a need to (reate strong linkages and (oo/eration among 1omen7s &usinesses%es/e(iall' to meet their /rodu(tion reCuirements. +he olume reCuirements of e/ortinghae &e(ome the 1aterloo of small &usinesses that attem/t to &reak into the internationalmarket. ?ne the other hand% 1omen7s oi(es need to &e heard in /oli(' de(ision$making /ro(esses and their (on(erns at least (onsidered and at &est addressed in ne1 /oli(ies &eing ado/ted.

• Fun(tionalL lo(al 1omen7s &usiness organi>ations@

omen &usiness o1ners should &e en(ouraged% through media and information(am/aign% to 0oin organi>ations that hae strong /rogrammes addressing their needs.Mem&ershi/ in organi>ations is usuall' the reCuirement for a((essing loans and for

0oining international trade ehi&its. 6ike1ise% different kinds of asso(iations or(oo/eraties (ould &e formed de/ending on the needs of the 1ould$&e mem&ers. )istingones (ould &e strengthened. 8 (redit (oo/eratie (ould &e /ut u/ to address thereCuirements of those 1ho la(k finan(ial (a/ital. Most mi(rofinan(e institutions lend togrou/s that are lend to their mem&ers.



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8 /rodu(ers7 asso(iation (ould &e organi>ed to a((ess of goernment or internationaldonor /rograms that /roide (ommon seri(e fa(ilities su(h as &usiness (enters% /rodu(tion areas% eCui/ment and trans/ort% (oo/eratie stores and trading (enters.It (ould also &e a me(hanism for &ulk &u'ing of Cualit' ra1 materials at reasona&le /ri(es or for /ooling /rodu(tion out/uts to meet olume demands and to get first hand

(ontra(ts.

8 general /ur/ose organi>ation that (aters to the needs of a (luster of 1omen traders(ould sere all the needs of its mem&ers. +he organi>ation (ould &e the (onduit of &u'ersto its mem&er /rodu(ers. It (ould re(eie &ulk orders (oered &' /ur(hase orders from &u'ers and distri&ute them to mem&ers to &e /rodu(ed. +his a//roa(h guarantees that the /rodu(ts 1ill a(tuall' &e sold immediatel'.

Moreoer% the organi>ation (ould also negotiate for ra1 materials to alread' &e /roided &' the &u'ers to free /rodu(ers from the 1orries of not haing enough (a/ital to &u'Cualit' ra1 materials.

Instead of ado(ating a fast lane in *ustoms dedi(ated for 1omen% the organi>ation (ould8lso assign a re/resentatie or liaison offi(er 1ho 1ould &e res/onsi&le for its mem&er7s(ustom transa(tion. +he liaison offi(er 1ill &e oriented on the one$sto/ sho/ in order to &e familiar 1ith /ro(ess and maimi>e 1omen7s &enefits of goernment reforms thatfa(ilitate trade transa(tions.

• 2m&rella organi>ation for 1omen in trade@

+he 8fghan omen7s Business Federation 8BF; is one of the /rimar' um&rellaorgani>ations for 1omen in &usiness and trade in the (ountr'. It /roides 0ust the rightseri(es that 1omen entre/reneurs need.

Ao1eer% it (annot res/ond to all reCuests% es/e(iall' for a((ess to loans or grants andinternational markets. +heir organi>ational (a/a&ilit' (ould &e further enhan(ed to /roa(tiel' sear(h for and kee/ a data&ase of loanL grant$giing fa(ilities. +heir

(ommuni(ations fa(ilities and staff should also hae im/roed (a/a(it' to net1ork 1ithinternational ehi&it organi>ers and international &u'ers to in(rease its mem&ers7 a((essto international markets.

Net1orks 1ith international 1omen7s &usinesses or organi>ations that su//ort 1omen7s &usinesses should &e esta&lished. 8 &ig$sister% small$sister /rogram (ould &e started su(hthat &igger international 1omen$o1ned or 1omen$run (om/anies 1ould hel/ 8fghan1omen7s &usinesses% es/e(iall' in identif'ing markets and market demands.



23/95


+he 8fghanistan *ham&er of *ommer(e and Industries 8**I; is a non$ /rofit$organi>ation that ado(ates /oli(ies to su//ort the &usiness (ommunit'. It /roides &usiness fa(ilitation to its more than 3D%""" mem&ers around the (ountr' and seres asthe /rimar' sour(e of &usiness% market% inestment and trade information.

More 1omen &usiness should &e urged to 0oin 8**I to aail of its mem&er seri(es1hi(h in(ludes &usiness skill training% &usiness deelo/ment and net1orkingo//ortunities. 8**I7s /roin(ial &oard hae at least one 1omen &oard mem&er. 8**Imem&er (ould &e en(ouraged to ote for more 1omen on the &oard% their (on(erns 1illhae a &etter (han(e of &eing dis(ussed during regular meetings 1ith the /resident%(a&inet and international trade offi(ials% thus addressing the issue that 1omen are not &eing (onsulted in trade /oli(' dis(ussions and negotiations.

• )nsure 1omen7s /arti(i/ation in trade /oli(' (onsultations and negotiations@

omen entre/reneurs and 1omen7s &usiness grou/s hae to &e inited to trade /oli('

(onsultations% dialogues and (onferen(es. +he +? negotiating team should hae at leastone 1oman mem&er. ith the etent of 8BF7s rea(h in terms of mem&ershi/ and itsri(h insights as an organi>ation from the e/erien(e of assisting struggling 1omenentre/reneurs% the Federation (ould &e an authoritatie resour(e during national orinternational trade dis(ussionsL (onsultations. 8BF (ould /arti(i/ate as an institutionalmem&er in trade negotiating /anels.

+rade related goernment offi(es should also ensure that 1omen are hired among theirte(hni(al and de(ision making staff% su(h as in the +rade Poli(' 2nit of the Mo*i and inthe 1orking grou/ that 1ill lead efforts to im/roe 8fghanistan7s indi(ators in the


24/95


P191-77

T10+/9 1 P191-77 C50/9-7 +/ W*-/=7 L+-7

omen7s inolement in trade and &usiness has &rought a&out im/ressie (hanges &oth

in themseles% in their families and in their (ommunities.

• In(reased self$(onfiden(e@

It takes a lot of (ourage to go against the 1ill of the famil' and against the di(tates oftradition. omen 1ho entured into trade and &usiness must hae dra1n from a 1ell of(ourage 1hen the' 1ere a&out to take their first ste/. 8ll of the /arti(i/ants /roudl'shared that the most nota&le (hange the' hae e/erien(ed is im/roed self$(onfiden(e.8fter all the o//osition the' had to fa(e among famil' mem&ers% all the 1his/eredridi(ule from mem&ers of their (ommunities% and all the (hallenges and o&sta(les thatthe' had to oer(ome to start the &usiness and make it take off% the' are (ertain that the'hae 1hat it takes to &e self$reliant and to &e the &est the' (ould &e. omen are no1 a&le

to s/eak u/ for themseles and defend their rights.

8s the num&er of &usiness1omen in the (ountr' multi/lies% there 1ill &e more 1omen1ho are a&le to take (harge of their o1n lies and eentuall' su&stantiall' (ontri&ute tothe deelo/ment of so(iet' and the (ountr' as a 1hole.

• =reater mo&ilit'@

+he /arti(i/ants shared that the' had limited freedom to moe &efore the' entured into &usiness. +he' 1ere not allo1ed &' famil' to trael on their o1n. omen 1ere like1isenot allo1ed to sta' out late. Sometimes% the reason is a (onseratie (ulture and tradition.+he (ommunit' looks do1n on 1omen and their families if the' trael alone or arrie

home late. Sometimes% the restri(tion is &rought a&out &' genuine (on(ern. +he famil'1orries that the 1oman might not &e a&le to go &a(k home safe.

Ao1eer% &eing inoled in the e(onomi( domain $ manufa(turing% managing and tradingdemands that 1omen s/end a lot of time out of house. +o &e a&le to find ra1 materials orto sell their /rodu(ts% it is sometimes ne(essar' for 1omen to trael outside their distri(tsor /roin(es. If the' de(ide to ta/ the international market% the' are reCuired to traeloutside their (ountr'.

E.9. M0510* 70; -7:1, 8*-/ / ,5- 817, ,+*- ,50, ,5-; ,10-. H8--1$

,5+7 ?10:,+:- +7 /, +/ ,5- /9 1/ 07 +, )-7 ,5- :7,.



25/95


E1,7 ,0-/

E.9.! G-19+0 ADT W10?7 U? F S-:1+,; 0/ M01-,+/9 P1>-:,7

In late !"##% the =eorgia 8ed 0arring te(hniCue (ommonl' used in 8meri(a. 8fter1ard% t1o re/resentaties from ea(hof the nine distri(ts 1ere trained at the /roin(ial (enter in Ma'dan Shar. In the follo1ing1eeks% these eighteen 1omen (ondu(ted training at the illage leel for fift' 1omen /erdistri(t.

+he ho/e is that this /ro0e(t 1ill su&stantiall' and immediatel' im/roe food se(urit' forfamilies throughout ardak Proin(e. Fruits and egeta&les su(h as tomatoes% &eans%sCuash% a/ri(ots% a//les% and /ears are essential (ro/s in the /roin(e% &oth for nutritionalsustainment and famil' in(ome. 2nfortunatel'% 1ith a la(k of /o1er and refrigeration inthe (ountr'% man' 8fghan agri(ultural /rodu(ers struggle to store food /rodu(ts through

the 1inter and earl' s/ring months. Food that is /ro/erl' 0arred using the /ressuri>ed 0arring te(hniCue taught to these 1omen (an &e safel' stored from si months u/ to three'ears of time.

+he se(ond im/ortant initiatie (om/leted &' =eorgia 8


26/95


training and market resear(h ne(essar' to &uild the training (a/a(it'% leadershi/(a/a&ilit'% and seri(e /otential of the


27/95


3.M01-,+/9 ?1:,7 ); A950/+7,0/ 8*-/

A91+:,1-

In 8fghanistan% 1omen7s role in agri(ultural /rodu(tion is sha/ed &' the life ('(le of thehousehold% the /h'si(al site of fields% and other tasks that 1omen /erform during the

agri(ultural 'ear. +he su//l' of adeCuate la&or 1ithin the household sometimes meansthat 1omen do not hae to 1ork in (ultiation outside the famil' (om/oundQ ho1eer%ulnera&le 1omen 1ido1s% 1omen 1ith disa&led hus&ands% et(.; often do hae to assist1ith the /rodu(tion of la&or intensie (ro/s.

8t the same time% it is (riti(al to re(ogni>e that men7s agri(ultural a(tiities su(h as land /re/aration% /lantingLso1ing% and fertili>er a//li(ation are usuall' (om/leted 1ithin as/e(ifi( time frame% 1hile 1omen7s agri(ultural a(tiities su(h as 1eeding are re(urrent%dail' a(tiities that last from the time the seed is /lanted to harest time. )en though1omen ma' s/end the same amount of time on agri(ultural a(tiities% 1omen7s 1orktends to &e less isi&le% non$moneti>ed% and mu(h less re1arded than men7s 1ork. R8MP

seeks to address this im&alan(e &' in(luding 1omen in the full alue (hain of agri(ultural /rodu(tion and marketing.

8fghanistan is traditionall' an agri(ultural so(iet'. 8gri(ultural /rodu(tion is largel' ahousehold a(tiit'% 1ith 1omen and (hildren undertaking im/ortant roles alongside menin (ro/ /rodu(tion% horti(ulture and the rearing of liesto(k . omen lie 1ithin famil'(om/ounds% often for most of their lies. ithin the (om/ound 1alls 1omen manageliesto(k (hi(kens% dair' (o1s;% small or(hards nuts% fruits;% &ee hies and gardens.omen translate agri(ultural and liesto(k out/ut into enter/rise o//ortunities – 1eaing1ool from shee/ into (ar/etsQ making 0ams% dr'ing fruit% tending &ees and selling thehone'. Men often market the 1omen7s /rodu(e and tend the field (ro/s and liesto(koutside the (om/ound.

+argeting in(ome generation a(tiities for 1omen should &egin 1ith an assessment ofthose e(onomi( o//ortunities that hae multi/lier effe(ts on the 1elfare of theirimmediate and etended families. omen in /oor households% or households 1ith a lo11orkerLde/endent ratio% tend to /arti(i/ate in more agri(ultural tasks outside the home.Most rural households kee/ liesto(k% mainl' for domesti( (onsum/tion of meat% milk%1ool% eggs% et(. and o((asionall' for sale.



28/95


omen and (hildren are the main tenders of animals. Bo's are usuall' in (harge of takingthe animals for gra>ing 1hile 1omen and girls (olle(t fodder. hile 1omen hae asignifi(ant res/onsi&ilit' for animals% their liesto(k management in most areas is(entered in the home% taking (are of ne1&orn and si(k animals% milking% (olle(ting fodder and sta&le feeding.

• =ender roles in (ro/ related a(tiities@

In 8fghanistan% females are largel' res/onsi&le for 1eeding% haresting and threshing.Men undertake seed /re/aration% fertili>ation% s/ra'ing% threshing% hauling% (leaning%marketing% &u'ing seeds% fertili>ers and (hemi(als% selling /rodu(ts and &' /rodu(ts.Males are also inoled in hired (ro//ing a(tiities su(h as seed and land /re/aration% /loughing% trans/lanting% &road(asting% 1eeding% fertili>ation% s/ra'ing% hauling%(leaning% haresting% and marketing. Females7 inolement as hired is limited and 1henthis ha//ens the' are hired for a(tiities su(h as &road(asting% fertili>ation% threshing%hauling% (leaning and sometimes marketing.

•=ender roles in liesto(k related a(tiities@

In 8fghanistan% men are res/onsi&le for herding% /re/aringL/ur(hasing feeds% and makingu/ shelter for liesto(k. Males are also hired for making u/ shelter for the animals. ?nto/ of other home a(tiities% 1omen are res/onsi&le for tethering% milking% /ro(essingmilk% (leaning &arn% /re/aring dung (akes% and dis/osal of animal 1astes.*leaningL1ashing% feeding% 1atering% (olle(ting forages% marketing animals and their /rodu(ts are done &oth &' men and 1omen. In general% 1omens 1ork aries from /la(eto /la(e in 8fghanistan. 8mong most settled rural families% 1omen /arti(i/ate inagri(ultural 1ork onl' during light haresting /eriods% and are res/onsi&le for the /rodu(tion of milk /rodu(ts. Some 1omen s/e(iali>e in handi(rafts su(h as (ar/et andfelt making. Nomadi( 1omen (are for 'oung lam&s and kids and make a 1ide ariet' of

dair' /rodu(ts% for sale as 1ell as famil' use. +he' s/in the 1ool sheered &' men and1eae the fa&ri( from 1hi(h their tents are made. Felt$making for 'urt (oerings andhousehold rugs is also a female a(tiit'.

G-/-1 D+*-/7+/7 +/ ,5- A91+:,10 S-:,1


29/95


Moreoer% so(io$(ultural norms /rohi&it 1omen fromi; Intera(tions 1ith /ersons outside the famil'Qii; ork outside the home 1ithout a /ermission from a male famil' mem&er i.e.% father% &rother% or hus∧Q and

iii; +rael outside the illage. 8lthough there are regional ariations de/ending on thedegree of traditionalism in the (ommunities% these norms hae su&stantial im/a(ts on1omen7s land o1nershi/% mo&ilit' and rural a((ess% and a((ess to seri(es.In /arti(ular% the' (an seerel' limit 1omen7s a((ess to in/uts% etension seri(es% andmarkets% as those 1ho are seri(e /roiders in these areas tend to &e male.

• L0/ O8/-175+?

+he ast ma0orit' of 8fghan 1omen do not o1n land. So(ietal fa(tors di(tate that 1omenshould not o1n /ro/ert'% es/e(iall' land% although the' (an inherit land as 1ido1s and as(hildren of lando1ners.


30/95


immediate neigh&orhoods and (ommunities. +his in turn has signifi(ant re/er(ussions on1omen7s entre/reneurshi/ and su((ess in &usiness.

B' limiting 1here 1omen are /ermitted to go to sell their 1ares% restri(tions on mo&ilit'also influen(e the terms of sale for their /rodu(ts. In a fe1 instan(es% 1omen hae gained

greater mo&ilit' 1ith a((e/ta&le es(orts and afforda&le% suita&le means of trans/ort.+here is also some a((e/tan(e of the strength$in$num&ers a//roa(h% and 1omen traelingin grou/s ma' &e an effe(tie means of (ir(umenting mo&ilit' /ro&lems.

• A::-77 , S-1+:-7

8((ess to (redit from finan(ial institutions often de/ends on the a&ilit' to demonstrateo1nershi/ of traditional forms of (ollateral /ro/ert' su(h as land% ma(hiner'% andhousing. omen% 1ho generall' la(k title to land and other /ro/ert'% thus hae lesso//ortunit' to a((ess finan(ial seri(es. Moreoer% so(ial mo&ili>ation of /rodu(ers &'aid agen(ies is often &ased on /roof of land o1nershi/ or to head of household rules thatena&le onl' one famil' mem&er to register 1ith an asso(iation.

More &roadl'% restri(tions on mo&ilit' and intera(tion 1ith men limit 1omen7s a((ess toadditional seri(es or resour(es% in(luding in/uts% etension seri(es% marketing%edu(ation% and information. +he la(k of su(h a((ess limits 1omen to lo1$1age% lo1$alue em/lo'ment in agri(ultural 1ork and (an render la&or markets unres/onsie orslo1 to res/ond to demands for skilled 1omen 1orkers. +his im/lies less se(urit' inem/lo'ment for 1omen and fe1 /ros/e(ts for /romotion% 1hi(h are likel' to (om/oundthe inter$generational transmission of /oert'% /arti(ularl' for girls and 1omen

C/:7+/ T801 0 M1- N0/:- U/-17,0/+/9 G-/-1 +/

A91+:,10 V0- C50+/7Ao1 and to 1hat etent might 1omen /arti(i/ate in 8fghanistan7s e/anding e/ortmarkets for agri(ultural (ommodities It has &riefl' reie1ed 8fghanistan7s in(reasingo//ortunities to e/ort horti(ulture /rodu(ts in regional markets and% in /arti(ular% toIndia. 8t the same time% it has identified ke' (onstraints for 1omen7s /arti(i/ation in thehorti(ulture se(tor. So(ial and (ultural norms hae a su&stantial im/a(t on 1omen7s# i; 6and o1nershi/%! ii; Mo&ilit' and rural a((ess% and3 iii; 8((ess to seri(es.+hese three &road (onstraints (onstrain 1omen from moing &e'ond /rodu(tion% &asi( /ro(essing% and etremel' limited marketing of e/ort (ommodities.



31/95


P1*,+/9 0/ M01-,+/9 O??1,/+,+-7 1 8*-/ ?1:-17

+he follo1ing /oli(' re(ommendations su//ort 1omen7s im/roed /ositions in ke'horti(ulture alue (hains@

• D--? 0- :50+/ 0:,+/ ?0/7 ,50, 8 -/50/:- 8*-/=7 ?01,+:+?0,+/

M8I6 should deelo/ alue (hain a(tion /lans for ke' horti(ulture e/ort /rodu(ts% in(luding gra/esLraisins% almonds% and saffron. +hese /lans should &edeelo/ed in (onsultation 1ith all stakeholders% su(h as 1omen /rodu(ers% otherke' alue (hain a(tors% /riate se(tor% releant ministries and agen(ies% N=?s%and donors.

In su//orting the a(tion /lans% M8I6 should also deelo/ a marketing strateg' for ea(h /rodu(t to a((ess ke' regional and international markets. +he strateg' 1ouldhel/ identif' Cualit' standards and (ertifi(ation reCuirements39% 1hi(h need to &eaddressed &' etension /a(kages. +his 1ould hae to &e deelo/ed in(onsultation 1ith e/ort su//ort agen(ies% su(h as )P88 and 8**I% and the

/riate se(tor.

• S??1, *)++0,+/ 8*-/=7 ?1:-1 91?7 0/ ,5-+1 0991-90,+/

8+,5 *0- 91?7 0, ,5- :7,-1 1 +7,1+:, --

In forming /rodu(er grou/s% the *


32/95


• I*?1- 110 ,1-0:5 ); --?+/9 0 ? 8*-/ ?010"?1-77+/07

M8I6 (ould su//ort (reating a /ool of 1omen /ara$/rofessionals at the /rodu(eror (lusterLdistri(t leel &' training 1omen high s(hool graduates as 1ell as &uilding on eisting (a/a(ities of 1omen alread' 1orking in the alue (hains%su(h as 1omen farmer trainers or su/erisors. In addition to /roiding etension

seri(es% these /ara$/rofessionals (ould sere as entr' /oints for seri(e delier'%su(h as through@ i; Fa(ilitating grou/ formation and a((ounting su//ort for saings and (reditandLorii;


33/95


).g.@ +he hu& a//roa(h anal'>es origin and destination /atterns% olumes oftraffi( along s/okes% means of trans/ort aaila&le% and Cualit' of infrastru(ture toidentif' and u/grade ke' a((ess routes so that /rodu(ts (an enter formal regionaland glo&al trade net1orks. Su(h a (on(e/t is used 1hen /o/ulations are 1idel'dis/ersed% there are lo1$olume e(onomi( a(tiities% and distan(es &et1een

households and seri(e /roision /oints are (onsidera&le all (onditions that /reail in rural 8fghanistan.

• P1+- 0- :50+/ +//0,+/ 910/,7 1 8*-/

8 grant fa(ilit' (ould &e set u/ to s/e(ifi(all' su//ort 1omen7s /rodu(er grou/s%female seri(e /roiders in a (luster organi>ation% or 1omen managed /ro(essing(om/anies% in innoation and entre/reneurshi/ to /romote the alue (hains of ke'horti(ulture e/ort /rodu(ts for 8fghanistan. +his in(entie (ould finan(e 1omen7s /rodu(er grou/s in a((essing alue addition tools and infrastru(ture% s(holarshi/s for1omen seri(e /roiders% 1omen$to$1omen e(hanges through e/osure isits%1omen7s /arti(i/ation in regional or international ehi&itions% or marketing

etension% 1hi(h 1as su((essfull'% im/lemented in Bangladesh 1ith Muslim 1omen /rodu(ers. M8I6 (ould manage the grant fa(ilit' in (olla&oration 1ith other ke'ministries as a gender mainstreaming effort. In a//roing grants% M8I6 and theministries must ensure the im/lementation and sustaina&ilit' of these grant$fundeda(tiities% /arti(ularl' those in 1hi(h 1omen are /roided 1ith training on etensionor entre/reneurshi/% or 1ith links to markets. Be(ause the aaila&ilit' of grants 1ould &e limited% M8I6 should also seek o//ortunities to (olla&orate 1ith other /ro0e(ts for finan(ing% in(luding MRR


34/95


8s 1omen im/roe their /ositions in alue (hains% it is (riti(al that the' remain in (hargeof haresting and /ost$harest /ro(essing and that Cualit' (ontrol is ensured. +his 1ouldreCuire ena&ling 1omen$to$1omen seri(e delier' &'@i; Mo&ili>ing 1omen7s /rodu(er grou/sQii; Proiding etension seri(es on Cualit' (ontrol in haresting and /ost$harest

handlingQiii;


35/95


W*-/=7 R-7 +/ ,5- G10?-R0+7+/$ A*/ 0/ S01/ V0- C50+/7

omen /la' a ke' role in haresting and /ost$harest handling% in /arti(ular on small$s(ale farms. Belo1 are detailed des(ri/tions of a(tiities /er /rodu(t. +he la&or is mostl'home$&ased% and thus 1omen are un/aid. In the (ase of saffron% ho1eer% 1omen arehired &' small$ or large$s(ale farmers at 8f !""$3"" /er da' a//roimatel' 2S 4$In the

fresh gra/e alue (hain% male la&orers in large$s(ale or(hards are /aid at 8f 4"" /er da'a//roimatel' 2S E;. +heir 1ork also in(ludes lifting and loading.

• F1-75 910?-7 omen harest and /a(k gra/es in 5"$kilogram &ags 1ith

minimum sorting on small$s(ale farms. ?n large$s(ale farms% male la&orers arehired &' e/orters to harest and /a(k fresh gra/es in #"$kilogram (artons or #4$kilogram (rates and load those on ehi(les.

#

• R0+7+/7 ?n small$s(ale farms% 1omen /rodu(e &la(k and red 8fta&i raisins%

1hi(h are usuall' /rodu(ed from trimming 1aste% shattered &erries% s/illage% andleft$oer fruit at the end of the harest season. omen dr' these gra/es on an'

surfa(e% usuall' &are ground or the roof of a house% and (olle(t them into 5"$kilogram &ags along 1ith dirt% stones% and other (ontaminants 1ith ar'ing 1eight &' the harest. Be(ause of these /rodu(tion /ro(esses% raisins are (onsidered to &eof lo1er Cualit' than keshmesh raisins.

!

• A*/7 omen (lean almonds remoing the outer hulls;% sun$dr'% and (olle(t

them in large &ags in the or(hards 1ith no sanitar' or h'gieni( (onsiderations.8lthough shelled lo1$ to medium$Cualit' almonds fet(h /ri(es that are :"–D" /er(ent higher throughout the alue (hain% 1omen do not shell the fruit. +his is &e(ause shelling eCui/ment is not aaila&le at the /rodu(er leelQ thus% 1omen(annot shell almonds 1ithout (ra(king the fruit.

).g.@ 8s of Se/tem&er 3"% !"#".+he higher alue green keshmesh raisins% on the other hand% are /rodu(ed moreintensiel' &' dr'ing green gra/es in sim/le% mud$&ri(k stru(tures 1ith a lateralair flo1.

• S01/ 2nlike 1ith raisins or almonds% saffron haresting and /ost$harest

/ro(essing are highl' la&or intensie and time$&ound a(tiities. +he flo1ers must &e /i(ked at da1n% and stigmas hae to &e deta(hed from st'les 1ithin 4E hours of haresting. omen are hired as 1age la&orers% es/e(iall' if the' or their hus&ands /arti(i/ate in a /rodu(er asso(iation. +he /rodu(er asso(iations hae their o1n

/ro(essing units 1ith ele(troni( driers.•

3 Aen(e here fresh gra/es% raisins% and almonds% the /rodu(ers sell the &agged

4 /rodu(ts either to middlemen or illage$leel traders or at the lo(al market.

5 Marketing is usuall' undertaken &' men% &e(ause 1omen do not intera(t 1ith

6 middlemen or illage$leel traders 1ho are mostl' men;% trael to the market% or D lift hea' &ags.



36/95


W*-/=7 C/7,10+/,7 0/ O??1,/+,+-7 +/ ,5- G10?-R0+7+/$ A*/$ 0/

S01/ V0- C50+/7

omen are mostl' engaged in the earl' stages of alue (hains% /la'ing a ke' role inharesting and /ost$harest /ro(essing in the three alue (hains. Be(ause so(ial and

(ultural norms do not allo1 1omen to intera(t 1ith men or trael &' themseles% it ismen 1ho link households 1ith markets% 1hi(h in(ludes o&taining in/ut su//lies andselling /rodu(ts at lo(al markets or to middlemen or illage$leel traders. Men are alsoheail' inoled in /rodu(tion% in /arti(ular the a(tiities that reCuire hea' lifting orrea(hing higher &ran(hes. It identifies ke' (onstraints and o//ortunities for 1omen /rodu(ers and /ro(essors in moing u/ in the gra/eLraisin% almond% and saffron alue(hains &' s(rutini>ing 1omen7s roles at ea(h ste/ in the /rodu(tion /ro(ess.

C/7,10+/,7 0/ O??1,/+,+-7 1 W*-/ P1:-17

Rural 1omen are heail' engaged in /rodu(tion% haresting% and /ost$harest handling inthe gra/eLraisin% almond% and saffron alue (hains &' /roiding un/aid domesti( la&or in

famil' or(hards and households. omen% in /arti(ular% /la' a ke' role in /ro(essing%in(luding those in ur&an or /eri$ur&an (enters% 1ho are hired &' 1holesalers and /ro(essors in the raisin and almond alue (hains as 1age la&orers. +heir 1age isa//roimatel' 8f #"" to !"" /er da'% 1hi(h is less than half of 1hat male la&orers are /aid for haresting and /ro(essing fresh gra/es.

C/7,10+/,7 S?-:++: , W*-/

+he (onstraints highlights (hallenges s/e(ifi( to 1omen in /rodu(ing and selling higherolumes to high$end domesti( and e/ort markets in (ase of the raisin alue (hain.*onstraints that s/e(ifi(all' limit 1omen from moing u/ to other roles in the raisinalue (hains. =ien the so(ial and (ultural norms that limit rural 1omen from intera(ting

1ith men or traeling &' themseles% the (entral (onstraint for 1omen /rodu(ers is thela(k of 1omen$to$1omen seri(e delier' at eer' stage of the alue (hain% from /rodu(tion to marketing at the illage and mandi leels. +his affe(ts Cualit' at ea(hstage in the (hain% &e(ause it limits 1omen7s a((ess to etension seri(es% in(ludingharesting and /ost$harest handling% market &oth information and /h'si(al a((ess;% and(redit.#

• L+*+,- -@,-/7+/ 7-1+:-7

M8I6 and donor$funded /ro0e(ts /roide some etension seri(es% &ut these aremostl' targeted to men% 1ho o1n the land. Fo(us grou/ dis(ussions found that1omen had to de/end on 1hateer information the male famil' mem&er 1as

1illing or a&le to (ommuni(ate. Man' 1omen e/ressed their interest in re(eiingetension seri(es dire(tl'. A6P7s e/erien(e indi(ates that the ke' (hallenge is tohire and retain Cualified 1omen etension 1orkers 1ho are edu(ated as 1ell asmo&ile.

• P1 60+,; :/,1 0/ ?7,"501-7, 50/+/9

)en though etension seri(es are /roided to 1omen% the' largel' (on(ern /rodu(tion% in /arti(ular in(rease in 'ields% rather than Cualit' (ontrol inharesting and /ost$harest handling. 8lthough 1omen hae some &asi(



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kno1ledge of (leanliness and Cualit' standards% most are (om/la(ent a&outa(hieing them. +his is /arti(ularl' true 1ith raisin /rodu(tion% &e(ause it is ofse(ondar' im/ortan(e to fresh gra/es for farmers. omen therefore hae noadded in(entie% time% or resour(es su(h as mats for dr'ing; to /erform moreso/histi(ated /ro(essing. +he 1omen almond /rodu(ers are also a1are that

shelled lo1$ or medium$Cualit' almonds fet(h higher /ri(esQ ho1eer% the' do nothae tools to shell the almonds 1ithout (ra(king them.!

• L+*+,- 1 / *01-, +/1*0,+/:

omen hae little or no market information on /ri(e% high alue arieties%sanitation% or Cualit'% unless it is /roided through male famil' mem&ers. +his is &e(ause the ke' alue (hain a(tors% su(h as in/ut su//liers andmiddlemenLillage$leel traders are /redominantl' men% 1ith 1hom fe1 1omenare allo1ed to intera(t. Most farmers are highl' de/endent on sales iamiddlemen or illage$leel tradersQ thus% men% too% hae little idea a&out sellingarieties% Cualit' reCuirements% or (urrent /ri(es for their /rodu(e in ur&an

markets su(h as a&ul.3

• P1 *01-, 0::-77

Most rural 1omen hae limited or no a((ess to their lo(al market% &e(ause so(ialand (ultural norms do not allo1 1omen to trael &' themseles or intera(t 1ithmale sho/kee/ers. omen7s /oor a((ess to /u&li( trans/ortation and need formale es(orts has a greater im/a(t on saffron marketing &' the 1omen7s /rodu(erasso(iation in the (om/aratiel' (onseratie Pashtun arghoon


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O??1,/+,+-7 1 W*-/ +/ ,5- T51-- V0- C50+/7.

In ena&ling 1omen /rodu(ers to moe u/ the alue (hains of the ke' e/ort /rodu(ts%the 1omen$to$1omen seri(e delier' model needs to &e deelo/ed from /rodu(er to1holesalersL/ro(essorsLe/orters. 8P8 has 1omen sales agents% 1ho a(t as in/ut

su//liers or traders. +he' &u' raisins or almonds dire(tl' from 1omen /rodu(ers% /roide &asi( tools su(h as mats for dr'ing% and ena&le Cualit' (ontrol. 6ike1ise% the Mennonite)(onomi(


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!

• D--? 8*-/ ?010"?1-77+/07 , -/0)- 110 7-1+:- ,1-0:5

Be(ause rural a((ess in remote rural illages is /oor and there are a limited num&erand aaila&ilit' of 1omen etension 1orkers% the deelo/ment of 1omen /ara$ /rofessionals in these illages 1ould fa(ilitate 1omen /rodu(ers7 a((ess to etension

seri(es. A6P is su//orting 1omen farmer trainers in their /rodu(er grou/s% 1hile


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• M01-, 0::-77 ,5195 8*-/ 70-7 09-/,7

+he roles of middlemen% illage$leel traders% and in/ut su//liers are usuall'(onne(ted. 8lthough er' fe1 1omen o((u/' the role of middlemanLtrader% man' /arti(i/ants in the stud' stated that there 1as an o//ortunit' for greater re/resentation

of 1omen in this role. Female su/erisors at /ro(essing (enters or mandi alread' /la' a signifi(ant role in (ontrolling the Cualit' of raisins% almonds% and saffron. +he'(ould also train rural 1omen /rodu(ers to attain a((e/ta&le Cualit' leels.

#

• D--?*-/, 8*-/"8/- ?1:-77+/9 :-/,-17

In ur&an and /eri$ur&an (enters 1omen are highl' inoled in /ro(essing.Inestment at this leel (ould hae a signifi(ant im/a(t on 1omen7s /ositions 1ithinthe alue (hain. Su(h inestments should &e a((om/anied &' &usiness training for1omen in o/erating and managing su(h (enters.

C/:7+/ E/0)+/9 W*-/","W*-/ S-1+:- D-+-1;omen /la' a ke' role in haresting and /ost$harest handling in the alue (hains ofgra/esLraisins% almonds% and saffron. Rural 1omen dr' andLor /a(k fruits in famil'or(hards or homes &ut are not 1ell a1are of Cualit' (ontrol and in /arti(ular% of h'gieneand sanitation. 8lthough the' hae some idea of alue addition% the' do not hae thea//ro/riate eCui/ment% su(h as mats or tools to shell the fruits. +here are fe1 or no1omen at higher leels of the alue (hain% e(e/t for ur&an 1age la&orers% 1ho areem/lo'ed &' /ro(essing (enters or 1holesalers at 8f #""$!"" /er da' or 8f #"" /er 5"$kilogram of /ro(essing;. +he ke' (onstraint for 1omen /rodu(ers is the set of so(ial and(ultural norms that do not allo1 1omen to intera(t 1ith men% trael &' themseles% oro1n land. +his limits 1omen /rodu(ers7 a((ess to arious seri(es% su(h as etension

seri(es% market information% marketing% and (redit.

It is% therefore% (riti(al to ena&le 1omen$to$1omen seri(e delier'% 1hi(h 1ould su//ortrural 1omen in a((essing arious seri(es% su(h as etension seri(es% Cualit' (ontrol%marketing% and (redit. omen /rodu(ers (ould &e mo&ili>ed to form /rodu(er grou/s%1hi(h 1ould &e an entr' /oint for 1omen seri(e /roiders% in(luding etension 1orkers%illage$leel traders or sales agents% and loan offi(ers. Gualit' (ontrol in /ost$haresthandling needs to &e enhan(ed &' etension 1orkers or sales agents. +o ensure outrea(hin rural (ommunities% /rograms should deelo/ 1omen /ara$/rofessionals at the grou/ or illage leel% and these 1omen (ould then fa(ilitate seri(e links.



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:5

T1- E@0*?-7 1 W*-/ +/ A950/+7,0/ :011;+/9 A91+:,10 0:,++,;

!. T5- A950/ P1+- A77:+0,+/ A 8*-/"8/- ?1:-77+/9 :*?0/;

In a&ul *it'% the 8fghan Pride 8sso(iation 8P8;% a /ro(essing (enter o1ned

and o/erated &' 1omen% adds alue to dried fruits and nuts% in(luding raisins andalmonds. +he 8P8 has !"" 1omen mem&ers% 1ho 1ork at the (enter as /ro(essors or su/erisors. In !""9% 8P8 earned 2S 4!%""" from sales made tohotels% through t1o e/orter unions% and at their t1o retail sho/s. +he 1omensu/erisors also isit illages to /ur(hase /rodu(e dire(tl' from 1omen /rodu(ers. hile 8P8 is 1illing to /a' a /remium of 5"–#"" /er(ent to /rodu(ersfor /ro(essed /rodu(ts su(h as (leaned raisins or shelled% (leaned% and sortedalmonds% most of the /rodu(e is /ro(essed and /a(kaged at the (enter. In(om/leting orders% 8P8 sometimes /ur(hases /rodu(e from the 1holesale market.

8P8 is setting u/ lo(al (olle(tion and dr'ing (enters that (ould &e eCui//ed 1ith

solar dr'ers to /rodu(e raisins 1ith no dust and dirtQ su(h dr'ers are &eing tested.+he lo(al (enters 1ould use their trans/ort fa(ilities to (olle(t /rodu(e from1omen /rodu(ers. 8P8 (oo/erates 1ith 1omen7s asso(iations su(h as the8fghanistan omen7s Business *oun(il 8B*;% 1hi(h has a grassroots net1ork of 1omen and (ould /roide some assistan(e in marketing /rodu(e at lo(al andnational markets

2. T8 701/ ?1:-1 077:+0,+/7 1 A950/ 8*-/

Aerat Proin(e has t1o asso(iations for 1omen saffron /rodu(ers 1ith a(om&ined mem&ershi/ of a&out D5". ?ne is lo(ated in =hor'an


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3. P1++/9 -@,-/7+/ 7-1+:-7 , 8*-/ T5- HLP -@?-1+-/:-

+he Aorti(ulture and 6iesto(k Pro0e(t A6P; hel/s /rodu(ers ado/t im/roed /ra(ti(es to in(rease horti(ultural and liesto(k /rodu(tiit' and /rodu(tion. +heMinistr' of 8gri(ulture% Irrigation% and 6iesto(k im/lements the /ro0e(t in ##fo(us distri(ts in ## /roin(es in northeastern and (entral 8fghanistan. +he /ro0e(thas mo&ili>ed #:" 1omen7s and !!5 men7s /rodu(er grou/s 1ith a mem&ershi/of a//roimatel' 4%""" 1omen and :%""" men res/e(tiel'. Mo&ili>ation usuall'inoles &oth females and males in the same households to fa(ilitate &etteretension kno1ledge at the household leel.

ith the fa(ilitation of Roots of Pea(e% these 1omen7s /rodu(er grou/s re(eiehorti(ultural etension seri(es from #E 1omen etension 1orkers. It has &een a(ontinuous (hallenge to em/lo' and retain 1omen etension 1orkers. omenetension 1orkers need to (ome from the fo(us distri(ts% hae a high s(hooldi/loma% and &e a&le to /arti(i/ate in etension training and refreshers /roided &' the /ro0e(t. +hese (riteria are the same for male etension 1orkers &ut aremore stri(tl' a//lied for the sele(tion of female etension 1orkers% to ensure that1omen 1orkers feel more (omforta&le o/erating 1ithin their (ommunities. =ienthe (ultural (ontet% this strateg' seems to fa(ilitate their retention.

?lder 1omen (an generall' moe around the distri(ts 1ith fe1er limitations than'ounger 1omen% &ut the' are less likel' to hae (om/leted high s(hool. +he /ro0e(t has hired fresh graduates from high s(hool and /roided etensiontraining and refresher (ourses. omen7s /rodu(er grou/s hae &enefited frometension adi(e on /rodu(tion deliered through these 'oung 1omen. Roots ofPea(e are reie1ing etension seri(es to ensure that the' are (ulturall'a((e/ta&le to 1omen /rodu(ers and also meet their s/e(ifi( needs and interests1hi(h in(lude information on im/roing /ost$harest /ro(essing;.



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D+-1+/9 S,10,-9+-7

8/art from the general o&0e(ties (om/iled from the arious organi>ations andgoernments% there 1ere t1o strategies outlined &' the 8sia


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• 8s men are oer&urdened for off$farm a(tiities 1hen this is aaila&le% (ultural

shifts to en(ourage 1omen em/lo'a&ilit' 1ould signifi(antl' im/roe the foodse(urit' situation of the families.

• In tri&al regions of the t1o (ountries% females do not make de(isions on ma0or

in(omes e(e/t in isolated (ases 1here the' are allo1ed to kee/ in(omes from

sale of dair' /rodu(ts.• Poli(ies should in(or/orate measures to (reate an enironment that ena&les the

redu(tion of gender ga/s



45/95


R8MPR8MP% Rebuilding Agricultural Markets in Afghanistan Program% is a /ro0e(t of 2S8I<im/lemented under a (ontra(t 1ith *hemoni(s International. +he strategi( o&0e(tie ofR8MP is JIn(reased Marketa&le ?ut/utK and its t1o intermediate results are JIn(reased?n$farm Produ(tiit'K and JIn(reased Pro(essing and Market Produ(tiit'.K R8MP 1ill

im/roe food se(urit' and in(rease rural in(omes &' introdu(ing /ra(ti(al methods forin(reasing (ro/ and liesto(k /rodu(tiit'Q strengthen agri(ultural markets &' e/andingfinan(ial seri(es to mi(ro% small and medium$si>ed agri&usinessesQ and strengthen farmand agri&usiness (om/etitieness &' reha&ilitating rural irrigation s'stems% roads andlo(al market fa(ilities. 8ll of these a(tiities inole the /arti(i/ation of the (ommunitiesand farm households of rural 8fghanistan – &oth men and 1omen.

R8MP has re(ogni>ed the need to rea(h 1omen through its a(tiities. +his attention to1omen is in line 1ith +he 2nited States 8fghan omen and *hildren 8(t of !""# 1hi(his Jto seek the inolement of 1omen at eer' stage of re(onstru(tion as /lanners%im/lementers% and &enefi(iaries.K It is also (onsistent 1ith the 8utomated


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M01-,+/9 P,1; ?1:,7

P,1;

Village /oultr' /rodu(tion is a (ulturall' a((e/ta&le /ra(ti(e that addresses &oth the foodinse(urit' and in(ome generation needs of the household. Poultr' /roide s(ar(e animal

/rotein and (an &e sold or &artered to generate in(ome.

For eam/le% eggs are an ideal (om/lementar' food for (hildren in that the' are ah'gieni( sour(e of high Cualit' /rotein and itamin 8. Poultr' also /roides manure forfertili>er use on household garden /lots. Village /oultr' reCuire the lo1est (a/italinestment of an' liesto(k s/e(ies and /rodu(tion (an &egin in a relatiel' short /eriodof time.

Most /oultr' in 8fghanistan% like man' deelo/ing (ountries of the 1orld% are maintainedas &a(k'ard flo(ks and (an &e (hara(teri>ed as a s(aenger s'stem of /rodu(tion. +henet se(tion of this do(ument defines four t'/es of /oultr' /rodu(tion s'stems in order to

understand ho1 traditional s(aenger s'stems (an eole into more /rodu(tie s'stems.

M01-,+/9 ?1:,7

• E@?0/+/9 ,5- ,10+/+/9 /-,81 +/, 0/ +/?, 7??; 0/ *01-,+/9

/-,81

8fter the initial training /eriod of 5$: months the relationshi/ &et1een thetraineesillage 1omen; and the Pro0e(t is maintained and further deelo/edthrough the team leaders of the Poultr' Produ(er =rou/s PP=; 1hi(h are isited

&' the trainers at least on(e a 1eek.

+he team leaders are the ke' to net1ork deelo/ment and /la' a /iotal role inmarketing /oultr' /rodu(ts in ur&an (enters. +eam leaders are illage 1omen 1hoare sele(ted from among the trainees and &' the trainees. +he' hae demonstratedthat the' are res/e(ted &' their neigh&ors and a&le to isit other /oultr' o1ners inthe illage freel'. +he team leaders are also a&le to trael to ur&an (enters to(ondu(t /ro(urement and marketing a(tiities on &ehalf of their /rodu(er grou/.



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In order to ensure (ontinued deelo/ment of the net1ork% the team leaders re(eieadditional adan(ed training in disease identifi(ation and treatment% andinstru(tions on ho1 to kee/ finan(ial and other re(ords. Im/ortant seri(es% 1hi(hare reCuired on a (ontinuous &asis% are the su//l' and a//li(ation of a((ines% thesu//l' of mied feed% and the marketing of eggs.

Va((ines and im/ortant medi(ines are stored &' the Pro0e(t in the /roin(ial(enters and made aaila&le to the PP=s u/on reCuest. Small feed /ro(essing(enters 1ith a grinder and mier hae &een esta&lished in all fie target /roin(esto /rodu(e mied feed for sale to the Poultr' Produ(er =rou/s. 8fter the first simonths all in/uts and seri(es feed% a((ines% and medi(ines; are /roided to theillage /oultr' /rodu(ers on a (ost &asis. Mone' (olle(ted from the trainees forthe distri&uted /ullets is used as a reoling fund to start the o/eration of thePoultr' Produ(er =rou/.

• P,1; P1:-1 G1?7 & -*?8-1 /-,81- 8*-/ , :/:, )7+/-77

+he Pro0e(t staff% in /arti(ular the leaders of the training teams% the /roin(ial /oultr' monitors% and the Poultr' 8disors% assist and guide the PP=s to esta&lish(onta(ts 1ith sho/ o1ners in the /roin(ial (enters for the marketing of eggs.+here is a real e(onomi( in(entie for the team leaders to /roide the on$goingseri(es des(ri&ed a&oe@ the' re(eie a /a'ment for seri(es as a fee or a(ommission for the marketing eggs. It is this e(onomi( in(entie that ensures thesustaina&ilit' of the net1ork and /roides illage 1omen 1ith an o//ortunit' toe/and /rodu(tion oer time.

• M01-, ??1,/+,+-7 1 :0; ?1:- -997

8fghan (onsumers /refer lo(all' /rodu(ed &ro1n shelled eggs oer im/orted

1hite shelled eggs and are 1illing to /a' a 3"$4"T /remium in ur&an areas forlo(all' /rodu(ed eggs.

+his /referen(e is &e(ause the 8fghan (onsumer alues egg freshness and 1illseek out farm fresh eggs from endors. For eam/le% the aerage retail /ri(e forlo(al eggs in a&ul 1as #.!E /er do>en and the aerage retail /ri(e for im/ortedeggs in the same retail sho/ 1as ".E! /er do>en. +he /remium for lo(al eggs inthe a&ul retail market 1as therefore 3:T higher than im/orted eggs at the timeof the sure' Fe&ruar' !""5;. +his sure' also found that retailers hae a highergross margin on the sales of lo(al ta&le eggs ".!!3 /er do>en; than on the saleof im/orted ta&le eggs ".#!D /er do>en;. +his is likel' due to &oth the larger

sales olume of im/orted eggs and the irregular aaila&ilit' of lo(al eggs.Retailers re/orted that the' sell a&out #!T lo(al eggs and EET im/orted eggs.



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• I*?-*-/,0,+/ RAMPFAO P1>-:,

Pro0e(t out/ut metri(s!#%3:4 1omen trained in /oultr' managementU !"3%9!: /ullets distri&uted

U E5" /rodu(er grou/s esta&lishedU DD3 /rodu(er grou/ reoling funds esta&lishedU 935%353 a((inations administeredU 5 feed mills esta&lished

• P1>-:, +*?0:, *-,1+:7 1-0,- , ?,1; ?1:,+/ 0/ +/:*- 9-/-10,+/$

+/:-

U 8erage /rodu(er maintains 9.9 hens out of #! through la'ing ('(leU 8eragemortalit' rate #.# out of #! or 9T mortalit' through la'ing ('(leU 8erage E additional hens added to flo(k 1ith o1n resour(esU #%D95 eggs /rodu(ed /er la'ing ('(le target #%E"";

U E#E eggs sold /er la'ing ('(le target 9"";U 4:T of eggs marketed and thus 54T (onsumed

In(reased household in(ome for the eisting #5%5## families as of Noem&er!""5; 1ith hens /rodu(ing eggs 1as estimated to &e alued at #%4":%43!. +hissum in(ludes reenue from a&out #3%#4:%::" eggs and :%E!D (ulled /ullets. +his(al(ulation 1as made as follo1s@ 8 total of #5%5## illage /rodu(ers hae hens /rodu(ing eggs% of 1hi(h 4%""" /rodu(ers are (onsidered to hae /rodu(ed #%D95eggsQ another !%""" /rodu(ers /rodu(ed #%49" eggsQ D%4## /rodu(ers /rodu(ed39: eggsQ and !#"" /rodu(ers /rodu(ed #!" eggs. +he total egg /rodu(tion fromall of these /rodu(ers is estimated to &e a&out !%545%!E# eggs /er month and the

alue of these eggs (al(ulated to &e 3##%"3! !%545%!E#eggs alued at ".#!! /er egg; or a&out !" /er /rodu(er /er month. Note that on aerage onl' 4:T of theeggs /rodu(ed are sold% thus nutritional &enefits of the other 54T of the eggs(onsumed must &e (onsidered.

+he oerall Pro0e(t results des(ri&ed a&oe demonstrate that illage 1omen (an@ &e trained in fundamental /oultr' hus&andr' te(hniCues% organi>e into an effe(tienet1ork that links /oultr' /rodu(ers to ur&an markets% esta&lish e(onomi(in(enties for team leaders to fa(ilitate market a((ess and in/ut su//l'Q andgenerate in(ome and /roide high Cualit' food nutrients to illage 1omen on asustaina&le &asis.



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M01-,+/9 H0/+:10, *0- ); ,5-*7--7

I/,1:,+/

8fghanistan 1as kno1n for its (rafts% 0e1elr'% tetiles and deli(ate needle1ork.+he Aerat region of northern 8fghanistan has histori(all' &een the (enter of silk

/rodu(tion% tetiles% and a &urgeoning garment industr'. Ao1eer% this industr'like the rest of the (ountr' 1as deastated and dismantled &' oer t1o de(ades of1ar.

+he industr' first e/erien(ed modern disru/tions during the 8fghan$Russian 1ar of #9D9$#9E9% 1hen su//l' routes and e/orts 1ere effe(tiel' (ut off. 8ll threese(tors silk /rodu(tion% tetile /rodu(tion% and garment manufa(ture 1ere furthereroded &' the esta&lishment of the +ali&an fundamentalist goernment. omen%histori(all' the mainsta' of the garment and tetile industries% 1ere not allo1eda((ess to fa(tor' 1ork% edu(ation% een litera('. +here are thousands of 1omen alloer 8fghanistan 1ho 1ork from home% /rodu(ing handi(rafts /rimaril'

em&roidered /ie(es &ut also handloom fa&ri(% felt et(.; for sale ia arious market(hannels.


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Interest in arts and (rafts of 8fghanistan has &een in(reasing. +oda'% the &ustling*hi(ken Street the antiCues and (rafts market; in a&ul is testimon' to (ontinuedinterest in lo(al art /rodu(ts. Ao1eer% man' of these /rodu(ts are /ur(hased forsouenirs and do not hae mu(h enduring /ra(ti(al alue.

)s/e(iall' lo(all' /rodu(ed a//arel% 1hi(h usuall' dis/la's deli(ate and time$(onsuming needle1ork% is made 1ith outdated designs and (hea/ fa&ri(s that &leed and shrink.


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• Value (hain ma//ing of the markets% /rodu(ers and intermediaries

• Identifi(ation of designers inoled in the su& se(tor if a//li(a&le

• 8nal'sis of in/ut su//liers% their /ro&lems and /oints of /ossi&le interention to

im/roe Cualit' and (oerage

• *onstraints fa(ed &' /rodu(ers% &u'ers% traders% and seri(e /roiders% /reenting

/rodu(ts of rural 1omen rea(hing effe(tie markets• Potential markets for e/ansion of the su& se(tor

• ?//ortunities and leerage /oints for sustaina&le solutions

• 8 strateg' for deelo/ment of sele(ted alue (hains

• 8 design for /rogram im/lementation

RESULTS OF RESEARCH & PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

T10-17 +/ P-750801

Interie1ing traders in Pesha1ar are as follo1s@

•)astern 8fghanistan handi(rafts (annot generall' (om/ete on /ri(e 1ith lo1er /aid la&our in Pakistan% es/e(iall' Sindh

• ith regard to &ead1ork dresses% India has the (om/etitie edge 1ith me(hani>ed

1ork

• +here a//ears to &e /otential for 6aghman &ead1ork &elts% trim% shoulder /ie(es

• Men are res/onsi&le for the more lu(ratie ma(hine /rodu(ed >an0eera (hain

stit(h;

• +here ma' &e an o//ortunit' 1ith regard to s1ati$st'le em&roider' that reCuires

further inestigation

• omen do not alue the 1ork in old or used /ie(es and sell them for almost

nothing in order to get ne1 &eads or other /ersonal items

• omen are at times a&le to a((ess markets through kawal – traders 1ho deal in

1omen7s goods – and are re/orted to &arter old em&roider' for ka1al /rodu(ts.

Zanjeera embroidery Dress Sindhi embroidery dress



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T10-17 +/ J000)0

+raders in alala&ad are er' similar to those in Pesha1ar – the /rodu(ts and the sour(esare generall' the same. e sa1 ma(hine &ead1ork on dresses from India% Sindhi

em&roider'% (hermado>i on elet% >an0eera silk dresses et(. In addition to these% 1efound some lo(al 1ork in alala&ad that ma' /roide o//ortunities for marketdeelo/ment

F1* *--,+/9 8+,5 ,10-17 +/ P-750801$ *0/; 85+:5 8-1- 7??1,- +/

J000)0

• omen /rodu(ers in eastern 8fghanistan /rodu(e marketa&le /rodu(ts in(luding

&ead1ork &elts and dress trims% Sindhi$st'le trim and dress fronts% (ontem/orar'st'led ku(hi dresses% /ossi&l' men7s andahari shirts% and some innoations su(has the =u0arati dress.

• Sele(ted /rodu(ts hae /otential to (om/ete 1ith im/orts from Pesha1ar

eadwork belts Sindh Dress !uchi Dress "ujrati Dress

T10-17 +/ M-5,-10*

Visits to the market in Mehterlam did not /roide an' eiden(e of lo(all' sour(edhand(rafted (lothing or a((essories. e follo1ed u/ on the re/ort of men7s andaharishirts &eing sold here% &ut (ould not find an' and no trader 1as a1are of su(h shirts &eingaaila&le in the market.

T10-17 +/ K0)

Both retail sho/s and 1holesales outlets in a&ul to understand the (om/etitieenironment% and to as(ertain the marketa&ilit' of the /ro/osed /rodu(ts in the (a/ital(it'. +he ma0orit' of the /rodu(ts are from India% *hina and Pakistan% 1ith a fe1 from

+urke'. +he /ri(e /oints are er' lo1% so selling dire(tl' to retail 1ould /roide greater /rofits for /rodu(ers% /arti(ularl' 1hile the Cuantit' of /rodu(ts is lo1.

P1:-17 +/ L095*0/

In 6aghman% interie1ed 1omen from t1o illages a&out the /rodu(ts the' are (urrentl'making and selling. In &oth illages –


53/95


(hermado>i elet dress% /akhtado>i% (hagali% morado>i &ut the' do not hae a((ess tomarkets and no a1areness of 1hat the' might /rodu(e. In addition% the Cualit' of /rodu(ts% and the a&ilit' to delier a//ro/riate Cualit' and Cuantit' 1ould take time todeelo/% and their /ri(ing e/e(tations are not (om/letel' realisti(. e understand fromour 8fghan staff that these illages are t'/i(al in the region. 2nfortunatel'% N=?s hae

&een in &oth illages 1ith arious training /rograms% &ut none hae led to sustaina&lemarket a((ess and ongoing /rodu(tion of marketa&le goods.

P1:-17 +/ N0/901501

Interie1ed 1ith home$&ased /rodu(ers in =ao(hak and Aisare Shahi (am/s in Nangarhar. 8t =ao(hak (am/ 1e 1ere sho1n a seCuined and &eaded dress &odi(e thatmight (om/ete 1ith the =ha>ni em&roidered ones. +o erif' this /otential marketo//ortunit'% the' sho1ed the &odi(e to a sho/kee/er in u(hi Market in alala&ad andthe attendant indi(ated that the' 1ould &e 1illing to test market the &odi(e if (uffs 1erealso /roided. +he' did not find other /rodu(ts of interest in the (am/s. +here 1as a lotof (ross$stit(h and ashmiri st'le em&roider' – although this 1ork is Cuite fine% it is not

marketa&le.

01+ S,0

Interie1 1ith /rodu(ers and ardo>i staff are as follo1s@

• *ommer(ial /rodu(tion of handi(rafts in eastern 8fghanistan is limited.

• +here is a range of skills in em&roider' and &ead1ork% &ut these hae not &een

deelo/ed in res/onse to market demand.

• 8lthough 1omen hae lo1 a1areness of marketa&le /rodu(ts% there are

o//ortunities for some /rodu(ts to &e deelo/ed to meet market demand.

• )m&roider' skill leels and Cualit' are in(onsistent. +here 1ould &e (hallenges

1ith regard to order management.

• omen7s /ri(ing e/e(tations are not al1a's reasona&le.• +he fie most ia&le /rodu(ts from eastern 8fghanistan are &ead1ork &elts and

dress a((essories% hand$seCuined dress &odi(es% Sindhi$st'le trim for ku(hidresses% hand &eaded Pun0a&i suits% and (ontem/orar' st'le ku(hi dresses.

D-7+9/-17

Man' sho/kee/ers re/orted designing dresses and (om&inations e.g.% st'le of &odi(e1ith different t'/es of fa&ri(% old ersus ne1 &eads et(.;. In some (ases 1e 1itnessedinnoations su(h as ma(hine &raid im/orted from *hina used to (reate a &odi(e and dresstrims. Sho/kee/ers re(ogni>e that ne1 designs are attra(tie to (ustomers and 1eretherefore interested in 1orking 1ith the /ro0e(t to test market innoatie /rodu(ts.



54/95


+he su& se(tor ma/ illustrates the sele(ted alue (hain on 1hi(h the /ro0e(t 1ill fo(us%and the (hanges that are enisaged for the market (hannels. Solutions to inigorate thealue (hain in(lude@#; 8((ess to higher Cualit' in/uts for home$&ased /rodu(ers of em&roider' and &ead1orkQ!; Market linkages through sales agents 1ho also /roided em&edded seri(es to /rodu(ers su(h as Cualit' (ontrol and order managementQ3; Im/roed skills in terms of designs and em&roider' st'les demanded &' the marketQ4; Market outlets that sto(k and sell the /rodu(ts of home$&ased /rodu(ers.KEY CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS



55/95


P1>-:,7

P1>-:,7 E.9.!" 01+

P507- O/- & P1:, D--?*-/, 0/ M01-, T-7,+/9

Pro0e(t +itle$ Produ(t ation.



56/95


Performance *ndicators

• Num&er of /rodu(ts that are (om/etitie in the market.

• Num&er of 1omen /rodu(ing ne1 /rodu(ts.

• Num&er and diersit' of sustaina&le and eCuita&le market (hannels.

• Volume of /rodu(t &eing sold.

• In(omes of home$&ased 1omen /rodu(ers in(reased.

• Standard of liing indi(ators

• No. of marketa&le /rodu(ts

• Num&er of families re/resented &' a(tie 1omen /rodu(ers.

• Num&er of 1omen /assing ne1 skills to other 1omen in their

household and etended famil' (om/ound.

• Sho/kee/ers satisfied 1ith /rodu(t Cualit'% design and (ost.

• Per(entage of /rodu(ers re/orting /rodu(ts &eing sold for fair

return on la&our.

• )ffe(tieness of hus&and and 1ife teams in terms of in/ut andout/ut market linkages.

• Models for /rodu(tion and market a((ess understood and

do(umented.

• Num&er of /rodu(er grou/s formed 1ithin ea(h (luster.

• Num&er of /rodu(er grou/s re(eiing training on ne1 /rodu(ts.

• Num&er of sho/kee/ers /arti(i/ating in market trials.

• Num&er of (ities 1here /rodu(t testing is o((urring.

• Num&er of re(ruited and trained market fa(ilitator (ou/les.

• )ffe(tieness of model in /roiding a((ess to in/ut and out/ut

markets.

Assum#tions + Risk *ndicators

8SS2MP+I?NS

• Rene1ed (onfli(t does not im/a(t the fun(tioning of alue (hains.

• So(io$(ultural and e(onomi( fa(tors do not hinder 1omen re(eiing a fair return

on /rodu(ts.

• Mono/olies do not deelo/.

• Produ(ers hae (a/a(it' to res/ond to market feed&a(k in terms of /rodu(tion

standards.• omen are a&le to /ass skills along to other famil' mem&ers.

• Pro0e(t is a&le to rea(h /rodu(ers and form into grou/s for training and market

linkages.

• Sho/kee/ers /roide useful feed&a(k re market res/onse.

• Aus&and and 1ife teams are a ia&le market model.

•

RIS IN


57/95


• *om/le and organi( lo(al net1orks are en(ouraged and a&le to 1ithstand

rene1ed disru/tions due to (onfli(t.

• Program deelo/s (ontet sensitie models that ensure 1omen7s &enefit.

• Innoations in market deelo/ment strategies fa(ilitate dierse and (om/etitie

market (hannels.

• Resour(es training and te(hni(al su//ort; aaila&le to /rodu(er (lusters.• Return on efforts to 1omen /arti(i/ants (reates W/ull7 from households and

etended families for /arti(i/ation.

• Pro0e(t 1orks 1ith lo(al 1omen7s grou/s and (ommunit' leaders – &oth male and

female.

• Pro0e(t is sensitie to sho/kee/er motiations and limitations.

• Market teams re(eie su//ort and training.

P507- T8 & C**-1:+0+0,+/

Pro0e(t +itle$ *ommer(iali>ation of Ne1 Produ(ts from Aome Produ(ers in )astern

8fghanistan

Project Pur#ose

• Marketa&le items from Phase ?ne are introdu(ed to more home$&ased /rodu(ers.

• Market (hannels for ia&le /rodu(ts from Phase ?ne are diersified and

strengthened.

• *ommer(iali>ation of Market Fa(ilitators to full'$fledged Sales 8gents.

Project "oal $%ong&Term Program 'bjecti(e)

• +o integrate 1omen home /rodu(ers of handi(raft items into effe(tie markets

there&' in(reasing in(omes and im/roing household 1ell$&eing.

Resource $acti(ities)

• Form and train additional /rodu(er grou/s in eisting or ne1 (lusters.

• Identif' additional market outlets in(luding sho/kee/ers% 1holesalers% and

e/orters.

• +rain and su//ort gro1ing num&er of sales agent teams.

'ut#ut

• Produ(er grou/s trained in si additional illages L (am/s in )astern 8fghanistan.

• Re(e/tie market (hannels and outlets identified.

• Sales agents linked to ne1 market (hannels% and su//orted in deelo/ingadditional linkages.

• Ne1 sales agent models en(ouraged and su//orted su(h as (ommunit' sales

agents.

• Sales agents trained on and re(eie +8 for &usiness and market deelo/ment%

Cualit' (ontrol% design innoation.



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*m#act $Post Project ;

• omen home /rodu(ers make /rodu(ts that are (om/etitie in terms of design%

Cualit'% materials and /ri(ing in sele(ted regional markets.

• Markets for /rodu(ts of 1omen in eastern 8fghanistan are gro1ing.

'utcomes $%ife of Phase Two Pilot)

• In(reased num&ers of 1omen home /rodu(ers in 8fghanistan7s eastern /roin(es

are a&le to make marketa&le goods.

• Market demand is in(reasing and sales (hannels diersif'ing for ne1 /rodu(ts

1ith fair returns to 1omen /rodu(ers.

• Aus&and and 1ife teams /roide effe(tie linkages to markets to 1omen

/rodu(ers on a (ommer(ial &asis.

• In(reased num&ers of sales agent teams in(luding (ommunit' &ased sales agents.

Performance *ndicators

• Num&er of /rodu(ts that are (om/etitie in the market.

• Num&er of 1omen /rodu(ing ne1 /rodu(ts.

• Num&er and diersit' of sustaina&le and eCuita&le market (hannels.

• Volume of /rodu(t &eing sold.

• In(omes of home$&ased 1omen /rodu(ers in(reased.

• Standard of liing indi(ators

• No. of 1omen /rodu(ing marketa&le goods– &oth /ro0e(t trainees and those

taught &' famil' mem&er.

•

omen re/orting in(reases in house hold in(ome.• No. of a(tie market (hannels /ur(hasing /rodu(ts on a regular &asis.

• Per(entage of /rodu(ers re/orting /rodu(ts &eing sold for fair return on la&our.

• *ommer(ial sustaina&ilit' and effe(tieness of hus&and and 1ife sales agent

teams /rofits;

• Num&er of a(tie and ia&le sales agent teams.

• Sales agent teams liaise 1ith 1omen /rodu(ers and /roide feed&a(k on /rodu(ts

and a((ess to in/uts

• Num&er of /rodu(er grou/s

women in afghanistan and marketing

Documents